SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION 1

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION • Syllogism is argumentation in which a conclusion is derived from

• Philosophy is defined as the quest for truth based on logical two propositions called premises.
reasoning aside from the factual observation.
• Major term is the predicate of conclusion found in major premise.
• The BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY are Metaphysics, Epistemology,
Axiology, and Logic. • Minor term is the subject of conclusion – found in minor premise.

• Metaphysics deals with the nature of being and reality, essence, • Middle term is found in two premises and not in the conclusion.
truth, space, time, causation, essence of God, and the origin and
purpose of the universe. • Dialect is a means of discovering the truth by proceeding from an
assertion or thesis to a denial or antithesis and finally reconciling
• The subdivisions under METAPHYSICS are Cosmology, Teleology, and the two into synthesis.
Ontology.
• Human act is an act that proceeds from the deliberate free will of
• Cosmologyexplains and theorized on the origin and the nature of man.
the universe including creationism and evolutionism.
• Acts of Man is an act that does not proceed from the deliberate
• Teleologyexplainsthe purpose in the universe. free will of man is sometimes instinctive.

• Ontology deals with the meaning of existence and tries to resolve • Axiology seeks to rationalize the questions like what is value and
the question of whether existence is identical with space, time, what are the values to be desired in living and the likes.
nature, spirit or God.
• The two subdivisions of AXIOLOGY are Ethics and Aesthetics.
• Epistemologyis the study of knowledge.
• Ethics is defined as the art and science that deals with the morality
• The subdivisions under EPISTEMOLOGY are Agnosticism, Skepticism, of human acts.
Posteriori, and Priori.
• Morality means the distinction between right and wrong.
• Agnosticism is the doctrine that conclusive knowledge of ultimate
reality is an outright impossibility and claims that it is impossible for • Aesthetics is fundamentally concerned with beauty and standards
man to prove the existence of God. or tests of values.

• Skepticism is the doctrine that any true knowledge is impossible • Logic is the science and art of correct thinking and correct reasoning.
and everything is open to doubt.
• The different areas of concern of LOGIC are Induction, Deduction,
• The advocates of SKEPTICISM were Pyrrho and Rene Descartes. Syllogism, and Dialect.

• Posteriori advanced the idea that knowledge comes from experience. • Induction is reasoning that is done through the process of inferring
a general law or principle from the observation of particular instances
• Priori is the reasoning that knowledge comes from pure reason to a general conclusion.
alone, and knowledge is independent and comes from experience.
• The three TYPES OF HUMAN ACTS in relation to reason are Good,
• Deductionis reasoning through a process that is from a general Evil, and Indifferent.
principle to specific included within the scope of that principle.
• Good is in harmony with the dictates of right reason.
 SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION 2

• Evil is in opposition to the dictates of reason. • Subjective is good for one but not for others.

• Indifferent is when it stands in no positive relation to the dictates. • Objective has an absolute character.

• The ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS are Knowledge, Freedom, and • Bipolar is good and bad such as beautiful – ugly.
Voluntariness.
• Hierarchal is scaled graduation and according to priority.
• The MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS are Ignorance, Concupiscence, Fear,
Violence, and Habit. • The ten (10) CLASSIFICATIONS OF VALUES according to Andres are:
1. Useful or utilitarian,
• Ignorance is the absence of intellectual knowledge in man. 2. Pleasurable or delectable,
3. Befitting or becoming good,
• Concupiscence refers to the bodily appetites or tendencies like love, 4. Accidental values,
hatred, joy, grief, passion, daring, fear, and anger. 5. Natural human values,
6. Primary values and Secondary values,
• Fear is shrinking back of the mind from danger. 7. Moral/Ethical,
8. Religious,
• Violenceis an external force applied by a free cause, which 9. Cultural Value
impairsman’s free will. 10. Social values.

• Habit is born of frequently repeated acts. • Useful or utilitarianis where other useful things are obtained from it.

• Law is defined as an ordinance of reason promulgated for the • Pleasurable or delectable provides pleasure to the subject.
common good by the one who is in charge of the society.
• Befitting or becoming good develops, completes and perfects the subject.
• The different TYPES OF LAW are According to author, According to
duration, According to manner of promulgation of physical, • Accidental values are temporal, impermanent, and variable.
According to prescription and According to effect of violation.
• Natural human values befit man every place at every time.
• Conscience is a practical judgment of reason upon which an individual
act is considered good, which is to be performed or evil, which is to • Primary values are chosen, acted upon, necessary for authentic
be avoided. development of man and is chosen from alternatives.

• The STATES OF CONSCIENCE are correct or true certain, erroneous, • Secondary values are obligatory values.
and doubtful.
• Moral/Ethical are obligatory in character and is the basic and urgent
• Values are anything that can be desired and something chosen from in life and activities of man.
alternatives acted upon and enhances creative integration and
development of human personality. • Religious is the ultimate Divine Value.

• The PROPERTIES OF VALUE are Relative, Subjective, Objective, • Cultural value includes poetry, music, painting, and unique
Bipolar, and Hierarchal. characteristics important to a culture.

• Relative is the subject to change, good for what and for whom. • The FOURFOLD TEST OF ROBIN WILLIAMS to determine cultural values
 SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION 3

areExtensiveness, Duration of Value, Intensity, and Prestige of value harmony with this sense.
carrier.
• Communism is an economic theory, which is based on the ideals of
• SOCIAL VALUES are friendship, family ties, and the likes. a classless society, which denies the existence of God, views religion
• The hierarchy of values refers to the different scales or graduation as opium and does not recognize human freedom and immortality
of prioritizing values. of man’s soul.

• PLATO’S HIERARCHY OF VALUES is Knowledge, Honor, Money/ • The MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION are Humanism, Realism,
business, Pleasure, and Passion. Disciplinism, Rationalism, Naturalism, Idealism, Pragmatism,
Progressivism, Existentialism, and Essentialism.
• MAX SCHELLER’S HIERARCHY OF VALUES is Pleasure values, Vital or
welfare values, Spiritual or cultural, and Sacred. • Humanism was a philosophy that rejected supernaturalism, regarded
man as a natural object and asserted the essential dignity and worth
• Defective norms of morality are the different philosophical beliefs of man and his capacity to achieve self-realization through the use
about morality, which somehow do not conform to the universally of reason and scientific method.
accepted standards of human morality.
• Realism is the type of education in which natural phenomena and
• The DEFECTIVE NORMS OF MORALITY are Hedonism, Utilitarianism, social institutions rather than language and literature are made the
Moral Rationalism, Moral Evolution, Moral Positivism, chief subjects of study.
MoralSensism, and Communism.
• Realism advocates that education should be concerned with the
• Hedonism is the belief that morality is determined by the acquisition actualities of life and prepare for its concrete duties.
of pleasure.
• Disciplinism asserted that the mind is made up of certain faculties
• Utilitarianism refers to actions that are geared toward the total such as memory, reason, will, judgment, etc. and each of which needs
amount of happiness that one can achieve. special activities for its training and development.

• The types of UTILITARIANISM are individual or egoism, and social or • Rationalism claimed that human reason was the sole source of
altruism, which is the greatest good for the greatest number. knowledge and the sole determiner whether things or actions were
acceptable or not.
• Moral rationalism is the belief that human reason is the sole source
of all moral laws advocated by Immanuel Kant of Prussia. • Naturalism advocated that education should be in accordance with
the nature of the child meaning all educational practices should be
• Moral Evolutionism is the idea that morality is not absolute but keeps focused towards the natural development of all the innate
on changing until such time that it reaches the perfect state, talents and abilities of the child.
which is advocated by Friedrich Nietszsche.
• Idealism holds that knowledge is independent of sense perception
• Moral Positivism advocates that state laws are the bases of all moral or experience and lays stress on the mental idea, intrinsic or spiritual
laws, ergo it is good if it is in accordance with the laws and anything value rather than physical fact or material value.
that opposes the state laws must be rejected as advocated by Thomas
Hobbes. • Idealism claims that education must provide for the development
of the mind of every pupil, and in order to realize this, the school
• Moral Sensism is the belief that man is endowed with special moral must concentrate on intellectual, moral judgment, and aesthetic
sense that can distinguish good or evil meaning that an action is development of the students.
moral if it is in harmony with this human sense and immoral if not in
 SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION 4

• Pragmatism is the doctrine that claims that the meaning of a process of learning to think is a lifelong one and can be enhance by
proposition or idea lies in its practical consequences. everykind of human experience.

• Pragmatists are concerned with the total development of the child • Doctrine of Salvation is best described as the highest goal of the faithful.
through experiencing or through self-activity.
• The first essential characteristic of culture is that it is learned.
• Progressivism claims that the child’s growth and development as an
individual depend on his experiences and self-activity. • The most important component in educational reform is the parent’s involvement.

• Existentialism emphasizes the freedom of human beings to make • According to Paulo Freire, man’s ultimate vocation and destiny is
choices in a world where there are no absolute values outside man humanization, which can be achieved through the process of
himself. conscientization, a process of becoming aware of the contradictions
existing within oneself and in society, and of gradually being able to
• Existentialists believe that education should enable man to make bring about personal and social transformations.
choices for his life.
• RA 9155 or the Governance of Basic Education Act considered the
• Essentialism ascribes ultimate reality to essence embodied in a thing school as the “heart of the formal education system.”
perceptible to the senses.
• Socrates is known for his Socratic Dialogue, where a student uses
• In a highly pluralistic society, a teacher should implement a learning the question-and-answer as a model for discussion.
environment that is safe, secure, and gender sensitive.
• Ethics/morality can be summed up in doing what is right (especially
• According to Confucius, Rousseau and Mencius, “Man in nature is if it is for the common good) and avoid what is evil.
good,” this characteristic of man makes him easier to be taught.
• The pillar of learning that is concerned on the material development
• RA 9155 or the Governance of Basic Education Act transfers the rather than the human development is Learning to Do.
functions, programs, and activities of the Department of Education
to the Philippine Sports Commission. • As provided by the Code of Ethics for Teachers, in line with RA 7836,
a teacher shall at all times, be imbued with the spirit of professional
• Learning to live Together is vital in building a genuine and lasting loyalty, mutual confidence,
culture of peace in the world.
Family
• “The principles of spontaneity as against artificiality will make you - is the smallest social institution which the unique function od producing and rearing
accomplish something. Leave nature to itself and you will have the young. 
harmony.” is an advice from the Taoist. Conjugal famil
- consist of husband, wife and children. 
• Philippine Education Placement Test allows out-of-school youth and Consanguine family
others who did not finish school to have and equitable access to - consist of married couple, their parents, siblings, etc. 
education. Polyandry
- one woman is married to two or more men at the same time. 
• In a multicultural education, teachers must consider children’s Polygamy
cultural identities and be aware of their own biases. - one man is married to two or more women at the same time. 
Cenogamy
• Under the Pillar of Learning to Know, the role of the teacher is to be - two or more men mate with two or more women in group marriage. 
facilitator, catalyst, monitor, and evaluator of learning because the
 SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION 5

Patrilineal
- when the descent is recognized through the father's line. 
Matrilineal
- when descent is recognized through the mother's line. 
Bilineal
- when the descent is recognized through both the father's and mother's line. 
Patrilocal
- newly married couple lives with parents of the husband.
Matrilocal
- newly married couple lives with parents of the wife. 
Neolocal
- newly married couple lives by themselves. 
Patriarchal
- When the father is considered the head and plays the dominant role. 
Matriarchal
- When the mother is considered the head and makes the major decision. 
Equalitarian
- When the father and mother share im making decision.