Conser Laryngectomy

Open approach Conservative
Laryngectomy an overview
By
Dr. T. Balasubramanian
Drtbalu's otolaryngology online

Introduction:
Organ preservation is becoming common these days. This applies
to larynx also. Laryngeal malignancies if identified early can be
effectively managed by conservative resection procedures of
larynx.
Advantages of organ preservation:
1. The patient need not live with the stigma of permanent
tracheostomy
2. Speech is preserved to the maximum extent
3. There is effective separation of air and food channels
4. Post operative recovery is very fast
5. Option of salvage total laryngectomy is still an option if the
conservative procedure fails
History:
The first Hemilaryngectomy procedure was performed by Billroth

in 1874. The origin of conservative laryngeal surgery for
malignancy is nearly a century old. Initially only vertical
hemilaryngectomy and supraglottic laryngectomy were commonly
performed only to be abandoned due to various problems like
tumor recurrence, inadequate tumor margins and other
complications due to inadequate tissue repair techniques. With the
advent of excellent antibiotics and modern surgical equipments
like laser has created a renewed interest in conservative
laryngectomy procedures.
Vertical partial laryngectomy was refined in the US by Som.
A French surgeon Huet described a procedure in which a portion
of the supraglottis was excised without the upper portion of
thyroid cartilage in 1938. Later the Uruguayan surgeon Alonso
extended this procedure to resect the upper portion of thyroid
cartilage along with the supraglottis thus modifying supraglottic
partial laryngectomy.
Supracricoid laryngectomy was first described by Australian
surgeons Major and Reider in 1959.
Principles of organ preservation surgeries involving larynx:
1. Adequate local control of the malignant lesion should be

ensured
2. Accurate assessment of three dimensional extent of the tumor
3. The cricoarytenoid unit should be considered as the
functional unit of the larynx
4. Adequate cuff of normal tissue should be excised along with
the malignant tumor to minimize the chances of local
recurrence.
5. The physiological functions of larynx (respiration, speech
and swallowing) should be maintained without
compromising the loco-regional control of cancer.
Current definition of organ preservation laryngectomy:

It is defined as a combination of surgical procedures that removes
a portion of the larynx, while maintaining its physiological
functions i.e. (respiration, phonation and swallowing) without
compromising the local control of malignancy, its cure rates and
obviates the need for a permanent tracheostomy.
Patient evaluation:
This is the most important part in the whole surgical planning.
Evaluation should include:

a. Detailed history
b. Dynamic assessment of larynx – This includes indirect
laryngoscopic examination, video laryngoscopic examination,
stroboscopy. Vocal cord fixation should be distinguished from
arytenoid fixation which implies involvement of cricoarytenoid
joint (a contraindication for conservative procedures).
c. Static assessment of larynx – Staging laryngoscopy
d. Imaging – CT, MRI and PET scans
e. Head & Neck examination
f. Exclusion of synchronous lesion in the aerodigestive tract
g. General medical evalution including lung function tests, cardiac
evaluation, nutritional status, motivation, rehabilitation advice.
Eventhough accurate staging of the tumor is a must for successful

conservative laryngectomy the currently available staging system
is fraught with a number of pitfalls. They include:
1. The difference in the behavior pattern of severe dysplasia and
carcinoma in situ is unclear and is not reflected in the
currently available staging sytem.
2. Eventhough anterior commissure involvement is vital in
deciding the outcome of any partial surgeries it is not
reflected in the existing TNM staging system available
3. Motion impairment of vocal folds is purely subjective with a
high degree of observer variation. This could lead to an
erroneous staging
4. The size of the lesion and its molecular characterization
(overexpression of p53 oncogene) are important determinants
of tumor behaviour. These factors are not included in the
currently available staging protocol
Types of Conservative laryngectomies:

There are two major classes of conservative laryngectomy
procedures. They include:

1. Vertical partial laryngectomy
2. Horizontal partial laryngectomy – Two types i.e. Supraglottic
partial laryngectomy and supracricoid partial laryngectomy
Vertical partial laryngectomy:

In this procedure the larynx is entered via a midline vertical
thyrotomy incision. One half of the larynx can be removed.
There are various modifications of this procedure in order to
ensure complete tumor clearance.
Gorden Buck performed a laryngofissure surgery followed by

complete excision of the tumor mass for laryngeal cancer in 1851.
Solis Cohen in 1869 introduced transcervical vertical partial
laryngectomy and was able to achieve long term cure for laryngeal
malignancy. The goal of this surgery is resection of a portion of
thyroid cartilage with the cancer at the glottic level while
preserving the posterior paraglottic space. It is hence very suitable
in managing early gottic cancers (T1 & T2 lesions) without the
involvement of anterior commissure.
Variants of vertical partial laryngectomy:

A classification system has been proposed for vertical partial
laryngectomy based on the extent of resection.
Type I Standard vertical
Type II Fronto lateral
Type III Antero frontal
Type IV Extended (any procedure in which one arytenoid is

removed)
Indications for vertical partial laryngectomy:
1. Large T1 glottic cancer – best results are possible if the lesion

is confined to the middle third of the vocal cord
2. Small T2 glottic cancer with minimal supraglottic / subglottic
extension
3. Early glottic cancer that is difficult to visualize
endoscopically
4. As a salvage procedure in patients with radiotherapy failure
of early / intermediate cancer
Contraindications for vertical partial laryngectomy:
1. Involvement of cricoarytenoid joint

2. Involvement of thyroid cartilage
3. Involvement of more than a third of opposite cord
It should be stressed that failure rates are higher in patients with:
1. Involvement of anterior commissure as these tumors have a

propensity to involve the subglottic area
2. Impaired vocal cord mobility due to involvment of
paraglottic space i.e. Thyroarytenoid muscle involvment
makes things pretty difficult
Procedure:
This surgery is performed under general anesthesia.

Tracheostomy:
As a preliminary step a tracheostomy should be performed under
local anesthesia via a transverse skin crease incision. Through the

tracheostome a Laryngectomy endotracheal tube (Laryngoflex) is
introduced. It is shaped like a Shepard’s crook.
Figure showing laryngoflex endotracheal tube
Advantages of laryngoflex endotracheal tube:

1. Its shape helps in anchoring the tube to the anterior chest wall
without fear of tube migration.
2. After insertion this tube is away from the field of surgery
3. The presence of curvature prevents development of excessive
pressure over the stoma while the patient is being ventilated
Incision:
Gluck Sorenson incision is preferred. This incision ensures
adequate exposure of the surgical field. It is a curved incision
extending along the anterior border of sternomastoid muscle from
the mastoid tip on both sides. In the midline incision of both sides
are joined at the level of tracheal stoma. Before incising the skin
it is always better to mark the incision over the skin using skin
pencil.

Figure showing Gluck Sorenson incision marked on the neck of the patient
Elevation of flap:
Neck flap is raised in the subplatysmal plane. This plane is ideal
because blood supply to the flap is derived from the platysma
muscle.
Figure showing cervical flap being raised
After elevating the cervical flap the strap muscles of the neck are
identified. The Sternohyoid muscle on the side of surgery should
be identified, separated and held aside using a tape. This muscle
is vital during reconstruction of the defect which arises after
vertical partial Laryngectomy.

Figure showing Sternohyoid muscle being separated
The sternothyroid and thryohyoid muscles are divided at the level

of the thyroid cartilage and held apart using tied silk threads.
Image shows Sternohyoid muscle being held apart by tapes. The sternothyroid
muscle is seen being divided and marked with a silk knot.
The perichondrium over the lamina of the thyroid cartilage on the

side of the surgery is elevated and dissected out. Its lateral
attachment to the lateral / posterior border of thyroid cartilage

should be preserved. This perichondrium can be reliably used to
reconstruct the surgical defect after surgery.
Figure showing thyroid perichondrial incision marks
Figure showing perichondrium being incised

Figure showing perichondrium being stripped away
Before incising the perichondrium it is always better to infiltrate

saline under the perichondrium in order to facilitate easy elevation
of the same.
As shown above a fissure burr is used to make a vertical cut in the

middle of thyroid cartilage beginning at the thyroid notch. Care
must be taken not to enter the larynx at this juncture. The inner
perichondrium of the thyroid cartilage is left intact till the interior
of larynx is completely examined from below.

Examination of interior of larynx from below:
This is possible by incising the cricothyroid ligament and

visualizing the vocal folds from below. If there is no subglottic
extension the surgery can proceed without any modifications.
Figure showing ligation of superior laryngeal pedicle
Ligation of superior laryngeal pedicle:

This is a must before the interior of larynx is entered. If done
before entering larynx the field inside the larynx would be dry
without any troublesome bleeding. The superior laryngeal artery
and vein should be identified close to the superior pole of larynx
on its lateral aspect and are ligated.

Figure showing larynx being entered in the midline
Two more cuts are made in the horizontal direction over the
thyroid cartilage. These cuts are made using fissure burr. The
superior transverse cut is made just below the superior border of
the thyroid cartilage and the inferior transverse cut is made in the
lower border of the thyroid cartilage just above the level of cricoid
cartilage.
Entry in to larynx:
The larynx is entered in the midline after incising the inner
perichondrium of the thyroid cartilage in the midline. The thyroid
cartilage opens like a book revealing the contents of the larynx.
The growth in the vocal cords can be clearly viewed now.
The lamina of the thyroid cartilage is held using Allis forceps /
Babcocks forceps. The whole of one side of the larynx is removed
by cutting the attachments along with the true and false vocal
folds. The cut should not be made across the arytenoid cartilage
as it would cause troublesome swelling in patients who have
undergone preoperative irradiation. The arytenoid cartilage and its
muscular process are usually retained as it is very rare for
malignant lesion to involve cartilage.

Figure showing the thyroid cartilage being held with a Babcocks forceps
Image showing the inside of larynx with normal opposite side after removal of one
half of the larynx
Repair:
This is the most critical element of the whole surgical procedure.
If not done properly it could lead to breathing and feeding
difficulties. The pyriform fossa mucosa which is redundant on the

side of laryngeal resection is dissected out and used to line the
interior of larynx on the involved side.
Image showing the redundant pyriform fossa mucosa being used to line the larynx on
the involved side
The strap muscles sternothyroid and thryohyoid are used to

reconstruct the vocal folds. This is made possible by suturing
their everted edges together using a non-absorbable suture like
prolene.
The other strap muscle Sternohyoid which was retracted and held
away using tapes can be mobilized to line the lateral surface of the
reconstructed larynx. The redundant cervical fascia can be sewn
over this muscle in order to strengthen it.

Image showing the cervical fascia being sutured over the Sternohyoid muscle
The wound is closed in layers after keeping a Romovac drain in

place.
Skin closure being performed after placing the drain in the cavity

Complications:
1. Emphysema – Is common due to air leak in the immediate
post-operative period. It can be managed by compression
dressing.
2. Oedema of remaining arytenoid
3. Polypoidal changes in the laryngeal mucosa – Needs to be
excised if present
4. Laryngeal stenosis
5. Laryngocele
Frontolateral vertical partial laryngectomy:
In this surgical procedure a portion of the opposite cord is also

removed sparing the opposite arytenoid.

Image showing the extent of resection in the frontolateral partial
laryngectomy
Indications:
1. Vocal cord tumors involving the full length of the cord up to
the anterior commissure
2. The tumor should not involve more than anterior 1/3 of the
opposite cord
3. The false vocal cords and the lateral ventricular wall should
be free of the tumor
This procedure permits removal of one vocal cord completely

along with anterior commissure, the anterior part of opposite cord
and the corresponding portions of upper subglottis.
Procedure:
Since this surgery requires a clear view of intralaryngeal soft

tissues intubation via a preliminary tracheostomy is always better.
An apron flap incision is always better as it can be easily extended
to perform neck node dissection also.
Procedure is almost the same as described for vertical partial
laryngectomy. The difference lies in the cartilage incision. Two
vertical incisions are made on the thyroid cartilage after resection
of the perichondrium on either side of midline. Superior and
inferior tunnels are created under the thyroid cartilage.
Figure showing cartilage incision
Figure showing wedge of thryoid cartilage being removed along

with soft tissue

The ala of the thyroid cartilage is carefully separated using
retractors leaving the freed central portion attached to the soft
tissues. Slight tension is transmitted to these soft tissues by gentle
traction in a lateral direction of the ala of thyroid cartilage. The
interior of the larynx is entered on the side opposite to that of the
tumor through the cricothyroid ligament at the inferior border of
thyroid cartilage. A scissors is introduced through the inferior
cleavage created and the intralaryngeal soft tissues are cut and the
mass along with lamina of the thyroid cartilage is removed in toto.
While removing the mass in to it should be freed posteriorly. The
exact placement of the posterior incision depends on the degree of
tumor extension toward the arytenoid cartilage.
– If the tumor has not reached the vocal process then the
incision should run anterior to the vocal process
– If the tumor has reached up to the tip of the vocal process
then the resection should include the vocal process also
freeing it from the body of thea arytenoid cartilage
– If vocal process is extensively involved then the resection
should pass through to include the body of the arytenoid as
well
Tips:
1. While incising the cricothryoid ligament to enter the larynx
the incision should not be placed in the midline. It should be
placed lateral to the midline on the side of the healthy cord.
This provides greater freedom of movement over the anterior
commissure area
2. Meticulous anterior fixation of the true and false cords is a
must and should be done without causing excessive tissue
tension
3. Subperichondrial elevation of laryngeal soft tissues should be
done with extreme care using thin fine instruments

4. When a self retaining retractor is used to hold the thyroid
laminae apart it should be used gently as it could cause
fracture of thyroid cartilage
5. While making the posterior cut to remove the mass the
articulation between the arytenoid cartilage and the cricoid
cartilage should not be disturbed as it is essential for normal
speech production
6. Exposed portions of arytenoid cartilage should be covered
with mucosa because a bare cartilage carries with it the risk
of perichondritis and adhesion formation
7. The region of prelaryngeal lymph nodes should be carefully
examined to rule out metastasis in patients with tumor
involving the anterior commissure
8. If resection of an entire arytenoid needs to be done then a
total laryngectomy should be resorted to as a partial one with
removal of arytenoid cartilage is really meaningless
Repair:
The inner lining is provided by the redundant pyriform mucosa on

the side of the lesion. The strap muscles of the neck can be used
to add bulk to the laryngeal reconstruction.
Anterior frontal partial laryngectomy & its modifications:
The original principle of this surgery is that it is more frontal than

lateral. In all other aspects it is technically similar to other types
of vertical partial laryngectomies. This procedure is appropriate
for small tumors confined to the anterior commissure with very
minimal supraglottic / subglottic extension. Studies have revealed
that a majority of centrally located malignant lesions spread
superiorly along the petiole of the epiglottis. In order to provided

reliable clearance during surgery it is prudent to include the angle
of the thyroid cartilage and either part or whole of the epiglottis to
ensure reliable tumor clearance (extended frontal partial
laryngectomy).
Indications for classic anterior partial laryngectomy:

1. Tumors confined to the circumscribed area of anterior
commissure
2. Showing minimal subglottic / supraglottic extension
3. Tumors that have not reached the inferior border of thyroid
cartilage or the stem of the epiglottis superiorly
4. Tumors involving no more than anterior 1/4 of the vocal
cords
5. These tumors should not have caused bilateral vocal cord
fixation
Indications for extended anterior partial laryngectomy include:
1. All the conditions listed above plus

2. Midline tumor extension above the anterior commissure
reaching the stem and perhaps part / whole of the epiglottis
and the pre-epilgottic space
Principle of anterior partial laryngectomy:

The classic anterior partial laryngectomy involves removal of
anterior portions of both true vocal cords along with the anterior
commissure and adjacent anterior portion of thyoid alae.

Figure showing the lines of resection of anterior partial
laryngectomy
The surgical procedure of extended anterior partial laryngectomy

adds to the classic operation the following:
1. Removal of epiglottis
2. Removal of hyoid bone
3. Removal of pre-epiglottic space
Surgical differences between vertical partial and anterior partial

laryngectomy:
In anterior partial laryngectomy the subperichondrial soft tissue

dissection extends slightly farther from the midline on either side.
The cartilage incision is virtually shaped like an equilateral
triangle with its apex at the level of thyroid notch.
The incision over cricothyroid ligament is placed further laterally
inorder to facilitate complete visualisation and removal of the
mass.
Since anterior commissure is removed in this procedure a
meticulous reconstruction of this area is a must otherwise it would
lead to post operative laryngeal stenosis. In order to prevent this

complication from occurring retention sutures should be placed
through the newly fashioned anterior commissure and tied outside
the larynx in order to secure the opposing epithelial surfaces of the
laryngeal interior.
Tips:
1. Laryngeal advancement sutures should be placed on both
sides to provide secure fixation of both true and false cords
2. In extended anterior partial laryngectomy it is important to
identify and preserve the superior laryngeal nerve on either
side. Bilateral disruption of this nerve is known to cause
severe dysphagia which could be troublesome
Horizontal partial laryngectomy: (Supraglottic partial

laryngectomy)
Alonzo introduced this technique in 1947. He performed this
surgery as a two staged procedure. Som in 1959 converted this
surgery into a single stage procedure and popularized it.
This procedure is name thus because the initial cut to enter the
larynx is through a transverse / horizontal cut. Since the incision
is distant from the cancer it allows safe entry into the larynx for
tumor inspection without the risk of tumor breach.
This procedure is intended to treat pure supraglottic tumors. The
rationale of this procedure is based on the following oncologic
principles:
1. The supraglottic region's embryological origin is different

from that of glottic and subglottic origin. It arises from the
embryonic buccopharyngeal analge while the glottis and
subglottis arise from the embryonic tracheobronchial anlage.
2. Due to this embyrological different origin early tumors of

supraglottis stops short of the level of vocal folds. It extends
only up to the level of false cords only.
3. Supraglottic tumors have a tendency to spread superiorly and
anteriorly and are hence characterised as ascending tumors
4. Supraglottic tumors have a propensity to penetrate the
epiglottis and involving the pre-epiglottic space
Indications:
1. The tumor should be confined to the supraglottic region of

endolarynx and should not extend inferiorly past the false
cords
2. Both arytenoids should be uninvolved and freely mobile
3. The tumor should not have reached the oropharynx (should
not involve the lingual surface of epiglottis)
4. Aryepiglottic fold and post cricoid area should be free
Principle of surgery:
The entire upper portion of the larynx is removed up to the level
of true vocal cords thereby preserving all the vital laryngeal
functions. Since the whole of the supraglottic area is considered
to be a single oncological unit it is mandatory to remove the entire
supraglottic area even in patients with unilateral involvement. If
the lesion is extensive then hyoid bone and posterior third of the
tongue can also be sacrificed.
Surgical technique:
This surgery is performed under general anesthesia which is
administered via tracheostomy. The classic Gluck Sorenson
laryngectomy incision is preferred as it provides excellent
exposure of the neck.
The larynx is skeletonized more on the side of the greater
involvement.

The sternohyoid muscle is divided just below the hyoid bone and
is reflected below. The thyrohyoid muscle is removed.
The larynx is rotated towards the opposite side with the help of a
single pronged hook. The pharyngeal constrictors are released
from the posterior border of the thyoid cartilage with the help of
scissors. The hyoid bone is not divided / removed but is
conserved.
On the same side of the lesion an incision is made through the
external perichondrium of the thyroid cartilage in a horizontal
direction.
Figure showing outer perichondrial incision
A flap of outer perichondrium is dissected carefully from the

thyroid cartilage and reflected downwards. This procedure
exposes roughly upper 2/3 of the anterior surface of thyroid
cartilage.

Figure showing the upper 2/3 of thyroid cartilage being exposed
after reflection of external perichondrial flap.
This perichondrial flap could be used in the reconstruction process

after completion of surgery.
The superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage is exposed and divided.
Ipsilateral superior laryngeal artery, vein and nerve are ligated.
The laryngeal soft tissues are bluntly separated from the thyroid
cartilage in the subperichondrial plane up to the level of vocal
folds on both sides. The upper portion of the thyroid cartilage is
resected on the side of greater involvement using fissure burr.
The pharynx is entered at the level of the resected superior cornu
of the thyroid cartilage. The inside of the larynx can now be
clearly seen and the extent of the growth can be assessed
accurately.
The free border of the epiglottis is grasped with Babcock's forceps
and delivered via the pharyngotomy incision. The mucosa on the
lingual surface of epiglottis is carefully dissected off the cartilage.
If epiglottis is involved by the tumor then this step should be
skipped.
The line of resection for dividing supraglottis from the rest of the
larynx starts from the tense aryepiglottic fold on the side of greater
involvement anterior to the prominence caused by arytenoid
cartilage using scissors. This cut extends through the supraglottic
soft tissues towards the ipsilateral cord passing anterior to the
arytenoid towards the ventricle. This incision continues towards
the lateral ventricular wall above the level of vocal cords. This
incision is then extended to include the opposite supraglottic area
also. The specimen is completely freed by cutting through the
floor of the vallecula on the lingual side.
The cut surfaces of soft tissues are covered by mucosa stripped
from the pyriform fossa.

The first layer of closure is performed to cover the laryngo
pharyngeal defect. This is done by suturing the perichondrial flap
from the thyroid cartilage to the mucosa resected from the lingual
surface of epiglottis.
The second layer of closure is established by reapproximation of
strap muscles.
Contraindications:
1. Involvement of cricoid / thyroid cartilage
2. Impaired mobility / fixity of vocal cords
3. Impaired tongue mobility
4. Mucosal invasion of both arytenoids
5. Extension into the glottic area
Supracricoid partial horizontal laryngectomy:
This procedure was first described by two Austrian surgeons
Majer & Reider in 1959. They performed cricohyoidopexy in
order to avoid permanent tracheostomy. Since the results were
highly variable it fell in to disrepute. In 1970 French surgeons
Labayle and Piquet modified this procedure and rechristened it as
subtotal laryngectomy. They standardized the reconstruction
procedure as cricohyoidopexy (CHP) / cricohyoidoepiglottopexy
(CHAP).
This surgical procedure bridges the gap between partial open

procedures and total laryngectomy.
Traditionally glottis was considered to be the functional unit of

larynx which maintains the physiological functions like
production of speech and sphincteric function while swallowing.
Since 1980 the concept of functional unit of larynx has undergone
tremendous changes. It is these changes that helped us to refine
the technique of supraglottic partial laryngectomy.
Studies have demonstrated that the real functional unit of larynx

happens to be the cricoarytenoid unit. The driving force of
phonatory function depends on a mobile and sensate
cricoarytenoid unit. The vocal cords and the thyroarytenoid
muscle provides refinement and range to the sound generated.
Components of cricoarytenoid unit:
1. Cartilages – Cricoid (signet ring), arytenoids, corniculate and

cuneiform cartilages
2. Muscles – Posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid and
interarytenoids
3. Nerves – Recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal
nerve
According to this cricoarytenoid functional unit concept speech &
swallowing is possible by preserving one / both cricoarytenoid
unit with special attention to the attachment of posterior and
lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. This also allows the neoglottis to
abduct / adduct postoperatively. To ensure a good surgical
outcome all the components of cricoarytenoid unit should be
preserved.
Vocal cord fixation occurs due to the involvement of paraglottic
space by the tumor / invasion of thyroarytenoid muscle. This
surgical procedure facilitates safe excision of paraglottic space /
thyroarytenoid muscle. It also allows for complete excision of
lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle if the arytenoid on the
tumor bearing side needs to disarticulated.
Procedure:
In this surgical procedure true vocal cords, false cords, paraglottic
space along with entire thyroid cartilage can be excised. If need
be the pre-epiglottic space and the epiglottis can also be included
in the resection. If during reconstruction a CHEP is planned lower
1/3 of the epiglottis is retained. If need be the arytenoid on the

tumor bearing side can also be excised in order to secure a good
tumor free margin. However it is essential to conserve one intact
and sensate cricoarytenoid unit and the entire cricoid cartilage.
Post operative laryngeal reconstruction:

Is usually accomplished by using elements of the intact
cricoarytenoid unit and a cricohyoid impaction. For adequate
wound closure a pexy is done between the cricoid and hyoid
bone , or by using the preserved portion of the epiglottis. Non
absorbable sutures should be used for cricohyoid impaction.
Indications:
1. In T1, T2, T3, Glottic / Transglottic / supraglottic tumors

2. Selected T4 lesions with limited invation of thyroid cartilage
without involving the outer perichondrium
3. Salvage surgery after failure of radiotherapy
Contraindications:
1. Involvement of interarytenoid area
2. Fixed arytenoids
3. Involvement of mucosa over arytenoids
4. Subglottic extension
5. Extralaryngeal spread of the tumor
6. Invasion of hyoid bone
Surgical procedure:
This procedure is performed under general anesthesia. Intubation
via a preliminary tracheostomy will solve a lot of perioperative
problems.
The procedure begins with the standard apron incision and

elevation of subplatysmal flaps superiorly up to 1cm above the
level of hyoid bone and inferiorly up to the level of clavicles. The
sternohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles are transected along the
superior border of thyroid cartilage. The medial laryngeal vessels
are ligated at this stage. The sternothyroid muscles are transected
at the level of inferior border of thyroid cartilage. The inferior
constrictor muscle and the external thryoid cartilage
perichondrium are transected along its posterior border. The
pharyngeal constrictors should be excised close to the posterior
border of thyroid cartilage in order to protect the internal laryngeal
nerve branches.
The pyriform fossae are released. Disarticulation of
cricoarytenoid joint is performed on the involved side staying
close to the joint in order to preserve the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
The isthumus of the thyroid gland is transected right in the middle.
Blunt dissection is performed along the anterior tracheal wall in
order to free the trachea. This mobilizes the trachea thereby
facilitating tensionless reconstruction.
The periosteum of the hyoid bone is incised and a freer's dissector
is used to dissect out the pre-epiglottic space from the posterior
surface of hyoid bone.
The larynx is entered through the vallecula superiorly and through
the cricothyroid membrane inferiorly. The larynx is grasped with
Allis forceps and endolaryngeal cuts are made.
The endolaryngeal cuts are begun from the uninvolved side. A
vertical incision is made anterior to the arytenoid from the
aryepiglottic fold to the cricoid using scissors. The entire
paraglottic space lies anterior to this cut while the pyriform fossa
lies posterior to it. The whole of the paraglottic space is included
in the specimen while the pyriform fossa on the uninvolved side is
spared. This incision is connected to that of the cricothyroid
membrane incision above the superior border of cricoid cartilage.
The thyoid cartilage is grasped and fracted in the midline to open

it like a book. Exision of the tumor bearing side is thus completed
under direct vision. The arytenoid/arytenoids remaining after the
surgery should be pulled forwards to the posterolateral aspect of
cricoid cartilage with the help of 2-0 vicryl. This avoids posterior
sliding of the arytenoids.
Cricohyoidpexy is performed. The hyoid bone and the cricoid
cartilage are secured with the help of three submucosal sutures
using 0 prolene. Midline one is placed first taking care to grab a
bit of tissue on the posterior third of tongue. Strap muscles are
used as a second layer support.

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What are the principles of organ preservation surgeries involving the larynx?

Open approach Conservative

Drtbalu's otolaryngology online

The first Hemilaryngectomy procedure was performed by Billroth

Principles of organ preservation surgeries involving larynx:

1. Adequate local control of the malignant lesion should be

Current definition of organ preservation laryngectomy:

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Eventhough accurate staging of the tumor is a must for successful

Types of Conservative laryngectomies:

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Vertical partial laryngectomy:

Gorden Buck performed a laryngofissure surgery followed by

Variants of vertical partial laryngectomy:

Type I Standard vertical

Type II Fronto lateral

Type III Antero frontal

Type IV Extended (any procedure in which one arytenoid is

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Indications for vertical partial laryngectomy:

1. Large T1 glottic cancer – best results are possible if the lesion

Contraindications for vertical partial laryngectomy:

1. Involvement of cricoarytenoid joint

It should be stressed that failure rates are higher in patients with:

1. Involvement of anterior commissure as these tumors have a

This surgery is performed under general anesthesia.

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Figure showing laryngoflex endotracheal tube

Advantages of laryngoflex endotracheal tube:

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Figure showing cervical flap being raised

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The sternothyroid and thryohyoid muscles are divided at the level

The perichondrium over the lamina of the thyroid cartilage on the

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Figure showing thyroid perichondrial incision marks

Figure showing perichondrium being incised

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Before incising the perichondrium it is always better to infiltrate

As shown above a fissure burr is used to make a vertical cut in the

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This is possible by incising the cricothyroid ligament and

Figure showing ligation of superior laryngeal pedicle

Ligation of superior laryngeal pedicle:

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Drtbalu's otolaryngology online

Drtbalu's otolaryngology online

The strap muscles sternothyroid and thryohyoid are used to

Drtbalu's otolaryngology online

The wound is closed in layers after keeping a Romovac drain in

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Frontolateral vertical partial laryngectomy:

In this surgical procedure a portion of the opposite cord is also

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This procedure permits removal of one vocal cord completely

Since this surgery requires a clear view of intralaryngeal soft