socialur mecnierebaTa seria

saerTaSoriso
politikuri
ekonomia

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

nino Jvania

Tbilisi
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: [email protected]
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris”

(Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria
sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris
programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by
the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP)
of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 2 - 3

securities at most. Therefore, each country is somehow necessitated to strengthen its military- sarCevi
economic potential.
Military equipment is rather expensive and its price constantly increases along with its
improvement and development. Accordingly, advanced military armament is a prerogative of highly
developed countries. In this light, one should delineate two cases: production of military
equipments and its import. Import is widely-accepted, especially by less developed countries; 1. Sesavali 4
however, starting from 1980s more and more developing countries are developing their military
industries and some of them are even exporting military equipment. 2. saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis sami Teoria 6
The period of Cold War, rivalry between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries, arms race
3. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria 13
and the balance of nuclear weapons certainly could not be avoided within this topic, and these
issues are also touched upon and analyzed.
4. safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 18
Finally, the concept of military conversion is explained and its economic aspects examined.
Military conversion envisages turn of military industry/production into civilian and also re-training of 5. saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 23
people employed in military industry and providing them new jobs.
6. mesame samyaros gaCena da ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema 30

7. globalizacia 39
Concluding remark: 8. kapitalis moZraoba 45
As mentioned in the beginning, not all the aspects of the international political economy could
be touched upon within this course; however, I tried to outline basic issues of the international 9. evropis integracia 55
political economy most frequently taught and providing the principal understanding of the
discipline. In addition, I would like to note that since IPE is a rather new discipline, which is closely 10. erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika 59
related to contemporary political and economic events, it is incredibly dynamic and constantly
developing. 11. Political Economy of International Relations Course Resume 67

74 3
 Sesavali of stability and long-term peace. In today’s world the scale of capital flow is huge and there are
different reasons for this: development of transnational corporations and increase of their number,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa, rapid increase of export of machinery construction and improvement of transportation, etc.
romelmac Camoyalibeba daiwyo gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. misi warmoSoba Starting from the end of the twentieth century capital mainly goes to developed countries, while
ganpirobebuli iyo saerTaSoriso politikasa da ekonomikas Soris swrafad mzardi earlier the tendency was different and the capital was mainly moving from developed to developing
mWidro urTierTkavSiriT da im mosazrebiT, rom ekonomika da saerTaSoriso countries. This change is primarily connected to the changes in the recipient fields.
urTierTobebi cal-calke metad viwro disciplinebia imisaTvis, rom axsnan saerTa- Export of state capital and export of private capital are separately described and compared.
Soriso politikuri da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sakvanZo aspeqtebi. Different forms of state capital, such as long-term loans, credits, non-cost assistance, etc., are
aRniSnuli kursi ver moicavs disciplinis yvela aspeqts. igi gagacnobT characterized and their aim analyzed both country-level and international-level.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis ZiriTad Teoriebs, aRwers As for the export of private capital, its various forms are examined and its influence on the
safinanso-savaluto da savaWro sistemebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg (breton-- recipient country overviewed. For example, foreign direct and foreign indirect investments are
vudsis konferencia da momdevno movlenebi) da adarebs maT Tanamedrove sistemebs. analyzed both from the position of the investing country and the recipient country, and both sides’
kursis farglebSi axsnilia saerTaSoriso investiciebis logika da Tanamedrove arguments provided. Over again, critic of developed countries’ investment policy by the third world
tendenciebi am sferoSi, ganxilulia globalizaciis procesi da misdami ara- countries is offered and examined.
erTgvarovani damokidebuleba, aseve evropis integracia. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba As a continuation of the theme of capital flow, the issue of transnational corporations is
eTmoba saerTaSoriso da samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis rols saerTaSoriso discussed within the course, as one of the forms of the export of capital. As Rhys Jenkins notes in
urTierTobebis politikur ekonomiaSi. his book “Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalization of Capital and
the Third World,” only a few economic institutions raise such emotional and contradictory debates
as transnational corporations do.
kursis mizani
Special attention is given to the notion transnational corporations and different terms such as
kursis mizania axsnas politikisa da ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebuleba saSinao multinational corporations, multinational enterprises, international firms, etc., and the reasons
da saerTaSoriso doneebze. warmoaCinos is, Tu rogor gansazRvravs politika provided why UN selected the term transnational corporation against all others listed above. Brief
ekonomikas da piriqiT. kursi agreTve miznad isaxavs globalizaciis procesis axsnas history of transnational corporations’ development is provided and their forms and internal
da globaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebis etapebis aRweras. kursis erT-erTi mTavari structures discussed. The role of these corporations in international political and economic system
mizania daexmaros studentebs saqarTvelos poziciidan ganixilon saerTaSoriso overviewed and their advantages analyzed.
urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis sxvadasxva sakiTxebi da Tavisuflad imsjelon And finally, transnational corporations’ and third world countries’ relationship discussed and
saqarTvelos rolze dRevandel saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. noted that starting from the end of the twentieth century developing countries’ hostile attitude
ekonomikuri faqtorebi mTeli istoriis manZilze did rols asrulebdnen towards transnational corporations has alleviated compared to earlier periods.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. ekonomikuri miznebi, resursebi da instrumentebi Further, the political economy of the European integration is examined. The topic begins with
xSirad gansazRvravdnen qveynebis sagareo politikas. Cven SegviZlia gavixsenoT brief overview of the history of unification of the European countries and its political and economic
uamravi istoriuli movlena — es iqneba omebi, zavebi, SeTqmulebebi, koaliciebis aspects: Pan-European movement; establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization;
warmoSoba Tu sxva, da maTi kargad Seswavlis Semdeg davinaxavT, rom nebismieri creation of Benelux; establishment of the Council of Europe; Paris agreement on coal and steel
maTganis ukan iyo ekonomikuri daintereseba an, piriqiT, garkveuli ekonomikuri among six European countries: Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg;
movlenebi politikuri qmedebebis gamoxmaureba iyo an konkretuli politikuri miznis and certainly, the Maastricht Treaty of course.
miRwevas emsaxureboda. magaliTad, didi britaneTis adrindeli industrializacia Many scholars believe that the Paris agreement on coal and steel among six European
mecxramete saukuneSi misi politikuri siZlierisa da msoflioSi dominant saxel- countries was one of the turning points towards the European integration. Besides its economic
mwifod gadaqcevis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. aseve aSS-s ekonomikurma siZlierem aspects, the agreement clearly followed political aims: agreement between Germany and France
ganapiroba misi samxedro Zliereba da meoce saukuneSi politikuri dominantis rolis could become one of the guarantees for stability and long-term peace on the continent.
Sesruleba. sTiven gilisa da devid los wignSi (The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Benefits and advantages of free and liberal economy are analyzed from the perspectives of the
Problems and Policies) politikisa da ekonomikis mWidro urTierTkavSiris saCveneblad European Union and success achieved by the European countries examined. What is the
moyvanilia meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili movlenis — aparteidis advantage of being united? Does it bring economic and social welfare only, if ever? Do these
magaliTi: samxreT afrikis politikuri viTareba cdeboda am qveynis kompetencias. mis countries sacrifice their national interests? Is it world leadership aspiration? Is the European Union
mogvarebaSi aqtiurad Caebnen dasavleTi (am SemTxvevaSi — aSS da zogierTi evropuli real candidate for future world hegemony?
saxelmwifo) da aRmosavleTi (pirvel rigSi ssrk da Semdeg misi sateliti According to many scholars one of the major reasons for establishment of tight political and
socialisturi saxelmwifoebi). orive mxaris politikosebisaTvis debatebi samxreT economic relations among the European states was to balance the United States and even to
afrikisa da aparteidis Sesaxeb ar iyo mxolod samarTlianobisa da samoqalaqo become the world leader after the US. The European currency Euro and creation of the European
uflebebis gamo, aramed, avtorebis azriT, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis ZalTa balansis, Bank for Reconstruction and Development were additional instruments towards this goal.
grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa da samxreT afrikaSi maTi investiciebis masStabebis gamo. The next issue of the course is the economy and national security: military-industrial rivalry in
dasavleTis antiaparteidulma lobim miaRwia ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas the global economy. Within this topic it is attempted to analyze the logic of military-industrial rivalry
samxreT afrikisaTvis. am qveyanaze saubrisas saWiroa movixsenioT strategiuli and the way it influences the policies and arms production. It is also tried to understand why
nedleuli, romlis eqsportsac eweoda samxreT afrika aSS-sa da iaponiaSi da romlis countries spend enormous amounts of money on militarization and how it is connected to the
alternatiuli mimwodebelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iyo ssrk. wminda ekonomikuri national security. Since military expenditures are constantly growing and arms rapidly spreading,
sanqciebis dawesebis miRma naTlad ikveTeboda politikuri interesebi da gaTvlebi. one should raise a question: why arms production and military spending became a regular feature
amgvarad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia yovelTvis arsebobda. of the global economy?
meoce saukuneSi ki misi, rogorc disciplinis, Camoyalibeba daiwyo. Every country tries to secure its national security at most. But even the most powerful country
miuxedavad imisa, rom politika da ekonomika mudam axdendnen erTmaneTze gavlenas, cannot be sure that its national security is guaranteed, since it is not the only country that tries to
maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala meoce saukuneSi. amis erT- solve this problem, and its neighboring or rivalry countries are also trying to secure their national

4 73
analyses give an understanding of differences between the planned and market economies, erTi mizezi, gilpinis azriT, isaa, rom sagZnoblad amaRlda mosaxleobis gaTviT-
political motivations for existence of this subsystem and reasons why it collapsed. cnobierebis done rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebSi da xalxi mixvda,
Countries from this subsystem were isolated from the West and they were no members of rom mas SeuZlia (an hgonia, rom SeuZlia) gavlena moaxdinos da Secvalos ekonomikuri
none of the Breton-Woods institutions. Nowadays, these countries started joining and many of procesebi. am codnisa da politikuri demokratiis farTod gavrcelebis Sedegad na-
them already became members of the WB, IMF and other international organizations. In this Teli gaxda, rom qveynebs an garkveul jgufebs SeuZliaT aqtiurad imoqmedon eko-
aspect, the western countries are facing number of challenges such as control of interdependence nomikaze da, Sesabamisad, simdidris gadanawilebaze. amgvarad, dRevandel msoflioSi
in the western subsystem, facilitation of economic relations between the two competed subsystems umuSevroba, inflacia da sxv. aRiqmeba da ganixileba ara rogorc ekonomikis garda-
and enhancement of the Eastern European countries’ economies. uvali kanonzomiereba, aramed rogorc adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis
Further, within this chapter, petroleum exporting countries are overviewed with the aim to Sedegi, anu xdeba ekonomikis politizacia.
understand their place in the international political and economic system, their development edvard qaris mixedviT, ekonomikis mecniereba gulisxmobs garkveul wyobas,
perspectives and problems faced. Brief history of OPEC is provided, as well as structure and main wesrigs da igi ar SeiZleba iyos Seswavlili politikis gareSe.
goals of the organization. The organization, which established in 1960, was supposed to unite all rig mecnierTa azriT ki, piriqiT, yoveli politikuri struqturis ukan dgas
major oil exporting countries, coordinate common policy in controlling oil prices and quality and ekonomikuri safuZvlebi.
protect its members’ interests on international market. dRes dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom arc politika da arc ekonomika ar
As Joan Spero notes, OPEC’s common action to grab the control over the world’s oil markets aris sruliad avtonomiuri da, Sesabamisad, orive mosazreba marTebulia.
was the most successful effort of southern countries to alter their dependent relationship with the joan spiros azriT, politikuri faqtorebi sami saxiT axdenen gavlenas
North. Acting in this way they managed to increase somehow their political power. As noted above, ekonomikaze:
although many developing countries have been trying, the example of OPEC was difficult for them • politikuri sistema ayalibebs ekonomikur sistemas, vinaidan ekonomikuri siste-
to reproduce. mis struqtura da saqmianoba didwilad ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso
In the beginning, after couple of attempts, OPEC managed to agree on the common politikuri sistemis struqturiTa da saqmianobiT;
production reduction schemes and its members succeeded in increasing their revenues. As a
result, starting from 1970s, Western countries found themselves dependent on the threat of supply • politikuri mosazrebebi xSirad ganapirobeben ekonomikur politikas, vinaidan
disruption and reduction. However, number of oil crisis weakened the organization. In addition, ekonomikuri politika ganisazRvreba politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare;
non-OPEC production increased, causing surplus and, accordingly, decrease of prices.
• saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Tavad aris politikuri urTierTo-
Further, main historical and contemporary political events in relationship with oil are discussed
bebi, vinaidan saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri interaqciebi, politikuri interaqcie-
aimed at analyzing which political reasons are behind the struggles over the world oil control.
bis msgavsad, aris procesi, romlis drosac qveynebi an sistemis sxva monawileebi,
Special attention in the course is given to the globalization process. What is globalization and
cdiloben moagvaron TavianTi problemebi, miaRwion saerTo miznebs, iTanam-
when did it start? Is it internationalization (increase and intensification of international
Sromlon da aS.
transactions)? Is it liberalization (open political and economic relations)? Is it universalization
(universal dissemination/spread of different peoples’ experience)? Is it westernization or even erTi mxriv, politika farTod gansazRvravs ekonomikuri saqmianobis CarCoebs da
Americanization? Or is it weakening of the role of national borders and, generally, of the mimarTulebas aZlevs mas, xolo meore mxriv, ekonomikur procesebs wvlili SeaqvT
territorial/geographic factor? For many reasons, a generally-accepted definition of the globalization Zalauflebisa da simdidris gadanawilebaSi. isini cvlian Zalauflebriv urTierTo-
does not exist and debates over this are underway among scholars. Nevertheless, globalization bebs jgufebs Soris, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT politikuri sistemis trans-
itself has numerous insistent opponents as well as loyal proponents. But even those who come out formaciisaken, xolo amas — ekonomikuri urTierTobebis axali struqturisaken.
against it are constantly benefiting from the fruits of globalization in their everyday life. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ekonomikuri politika aris mecniereba ekonomikur
Global economy is indispensable part of the contemporary world. Hardly one can find a place motivebze, saqmianobasa da politikaze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze.
in the world where globalization or at least some of its components is not the part of the everyday saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomika aris saerTaSoriso urTi-
life. Benefits of global production do not raise doubts. Currently collection of raw materials can take erTobebSi ormxrivi da dinamiuri urTierTqmedeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebis xelSi
place in one geographic destination, manufacturing – in another, branding, advertising, promoting, Cagdebis mizniT. (Robert Gilpin: Power and the Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of
and marketing – all in different places and countries. Global economy, or as many call – economy Direct Foreign Investment).
beyond borders have significantly raised the efficiency, mobility and cost-effectiveness of national saxelmwifosa da bazris paraleluri arseboba da urTierTqmedeba Tanamedrove
economies and provided wide range of choice/alternative both for producers and consumers. msoflioSi qmnis politikur ekonomikas. saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi fasis
Distances and borders become the question of minor importance in this process. meqanizmi da bazris Zalebi gansazRvravdnen ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebs. es
Development of global production facilitated creation of special economic zones, export zones iqneboda wminda ekonomistis samyaro. bazris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo
and free production, where maximum conditions are created for free trade. gamoyofda ekonomikur resursebs. es iqneboda wminda politikosis samyaro.
Global financial interactions are also discussed and analyzed. politika da bazari mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia. yvela politikuri movlenis ukan
As attitude towards globalization is contradictory world-wide and the terms “anti-globalists” and aris ekonomikuri aspeqti, da, piriqiT.
“”anti-globalizm manifestations” became so common for the international political and economic politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis ekonomikuri movlenebis politikur safuZvlebs
life, it is attempted in the course to offer anti-globalists’ main arguments against globalization. an meTodebs, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, bazris
The issue of capital flow is the next topic of the course. Flow of capital is one of the most funqcionirebaze. SeiZleba asec iTqvas — politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis poli-
important global events in today’s world. Borders do not exist for the capital and it searches quick, tikuri movlenebis ekonomikur safuZvlebs.
guaranteed and high profit. After the WWII flow of capital has significantly increased. 1970-iani wlebi politikuri ekonomiiis aRorZinebis periodia, rac ganpirobebuli
Simultaneously, the role of the United States in the capital export enhanced. Later on, the Federal iyo imiT, rom realur da mecnierul faqtebs Soris ekonomikasa da politikaSi
Republic of Germany and Japan caught up. France was keeping one of the leading positions, ufskruli gaCnda. moxda ekonomikuri problemebis Zlieri politizireba, xolo
however, Great Britain’s role weakened compared to the nineteenth century. politikuri procesebi, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida ekonomizacias. garda amisa, Rarib da
According to many scholars, export of capital establishes tighter relations than international mdidar qveynebs Soris gaizarda ufskruli. prioritetulad iqca globaluri
trade. Export of capital strengthens relations among states and these relations are the guarantee problemebi axali ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmnis moTxovniT.

72 5
 saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis developed countries to the OPEC members. The majority of developing countries believed that
sami ideologia — sami Teoria OPEC was a good example of what could be achieved by them and which role they could play in
the international economic life.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis mier SemuSavebulia araerTi Teoria ekonomikasa Nevertheless, the success of the OPEC was overestimated and it became obvious for
da politikas Soris urTierTobebis asaxsnelad, es sami — liberalizmi, nacionalizmi everyone during the 1981 oil crisis. On the other hand, the crisis showed the western counties that
da damokidebulebis Teoria yvelasagan gamorCeulia. maT udidesi gavlena moaxdines the success of the OPEC is largely depended on the demand on oil, and the demand, obviously,
rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaze, aseve Tavad politikaze da saerTaSoriso poli- comes mainly from them.
tikuri ekonomiis Camoyalibebidan dRemde ar kargaven aqtualurobas. What is interesting, that the number of attempts of the developing countries to unite and
struggle jointly for common interests also failed, for many reasons, such as: differences in
ideology, culture, industrialization level, etc.
liberalizmi According to radical countries, the main reason for the unfair international political and
economic system is the liberal international economic order created after the WWII.
`liberalizmi” 1912 wlidan gamoiyeneba — mas Semdeg, rac espaneTSi Seiqmna libe- Gilpin notes that after the World War II the developed countries had made numerous attempts
raluri partia da liberalebma moaxerxes samoqalaqo konfliqtSi konservatiuli da to provide support to postcolonial and other developing countries in hastening their economic
avtoritaruli Sexedulebebis mowinaaRmdegeebis gaerTianeba. es sityva laTinuridan growth, but the process was not deliberate, well planned and, in many cases, far from being fair.
momdinareobs da Tavisuflebas niSnavs. As an illustration, he brings the example of deterioration of the economic situation in Africa,
liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos moZRvrebebidan iRebs suspension of the economic growth in Latin America in 80s of the last century and entire
saTaves. liberaluri ekonomikuri Teoria Tavisufali bazris da saxelmwifos mini- concentration of attention on the Far East.
maluri Carevis momxrea. liberalizmi aris Tavisufali adamianebis, Tavisufali baz- In this chapter of the course the phenomenon of Newly Industrialized Countries is also
ris da SezRuduli mTavrobis ideologia. liberalizmi aris doqtrina sazogadoebis discussed with the aim to understand what were the main reasons, both economic and political, for
wevrTa erTmaneTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi cdilobs adamians Seuqmnas normaluri, their incredibly high rate of economic growth. The success of these counties questions the issue of
bunebrivi da mSvidobiani ganviTarebis pirobebi. global poorness. If these countries, dependent in the past, managed to achieve such a high
liberalizmi transformacias ganicdida da mas sxvadasxva saxelwodeba hqonda: economic growth rate, why other similar countries did not manage to do the same? Can Georgia
klasikuri Teoria, neoklasicizmi, keinsianizmi, monetarizmi da sxv. ekonomikuri learn anything from these countries and what internal and external political preconditions should be
liberalizmis yvela forma aRiarebs bazars da fasis warmoqmnis meqanizms, rogorc in place to ensure similar developments?
Sida da sagareo ekonomikis organizebis yvelaze efeqtur xerxs. liberalizmi According to many scholars the future of the Newly Industrialized Countries largely depends
SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc doqtrina da principebis erToblioba sabazro on the growth rate of the global economy, openness of the markets of the developed countries and
ekonomikis organizebisa da marTvisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri efeq- the progress in the sphere of industrial technologies.
turoba, ekonomikuri zrda da bazris yvela monawilis piradi keTildReoba. Subsystems of international economic system, proposed by Joan Spero, are discussed further
ekonomikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, bazari warmoiqmneba spontanurad, raTa in the course.
daakmayofilos adamianis moTxovnileba. xolo funqcionirebs bazari Tavisi Sida The Western System, which is also called the system of interdependence, unites highly
logikis mixedviT. adamianebi bunebiT arian ekonomikuri cxovelebi da amitom bazari developed countries with the advanced economies. Relationship among the countries is so tight
viTardeba bunebrivad, logikurad, centraluri direqtivebis gareSe. that their economies are extremely sensitive to both political and economic changes in each of
adam smiTis azriT, sazogadoebrivi, erovnuli da kerZo dovlaTis warmoqmnis these countries. The western subsystem unites countries sharing the ideas of liberalism. Here it is
wyaro aris TiToeuli adamianis mudmivi, ganuwveteli da rutinuli Zalisxmeva, attempted to explain what are the benefits of such tight interrelationship and interdependence and,
gaiumjobesos sakuTari pirobebi. on the other hand, what are minuses. Is there real threat to the political independence of the
sabazro sistemis logika isaa, rom is zrdis ekonomikur efeqturobas, maqsimalurs countries? Do they have to sacrifice their national interests, culture, etc? Why this interdependence
xdis ekonomikur zrdas da, Sesabamisad, aumjobesebs adamianebis keTildReobas. miuxe- has so many opponents? All these issues are analyzed in the course and questions answered.
davad imisa, rom, liberalebis azriT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba aZlierebs qveynis Zala- The second subsystem is the North-South subsystem, also called the subsystem of
uflebasa da usafrTxoebas. maT swamT isic, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi da dependence. Unlike the western subsystem, countries of this subsystem are radically different from
umTavresi mizani aris TiToeuli adamianisaTvis sargeblis motana. each other. It unites western well developed countries and Latin American, Asian and African
liberalizmis mixedviT, kerZo momxmarebeli, firma Tu ojaxi aris sazogadoebis developing countries. Tension between them is obvious and it has long history.
safuZveli. kerZo pirebi iqcevian racionalurad, gonivrulad da cdiloben daikma- The main problem of this subsystem is dependency. The dependency exists when south
yofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi yvelaze dabal fasSi. individualuri mwarmo- courtiers have intensive interaction with the northern countries and when this interaction is vitally
eblebi da momxmareblebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian fasis mimarT, rac xels uwyobs important for national economies of the south countries and, consequently, these countries
moqnili ekonomikis warmoqmnasa da arsebobas, romlis pirobebSic fasis nebismieri become dependent on all political and economic events taking place in the northern countries.
cvlileba gamoiwvevs Sesabamis cvlilebas warmoebaSi, moxmarebasa da ekonomikur However, for the northern countries these interactions are not qualitatively important. Hence,
institutebSi. WeSmaritad konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi gacvlis pirobebi gani- interdependence is symmetric, while dependence is - asymmetric. There are different forms of
sazRvreba mxolod miwodeba-moTxovniT da ara ZalauflebiT, uxeSi CareviTa da dependence: in trade, in investments, in financial spheres, etc.
direqtivebiT. Tu gacvla nebayoflobiTia da orive mxaris surviliTaa ganpiro- The course tries to examine why the dependence exists, its roots, tendencies and
bebuli, maSin am procesSi orive mxare mogebulia da kmayofili. perspectives. Also, attempts to look at the problem from both sides and analyze pro and contra
sabazro ekonomika ZiriTadad imarTeba moTxovnis kanoniT, romlis mixedviTac, arguments, and again, think over the Georgia’s perspectives based on other countries’ experience.
xalxi iyidis met saqonels, Tu fasi daiwevs, da naklebs, Tu is gaizrdeba; xalxi aseve What niche can Georgia hold in today’s international economic system and which role it is ready to
iyidis mets, Tu misi Semosavali gaizrdeba, da naklebs, Tu igi Semcirdeba. nebismieri play? Which political preconditions are necessary for this?
cvlileba fasSi da bazris monawilis SemosavalSi imoqmedebs SeZenili saqonlis The third system proposed by Joan Spero was the East-West subsystem, also called the
raodenobaze. independence subsystem. The subsystem included the Soviet Union and its satellite socialist
xolo rac Seexeba miwodebas, liberalebis azriT, adamianebi cdiloben Tavisi countries, mainly in Eastern Europe. Naturally, the subsystem does not exist currently, but its

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currency. interesebis dakmayofilebas deficitisa da resursebis arasakmarisi raodenobiT
Further, the course describes the Breton-Woods monetary institutions – the World Bank and arsebobis pirobebSi. saqonelze miwodebis an moTxovnis cvlilebas aucileblad
the International Monetary Fund and tries to explain the reasons for criticizing their activities, mohyveba saqonlis fasis cvlileba.
especially from the less developed countries’ side. arsebiTad, liberalebs swamT, rom vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTqmedeba saxel-
Since Georgia is a member of both of these organizations from 1992, the course also attempts mwifoebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobebis safuZvelia, vinaidan vaWrobiT miRebuli
to analyze IMF and WB activities in Georgia. What kind of political and economic benefits the ormxrivi sargebeli da zrdadi urTierTdamokidebuleba erovnul ekonomikebs Soris
country has received from their work, if it has ever? Why and who is criticizing these institution in aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobas. swored amitom Tavisufali vaWroba
Georgia and what the country like Georgia should do to use the assistance provided by these da kapitalis Tavisufali brunva unda gansazRvravdnen saxelmwifoTa ekonomikur
institutions most efficiently. politikas da ara piriqiT.
Similar to the financial situation, state of the trade sphere after the WWII was also far from liberalizmis saSinao politikis mizani igivea, rac sagareosi — mSvidoba. libera-
being perfect. The course touches upon the United States leadership in the post-war period lebs swamT kacobriobis srulyofili TanamSromlobis. liberalizmi Tavisi arsiT
international trade system and analyses its reasons. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade kosmopolituri ideologiaa. xolo liberali - msoflio moqalaqe, kosmopoliti.
(GATT) is also one of the Breton-Woods institutions, created with the aim to achieve free and fair liberalizmi winaaRmdegia omisa da yvelanairi konfliqtis. omi aiZulebs saxel-
trade through reducing tariffs and removing other trade barriers. The major rule for implementing mwifoebs Caiketnon, xolo Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi Caketili
free trade was the principle for non-discrimination (most-favored-nation principle). The second qveynis ekonomika sustdeba da moqalaqeTa keTildReoba klebulobs. liberalis
element of non-discrimination was the provision for national treatment designed to prevent azriT, kerZo sakuTreba mSvidobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garantia rogorc
discrimination against foreign products after they enter a country. qveynis SigniT, aseve mTlianad msoflioSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela saxelmwifos
GATT was associated with the club of rich countries and was seriously criticized by developing valia kerZo sakuTrebis gafrTxileba da misi dacva.
countries. As many of them acknowledged, the system worked very well for the developed adre liberalebi Tvlidnen, rom omi surdaT da omobdnen monarqebi da ara erebi.
countries and most quotas and other barriers were eliminated, facilitating overall liberalization of Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, dinastiebi unda SeecvalaT xalxis mier arCeul mTavrobebs.
the international trade. However, little efforts were put on implementation of non-discrimination bevri mecnierisa da politikosis azriT, liberalur-demokratiuli mTavrobebi
principle and some others, important for developing countries. naklebad konfliqturebi arian da iSviaTad an saerTod ar omoben. liberalizmis
Within the course, GATT and the World Trade Organization are compared with the aim to gavrcelebasTan erTad xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebis dadgena samxedro, istoriuli da
show why the GATT failed and which new or additional instruments the WTO possesses to sxva pirobebiT. Tumca liberalebi ar aRiareben sazRvris strategiul mniSvnelobas.
facilitate free and fair international trade, achieve non-discrimination against countries, facilitate fair liberalebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miRwevaa referendumebi da plebiscitebi.
competition among countries, and provide special assistance to developing countries. leveling roqveli, Tanamedrove amerikeli politikosi da Jurnalisti, eWvs
The course also focuses on the reflections of Joan Spero on what the new international trade gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom liberalizmi Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT dReisaTvis aRar
system is going to look like and if it is going to change. According to Spero, the structure of the arsebobs, da ambobs, rom WeSmarit liberalur koncefcias axla klasikuri libe-
future order will largely depend on to at what extent the current leading states will consider less ralizmi unda ewodos. igi wers: `me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi liberalizmis cneba,
developed countries’ (such as Argentina, Mexico, etc.), OPEC member countries’ and newly sazogadod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis filosofias niSnavda, romelsac Semdegi
industrialized countries’ role in the order. Most of these countries have intensive trade relations principi gaaCnda — sazogadoebebs da maT komponentebs raime saxis centraluri
both with developed and the third world countries and many of them have started extensive mmarTveloba da kontroli ar sWirdebaT, radgan sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTar
investing in developed countries. In the close future these countries will demand and they will Tavs marTaven sakuTar wevrTa nebayoflobiTi da urTierTsasargeblo TanamSrom-
lobis gziT. dRes amgvar filosofias liberalizms ver vuwodebT, vinaidan es cneba
receive the right to participate in the management of the system. The future international trade
demokratiuli totalitarizmis mier iqna miTvisebuli. imisaTvis, rom es filosofia
system will be managed multilaterally.
xelaxla Cveni drois Sesatyvisad warmovaCinoT, Cven mas axali saxeli — klasikuri
Many scholars believed that Japan, considering its extremely high rate of economic
liberalizmi unda vuwodoT.
development, would have played the leading role in the trade system along with newly
klasikuri liberalizmi iseT sazogadoebas niSnavs, sadac Cemi ocneba realobaa.
industrialized countries. However, by the beginning of the twenty-first century the number of
sadac Cven prezidentis saxelis xseneba sulac ar gvesaWiroeba, sadac arCevnebis
supporters of this idea has reduced and currently many think that the united Europe is the real
Sedegebi mniSvnelovani araa, radgan sazogadoeba kanonebiT, da ara adamianebis mier,
aspirant for the leadership.
imarTeba. rodesac Cven ar gveSinia Cveni mTavrobis, radgan mas Cvengan arc araferi
Next issue the course tackles is the emergence of the third world, economic system
miaqvs da arc araferi moaqvs, aramed is gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom Cven Cveni cxovreba,
subsystems, new industrialized and OPEC countries’ economic development overview and their
sazogadoebrivi yofa da momavali Tavadve ganvsazRvroT~. (leveling roqveli.
place in the international political and economic system.
liberalizmis safuZvlebi, gv. 86, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, 2004w.).
The term “third world” emerged along with the development of nationalist movements initially in
Latin America, and later in Asia and Africa. Argentinean Economist Raul Prebisch was one of the
firsts who raised the issue of the unfair world economic and political order. In 1944-48ss when the nacionalizmi
Breton-Woods system was designed along with its financial and trade institutions, Asian, African
and Latin American countries’ involvement in this process was insignificant, as many of them had ekonomikurma nacionalizmma, liberalizmis msgavsad, mravali metamorfoza
to gain political independence and were intensively fighting for achieving this goal. Besides the fact ganicada saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi: merkantilizmi, sTeiTizmi (saxelmwifoebriobiz-
that by that time developing countries were making the majority of the UN General Assembly, the mi), proteqcionizmi, germanuli istoriuli skola, bolo xanebSi ki — neoproteqcio-
situation was completely different in the IMF, WB and GATT. nizmi. ekonomikuri nacionalizmis centraluri ideis mixedviT, ekonomikuri
However, starting from 60s of the last century developing countries began demanding the new saqmianoba unda daeqvemdebaros saxelmwifos miznebsa da interesebs. saerTaSoriso
economic order, in which their interests would have been considered. They were requesting trade sistemis mowyobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis umTavresi aris saxelmwifo, erovnuli
benefits for their countries taking into account their ‘baby’ economics. In 1974, the request for the usafrTxoeba da samxedro Zlevamosileba.
new economic order was officially declared in the United Nations May Resolution. Adoption of the zogierTi nacionalisti miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da gadar-
resolution was primarily prompted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ (OPEC) CenisaTvis erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis dacvas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba ara
success in ensuring high prices on oil, as a result of which huge amount of money flew from aqvT. am mimdinareobas keTili, kargi merkantilizmi ewodeba. nacionalistebis meore

70 7
nawili Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris imperialisturi eqspansiisa da USA (aspirant – Soviet Union), USA (aspirant – China? EU?).
sazRvrebis gafarToebis arena. nacionalizmis am agresiul formas SeiZleba vuwodoT The course tries to explain why many scholars do not agree with the theory, considering that
cudi merkantilizmi. germaniis nacisturi mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika importance of distribution of power and existence of the dominant nation fades in the presence of
aRmosavleT evropasTan mimarTebaSi 1930-ian wlebSi swored amgvari xasiaTis iyo. the international organizations, such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World
nacionalistebi xazs usvamen ekonomikuri faqtorebis rols saerTaSoriso Bank, World Trade Organization, European Union, etc. However, realists do not consider
urTierTobebSi da miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris brZola ekonomikuri international organizations having real power and capable of playing significant role in international
resursebisaTvis gavrcelebulia da TviT saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebisTvisaa economic and political life.
damaxasiaTebeli. vinaidan ekonomikuri resursebi saWiroa erovnuli ZlierebisaTvis, The World Leadership Long Cycles Theory of Modelski and Thompson and the Long Cycles
yvela konfliqti erTdroulad ekonomikuric aris da politikuric. saxelmwifoebi Theory of Goldstein are also described and analyzed within the course.
cdiloben erTdroulad moipovon simdidre, Zalaufleba da damoukidebloba. Finally, the course attempts to reflect on who is going to be the following leader, who are the
ekonomikuri nacionalizmi me-16 — me-18 saukuneebSi erTgvari gamoxmaureba iyo aspirants and what their chances are.
politikur, ekonomikur da samxedro movlenebze da masSi swored am periodis In regards with the major IPE theories, discussed within the course and briefly reviewed above,
viTarebam pova asaxva. am dros Cndeba Zlieri nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic it is attempted to cover all their aspects and show their developments in time and consequent
mudmiv qiSpobaSi arian erTmaneTTan. am dros warmoiSveba da Zlierdeba saSualo klasi, changes occurred. It is also tried to provide opposite opinions on each of them.
romelic Cabmulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi — vaWrobaSi da, umTavresad, manu- Further in the course, financial relations after the World War the II are discussed.
faqturaSi, warmoebaSi. es erTis mxriv ganpirobebuli iyo axali samyarosa da misi The conference, held in Breton-Woods and attended by forty-four countries, was aimed at
resursebis aRmoCeniT. monetizirebuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da samxed- creating a new stable liberal economic order. The new order was initially foreseen as a system,
ro sferoSi cvlilebebs aseve udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. nacionalistebma daad- managed by international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World
gines, maTi azriT, misaRebi balansi vaWrobasa da erovnul usafrTxoebas Soris. Bank. Establishment of these organizations was also decided at the conference. As the period
ramdenime mizezis gamo nacionalizmis ZiriTadi mizani industrializaciaa. pirvel between the two wars proved the floating exchange rate to be not favorable for the development of
rigSi, nacionalistebs swamT, rom industria axdens gardamtex efeqts ekonomikaze da the international economy, the countries agreed on introducing the fixed rate (par value system). In
mas mivyavarT ekonomikis srul ganviTarebamde. meore mizezi aris is, rom addition, the countries participating in the conference agreed to avoid economic wars and beggar-
nacionalistebisaTvis ganviTarebuli industria asocirdeba ekonomikur TviTuz- thy-neighbor policies, and developed the conduct code which was incorporated into the IMF
runvelyofasTan da politikur avtonomiasTan. mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, charter.
rom industria aris samxedro siZlierisa da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli usafrTxoebis However, despite all the efforts of the Breton-Woods system constructors, the postwar
safuZveli. TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, liberalurSic ki, mTavrobebis politika monetary system did not become stable. Only the US and a couple of other countries were able to
mimarTulia industriis ganviTarebisaken. fulfill obligations in front of other countries and the Breton-Woods institutions. Europe and Japan
moqiSpe saxelmwifoebis samyaroSi nacionalistebi miiCneven calxriv mogebas ufro were so weakened after the war that their solvency was almost zero. In 1947 IMF suspended
mniSvnelovnad, vidre ormxrivs. liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba or- issuing loans.
mxrivad sasargebloa, maSin roca nacionalistebi Tvlian, rom es urTierTobebi According to many scholars, the crisis of 1947 was directly linked to political problems:
aucileblad konfliqturia da wesrigi SesaZlebelia mxolod hegemonis an ZalTa Germany was politically and economically declined; Great Britain, partly due to its economic
balansis arsebobis pirobebSi. difficulties was withdrawing from India and Palestine, and was unable to fulfill its commitments to
nacionalistebi, dawyebuli aleqsandre hamiltoniT da damTavrebuli Tanamed- Greece and Turkey regarding security and political support; political situation in France and Italy
rove mecnierebiT, xazs usvamen TviTuzrunvelyofis upiratesobas ekonomikur
was far from being stable; Soviet Union was intensively working on sovietization/socialization of the
urTierTdamokidebulebasTan SedarebiT.
Eastern Europe and were gaining certain support in France, Italy and other western European
countries.
Starting from 1947 the Breton-Woods system that was envisaged as a system managed by
damokidebulebis Teoria
international organizations, became a system managed by the US. US was both able and willing to
take this responsibility, and as some scholars notice, the US’s role was a combination of altruism
damokidebulebis Teoria ganviTarda 1950-iani wlebis bolos prebiSis ideebis
and interests.
safuZvelze. prebiSi da misi Tanamoazreebi Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikur zrdas wamyvan
Experience the world received between the two wars helped the US political and economic
qveynebSi ar moyveboda Raribi qveynebis ganviTareba. ufro metic, maTi azriT,
leadership and acknowledgment of this leadership by other states. Gold and pound were no longer
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba xSirad seriozul ekonomikur
able to play the role of the world currency, and as the US dollar was the only convertible currency,
problemebs qmnida Rarib saxelmwifoebSi. es ewinaaRmdegeboda neoklasikosebis
it naturally became the world currency. The US dollar became a base for international trade,
Sexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviT, ekonomikuri zrda xelsayreli iyo yvelasTvis (Pareto
investments, banking, etc.
Optimal — ekonomikuri viTareba, romelSic Tu erTi adamianis an jgufis ekonomikuri mdgo-
mareoba umjobesdeba, meoris — uaresdeba. aravis SeuZlia gamdidreba vinme sxvis gaRaribebis Starting from 1959, economic situation in the western European countries and Japan
gareSe), maSinac ki, Tu mogeba ar nawildeboda Tanabrad. significantly improved and their currencies gradually became convertible.
prebiSi am faqts ase xsnida: Raribi qveynebi iZulebulni arian pirveladi The Breton-Woods history is divided into two periods: dollar shortage (also called the US
produqcia (nedleuli) miyidon ganviTarebul qveynebs, romlebic Semdgom am unilateral management period) and the dollar surplus period (also called the multilateral
nedleulis gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmnil produqcias Rarib qveynebSi yidian. mza management period).
produqcia yovelTvis ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre nedleuli, Sesabamisad, Rarib qveynebs In 1971, the US President Nixon, unilaterally, without consulting with other countries, officially
verasodes eqnebaT imdeni Semosavali eqsportidan, rom gadaixadon importSi. declared the new economic policy, according to which dollar’s convertibility towards gold was
am problemis mosagvareblad, prebiSis azriT, saWiro iyo Semdegi: Raribi saxelmwi- stopped. This was the end of the Breton-Woods system. However, the official ending of the system
foebi unda SeerTebodnen importis gacvlis programas (Program on Import Substitution), ra- was announced at the Jamaica meeting of the IMF leading states. As Gilpin notes, de facto end of
Ta maT ar SeeZinaT mza produqcia mdidari saxelmwifoebisagan. Raribi qveynebi kvlav the Breton-Woods system and the fixed exchange rates became de jure at this conference.
gayididnen TavianT pirvelad saqonels msoflio bazarze, magram maTi ucxouri gac- As for some scholars, the system is still functional, since its institutions – IMF and WB play an
vliTi rezervebi ar iqneboda gamoyenebuli ucxoeTisagan mza produqciis SesaZenad. important role nowadays in the international economy and the US dollar is still world leader

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 Dependency theory developed in the end of 1950s on the ideas of Raul Prebisch. According to amis ganxorcielebas arTulebda sami momenti:
this theory, economic growth in developed countries did not entail economic developments in Raribi qveynebis Sida bazari ar iyo sakmarisad didi imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyo
developing countries, and even more, economic activities of developed countries often created mdidar saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli ekonomikebis mTeli speqtrisaTvis, raTa
serious economic problems to poor countries. Difference in incomes between developed and SeenarCunebina dabali fasebi;
developing countries was constantly increasing instead of decreasing. meore sakiTxi exeboda Raribi qveynebis politikur nebas aRar yofiliyvnen
According to the theory, developing countries are to sell raw products to developed countries, pirveladi nawarmis mwarmoeblebi;
who in their turn sell back to the developing countries manufactured products out of those raw mesame sakiTxi exeboda imas, Tu ramdenad akontrolebdnen Raribi saxelmwifoebi
commodities. As price for the processed product is always higher than for the raw material, poor TavianT pirveladi warmoebis saqonels, gansakuTrebiT imas, romelic qveynis gareT
countries will never have enough income from the export to cover their import expenses. iyideboda.
Prebisch argued that the third world countries were not as much underdeveloped as they were amgvarad xsnida damokidebulebis Teoria Raribi saxelmwifoebis mudmivi siRa-
badly developed. To solve this problem Prebisch was demanding special benefits for developing ribis mizezebs. tradiciuli neoklasikuri midgoma arafers ambobs am sakiTxTan
countries and suggested that developing countries should had been joined the programs on import dakavSirebiT, mxolod adasturebs im faqts, rom Rarib qveynebSi solidurma
substitution, though it was rather difficult for a number of reasons. The reasons are provided in ekonomikurma saqmianobam gvian moikida fexi da rom rogorc ki maT Tanamedrove
details in the course. ekonimikis teqnika aiTvises, siRaribe TandaTan ukuiqca. Tumca, marqsistuli Teoriebi
The dependency theory tries to explain the reasons for massive unemployment in the third mudmiv, mdgrad siRaribes ganixilavdnen rogorc kapitalisturi eqsploataciis
world, reasons for consequent deterioration of their economies, internal problems hampering Sedegs. axali midgomis - “msoflio sistemebis” Tanaxmad, siRaribe aris mdidrebis
improvements, etc., and argues that inequality among states is an inherent part of interactions sasargeblod da Raribebis sazianod Sromis metad uxeSi gadanawilebis uSualo Sedegi.
among them. liberaluri reformis momxreebis (prebiSi), marqsistebisa (andre gunder franki) da
Most dependency theorists regard capitalism as a motive for dependency, thus accusing it of “msoflio sistemebis” Teoretikosebis (valerstaini) debatebi metad cxare da
causing the most of the problems connected to the unfairness of the current international economic inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso iyo. damokidebulebis sxvadasxva
system. Teoriebis mimdevrebs Soris kvlav SeiniSneba seriozuli xasiaTis uTanxmoeba
Structuralism and Marxism connected to the dependency theory are also tackled within the garkveul sakiTxebSi da amitom Znelia davinaxoT damokidebulebis Teoriis erTiani,
course. SeTanxmebuli varianti. Tumca, yvela xsenebuli Teoriis analizi garkveul
In relationship with the dependency theory and the third world problems the history and current universalur postulatebs eyrdnoba. damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc
activities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are described qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rodesac erovnuli, Sida ekonomikuri politika
and those goals listed that UNCTAD managed to achieve in favor of developing countries during its ganicdis gareSe zegavlenas, iqneba es politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli
existence. However, it concludes that besides noticeable accomplishments a lot of work is left to xasiaTisa. gilpins moyavs Teotonio des santosiseuli ganmarteba, romelSic igi xazs
be done by this body. usvams damokidebulebis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs:
Further, major modern theories in the international political economy are listed such as: Dual `[damokidebuleba aris] istoriuli mdgomareoba, romelic gansazRvravs msoflio
Economy Theory (strongly influenced by the liberalism theory), Modern World Systems Theory ekonomikis garkveul struqturas. es ukanaskneli “wyalobs” rig qveynebs sxvaTa
(strongly influenced by the Marxism theory) and the Hegemonic Stability Theory (influenced by the sazianod da zRudavs damokidebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis ganviTarebis asparezs.
realism), and the brief description of the first two provided. While the last one is discussed in more [damokidebuleba aris] situacia, romelic garkveuli ekonomikuri sistemis
details due to its extensive prevalence and popularity. ganviTarebisa da gafarToebis xarjze ganapirobebs am sistemas daqvemdebarebuli sxva
qveynebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas~ (Teotonio dos santosi, “damokidebulebis
The hegemonic stability theory is close to the realism. According to this theory distribution of
power among nations is the essential factor for the international economic stability. The theory was struqtura”, Readings in U.S. Imperialism, red.: k.t. feni da donald hojisi, bostoni: Porter
initially proposed by Charles Kindleberger in the 1970s. It underlines the importance of presence of Sargent, 1971, gv. 226).
a dominant/hegemonic state as a condition for the existence of an open, liberal and stable world zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi Seicaven sam saerTo maxasiaTebels, romlebsac
economy. In this aspect, a special attention is given to Robert Gilpin’s thoughts regarding the damokidebulebis Teoriebis umetesi nawili iziarebs. upirvelesad, damokidebuleba
theory. He tries to explain thoroughly why the theory is related only to the liberal economic system damaxasiaTebelia saerTaSoriso sistemisTvis, romelic qveyanaTa or jgufs moicavs.
and why the hegemonic state should be strongly devoted to liberal values itself. maT sxvadasxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad ewodebaT dominanturi/damokidebuli, centra-
The hegemonic nation should serve as a coordinator for other nations and should be willing luri/periferiuli an metropolia/sateliti. dominanturi saxelmwifoebi arian
and able to impose conduct code and ensure its implementation. And this code should inevitably ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wamyvani samrewvelo
be liberal, pro open market and against the beggar-thy-neighbor policies. qveynebi. damokidebul saxelmwifoTa siaSi ki Sedian laTinuri amerikis, aziisa da
The course provides brief overviews of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) and the Marshall Plan afrikis is qveynebi, sadac saerTo erovnuli produqtis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze
(1947) as of two different actions (antithesis) of the US, a leader nation after the World War II. In mcirea da sadac ucxouri valutis Semodinebis wyaro erTi romelime saxis saqonlis
the first case the country was not willing or prepared to take a leading role in the international eqsportia. garda amisa, orive ganmartebis Tanaxmad, damokidebuli qveynebis eko-
system and coordinate its monetary policies with other countries. But the isolationism had negative nomikur aqtivobaSi ganmsazRvrelia gareSe Zalebis roli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs
consequence firstly for the US and secondly for other countries. saerTaSoriso korporaciebs, saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo birJebs, ucxour daxmarebas,
The Marshall Plan was a lesson learned from the Smoot-Hawley Tariff experience. Long-term komunikaciaTa qsels da bevr sxva rames, risi saSualebiTac wamyvani samrewvelo
saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben sakuTar ekonomikur interesebs ucxo qveynebSi. mesame
economic and political goals of the Plan are discussed in light of the United States’ relationship
saerTo niSani isaa, rom damokidebulebis cnebis yvela ganmarteba miuTiTebs
with the USSR and its satellite countries. Tight connection between politics and economy in this
dominantur da damokidebul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis dinamiur
historical period is particularly emphasized and analyzed. Soviet critic of the Plan and rational
xasiaTze, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom qveynebis am or jgufs Soris arsebulma
behind this criticism is also provided.
urTierTobebma SeiZleba ara mxolod ganamtkicos, aramed ufro intensiuri gaxados
The course notices that besides the fact that there are different opinions on the hegemonic
uTanasworobis modeli. metic, damokidebulebas, rogorc istoriul process, metad
stability theory itself, almost all its followers agree on the existence of the following hegemonic
Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli da igi saTaves iRebs kapitalizmis internacionali-
countries, aspirants willing to become leaders and the historical periods for their hegemony:
zaciidan. damokidebuleba mimdinare dinamiuri procesia. amis magaliTia laTinuri
Portugal (aspirant - Spain), Netherlands (aspirant – England), Great Britain (aspirant – France),
amerika, romelic meTeqvsmete saukunidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso sistemis
68 9
nawilia, romlis dominanturi wevrebic amJamad ganviTarebuli qveynebi arian. Nino Jvania
damokidebulebis Teoria cdilobs axsnas zogierTi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis dabali done qveynebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis modelebis
Seswavlis gziT da am modelebis aucilebel da ganuyofel pirobad miiCnevs qveynebis POLITICAL ECONOMY OF
uTanasworobas. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis umetesoba saerTaSoriso kapita- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE RESUME
lizms miiCnevs damokidebulebis ganmapirobebel faqtorad. maTi azriT, istoriuli
kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom ganviTarebis dabali done ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi
umeteswilad ganpirobebulia rogorc maTi qveynebis istoriiT, aseve mimdinare International Political Economy is a relatively new discipline, developing since 70th last century.
ekonomikuri da sxva saxis urTierTobebiT maTsa (ekonomikurad CamorCenil sate- Its formation was necessitated by rapidly increased tight interrelationship between international
litebsa) da amJamad ganviTarebul metropoliebs Soris. metic, es urTierTobebi aris politics and economy, and an assumption that economics and international relations separately
nawili msoflio masStabis erTiani kapitalisturi sistemisa. were too narrow disciplines to explain central aspects of international political and international
am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturma sistemam xeli Seuwyo da ganamtkica economic relations.
Sromis uxeSi gadanawileba, romelmac msoflios bevr regionSi ekonomikuri Camor- This course cannot cover all aspects of the discipline. It introduces main theories of the
Ceniloba gamoiwvia. damokidebuli saxelmwifoebidan moedineba iafi nedleuli, international political economy, describes monetary and trade systems after the WWII (Breton
soflis meurneobis produqcia da iafi muSaxeli, garda amisa, damokidebuli qveynebi Woods Conference and following events) and compares them to the current systems. It also
mdidari saxelmwifoebisaTvis warmoadgens Warbi kapitalis gadanawilebis, attempts to explain the logic of international investments and current trends in this sphere. Further,
moZvelebuli teqnikisa da warmoebuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazars. amgvari interaqcia the course tackles the issues of globalization from different perspectives (globalization and the
Rarib qveynebs damokidebuls xdis Zlier saxelmwifoebze, vinaidan aseTi kavSirebis third world) and tries to give a thorough understanding of the European integration process.
wyalobiT satelitur qveynebSi marTlac Semoedineba fuli, saqoneli da momsaxureba, Special attention is given to the role of international and intergovernmental organizations in the
magram am resursebis ganawilebis politikas dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeimuSaveben international political economy.
da masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli damokidebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri interesebi. Purpose of the course is to introduce some of the fundamental relationships between politics
Sromis amgvari gadanawileba, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs siRaribes, xolo kapita- and economics on both the domestic and international levels, and explain how these two are
lizmisTvis aseTi viTareba resursebis efeqturi ganawilebis aucilebeli pirobaa. mutually dependent. Furthermore, the course examines the politics of globalization from different
umeteswilad damokidebulebis modelebi eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom ekonomikuri da perspectives and illustrates historical developments of the global economy. The course also aims
politikuri Zalaufleba ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli da centralizebulia indus- at encouraging students to think about different aspects of the international political economy from
trializebul qveynebSi. am mosazrebas iziareben imperializmis marqsistuli Teoriis the Georgia’s perspective.
momxreebic. Tumca damokidebulebis yvela Teoretikosi marqsisti rodia, amitom unda The course introduction provides views of different scholars on the relationship between
gavmijnoT damokidebulebisa da imperializmis Teoriebi. politics and economics, such as Edward Carr, Joan Spero, Robert Gilpin, etc., offers couple of
imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria emsaxureba dominanturi saxelmwifoebis eqs- historical facts illustrating tight relationship between politics and economy and concludes that these
pansiis axsnas, damokidebulebis Teoria ki ekonomikuri CamorCenisas. sxvanairad rom two are in constant interaction and all international level political decisions intervene on all
vTqvaT, marqsistuliTeoriebi ganmartaven imperializmis warmomSob mizezebs, damo- economic decisions and vice versa.
kidebulebis Teoriebi ki imperializmis Sedegebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxva- Further, the course describes three major theories in the international political economy:
vebaa. marqsistuli gagebiT, imperializmi msoflio transformaciis procesis nawilia liberalism, nationalism and dependency.
da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialisturi revoluciis katalizatori. marqsi dadebiTad
Liberalism, which takes its roots from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, is a theory of free
afasebda britaneTis kolonializms indoeTSi. misi azriT, ingliss ori misia ekisra
market and minimal state interference in economy. According to this theory the market is managed
indoeTSi: erTi destruqciuli, meore ki regeneraciuli — Zveli aziuri sazogadoebis
by the rule of demand: people will buy more goods if the price decreases and buy fewer goods if
ganadgureba da aziaSi dasavluri sazogadoebis materialuri safuZvlebis Seqmna.
the price increases. Also, people will buy more goods if their income increases and less if their
damokidebulebis TeoretikosebisTvis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba yovelmxriv
income decreases. It means that each single change in the price and the income of the market
uaryofiTi mdgomareobaa, romelic xangrZlivi da avtonomiuri ekonomikuri Ronis-
player will influence the amount of the purchased goods. As for the supply, according to liberals,
Ziebebis ganxorcielebis aranair saSualebas ar aZlevs damokidebul qveyanas. garda
people are rational animals who try to satisfy their interests in the existence of deficit and lack of
amisa, imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria Tavisi arsiT TviTlikvidacias gulisxmobs,
resources. Changes in demand and supply will automatically change the price of the product.
damokidebulebis Teoria ki TviTgadarCenas. leninizmis CarCoebSi imperializmis bo-
Goal for the internal policy of liberals is the same as for the foreign policy – peace and total
lo aris is Jami, roca ori dominanturi Zala erTmaneTs oms gamoucxadebs swrafad-
cooperation. Alike in people, if nations’ involvement in economic interactions happens voluntarily,
klebadi saeqsploataciod vargisi saSualebebis gamo. leninis azriT, pirveli msof-
lio omi am ideis naTeli dadastureba iyo. omis Semdeg inglisi da safrangeTi daepat- than both sides satisfy their interests and are content with the process. Total economic cooperation
ronen germaniis yofil koloniebs. damokidebulebis Teoria aseT midgomas ar and overall involvement in trade, financial transactions, etc., is a strong guarantee for long-term
eTanxmeba. peace and prosperity. While, on the other hand, wars drive nations to close their borders and their
damokidebuleba arsebobs imisda miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romelia dominan- economies weaken. Liberals do not recognize strategic importance of borders and liberal, himself,
turi qveyana. is, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeebrZolon is the world’s citizen, cosmopolitan.
damokidebuli teritoriebisTvis, TavisTavad faseul informacias ar warmoadgens According to the nationalism theory economic activities should be subordinated to the state
(garda imisa, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebis omianobis periodSi damokidebul goals and interests. For the smooth functioning of the international system existence of sovereign
saxelmwifoebs saSualeba eZlevaT gawyviton arsebuli urTierTobebi). damokide- nation, national security and military power are of the supreme importance. Wars and conflicts
bulebis TeoriisTvis globaluri ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris mTeli between nations are natural because they fight for resources which are important for economic
Tanamedrove periodis manZilze mdgradi siRaribe da am procesis Seuqcevadoba strength, which, in its turn, is important for military power. Each conflict is simultaneously economic
msoflios erTsa da imave regionSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli saxelmwifo akon- and political, as nations try to gain wealth and national power at the same time.
trolebs situacias. Nationalists, starting from Alexander Hamilton, consider that one-sided benefit is more
garda amisa, damokidebulebis zogierTi Teoretikosi ar Tvlis, rom aseTi important than mutual and give advantage to self-confidence (self-sustainability) versus economic
urTierTobebis ganmsazRvrel faqtors kapitalizmi warmoadgens. xsenebuli urTier- interrelationship.

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internet resursebi: Toba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia Zalauflebis sistemiT da naklebad sarwmunoa, rom
Zalaufleba mxolod kapitalizms eyrdnobodes. magaliTad, yofili socialisturi
blokis damokidebuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi (Tundac aRmosavleT evropa da
www.mitpress.mit.edu kuba) Zalian hgavs Raribi qveynebisa da wamyvani kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebis
urTierTobebs. imis daSveba, rom damokidebuli mdgomareoba ZalauflebaTa
www.tandf.co.uk uTanasworobasTan ufro axloa, vidre konkretuli ekonomikuri sistemis ama Tu im
maxasiaTebelTan, metad damaintrigebelia da Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
www.drake.edu bebis iseT SedarebiT ufro tradiciul analizs, rogoricaa realizmi.
gilpini ganixilavs ramdenime mosazrebas, romlebic, misi azriT, damokidebulebis
www.bisa.ac.uk/groups/ipeg Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens, Tumca yvela maTgani sakamaToa. esenia:
1. ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba aris mdgomareoba, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
www.tn.regentsdegrees.org ganuviTareblobisgan. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba im mdgomareobas, romelic ar
gulisxmobs resursebis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, amerikeli kolonistebi CrdiloeT
www.indiana.edu/~ipe amerikas ganuviTarebel regionad Tvlidnen. miwa, misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, saTanadod ar muSavdeboda. ekonomikuri CamorCena ki niSnavs im
www.ucpress.edu/books/SIPE situacias, roca resursebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, Tumca maTi gamoyenebiT sargeblobs
dominanturi saxelmwifo da ara is Raribi qveyana, romlis teritoriazec moipoveba
www.mtholyoke.edu resursebi.
2. ekonomikur CamorCenilobasa da ganuviTareblobas Soris sxvaoba msoflios
www.gamethory.net/dictionary Rarib qveynebs absoluturad gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi aTavsebs. es qveynebi
msoflios mdidar qveynebs arc CamorCebian da arc ewevian, isini imitom ki ar arian
www.pupress.princeton.edu Raribebi, rom evropis samecniero gardaqmnebsa Tu ganmanaTleblobis Rirebulebebs
ver aubes mxari, aramed imitom, rom ZaldatanebiT gaerTiandnen evropis ekonomikur
www.duke.edu sistemaSi mxolod rogorc nedleulis da naxevarfabrikatebis mimwodeblebi an
rogorc iafi muSaxelis wyaro, da imitom, rom maT principulad ar miecaT
www.guilford.edu SesaZlebloba gaetanaT bazarze TavianTi resursebi da ama Tu im gziT konkurencia
gaewiaT dominanturi saxelmwifoebisTvis.
www.pup.princeton.edu 3. damokidebulebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis gza
sjobia resursebis gamoyenebis im modelebs, romlebic Tavsaa moxveuli dominanturi
www.routledge.com saxelmwifoebis mier. privilegirebuli modelebis naTlad Camoyalibebuli definicia
ar arsebobs, Tumca garkveuli kriteriumebi SeiZleba davadginoT. magaliTad, gan-
www.ssc.upenn.edu/polisci viTarebadi qveynebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqs-
porti, rac Zalian xSirad damokidebulebis TeoretikosTa kritikis sagania. kritikis
www.curzonpress.co.uk mizezi aris is, rom ekonomikurad CamorCenil bevr qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba sakvebis
ukmarisobis maRali maCvenebeli, maSin roca am qveynebs didi raodenobiT sakvebi
www.reference.routlege.com produqti gaaqvT eqsportis saxiT. damokidebulebis bevri Teoretikosis azriT,
Raribi qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebi unda gamoiyenebodes maTive mox-
www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision marebisTvis sakvebis ukmarisobis maCveneblis Sesamcireblad.
4. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis azriT, arsebobs garkveuli erovnuli eko-
www.rrojasdatabank.org nomikuri interesi, romelic TiToeul qveyanas SeuZlia sakuTari keTildReobisTvis
aamoqmedos, da es asec unda xdebodes. am TvalsazrisiT, damokidebulebis Teoria
www.state.gov/r/pa/ho realizmis principebs iziarebs. gansxvavebuli midgoma isaa, rom, damokidebulebis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, qveynis erovnuli interesebi mxolod maSin iqneba gaTvalis-
www.wikipedia.org/wiki winebuli, roca dakmayofildeba Tavad am sazogadoebis Raribebis moTxovnilebebi da
ara samTavrobo an korporaciuli interesebi. Zalian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra aris
www.consulting.ru/econs_art ukeTesi RaribebisTvis. am problemis gadawyveta did dros moiTxovs. damokide-
bulebis Teoretikosebs jer ar SeumuSavebiaT erovnuli ekonomikuri interesis
www.wto.org srulyofili da gamoyenebadi ganmarteba.
5. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi (stabilurad damokidebuli mdgomareoba
www.opec.org evropis eqspansiidan, anu meTxuTmete saukunidan iwyeba) resursebis gadineba ara
marto dominanturi saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT xdeba, aramed, agreTve, Tavad damo-
www.imf.org kidebuli qveynebis elitis mier. damokidebulebis Teoriis analitikosebis azriT,
elitarul wreebs xels aZlevs arsebuli damokidebuli mdgomareoba, radgan maTi
piradi interesebi dominanturi qveynebis interesebs emTxveva. ase rom, damokide-
buleba sinamdvileSi “nebayoflobiTi” mdgomareobaa. aravin amtkicebs imas, TiTqos
damokidebuli qveynis elita mizandasaxulad Ralatobdes sakuTari qveynis RaribTa
interesebs. ubralod mmarTvel elitas gulwrfelad sjera, rom ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis aucilebeli pirobaa liberaluri ekonomikuri doqtrinis morCilad miReba.

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raul prebiSi bibliografia:
raul prebiSi daibada argentinaSi 1901 wels. igi cnobili gaxda rogorc laTinuri
amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis direqtori da struqturalizmisa da damokidebulebis 1. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli
Teoriebis fuZemdebeli. man ganaTleba miiRo buenos-airesis universitetSi da 1925 universiteti, 1996;
wels imave universitetSi daiwyo leqciebis kiTxva. 1950 wels prebiSi gaxda gaero-s
laTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis aRmasrulebeli mdivani. man intensiurad 2. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, zurab daviTaSvili, fondi `Ria sazogadoeba —
daiwyo mesame samyaros qveynebis problemebis Seswavla da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
saqarTvelo~, socialur mecnierebaTa seria. Tbilisi, 2003;
uTmobda laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebs.
prebiSi ganixilavda vaWrobis pirobebs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis (perife-
3. ra aris globalizacia? ulrix beki, elfis gamomcemloba, 2003;
riisaTvis). man aCvena, rom vaWrobis pirobebi periferiisaTvis aTwleulebis manZilze
uaresdeboda da sul ufro aZnelebda am qveynebis ganviTarebas. amasTan, ganviTa-
4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo iniciativebis
rebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis Semosavlebs Soris gansxvaveba, Semcirebis magiv-
instituti, 2004;
rad, gamudmebiT izrdeboda. es problema mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli, agreTve,
umuSevrobasTan periferiaSi, rac aormagebda ra Raribi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobas,
xels uSlida maT TavianTi resursebis srulad gamoyenebaSi. 5. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali — leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisis universi-
tetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 2003;
prebiSi iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis struqturalisturi xedvis fuZemdebeli.
struqturalizmma mkafiod gamijna ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis
ekonomikebis struqturebi. 6. liberalizmis safuZvlebi, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, ekonomikuri codnis
am TeoriiT prebiSs surda aexsna, Tu ratom iyo mesame samyaros qveynebSi masobrivi gavrcelebis sazogadoeba, 2004;
umuSevroba, ratom uaresdeboda maTi vaWroba, ratom izrdeboda sxvaoba Semosavlebs
Soris da a.S. amisaTvis man ganixila rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve Sida 7. The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University Press, Princeton
faqtorebi, romlebic aferxebdnen ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur zrdas. 1987;
prebiSis ideebi safuZvlad daedo, agreTve, damokidebulebis Teorias, romelmac
Semdgom Tavisi ganviTareba, sakmaod radikaluri formiT, pova sxva laTinurmerikeli 8. Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order;
ekonomistebis naSromebSi.
1963 wels prebiSi gaxda vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze gaero-s konferenciis 9. The Global Political Economy (Perspectives, Problems and Policies), Stephen Gill and David Law, The
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1993;
(UNCTAD) generaluri mdivani, xolo 1969 wels — ekonomikuri da socialuri dagegmis
gaeros laTinuramerikuli institutis generaluri direqtori.
10. Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (The Internalization of Capital and The Third
World), Rhys Jenkins, Methuen, London and New York 1987;
gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze
11. The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s
UN Conference on Trade and Development – UNCTAD) Press, New York 1990;
gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze (unktadi) aris gaeros generaluri 12. Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996;
asambleis ZiriTadi organo vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi. igi dafuZnda ro-
gorc mudmivi mTavrobaTaSoriso organo 1964 wels JenevaSi Catarebuli konferenciis 13. On Liberty, John Stuart Mill, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Publishing Company, New
pirvel sesiaze. misi dafuZneba miznad isaxavda ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas da York;
ekonomikur ganviTarebas, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
unktadi Tavis mandats axorcielebs Semdegi meTodebiT: politikis analizi, 14. Transnational Corporations, United Nations, UNCTAD Division on Investment, Technology and
problemis ganxilva, konsensusis miRweva da mTavrobaTaSoriso doneze mola- Enterprise Development, 2004;
parakebebis gamarTva, kontrolis ganxorcieleba, praqtikuli muSaoba da teqnikuri
TanamSromloba. unktadis wevr saxelmwifoebs surT miaRwion stabilur, mdgrad zrdas 15. Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971.
yvela qveyanaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, raTa
yvelam isargeblos warmatebebiT socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi.
unktadis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 188 saxelmwifo. damkvirveblebis statusiT
sargebloben mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. misi samdivno aris
JenevaSi. umaRlesi organoa konferencia. rogorc wesi, konferencia atarebs sesiebs
ministrebis doneze oTx weliwadSi erTxel politikis ZiriTadi principebis
SesamuSaveblad. unktadi finansdeba gaeros regularuli biujetidan. misi wliuri
biujeti operaciuli saqmianobisaTvis Seadgens daaxloebiT 55 milion aSS dolars.
Tavisi arsebobis periodSi unktadma SeZlo mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesruleba,
romlebic, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs Seesabameba. miRweul iqna
SeTanxmebebi pirveladi warmoebis (nedleuli) saqonlis sferoSi da Seiqmna kvleviTi
jgufebi, romlebic dakompleqtebulia nedleulis mwarmoebeli da nedleulis
momxmarebeli qveynebiT; miRebuli iqna SeRavaTTa ganzogadoebuli sistema (Generalized
System of Preferences), romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier

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samsaxurebis SeTavazebas. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politekonomiis erT-erTi ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis satarifo SeRavaTebis miniWebas — cxrametma ganviTare-
mimdinareobac aris, romelic konkretulad Seiswavlis konversiis tendenciebs da bulma saxelmwifom 10 wliT calmxrivad moxsna sabaJo gadasaxadebi ganviTarebadi
perspeqtivebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi. qveynebis gadaumuSavebel da naxevradgadaumuSavebel produqciaze, (SeTanxmeba moq-
dasavleTis politikis oponentebi miiCneven, rom imisaTvis, rom moxdes gani- medebs 1971 wlidan); miRebulia rezolucia, romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebis
araReba da SenarCunebuli iyos mSvidoba, strategiis SemmuSaveblebma unda miscen mizniT dabalSemosavliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis davalianebis retroaqtiul
magaliTi sxva saxelmwifoebs. upirveles yovlisa, iaraRis Semomtanma ZiriTadma koreqtirebas (moqmedebs 1978 wlidan); SemuSavebulia davalianebis restruqtu-
qveynebma — aSS-ma, ruseTma, didma britaneTma da safrangeTma unda gamoiCinon simkacre rizaciis sferoSi saerTaSoriso zomebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (1980w.) da sxv.
iaraRis gavrcelebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseve maT unda gaakontrolon arale- garda amisa, unktadma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis
galuri iaraRis mTavari gadamtanebi afrikaSi — ukraina, bulgareTi da slovakeTi, rom (Less Developed Countries) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. am Temas mieZRvna unktadis mier
gaamyaron kontroli iaraRis transportirebaze. Semdeg, ganviTarebulma qveynebma organizebuli ramodenime konferencia, sadac SemuSavda samoqmedo gegma naklebad
Tavis Tavze unda aiRon didi pasuxismgebloba iaraRiT movaWreebze da usafrTxoebis ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis dasaCqareblad.
kerZo kompaniebze. miuxedavad yovelive zemoT aRniSnulisa, gaeros konferenciam vaWrobasa da
am kuTxiT muSaobisTvis SemuSavda iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativa ganviTarebaze ver SeZlo mTeli rigi dasaxuli problemebis gadaWra, da kvlav bevria
(Proliferation Security Initiative - PSI), romelic aris globaluri mcdeloba SeaCeros gasakeTebeli ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobisTvis.
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba. am proeqtis Sesaxeb gamoacxada prezi-
dentma buSma 2003 wlis 31 maiss. es xedva aseve gacxadebuli iyo 2002 wlis nacionalur
strategiaSi, romelic qveynis erT-erT prioritetad asaxelebda masobrivi ganad-
gurebis iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. es strategia cxadyofs, rom
saWiroa qveynebis sayovelTao kooperacia am saxis iaraRis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
mTel msoflioSi.
iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativis mTavari mizania Camoayalibos hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria
ufro dinamiuri, axleburi da aqtiuri midgoma iaraRis swrafi gavrcelebis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es yvelaferi moxdeba am iniciativis TanamSromlobiT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi
saxelmwifoebTan da mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. amasTan, gamoyene- aRsaniSnavia sami Teoria. pirveli aris ormagi ekonomikis, anu dualizmis Teoria (Dual
buli iqneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelTarsebuli yvela berketi, raTa Economy Theory), romelic gamomdinareobs liberaluri Teoriidan. mis mixedviT, bazris
saqmianoba ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi. warmoqmna pirdapir ukavSirdeba sayovelTao survils miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri
2003 wlis seqtemberSi avstralia, safrangeTi, germania, italia, iaponia, efeqturoba da maqsimaluri mogeba. meore aris Tanamedrove msoflio sistemebis
niderlandebi, portugalia, espaneTi, didi britaneTi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Teoria (Modern World Systems). masze udidesi gavlena iqonia marqsistulma moZRvrebam.
daeTanxmnen iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativas da aRiares igi am Teoriis mixedviT msoflio bazari aris ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi ekonomikis
oficialur amkrZalav principad. mas Semdeg bevrma qveyanam dauWira mxari am mqone qveynebis mier naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis eqsploataciis
principebs. iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativaSi msurvelebs gawevrianeba meqanizmi. mesame da dResdReobiT yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa hegemonuri
SeuZliaT Riad. PSI—s partniorebi sTxoven saxelmwifoebs PSI -s mxardaWeras da stabilurobis Teoria. igi axlos aris realizmTan da misi yvelaze farTod
urCeven gaiaron is etapebi iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gaiara PSI-m. PSI- gavrcelebulobisa da popularobis gamo swored masze gveqneba detaluri saubari.
s daxmareba kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom ufro seriozuli zomebia misaRebi iaraRis robert gilpinis, stefan krasnerisa da realisturi skolis sxva warmomadgenlebis
swrafi gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sxva qveynebTan TanamSromlobiT. mixedviT, Zalauflebis ganawileba saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis
stabilurobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtoria. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria,
romelic pirvelad Carlz kindlebergerma wamoayena 1970 wels, aqcents akeTebs
SeniSvna: wamyvani saxelmwifoebis rolze, magaliTad, did britaneTze mecxramete saukuneSi da
vinaidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis kursi axali sagania aSS-ze meoce saukuneSi, da imaze, Tu rogori gavlena aqvs SesaZleblobebisa da
da, garda amisa, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikur Zalauflebis ganawilebas msoflio ekonomikaze. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, erTi
movlenebTan, igi Zalian dinamiuria da mudmivad cvalebadi. saxelmwifos yovelmxrivi dominireba saWiro aris Ria, liberaluri da stabiluri
msoflio ekonomikisaTvis. amgvari hegemonis daniSnulebaa koordinacia gauwios sxva
saxelmwifoebs da daawesos maTTvis qcevis garkveuli wesebi. aseT pirobebSi sxva
saxelmwifoebi SedarebiT mSvidad grZnoben Tavs. maT ar eSiniaT gaxsnan TavianTi
bazrebi da Tavs arideben im politikas, romlis arsia `gaaRaribe mezobeli”.
Sesabamisad, Teoriis mixedviT, hegemonis dasustebas moyveba ekonomikuri dacema,
arastabiluroba da moqiSpe regionuli blokebis Seqmna. robert gilpini SeniSnavs,
rom hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis gansazRvraSi ZiriTadi sityva aris
`liberaluri~ (The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 72), rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom
TeoriaSi igulisxmeba Ria da aradiskriminaciul Tavisufal bazarze damyarebuli
saerTaSoriso ekonomika. iseTi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi, rogoricaa
liberaluri, ver ganviTardeba srulad hegemoni/dominanti saxelmwifos gareSe.
Tumca mxolod hegemonis arseboba ar aris sakmarisi liberaluri ekonomikuri sis-
temis Camoyalibebasa da funqcionirebisaTvis. hegemoni Tavad unda iyos liberaluri
principebisa da Rirebulebebis erTguli mimdevari da damcveli. hegemonis roli ar
Semoifargleba mxolod ekonomikuri sistemis SenarCunebiT, igi mzad unda iyos
moagvaros krizisuli situaciebi da daicvas qveynebi SesaZlo safrTxisgan. hegemoni

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saxelmwifos dasustebisa da axali hegemonis gaCenis periodebi, Teoriis mixedviT, gadajaWvuli samoqalaqo dargebTan, romelTa sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs Soris
konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtebis masStabi da faqtiurad waiSala~ (zurab daviTaSvili, nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tbilisi.
xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris Seguebuli 2003. gv. 225).
yofili hegemoni Tavis dasustebas da axal mdgomareobas, ramdenad sworad dRevandel msoflioSi yvela saxis teqnologia saocari tempiT vrceldeba da am
gansazRvravs igi samomavlo politikur da ekonomikur strategias da ramdenad dros Zalin Znelia gamijno samoqalaqo da samxedro teqnologiebi. magram maSinac ki,
moaxerxeben Zveli da axali hegemonebi konstruqciul TanamSromlobas ekonomikuri rodesac es xerxdeba, samxedro teqnologiebi mainc vrceldeba saerTaSoriso
transformaciebis Tanmdevi problemebis gadasaWrelad. ekonomikis konkurentuli bunebis gamo. imisaTvis, rom qveyana konkurentunariani iyos
mecxramete saukuneSi didi britaneTi asrulebda ekonomikuri hegemonis rols maRalteqnologiur dargebSi, man unda gaataros dabalansebuli ekonomikuri kursi,
msoflios umetes nawilze. britaneTis lideroba asocirdeboda bazrebis globa- xolo Tu misi Sida bazari ar aris sakmarisad didi, eqsports sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
lizaciasTan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis intensifikaciasa da kapitalis brunvasTan, eniWeba, raTa qveyanam miiRos Semosavali da daafinansos Semdgomi kvlevebi. erovnuli
transnacionaluri korporaciebis ricxvis zrdasTan da, zogadad, ekonomikur da usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, qveynebma SeiZleba isurvon moaxdinon
politikur stabilurobasTan, romelic axasiaTebda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropas mainc. romelime samxedro industriuli teqnologiis monopolizacia, magram teqnologiuri
pirvelma msoflio omma uecrad mouRo bolo rogorc britaneTis hegemonias, aseve mis inovaciebis ekonomika aiZulebs maT mimarTon gavrcelebis xelSewyobis politikas.
mier dawesebul wesebsa da Seqmnil pirobebs. mzardma proteqcionizmma, regionuli xSirad supersaxelmwifoebi sxva mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebze yidian Tanamedrove
blokebis Camoyalibebam da kapitalis brunvis Semcirebam 1920-1930-iani wlebis iaraRs, raTa moipovon maTze gavlena. samxedro teqnikiT vaWroba farTod
dasawyisSi xeli Seuwyo ekonomikur arastabilurobas da depresias. gavrcelebuli praqtikaa da mas qveynebisTvis soliduri Semosavali moaqvs. saerTo
pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebisTvis aSS iyo ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri RirebulebiT (brunviT) iaraRiT vaWroba pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi. 1970-1980-ian
saxelmwifo msoflioSi. magram man uari ganacxada Seesrulebina lideris roli, wlebSi iaraRiT gamalebuli momarageba xdeboda navTobiT mdidari saxelmwifoebis
romelsac ukve veRar asrulebda britaneTi. amis yvelaze kargi ilustracia iyo smuT- aziaSi — arabuli saxelmwifoebi da, meore mxriv israeli, irani da meore mxriv — erayi.
holei tarifi (1930), romlis mixedviTac, aSS-Si saSualo gadasaxadi importze gaizar- iaraRis mimwodeblebi iyvnen aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri da am supersaxelmwifoebis
da 40 procentiT. didi depresiis dasawyisSi aSS-ma Caketes Tavisi sazRvrebi ucxouri Sejibri (arms race) am regionSi grZeldeboda. gamonaklisi ar iyo am mxriv arc afrikis
saqonlisaTvis da amgvarad xeli Seuwyes msoflio ekonomikis arnaxul dakninebas. ame- kontinenti, romlis danawilebasac gavlenis sferoebad cdilobdnen igive
rikis uarma gaekontrolebina savaluto sistemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava mdgomareoba. supersaxelmwifoebi. aSS-s gansakuTrebuli istoriuli interesi hqondaT da aqvT
msoflios ekonomikuri hegemonis amgvarma izolacionisturma poziciam uaryofiTi samxreT amerikaSi, Sesabamisad samxedro teqnikasTan dakavSirebuli garigebebi maT
gavlena iqonia danarCeni saxelmwifoebis umetesobaze da Tavad amerikazec. Soris yovelTvis iyo. iaraRiT vaWroba xdeboda da xdeba rogorc Riad saxelmwifoebis
mier, aseve farulad an kerZo kompaniebis saSualebiT. am mxriv SeiZleba dasaxeldes
sabWoTa kavSiris magaliTi axlo aRmosavleTSi Tundac palestinasTan mimarTebaSi da
smuT-holeis tarifi sxv. SeiZleba aseve aRiniSnos birTvuli iaraRis saidumloebebis miyidvis faqtebi
aRmosavleTis zogierTi qveynisaTvis da sxva mravali.
1930 wlis ivnisis smuT-holeis tarifis aqtiT, aSS-Si dawesda qveynis dRemde birTvuli omis muqara da mZime kalibris iaraRis raodenobis swrafi zrda
istoriaSi yvelaze maRali tarifebi. aqts xeli moawera prezidentma dominirebda debatebSi globaluri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. garigebebi cecxlsasroli
huverma. avtorebi iyvnen respublikeli senatori smuTi iutas Statidan da msubuqi kalibris iaraRis (small arms and light weapons - SALW) SeZenaze saSualebas
da respublikeli kongresmeni holei oregonidan. tarifis mizani iyo aZlevda mimReb qveynebs mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis da aRniSnuli iaraRis nacvlad
Sida fermerebis dacvis gaZliereba ucxoeli sasoflo-sameurneo saqon- SeetanaT mZime kalibris iaraRi. 1990-iani wlebis damdegs debatebi birTvul iaraRze
lis importis sawinaaRmdegod. es aqti misi miRebidan dRemde gansjis Seicvala gacxovelebuli msjelobiT SALW-ze, rogorc did saSiSroebaze globaluri
mudmivi sagania. bevri miiCnevs, rom smuT-holeis tarifma seriozulad usafrTxoebisaTvis, risTvisac sakmaod seriozuli mizezi iyo. civi omis Semdgom
gaaRrmava didi depresia da es ugunuri proteqcionizmis naTeli periodSi namdvili omebis gaCenam ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi da am omebSi Cabmuli
magaliTi iyo. am tarifis istoria huveris saprezidento kampaniidan urTierTdapirispirebuli mxareebis warmodgenam aseve Secvala SALW-is roli da igi
iwyeba, rodesac prezidentobis kandidati dapirda fermerebs maTi damxmare SeiaraRebidan masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad aqcia.
saqonlis importze tarifebis gazrdas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920-iani mSvidobis programis, romelic wyvets iaraRis gavrcelebis problemas, kampaniis
wlebi zogadad amerikis keTildReobis periodi iyo, soflis meurneoba wevrebma kargad unda icodnen am problemis Taviseburebebi. upirveles yovlisa, SALW-
dacemas ganicdida. 1920-1929ww. saSualo Semosavlebi am sferoSi i arTulebs konfliqtebs da xels uwyobs banditizms, magram ar warmoqmnis maT. Semdeg,
Semcirda. 1929 wlis martSi, gaprezidentebis Semdeg huverma wamoayena
warmatebuli kampania ver akrZalavs naRmebs, radgan SeuZlebelia SALW-is produqciis
tarifebis gazrdis idea, Tumca mas mxari ar dauWires ara marto
akrZalva. marTalia, cota vinme Tu uaryofs imas, rom qveiTsawinaaRmdego naRmebi
demokratebma, aramed respublikelebis nawilmac. 1929 wlis agvistoSi
arahumanuria da maT postkonfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi aTeuli wlebis Semdegac
dawyebuli didi depresiis (ase aTariRebs ekonomistebis umravlesoba,
Tumca zogierTi didi depresiis dasawyisad oqtomberSi sabirJo bazris ewirebian adamianebi, magram vinaidan SALW-i gamoiyeneba sportsa da usafrTxoebis
kraxs miiCnevs) pirobebSi senatSi moxerxda saWiro xmebis dagroveba dacvaSi, igi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagani xdeba. SALW-ze kamaTi yovelTvis exeba,
aqtis misaRebad 245 xmiT 177-is winaaRmdeg. mas mxari dauWires res- agreTve qveynis nacionalur suverenitets. saboloo Tanxmobis micema iaraRis
publikelebis umetesobam da demokratebis 15 warmomadgenelma, gatanasa da realizaciaze mxolod mTavrobas SeuZlia. imaze, rom SALW—is SeTan-
romelTagan 10 iyo luizianadan da florididan. isini warmoadgendnen xmebebis umravlesoba ukanonoa da rom es SeTanxmebebi eyrdnoba ukanono gadatanebs,
citrusebisa da Saqris interesebs, romlebsac axali aqti mniSvnelovan dRes Riad laparakoben diplomatiur wreebSi da saerTaSoriso konferenciebze.
proteqcias hpirdeboda. smuT-holeis tarifma gamoiwvia sxva saxel- civi omis Semdgom msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebi xSirad saubroben sayovelTao
mwifoebis sapasuxo qmedebebi da gaxda `gaaRaribe Seni mezobeli” (beggar- ganiaraRebaze, konversiaze, da es saubrebi, garkveulwilad, kargi tonic aris
thy-neighbor) politikis simbolo. am politikis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad diplomatiaSi. konversia aris samxedro mrewvelobis, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleq-
iklo saerTaSoriso vaWrobam. smuT-holeis tarifi aris proteqcio- sis gadayvana samoqalaqo produqciis an ormxrivi daniSnulebis produqciis warmo-
nizmis naTeli magaliTi meoce saukuneSi. am daSvebuli Secdomis sapi- ebaze. garda amisa, konversia gulisxmobs samxedro personalis an samxedro
rispirod 1934 wlidan amerikis savaWro politikaSi aSkarad industriaSi dasaqmebuli pirebis gadamzadebas da maTTvis axali, samoqalaqo

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wlamde aSS-ma 9,6 trilioni dolari daxarjes SeiaraRebaze. gamoikveTeba vaWrobis liberalizacia, da aSS kisruloben mTavari ro-
msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi uzarmazari iyo da mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda lis Sesrulebas Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyoba-
1970-ian wlebSi. 1980-ian wlebSi samxedro danaxarjebis zrda gagrZelda ganviTarebaSi (GATT, NAFTA, WTO).
industrializebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram daaxloebiT 1982 wlidan am xarjebma iklo
naklebadganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi. izolaciis saxifaTo mxareebi (minusebi) kargad Seiswavles amerikelma poli-
tikosebma meore msoflio omis Semdeg. aSS-ma aRar gaimeores daSvebuli Secdomebi da
dauyovnebliv ikisres msoflio lideris roli. daiwyo Ria saerTaSoriso savaWro
msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi 1975-1984 wlebSi sistemis (dafuZnebuli gatze) da stabiluri savaluto sistemis (dafuZnebuli
(aSS miliard dolarebSi) breton-vudsis sistemaze) Seqmna. marSalis gegma smuT-holeis tarifis pirdapiri
antiTezisi iyo. igi ansaxierebda amerikis mier Tavisi gansakuTrebuli rolisa da
procentuli wili pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas sakuTar sazRvrebs gareT mSvidobisa da keTildReobis
1975 1981 1982 1983 1984 damyareba-SenarCunebis saqmeSi.
msoflioSi
eWvebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Zalauflebis Sesaxeb kvlav gaCnda 1960-iani
ise 257,534 290,278 307,827 324,230 348,697 53.7 wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. amerikis ekonomikuri upiratesobebi
aise 171,972 185,448 189,757 191,671 196,133 30.2 danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT swrafad iklebda, maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebi
intensiurad viTardebodnen da eweodnen aSS-s. amis sapasuxod amerikaSi izrdeboda
Zneq 33,352 45,143 48,598 44,874 44,988 6.9 proteqcionisturi grZnobebi, romlebic upirispirdebodnen iq arsebuli Tavisufali
dm 43,452 54,238 61,862 60,018 57,419 8.8 vaWrobis tradiciul politikas. amerikis aseTi qmedebis gamo dairRva, agreTve,
saerTaSoriso savaluto bazrebis stabiluroba. amave dros vietnamis omma xeli
mTliani 507,480 576,860 609,900 622,800 649,070 100.0 Seuwyo amerikaSi inflaciis zrdas, romelic eqsportirdeboda sazRvargareT
saerTaSoriso gacvlebSi dolaris rolis gamo. amerikis partniorebi, gansakuTrebiT
SeniSvna: ise — industriuli sabazro ekonomikebi; aise — araindustriuli sabazro safrangeTi da germania, ukmayofiloni iyvnen aSS dolaris, rogorc msoflios
ekonomikebi; Zneq — ZiriTadi navTob eqsportiori qveynebi; dm — danarCeni msoflio sarezervo valutis, fasis amgvari dacemiT. sabolood am problemebma uari aTqmevina
Stephen Gill and David Law. The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies. p.106. Source: amerikas breton-vudsis konferenciis Sedegad dadgenili myari gacvliTi kursis
R. Luckman, “Disarmament and Development – the International Context”IDS Bulletin (October 1985), Vol. 16, No. 4, sistemaze, da daiwyo mcocavi kursis xana. amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis
p.3. politikam safuZveli Cauyara bazrebis mzard globalizacias, amerikuli hegemoniis
dakninebam mravali eWvi dabada, gansakuTrebiT Tavad amerikaSi, msoflio ekonomikis
is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs samxedro danaxarjebs da gavlenas axdenen stabilurobisa da perspeqtivebis mimarT.
maT aseT maRal maCveneblebze, kompleqsuria. zogierTi faqtori ganekuTvneba amJamad amgvari eWvebi amerikis mimarT aRar arsebobs. 1990-iani wlebis Sua
erovnuli politikuri ekonomikis Sida struqturas, zogierTi — globaluri periodisaTvis amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis safrTxe aRar iyo realuri. sabWoTa
politikuri ekonomikis struqturas. maTgan zogierTi ki iseT ekonomikur faqtorebs, kavSiris daSlis, iaponiis Tanmimdevruli dasustebis, evropaSi umuSevrobis maRali
rogoricaa cvlilebebi teqnologiis doneSi. ra Tqma unda, gare da Sida faqtorebi donisa da ekonimikis zrdis neli tempebis, agreTve, aRmosavleT evropis evrokavSirSi
erTmaneTTanaa kavSirSi. garda amisa, is kavSirebi, qiSpoba Tu TanamSromloba, romelic integraciis problemebis fonze, amerikis industria kvlav konkurentunariani gaxda.
arsebobs saxelmwifoebs Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi, gulisxmobs, rom gadawyve- rogorc omebs Soris periodSi amerikis moqmedebidan Cans, saukeTeso resursebis qona
tilebebi SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba iyos miRebuli damoukideblad, ar niSnavs avtomaturad yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifod gadaqcevas.
zogadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aq qveynebi iTvaliswineben Zalian bevr erT-erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar miiCnevs zogierTi mecnieri Zalauflebis
faqtors: zogad tendenciebs msoflioSi, maT mdgomareobas regionSi, maTi ganawilebas saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel erTaderT
strategiuli partniorebis saerTaSoriso statuss da SeiaraRebis dones, im rols, faqtorad, aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da maTi roli. iseTi saerTaSoriso
romlis TamaSsac es saxelmwifo apirebs msoflio politikaSi (mag., samarTliano- organizaciebi, rogorebicaa gaero, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki,
bisaTvis mebrZoli saxelmwifos roli, istoriulad neitraluri roli, regionSi msoflio savaWro organizacia da evrokavSiri, uzrunvelyofen informaciis gacvlas
lideris roli da sxv.), Tavis geopolitikur mdebareobas (Tumca samxedro teqnikis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, aadvileben molaparakebebs da SeTanxmebebs maT Soris,
ganviTarebis pirobebSi sazRvrebis rolis mniSvnelobis dasustebam es faqtori, xSir agreTve, akontroleben miRebuli wesebis dacvas da xandaxan sjian SeTanxmebebis
SemTxvevaSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena). damrRvevebs. am organizaciebis gareSe saerTaSoriso ekonomika da saerTaSoriso
dekolonizacias, romlis Sedegadac saxelmwifoTa ricxvma imata, mohyva omebi politika bevrad ufro arastabiluri, naklebad gaxsnili da metad konfliqturi
mesame samyaroSi da regionaluri konfliqtebi. aman, TavisTavad, gazarda samxedro iqneboda.
xarjebi am qveynebSi. es zrda ufro didi iyo, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. swored Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli da gavlena sadavoa. realistebi,
amitom, 1950 wlidan sagrZnoblad Semcirda super-saxelmwifoebis samxedro ZalauflebisaTvis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli xazgasmiT, ar miiCneven saerTaSoriso
danaxarjebis wili msoflio samxedro danaxarjebSi, da es imis miuxedavad, rom 1950 organizaciebs realur Zalad da Tvlian, rom maTi gavlenianoba damokidebulia da
wlidan masiurad izrdeboda SeiaraRebis (teqnikis) fasebi. aSS-is wili, magaliTad, 1950 ganisazRvreba wevri saxelmwifoebis qmedebebiT. evrokavSirSi, magaliTad, germania
wels Seadgenda 50 procents, 1980 wlisaTvis ki misi wili ukve Seadgenda daaxloebiT 23 TamaSobs hegemonis rols. bevrs, umetesad evropel mecnierebs, miaCniaT, rom
procents. daaxloebiT amdenives Seadgenda am periodisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris wili. saerTaSoriso organizaciebs aSS akontroleben, da, Sesabamisad, isini aSS interesebs
zurab daviTaSvilis azriT, imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove samxedro teqnologia gamoxataven. gansakuTrebiT es exeba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da msoflio
mecnierebatevadi da specializebuli dargia, saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromloba banks, romlebsac aSS iyeneben sakuTari gavlenis gasavrceleblad.
iaraRis warmoebaSi gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT izrdeba. igi aseve exeba
transnacionaluri korporaciebis rols am sferoSi da aRniSnavs: `dasavleTis
qveynebis TavdacviTi industriis transnacionalizacia momdinareobs komerciuli
logikidan, rac erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba, magram es
tendencia sayovelTaoa. miT ufro, rom samxedro mrewveloba mWidrod aris

62 15
marSalis gegma basa da erTmaneTis daxmarebaze, ramac warmoqmna sabWoTa politikur-
samxedro aliansi aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqti upirispirdeboda
marSalis gegma oficialurad wamoyenebuli iyo aSS saxelmwifo mdivnis jorj natos. 1949 wels Camoyalibebuli, natosgan gansxvavebiT, varSavis paqti
marSalis mier 1947 wels, rogorc omis Semdgomi evropis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis ar iyo damoukidebeli organizaciuli struqtura, aramed mas hqonda
gegma. misi ganxorcieleba daiwyo 1948 wels da dasrulda 1949 wels. igi iTva- sabWoTa kavSiris, Tavdacvis saministros nawilis funqciebi. sabWoTa
liswinebda amerikis mier evropisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas. gegmis wevri kavSiri iyenebda varSavis paqts Tavisi daarsebidan 30 wlis manZilze
iyo yvela evropuli saxelmwifo, sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebis garda. daxmarebis rogorc mTavar meqanizms aRmosavleT evropaSi saomari da politikuri
gareSe darCa, agreTve, espaneTi, frankos reJimis gamo, da dasavleT germania. es kontrolis damyarebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSirs sWirdeboda varSavis
ukanaskneli 1949 wels gaxda marSalis gegmis wevri. gegmis ganxorcielebaze kontroli paqti, raTa Seeqmna STabeWdileba erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa
daekisra amisaTvis specialurad Seqmnil amerikul organizacias — ekonomikuri da daemala simarTle Tavisi politikuri dominirebis da saomari Carevis
TanamSromlobis administracias marSalis gegmis farglebSi aSS-ma gamoyves 12 Sesaxeb mravali qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. sabWoTa kavSiri varSavis paqts
miliardi dolari. iyenebda, agreTve aRmosavleT evropuli socialisturi qveynebis jare-
rogor isargebla am gegmiT amerikam? aSS-Si seriozulad eSinodaT, rom meore bis gasaviTareblad da maTi saomari strategiis gamosayeneblad.
msoflio omis Semdeg ar dabrunebuliyo 30-iani wlebis SimSili da umuSevroba. 1955 wlis paqtis dadebamde didi xniT adre sabWoTa kavSirma Camoaya-
marSalis gegmis erT-erTi mizani iyo amerikis ekonomikis SenarCuneba. imdroindel liba aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis aliansi, romelic emsaxureboda
erT-erT amerikul gazeTSi gamoqveynebulia statia amerikeli biznesmenebisaTvis: misi usafrTxoebis interesebs. aRmosavleT evropis faSisturi germa-
`marSalis gegma aris biznes-gegma.... es aris saofise da sawarmoo da sasawyobo samuSao. niisgan ganTavisuflebisas, meore msoflio omis dros, wiTelma armiam
marSalis gegma niSnavs samuSaos, da Tqven iqnebiT masSi momuSaveebi”. (Kiplinger Magazine, daamyara politikuri da saomari kontroli am regionze. sabWoTa kavSi-
Washington D.C., May 1948). marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebis periodSi fuli, romelic ris sididem, ekonomikurma wonam da didma samxedro Zalam ganapiroba
evropulma saxelmwifoebma miiRes, daixarja aSS-is mier warmoebul sursaTsa da misi, rogorc qveynis, dominireba evropis am nawilSi. sabWoTa kavSirs
saqonelSi. amerikis ekonomika ayvavda. undoda aRmosavleT evropis gamoyeneba buferul zonad Tavisi dasavle-
Tu Tavdapirvelad marSalis gegmis logo iyo `evropis aRorZinebisaTvis — aSS- Ti sazRvrebis dasacavad da ideologiuri gavlenis gasavrceleblad.
sgan”, 1955 wlidan is Seicvala da gaxda `siZliere Tavisufali msofliosaTvis — aSS- meore mizezi iyo samSoblos dacva sabWoTa kavSiris uSiSroebis
sgan”. es ukanaskneli kargad gamoxatavda marSalis gegmis erT-erT umTavres mizans — prioritetebis ierarqiaSi. aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis daqvemde-
Tavisufali da maRalganviTarebuli ekonomika da msoflio daepirispirebina komu- barebiT sabWoTa kavSirma uzrunvelyo Tavisi kontroli regionze.
nizmisaTvis. 1955 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSirma Camoayaliba aRmosavleT evropis
marSalis gegma Tavidanve seriozulad iyo gakritikebuli ssrk-s mier. igi gani- aliansis sistema. varSavaSi erTad Seikribnen warmomadgenlebi albane-
xilavda marSalis gegmas rogorc imperialisturi politikis erT-erT ZiriTad aqts, Tidan, bulgareTidan, Cexoslovakiidan, ungreTidan, poloneTidan da
romelic miznad isaxavda amerikuli monopoliebis mier evropis ekonomikebis eqspan- rumineTidan. maTi mizani iyo xeli moeweraT mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebisa-
siasa da agresiuli samxedro blokebis sistemis Seqmnas. misi mizani iyo, agreTve, See- Tvis megobrobaze, TanamSromlobaze da urTierTdaxmarebaze, romelic
narCunebina meore msoflio omis Sedegad dasavleT evropaSi kapitalizmis Seryeuli hgavda ukve ZalaSi Sesul maT ormxriv SeTanxmebas sabWoTa kavSirTan.
poziciebi, gaeZlierebina evropis damokidebuleba amerikaze da win aRdgomoda legaluri mravalmxrivi aliansis formirebam gaaZliera sabWoTa
progresul socialur cvlilebebs. (Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической kavSiris pretenzia msoflioSi socialisturi sistemis liderobaze,
литературы, том II, Москва 1971). gazarda misi prestiJi da daakanona misi arseboba da gavlena aRmosavleT
evropaSi. natos Camoyalibebamde (1949 wels) sabWoTa kavSirs mniSvnelo-
vani mizezebi hqonda araformaluri kavSiris sistemis Camoyalibebi-
saTvis, magram varSavis paqtma, rogorc formalurma organizaciam,
saSualeba misca sabWoTa kavSirs, rom oficialurad SewinaaRmdegeboda
Carlz kindlebergeri (1910 — 2002)
natos dasavlur-aRmosavlur diplomatiaSi. varSavis paqtma misca
sabWoTa kavSirs Tanaswori statusi amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan, rad-
Carlz kindlebergeri iyo amerikeli ekonomisti, romelic iTvleba
gan igi iyo lideri damoukidebeli qveynebisa, romlebic mxars uWerdnen
hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mamad. igi iyo, agreTve, erT-erTi mis Sinagan politikas saerTaSoriso arenaze. varSavis paqti asevev
avtori marSalis gegmisa. 1932 wels man daamTavra pensilvaniis daexmara sabWoTa kavSirs gaeadvilebina saSinao politikis gavrceleba
universiteti, xolo 1937 doqtoris xarisxi miiRo kolumbiis univer- aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqtma sabWoTa kavSirs daakanonebina
sitetSi. Semdeg muSaoba daiwyo niu-iorkis federalur sarezervo bankSi. sabWoTa jaris yofna da Tavisi didi gavlena aRmosavleT evropaSi.
1985 wlidan gaxda amerikis ekonomistTa asociaciis prezidenti. iyo
amerikis xelovnebisa da mecnierebis akademiis wevri, amerikis zogierTi mecnieris azriT, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis amerikis ekonomikis
filosofiuri sazogadoebis wevri. aris asamde samecniero naSromisa da TandaTanobiTi Sesustebis erT-erTi mizezi swored es samxedro Sejibri iyo,
wignis avtori, maT Soris – saerTaSoriso ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelosi, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Secvala qveynis ekonomikuri struqtura da saTanado
romelic pirvelad 1957 wels gamoica. 1991 wels daibeWda misi yuradRebis gareSe datova qveynisaTvis sxva mniSvnelovani dargebi. laparaki aRar
avtobiografia `ekonomistis cxovreba~. aris ssrk-ze, romlis gegmiuri ekonomika Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo da civi omis
dasrulebisaTvis ukve naTeli xdeboda sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesis
miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali mosazreba arsebobs Tavad hegemonuri stabi- Seuqcevadoba.
lurobis Teoriis Sesaxeb, mis momxre mecnierTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba qvemoT civi omis damTavrebam SesaZlebloba misca amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mniSvne-
moyvanili hegemonebis arsebobaze istoriaSi da maTi hegemonobis vadebze. TiToeulis lovnad SeemcirebinaT Tavisi samxedro xarjebi. 1991 wels erovnuli usafrTxoeba
hegemonobis periodi daaxloebiT saukune grZeldeboda: asaqmebda daaxloebiT eqvs milion adamians kerZo samxedro industriaSi, aqtiur
portugalia — 1494 — 1580ww. (italiuri omebis dasasrulidan espaneTis meir samxedro samsaxurSi da Tavdacvis departamentSi. 1991 wlidan 2001 wlamde (aT
portugaliis dapyrobamde). emyareboda portugaliis dominirebas navigaciaSi. weliwadSi) es ricxvi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioniT Semcirda. meore msoflio omidan 1988

16 61
saWiro. magram vinaidan es ase ar aris da `amasTan, Tavdasxmis SiSi — usafrTxoeba hegemonobaze pretendenti: espaneTi;
subieqturi gagebiT — ar aris SedarebiTi Zlierebis proporciuli. Tu es mcdari niderlandebi — 1580 — 1688ww. (utrextis 1579 wlis xelSekrulebidan uiliam
mosazrebaa, maSin, ratom grZnobs zogierTi susti da daucveli saxelmwifo Tavs ufro oranelis Camosvlamde inglisSi). emyareboda niderlandebis mier fulisa da
usafrTxod, vidre aSS?” (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia. kreditebis kontrolirebas. hegemonobaze pretendenti: inglisi;
samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004). britaneTi — 1688 — 1792ww. (didi revoluciidan napoleonis omebamde). emyareboda
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samxedro teqnika sakmaod Zviria da misi fasi britaneTis safeiqro mrewvelobas da mis mier didi zRvebis kontrols. hegemonobaze
ganuwyvetliv izrdeba mis ganviTarebasTan da gaumjobesebasTan erTad. xolo pretendenti: safrangeTi;
samxedro teqnikis efeqturoba swored mis TanamedroveobaSi da upiratesobaSi britaneTi — 1815 — 1914ww. (venis kongresidan pirvel msoflio omamde). emyareboda
mdgomareobs. Sesabamisad, samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebas qveyanaSi, an mis britaneTis industriul upiratesobas da rkinigzas. hegemonobaze pretendenti:
importirebas, mniSvnelovani danaxarjebi aqvs. swored amitom, xSirad miiCneven, rom germania;
kargi SeiaraReba mxolod maRalganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis prerogativaa. aSS.. 1945 — 1971ww. emyareboda navTobsa da Sida wvis Zravas. hegemonobaze
aq gasamijnia ori momenti — samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoeba da misi importi. rac pretendenti: ssrk.
Seexeba warmoebas, amis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba hqondes im qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia am qronologiur sqemasTan aRsaniSnavia modelskisa da tomfsonis msoflio
seriozuli ekonomikuri resursebi, Sesabamisi ekonomikuri struqtura, inteleqtua- liderobis grZeli ciklebis Teoria. isini Tavis TeoriaSi emyarebian am sqemas da
luri kapitali da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, amis tradicia. acxadeben, rom TiToeul ciklSi oTxi fazaa gamoyofili: 1. globaluri omi; 2.
Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraReba moiTxovs maRalteqnologiuri dargebis mniSvne- msoflio batonoba; 3. delegitimacia; 4. dekoncentracia. Teoriis mixedviT, lideri
lovan ganviTarebas, xolo maRalteqnologiuri dargebis ganviTareba praqtikulad saxelmwifo ibadeba globaluri omis Sedegad, romlis drosac vlindeba politikurad
SeuZlebelia dabalganviTarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi. samxedro danaxarjebi, da ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelsac Seswevs Zala marTos
mSvidobian periodTan SedarebiT, erTi-orad izrdeba omis dros. amas emateba saerTaSoriso sistema, daawesos TamaSis garkveuli wesebi da SeinarCunos isini sxva
adamianuri resursebi, ekonomikis sxva, ara samxedro sferos, danaxarjebi, bunebrivi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. aqedan iwyeba meore faza, romelsac msoflio batonoba hqvia.
resursebis gazrdili xarjebi da sxva. qveyana Tavisi siZlieris zenitSia yvela aspeqtSi. magram hegemonobas da liderobas
rac Seexeba samxedro SeiaraRebis imports, es msoflioSi miRebuli praqtikaa da pliusebTan erTad minusebic aqvs: liderobis SenarCunebas sWirdeba seriozuli
mas TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo mimarTavs, Tumca umetesad naklebad ganviTarebuli resursebi da energia. amasTan, mSvidobianobis periodSi nel-nela Zlierdebian sxva
saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT yvela is zemoT CamoTvlili piroba, romelic saxelmwifoebic (globalur omSi damarcxebuli), izrdeba pretenziebi hegemonis
saWiroa Tanamedrove da efeqturi SeiaraRebis warmoebisaTvis. Tumca aqve unda mimarT da Cndeba ambiciebi hegemonobaze. aq iwyeba mesame faza: hegemonobaze
aRiniSnos, rom sul ufro meti naklebadganviTarebuli qveyana iwyebs 1980-iani pretendentis seriozuli ganacxadi da arsebuli wesrigis delegitimacia.
wlebidan Tavisi SeiaraRebis ganviTarebas da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eqsportsac ki. delegitimacias mohyveba areuloba sistemaSi, sistemis decentralizacia da isev
umetesad laTinur amerikaSi (brazilia) da aziaSi. paralelurad es qveynebi SeiZleba globaluri omis dawyeba axali hegemonis gamosavlenad. am Teoriis mixedviT,
SeiaraRebis importsac eweodnen. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, muSa globalur omebs Soris mSvidobiani periodebi daaxloebiT 80 weliwadia, da meore
xelis deficiti naklebia, Tumca xSiria maRalkvalificiuri samxedroebis an samxedro msoflio omis Semdeg momdevno globaluri omi daaxloebiT 2030 wlisaTvis unda
teqnikis mcodneTa nakleboba an ararseboba. naklebadganviTarebuli qveynebi xSirad daiwyos.
yiduloben (qiraoben) samxedro-industriuli sferos specialistebs da adgilzeve goldstainis grZeli ciklebis Teoriis mixedviT, globaluri omebi seriozuli
cdiloben samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoebas, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyebis Tanmdevia, vinaidan ekonomikur aRmavlobas da
danaxarjebs mza produqciis importirebasTan SedarebiT. keTildReobas sWirdeba soliduri resursebi, romelTa mosapoveblad da maTze
ratom sWirdeba Zlier da ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifos Tanxebis kontrolis dasamyareblad aucilebeli xdeba brZola. swored amitom hegemonobis
daxarjva SeiaraRebaze da aris Tu ara ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro Zlierebis pretendenti saxelmwifo iwyebs samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas da amiT Tavisi
safuZveli? ekonomikuri Zlierebis uzrunvelyofas. magram omi Zalian Zviri siamovnebaa, moiTxovs
am sakiTxebze saubrisas, gverds ver avuvliT meoce saukunis iseT movlenas, uzarmazar danaxarjebs, da qveyanas didi xani ar SeuZlia misi gagrZeleba. igi sustdeba
rogoric iyo civi omi (iTvleba, rom daiwyo 1946 wels uinston CerCilis sityvebiT: da iwyeba mSvidobiani periodis axali 50-wliani cikli. am Teorias meorenairad
`rkinis farda~ CamoeSva dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris). am periodSi e.w. Sejibri ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da omebis ciklis Teoriasac uwodeben (a. rondeli.
SeiaraRebaSi (arms race; гонка вооружений) aqtiurad mimdinareobda or zesaxelmwifos — saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 1996).
aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris (msoflio politikuri sistema bipolaruli iyo). civi omis meoce saukunis meore naxevridan hegemonobaze pretenzias sabWoTa kavSiric
periodSi ukanaskneli donis da masStaburi SeiaraReba pirdapir asocirdeboda acxadebda, Tumca misma daSlam da, zogadad, komunisturi reJimis ngrevam amerika
erovnul usafrTxoebasTan (Zalis demonstrireba — grandiozuli aRlumebi samxedro kvlav erTaderT hegemonad datova.
teqnikis CvenebiT, omebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi — vietnami, avRaneTi, da sxv.). civi omis vin iqneba Semdegi hegemoni? erTiani evropa? CineTi? Tu kvlav amerikis
periodSi koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze zrunvis Sedegad dapirispirebuli SeerTebuli Statebi SeinarCuneben hegemonobas?
saxelmwifoebi gaerTiandnen samxedro blokebSi — dasavleTi — CrdiloeTi atlantikis
xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi (nato), sabWoTa kavSiri, Tavis satelitebTan erTad —
varSavis paqtSi.

varSavis paqti

1985 wlis aprilSi sabWoTa kavSiris, bulgareTis, Cexoslovakiis,

germaniis demokratiuli respublikis (aRmosavleT germania), ungreTis,
poloneTisa da rumineTis komunisturi da mSromelTa partiebis
generaluri mdivnebi Seikribnen varSavaSi. maT xeli moaweres dokuments,
romelic agrZelebda 1955 wlis SeTanxmebas megobrobaze, TanamSromlo-
60 17
 safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi estoneTi, TurqmeneTi, latvia, litva, makedonia, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTi,
saqarTvelo, slovakia, slovenia, somxeTi, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, ungreTi,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg fineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Sveicaria, SvedeTi da sxv.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is tendenciebi, romlebic SeiniSneba am organizaciaSi
didi depresiisa da meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis demokratiulma saxel-
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. es aris natos gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT da es
mwifoebma gamoyes ori ekonomikuri prioriteti: ekonomikuri zrdisa da sruli
organizaciis swored im funqcias ukavSirdeba, romelic gulisxmobs evropaSi
dasaqmebis miRweva da stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba. yvelafer
stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas. vinaidan natos wevrobis kandidatebi
amas ar unda daeSva axali ekonomikuri da politikuri kolafsi da kidev erTi samxedro
yofili socialisturi saxelmwifoebia, gasakviri ar aris, rom am procesiT
konfliqti. es iyo saerTaSoriso konsensusi, vinaidan wina monetarulma sistemebma,
ukmayofiloa ruseTi.
romlebic ZiriTadad bazris Zalebs eyrdnoboda, ar gaamarTla. 1944 wels breton-
vudsSi (niu-hemfSiri, aSS) Catarda konferencia. masSi monawileobda ormocdaoTxi
saxelmwifo. konferenciis mizani swored amgvari stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki
wesrigis Seqmna iyo. jon keinsi britaneTSi da heri deqster uaiti aSS-Si iyvnen am
sistemis arqiteqtorebi.
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki daarsda 1991 wels centralur da
es ekonomikuri sistema Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc liberaluri, romelsac gana-
aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis dacemis sapasuxod, raTa xeli Seewyo am
mtkicebda saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da romelic xels Seuwyobda xangrZliv
saxelmwifoebSi kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis demokratiul garemoSi. amJamad
mSvidobas msoflioSi. orwliani ormxrivi molaparakebebis Sedegad aSS-sa da did
banki exmareba 27 qveyanas aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi, damoukidebel
britaneTs Soris (msoflios imJamindeli politikuri da ekonomikuri liderebi) axali
saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis CaTvliT. ZiriTadi mizania daexmaros qveynebs
saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis Seqmnis gegma daisaxa.
Tanmimdevrulad gadavidnen sabazro ekonomikaze. Tavisi fulis investirebis garda
Tavdapirvelad igi Cafiqrebuli iyo, pirvelad istoriaSi, saerTaSoriso
banki axdens didi raodenobiT ucxouri investiciis mobilizaciasac qveynebisaTvis.
organizaciebis mier marTvad sistemad, iseTebis, rogorebicaa msoflio banki da
bankis daxmareba gaicema sesxebis saxiT umetesad finansebSi, infrastruqturasa da
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. maT unda ekisraT savaluto funqciebis Sesruleba
warmoebaSi. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba mcire da saSualo biznesze. kerZo
saerTaSoriso sistemisaTvis. aRniSnuli organizaciebis daarsebac swored breton-
seqtoris garda, banki muSaobs, agreTve saxelmwifo seqtorSic da xels uwyobs
vudsSi gadawyda.
privatizaciis process, saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi myofi kompaniebisa da
breton-vudsis sistemaSi Semdegi mTavari punqtebi iyo Camoyalibebuli:
municipaluri samsaxurebis restruqturizacias. bankis investiciebs Tan axlavs
teqnikuri daxmarebis programebi, romelTa mizania xeli Seuwyon qveyanas gardamaval
1. vinaidan omebs Soris periodma cxadyo, rom Tavisuflad rxevadi savaluto
periodSi politikur, ekonomikur da garemos dacvis doneebze. bankis kapitali
kursebi araxelsayrelia saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, monawile
Seadgens 20 miliard evros.
qveynebma ikisres valdebuleba gamoacxadon TavianTi valutebis “par valu”, rogorc
dadgenili gacvlis kursi or valutas an valutasa da oqros Soris dadgenili
garkveuli wonis da valutasa da valutebis kalaTs Soris. saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondis ZiriTadi mizani iyo gacvliT kursebSi stabilurobis damyareba. SemuSavda
sistema, romelsac erqva par (equal) valu sistema. aSS-ma gansazRvres TavianTi
dolari ase: erTi uncia oqro iyo 35 dolari. sxva saxelmwifoebma gansazRvres
TavianTi valutebi dolarTan mimarTebaSi. isini itovebdnen, agreTve, Carevis
uflebas, raTa valutebis rxevadoba daeyvanaT minimumamde +1-dan —-1-mde; erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika
2. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Tavi aeridebinaT yovelgvari ekonomikuri omebisTvis. am sakiTxis ZiriTadi mizania gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xarjaven saxelmwifoebi
amasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna monawileTa qcevis kodeqsi, romelic Caiwera uzarmazar Tanxebs SeiaraRebaze, ra principiT da risi gaTvaliswinebiT ixarjeba es
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wesdebaSi. amiT ganmtkicda mravalmxrivi gadaxdebi Tanxebi, ra kavSirSia SeiaraReba, samxedro siZliere da erovnuli usafrTxoeba, ra
savaluto konvertabelurobis bazaze; kavSirSia ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro ZlierebasTan da ra tendenciebia meore
msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi samxedro industriis ganviTarebis sferoSi.
3. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen savaluto problemebis gadasawyvetad SeeqmnaT erTgvari nebismieri saxelmwifo zrunavs Tavis erovnul usafrTxoebaze da cdilobs
savaluto instituti. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Tavisi Sesatani wesebiTa maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos igi. magram yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifosac ki ar SeuZlia
da kvotebiT, romelic gascemda sesxebs. amgvar instituts analogi ar hqonda absoluturad iyos darwmunebuli, rom mis erovnul usafrTxoebas safrTxe ar
istoriaSi. mas daekisra sami ZiriTadi funqcia: 1. valutis gacvliTi kursebis da emuqreba, vinaidan is ar aris erTaderTi, vinc am problemis mogvarebaze zrunavs, da
konvertabelurobis regulireba; 2. damatebiTi valutiT, oqroTi uzrunvelyofa misi mezobeli Tu moqiSpe saxelmwifoebi, mis paralelurad, gamalebiT aumjobeseben
(finansuri funqcia); 3. sakonsultacio funqcia. da xvewen TavianT usafrTxoebas. amgvarad, yvela qveyana, surs mas es Tu ara,
iZulebulia gaaZlieros Tavisi samxedro da samxedro-ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi.
breton-vudsis sistemas ar Seucvlia oqroze gacvlis standarti. amave dros rogorc aleqsandre rondeli aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~,
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto rezervi ganixileboda rogorc sakmarisi `radgan safrTxe ara mxolod fizikurad arsebobs, aramed xSirad Zalze subieq-
nebismieri problemis gadasawyvetad. turadac da igi yvelas mier gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba, usafrTxoebas mniSvnelovani
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi Tavdapirvelad Caido daaxloebiT 8,8 miliardi fsiqologiuri aspeqtic axasiaTebs. usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi mis
dolari, romelic Sedgeboda wevri saxelmwifoebis Senatanebisgan oqroSi da maT obieqtur Sefasebasa da aRqmas metad arTulebs da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, erovnuli
erovnul valutaSi. usafrTxoebis prioritetebisa da politikis gansazRvrisas, araracionaluri
magram omis Semdgomi savaluto urTierTobebi ver gaxda stabiluri. mxolod aSS- gadawyvetilebebis miRebas ganapirobebs~.
ma, kanadam da centraluri amerikis ramdenime saxelmwifom SeZles dadgenili wesebis arnold uolfersis azriT, usafrTxoeba da Zala sinonimuri cnebebi iqneboda im
Sesruleba. danarCenebi imdenad dasustebulebi iyvnen, rom TavianTi valutebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mxolod Zalis dagroveba iqneboda

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mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. metic, maTi azriT, aSS-is tipis konvertacias ver axerxebdnen. amitom evropis da iaponiis sagadamxdelo saSualebebi
saxelmwifod evrokavSiris gadaqcevis nebismieri mcdeloba SeiZleba misi daSliTac ki nolze iyo. 1945 wlidan 1947 wlamde aSS aqtiurad moiTxovdnen wevri saxelmwi-
damTavrdes. ufro savaraudoa, rom evropis momavali mowyoba konfederaluri tipis foebisgan breton-vudsis SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebas da finansuri institutebis
iyos (Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996). srulfasovan muSaobas. amisaTvis did Zalisxmevas mimarTes aSS-ma. amerikam did bri-
hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, rom evrokavSiri aris mravalerovnuli ekono- taneTs 3,75 miliardi dolaris odenobis sesxi misca, rom am ukanasknels daemTavrebina
mikuri marTvis yvelaze ambiciuri proeqti Tanamedrove msoflioSi, magram mas jer qveynis SigniT aRdgeniTi-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi da funti sterlingi kvlav
kidev sWirdeba daxvewa. misi ZiriTadi problema, avtorebis azriT, Sida komunikacia da konvertabeluri gaexada. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, 1947 wels amerika darwmunda, rom
isaa, rom mis Semadgenel qveynebs gansxvavebulad warmoudgeniaT kavSiris momavali, breton-vudsis sistema ar muSaobda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rezervebi
rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis erTiani sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas. amoiwura da daarsebidan ori wlis Semdeg, 1947 wels, sesxebis gacema SeCerda.
igive avtorebis azriT, dRevandel msoflio ekonomikaSi dominirebs sameuli — zogierTi mecnieris azriT, 1947 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi pirdapir iyo
evrokavSiri, iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (North dakavSirebuli politikur problemebTan: germania politikurad da ekonomikurad
American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA), da Tu isini SeTanxmebulad imoqmedeben, SeZleben ganadgurebuli iyo; italiasa da safrangeTSi omisSemdgomi mdgomareoba arastabi-
msoflio ekonomikis mimarTulebis efeqturad gakontrolebas. avtorebs eWvi ara luri iyo; didi britaneTi, nawilobriv Tavisi ekonomikuri siZneleebis gamo, tovebda
aqvT, rom wminda Tavisufali bazari Zalian mgrZnobiarea da Znelad Sesacnobi. indoeTsa da palestinas da veRar asrulebda saberZneTisa da TurqeTisTvis micemul
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis momavali stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia pirobebs usafrTxoebisa da politikuri mxardaWeris Sesaxeb; sabWoTa kavSiri
msoflio savaWro sistemis marTvis formis mofiqreba da danergva. xolo vinaidan intensiurad muSaobda evropaSi da Tanmimdevrulad `asocialistebda~ saxelmwifoebs
dRevandel ekonomikur sistemaSi lideroben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, evrokavSiri, (poloneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, iugoslavia); amasTan,
iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia, mmarTvelobis komunisti partizanebi wartmatebiT ibrZodnen saberZneTSi da komunisturi partiebi
formazec isini unda SeTanxmdnen. anu, savaraudod, mmarTveloba unda iyos garkveul ndobas ixveWdnen evropis saxelmwifoebSi (mag., safrangeTSi, italiaSi).
mravalmxrivi, ufro sworad — sammxrivi. xolo efeqturi mmarTvelobisaTvis sameulis 1947 wlidan, aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, breton-vudsis sistema, romelic
qmedebebi unda iyos koordinirebuli. amas arTulebs ramdenime garemoeba: maSin, saerTaSoriso savaluto institutebis mier unda yofiliyo marTuli, gadaiqca aSS-is
rodesac Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi dominanti saxelmwifoa mier marTul sistemad. mTeli simZime daawva amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, romelsac
aSS, aris, iaponiis ekonomika ki erT saxelmwifos efuZneba, es orni martivad sWirdeboda, rom sxva qveynebSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba dawyebuliyo, raTa iq ar
Tanxmdebian garkveul sakiTxebze da kompromisebsac advilad pouloben. evrokav- dawyebuliyo komunisturi ideebis gavrceleba, ar Sesuliyo komunizmi.
SirTan mimarTebaSi ki mdgomareoba ufro rTulia. misi Semadgeneli saxelmwifoebi 1947 wlidan 1960 wlamde amerikas SeeZlo da survilic hqonda ekisra es funqciebi.
xSirad ver pouloben saerTo enas da kavSiris rols msoflio ekonomikis marTvis rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, aSS-s roli iyo altruizmisa da interesebis narevi.
saqmeSic gansxvavebulad xedaven. msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi wevri saxelmwi- amerikis ekonomikurma siZlierem da omebs Soris periodSi miRebulma gamocdilebam
foebi warmodgenilia evrokavSiris mier da gadawyvetilebebsac maT magivrad iRebs. es xeli Seuwyo mis ekonomikur da politikur liderobas da am faqtis cnobas sxva
gadawyvetilebebi efuZneba qveynebis SigniT miRebul (nacionaluri done) da Semdeg saxelmwifoebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi laparakia ZiriTadad evropaze).
kavSiris doneze (supranacionaluri done) miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. amas sam doneze 1947 wels naTeli gaxda, rom oqro da funti sterlingi veRar asrulebdnen
TamaSis Teorias uwodeben. msoflio fulis rols. oqros warmoeba ar iyo sakmarisi, raTa daekmayofilebina
amgvarad, evrokavSiris zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRevan- saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da investiciebis mzardi moTxovnilebebi. didi britaneTis
deli msofliosaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebs iRebs evro- ekonomikuri sisustis gamo funti veRar iyo msoflio valuta. erTaderTi Zlieri
kavSiri da ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba igi. valuta im periodSi iyo aSS dolari (igi myar mimarTebaSi iyo oqrosTan — 35 dolari
udrida erT uncia oqros). garda amisa, aSS-is mTavroba Tanaxma iyo gaecvala dolari
oqroze aRniSnuli kursiT, rac kidev ufro aZlierebda dolars. realurad dolari
CrdiloeTi atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia ukeTesic iyo, vidre oqro, vinaidan misdami interesi izrdeboda da igi gamoiyeneboda
North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO) vaWrobasa da finansebSi. omis bolos amerika flobda msoflios oqros valutis 3/4¾-s.
vinaidan oqros fizikuri warmoeba iyo Zalze Semcirebuli, dolari gaxda ara mxolod
nato Seiqmna 1949 wels rogorc samxedro kavSiri, Tumca Zalian male man serio- wamyvani sayrdeni valuta, aramed centraluri bankebis ZiriTadi sarezervo
zuli politikuri funqciac SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad natos ZiriTadi mizani iyo wevri faseuloba. omis Semdeg oqros standarti dolaris standartad iqca. amrigad, breton-
saxelmwifoebis dacva komunisturi sabWoTa kavSirisagan. am ukanasknelis daSlis vudsis sistema gaxda hegemonuri savaluto wesrigi, agebuli dolarze. saerTaSoriso
Semdeg ki misi mizani Seicvala da axla evropaSi stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi vaWroba, investireba — yvelaferi dolarze damyarda. aSS lideri gaxda civi omis
mdgomareobs. amJamad natoSi gaerTianebulia Semdegi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, didi pirobebSi da xelSi Caigdo dasavleT samyaros marTva. aSS-s izolacionizmi Cabarda
britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, kanada, norvegia, warsuls. es garkveuli garigeba iyo aSS-sa da evropas Soris — aSS-s hegemonizms sxva
dania, islandia, portugalia, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, germania, espaneTi, CexeTi, mokavSireebi sakuTari ekonomikebis gaumjobesebis sanacvlod daTanxmdnen.
ungreTi, poloneTi. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs agresiis Tumca aman garkveuli problemebic Seuqmna aSS-s. dolarze mzardma moTxovnilebam
mogeriebaSi, iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis, aSS-s uzarmazari deficiti gauCina.
ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebisaTvis da sxv. breton-vudsis sistemis istoria iyofa or periodad: dolaris naklebobis periodi
natos umaRlesi politikuri organoa Crdilo-atlantikuri sabWo. da dolaris siWarbis periodi. pirveli periodi gagrZelda 1958 wlamde, meore ki — 1971
natos CarCoebSi moqmedebs evrojgufi, romelSic Sedian nato-s wevri dasavleT wlamde. 1950-1956 wlebSi didi sesxebi ar gacemula.
evropuli qveynebis (safrangeTis da islandiis garda) Tavdacvis ministrebi. misi pirvel periodSi, romelsac xSirad aSS-is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodsac
mTavari amocanaaa am jgufSi gaerTianebuli qveynebis SeiaraRebis gegmebis uwodeben, rogorc vTqviT, aRiniSneboda dolaris, rogorc msoflios ZiriTadi
koordinacia. valutis, nakleboba. Tavad aSS-Si vaWroba gamalebiT izrdeboda da seriozuli
natos farglebSi moqmedebs evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWo (1991w.), romlis ekonomikuri aRmavloba iwyeboda. magram imisaTvis, rom sistemas emuSava, saWiro iyo es
mizania ganamtkicos mWidro urTierToba yofil socialistur qveynebTan. misi wevria procesi evropaSic dawyebuliyo da momxdariyo dolaris gadineba. dolaris gadineba
natos yvela wevri da, agreTve avstria, azerbaijani, albaneTi, belorusia, bulgareTi, moxda aSS-is daxmarebis programebiT: trumenis gegma saberZneTisa da TurqeTis
dasaxmareblad, daxmareba ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs da, yvelaze mniSvnelovani,

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marSalis gegma, romlis farglebSic Teqvsmetma evropulma saxelmwifom miiRo rogoricaa: inflaciis da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcireba, biujetis
daxmareba 1948-1952ww. 17 miliardi dolaris odenobiT. deficitisa da valebis kontroli, evropis savaluto sistemis gacvliTi
qveynidan gasuli fuli nawilobriv kvlav qveyanaSi brundeboda amerikuli kursebis meqanizmiT rekomendirebuli normaluri CarCoebis dacva. is
saqonlisa da servisis SeZenis gziT. sistema muSaobda. evropisa da iaponiis saxelmwifoebi, romlebic moaxerxebdnen am pirobebis Sesrulebas,
ekonomikebi aRorZinda. gadadiodnen Semdeg etapze;
1950 wels saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, romelic faqtiurad umoqmedo iyo aSS-
is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodSi, daiwyo ufro aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba. • 1999 wlidan 2002 wlamde unda daarsebuliyo evropis centraluri banki,
1958 wlidan iwyeba dolaris siWarbis, anu breton-vudsis meore periodi, romelsac romelic gaakontrolebda gacvliT kursebs da xmarebaSi Seiyvanda erTian
xSirad uwodeben mravalmxriv menejments aSS-is liderobiT. valutas — evros. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac Seasrules wina abzacSi
dolari aRar iyo erTaderTi Zlieri valuta. evropa da iaponia Tanmimdevrulad CamoTvlili pirobebi, ase vTqvaT, gadavidnen Semdeg etapze da maT qveynebSi
viTardebodnen da 1959 wlis bolosTvis maTi rezervebi aSS-sas miuaxlovda. aSS-is mimoqcevaSi Sevida evro. Tavdapirvelad es saxelmwifoebi iyo: espaneTi,
oqros maragma daiklo 24,4 miliardi dolaridan 1948 wels 19,5 miliard dolaramde portugalia, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi,
1959 wlis bolosTvis. ucxoeTSi akumulirebuli dolaris maragi gaizarda 7,3 germania, avstria, irlandia da fineTi. oTxi saxelmwifo — didi britaneTi,
miliardidan 1948 wels 19,4 miliardamde 1959 wels. saberZneTi, dania da Svecia — ar aris evros arealSi;
1960 wlis noemberSi dafiqsirda ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac spekulantebma • evrokavSiris erT-erTi mizani unda yofiliyo socialuri da ekonomikuri
dolari gadaaxurdaves oqroze. es ar niSnavda dolaris gaufasurebas. amerika kvlav Tanasworobis miRweva evropaSi. amisaTvis 1994 wels Seiqmna Tanasworobis
lideri iyo da misi ekonomika janmrTeli, Tumca es imaze mianiSnebda, rom amerikas (solidarobis) fondi, romelsac finansuri daxmareba unda gaewia
aRar SeeZlo erTpirovnulad emarTa safinanso sistema da saWiro gaxda sxva wevrebis naklebadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da regionebisaTvis,
aqtiuri Cabma. gansakuTrebuli aqcentiT iseT seqtorebze, rogorebicaa garemos dacva da
jer evropuli valutebis gaZlierebam, Semdeg, cota mogvianebiT, 1964 wels, satransporto infrastruqtura. am daxmarebiT isargebles espaneTma,
iaponiis valutis gamyarebam da konvertabelurad gadaqcevam dabada am qveynebSi saberZneTma, portugaliam da irlandiam.
survili, rom maTTan aRar akumulirebuliyo aSS dolari. amitom am qveynebma
intensiurad daiwyes dolarisgan gaTavisufleba. amas Tan daerTo vietnamis omi da maastrixtis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia arc ise advili aRmoCnda, rogorc
axali politikur-ekonomikuri realobis Camoyalibeba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi elodnen, Tumca igi ZalaSi mainc Sevida 1993 wlis 2 noembers.
faqtiurad veRar asrulebdnen nakisr valdebulebebs. 1968-1971 wlebSi saerTaSoriso dReisaTvis evropis kavSiri Sedgeba sami organizaciisagan. esenia: evropis
savaluto sistema da misi menejmenti paralizebuli iyo. 1971 wlis 15 agvistos aSS-is qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, evropis ato-
prezidentma niqsonma, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sxva wevrebTan SeTanxmebis muri energiis komisia (evratomi). kavSiris ZiriTadi organoebia: komisia, evropar-
gareSe, calmxrivad gamoacxada axali ekonomikuri politika: SeCerda dolaris lamenti da ministrTa sabWo. evrokavSiri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi subieqtuna-
konvertacia oqrosTan mimarTebaSi. es faqtiurad breton-vudsis dasasruli iyo. rianobis mqone gaerTianebaa. igi aRiarebulia damoukidebel subieqtad, romelsac
1976 wels kingstonSi (iamaika) Sedga saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wamyvani ufleba aqvs dados xelSekruleba rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, aseve
saxelmwifoebis Sexvedra, sadac sabolood gacxadda breton-vudsis sistemis saxelmwifoebTan.
dasasruli. rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, breton-vudsisa da fiqsirebuli gacvliTi komunisturi reJimebis ngrevasTan erTad gafarTovda evrokavSiris politikuri
kursis de faqto damTavreba de iure gaxda iamaikis konferenciaze (Robert Gilpin, The da ekonomikuri amocanebic: demokratiuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi, adamianis uflebebis
Political Economy of International Relations, p. 140). konferenciaze qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Semdeg dacvaSi da gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaSi daxmarebis gaweva.
sakiTxebze: 1999 wels evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdnen ungreTi, poloneTi da CexeTi. Semdegi
kandidatebi arian TurqeTi, malta da kviprosi. am da kontinentis kidev sxva danarCeni
qveynebis gawevrianebiT evropas istoriuli Sansi eZleva umniSvnelovanesi roli
• moxda mcuravi gacvliTi kursebis legalizacia;
Seasrulos saerTaSoriso scenaze.
Tumca, evropis Semdgom gaerTianebas seriozuli oponentebic hyavs Tavad
• oqros, rogorc rezervis, roli Semcirda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi. maTgan yvelaze mdidari da Zlieri qveynebi SiSoben,
oqros rezervis erTi meeqvsedi daubrunda wevr saxelmwifoebs yofil rom aseTi mzardi tempebiT kavSiris gafarToeba da iseTi moumzadebeli da
oficialur fasSi maTi kvotebis proporciulad. kidev erTi meeqvsedi gaiyida ekonomikurad araTanaswori qveynebis gaerTianeba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, TurqeTi
Ria bazarze da miRebuli Tanxa sesxad gaica ganviTarebad qveynebze; da kviprosi, seriozul problemad SeiZleba iqces maTTvis. am ideas gansakuTrebiT
bevri mxardamWeri hyavs germaniaSi, avstriaSi da safrangeTSi. garda imisa, rom aseTi
• saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kvotebi gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT opekis naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis kavSirSi SesvliT damatebiTi jafa daawveba
qveynebisTvis; kavSiris mdidar qveynebs, mosalodnelia seriozuli emigraciac axlad gawevrianebuli
qveynebidan, rac kidev ufro daamZimebs suraTs, rogorc ekonomikurs, aseve
• gaizarda dafinanseba naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis da amiT, politikurs. miT ufro, rom, maTi azriT, kavSirs sxva bevri problemac aqvs. ase,
mecnierTa azriT, gaizarda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba; magaliTad, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalauflebis miRwevis miuxedavad, iugoslaviis
konfliqtma, sadac gadamwyveti roli kvlav aSS-ma da natom iTamaSa, evropas aCvena,
• qveynebs Tavad unda ganesazRvraT Tavisi valutebis par valu. amgvarad, rom mas jer kidev bevri dro sWirdeba, rom Tavisi politikuri da ekonomikuri
erovnul mTavrobebs TviTon unda moewesrigebinaT TavianTi safinanso- problemebi mTlianad Tavad gadawyvitos.
savaluto sistemebi saerTaSoriso wesrigSi Sesvlamde. bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom evropis kavSiri aris am kontinentis saxelmwifoebs
Soris myari ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianoba, dafuZnebuli saerTo erovnul
konferenciaze, marTalia, oficialurad dadasturda arsebuli sistemis daSla, interesebze, da erT dRes igi SeiZleba gaxdes `evropis SeerTebuli Statebi”. Tumca am
magram axali ar Seqmnila. mosazrebis oponentebi miiCneven, rom movlenebis msgavsi ganviTareba ararealuria,
sTiven gilisa da devid los azriT,breton-vudsis sistema bolomde ar vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT saerTo miznebi,
dasrulebula, vinaidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki (breton- maTi ekonomikebi, socialuri standartebi da garkveuli politikuri miznebi

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 1946 wels didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris uinston CerCilis mier vudsis safinanso institutebi) dResac umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben saerTaSo-
warmoTqmuli sityva ciurixis universitetSi, bevris azriT, omis Semdeg pirveli riso ekonomikaSi. Xolo, rac Seexeba, aSS dolars, igi kvlavac rCeba msoflios lider
nabiji iyo evropis integraciisaken. CerCilis TqmiT, mTeli evropa iseTive Tavisufa- valutad, romelsac mravali qveyana ufardebs TavianT valutebs, gansakuTrebiT
li da bednieri unda yofiliyo, rogorc Sveicaria. amis miRweva, misi azriT, SesaZlebe- laTinuri amerika da sxva ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi.
li iyo erTiani evropuli ojaxis SeqmniT da misi iseTi struqturiT uzrunvelyofiT,
romlis pirobebSic mSvidobiani, usafrTxo da Tavisufali cxovreba iqneboda. misi
azriT, Sesaqmneli iyo evropis gaerTianebuli Statebi, xolo amisken gadadgmuli msoflio banki
pirveli nabiji unda yofiliyo TanamSromloba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli mosflio omis Semdgomi periodisagan gansxvave- msoflio bankis Seqmna gadawyda breton-vudsSi 1944 wels. muSaoba daiwyo 1945
biT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRar mimarTes izolacionistur politikas da, wels. igi gaeros specializebuli dawesebulebaa, magram mis wevrad miiRebian mxolod
rogorc msoflios uZlieresma saxelmwifom, Tavis Tavze aiRes pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri saxelmwifoebi. Stab-binaa vaSingtonSi. misi
Careuliyvnen evropis saSinao saqmeebSi. amerikis mTavroba darwmunda, rom Tavi- umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo. bankis operatiul saqmianobas axorcielebs
sufali vaWrobis Semaferxebeli garemoebebis didi damsaxureba iyo is saerTaSoriso direqtorati. banks hyavs prezidenti.
daZabuloba, romelmac, saboloo jamSi, meore msoflio omamde miiyvana qveynebi. pirveli sesxi bankma misca safrangeTs 1947 wels omis Semdgomi rekonstruq-
amrigad, 1945 wlidan Tavisufali vaWrobis agitacia da misi mxardamWeri politikis ciisaTvis (250 milioni aSS dolari). am mizniT sesxis gacema mas Semdeg msoflio bankis
gatareba amerikis ZiriTadi piroba gaxda im evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romleb- erT-erTi prioritetuli sferoa. bankSi 180-ze meti wevria. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi
sac surdaT aSS-isagan ekonomikuri daxmarebis miReba. civi omis pirobebSi amerikam mizania siRaribesTan brZola mTels msoflioSi. msoflio banki yovelwliurad
SeimuSava marSalis gegma, romlis mizanic iyo evropaSi ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganvi- aqveynebs msoflios ganviTarebis angariSs.
Tarebis daCqareba, raTa is ar gadaqceuliyo komunisturi reJimis gavlenis sferod. saqarTvelo msoflio bankis wevria 1992 wlidan.
aseve aSS-is iniciativiT 1949 wels dasavleT evropis umetesma saxelmwifom, aSS-ma
da kanadam daaarses CrdiloeTatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato), amJamad bankSi gaerTianebulia xuTi instituti:
romelic upirispirdeboda socialistur qveynebs. es iyo koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
organizacia da masSi gaerTianebiT evropulma saxelmwifoebma kidev erTi nabiji • rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (International Bank for
gadadges politikuri erTianobisaken. Reconstruction and Cooperation - IBRD):
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis samma qveyanam garkveuli nabiji gaerTianebisken Seiqmna 1945 wels. aerTianebs 184 qveyanas. mizania Seamciros siRaribis done
jer kidev meore msoflio omis dros gadadga. esenia: belgia, niderlandebi da qveynebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT. amisTvis gascems sesxebs,
luqsemburgi. 1944 wels maT Seqmnes beniluqsi — sabaJo kavSiri. 1948 wels am qveynebma grantebs, kreditebs. exmareba qveynebs analitikuri da sakonsultacio
daiwyes saerTo sagareo tarifis SemoRebaze muSaoba. samsaxuris meSveobiT.
1949 wels evropis sabWos Seqmna kidev erTi nabiji iyo evropis gaerTianebisken.
misi mizani iyo evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis • saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacia (International Development Association - IDA):
xelSewyoba, demokratiuli sistemebis mxardaWera da adamianis uflebebis dacva. daarsda 1960 wels. aerTianebs 162 wevrs. xels uwyobs reformebs
evropis kavSiris Seqmnis procesSi pirveli nabiji iyo 1950 wels safrangeTis saxelmwifoebSi ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferoebSi, sufTa wyalmomaragebis
sagareo saqmeTa ministris robert Sumanis winadadeba, safrangeTsa da germanias, sakiTxebSi da sxv. misi saqmianoba, agreTve, mimarTulia umuSevrobis
agreTve yvela sxva msurvel saxelmwifos SeeerTebinaT TavianTi qvanaxSirisa da aRmofxvrisa da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken.
foladis resursebi. am ekonomikur integracias Sors gamiznuli gegma hqonda — mWidro
ekonomikuri kavSiriT daezRviaT evropa SesaZlo omisagan.
1951 wels parizis xelSekrulebiT evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba • saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia (International Finance Corporation – IFC):
daarsda, romlis damfuZnebelic iyo eqvsi qveyana: safrangeTi, germania, italia, daarsda 1956 wels. aerTianebs 175 wevr saxelmwifos. misi mizania ekonomikis
belgia, niderlandebi da luqsemburgi. naTeli iyo, rom ekonomikuri kavSiri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba kerZo seqtoris gaZlierebis gziT. muSaobs biznes-
erTaderTi SesaZlo gza iyo politikuri erTianobisaken, da im istoriul etapze partniorebTan, investirebas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis kerZo
ekonomikuri kavSirebi ufro myari SeiZleboda yofiliyo evropis saxelmwifoebs seqtorSi da aZlevs maT grZelvadian sesxebs, exmareba konsultaciebiT.
Soris, vidre politikuri da samxedro.
1957 wels eqvsi saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweres • mravalmxrivi investiciebis garantiis saagento (Multilateral Investment
SeTanxmebas evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb da evropis atomuri energiis Guarantee Agency – MIGA):
gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. daarsda 1988 wels. aerTianebs 157 wevrs. mouwodebs ucxoel investorebs
1992 weli gardamtexi periodia evropisaTvis. am wels xeli moewera maastrixtis moaxdinon kapitaldabandebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. iZleva garantias arako-
xelSekrulebas (evropis kavSiris xelSekruleba). masSi modificirebuli iyo parizis, merciul riskTan dakavSirebiT — eqspropriacia, valutis arakonvertabe-
romisa da sxva sakvanZo xelSekrulebebi, daxvewili da ganvrcobili iyo evropis mokle luroba, transferebis SezRudva, omi, samoqalaqo areuloba da sxv. teqnikur
da gZelvadiani ekonomikuri miznebi da Camoyalibebuli evropis qveynebis politikuri daxmarebas uwevs qveynebs SesaZlo ucxouri investiciebis Sesaxeb informaciis
TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi amocanebi. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg gavrcelebaSi.
oficialurad damkvidrda termini `evropis kavSiri~ (evrokavSiri).
ramdenime ZiriTadi momenti xelSekrulebidan: • investiciebis sferoSi davebis mosagvarebeli saerTaSoriso centri
(International Center for Settlement of International Disputes – ICSID):
• 1990 wlidan 1993 wlamde evrokavSiris prioriteti unda yofiliyo kapitalis daarsda 1966 wels. aerTianebs 134 wevr saxelmwifos. xels uwyobs investi-
Tavisufali brunvis/moZraobis xelSewyoba; ciebis mozidvas sxvadasxva qveynebSi, risTvisac SeimuSavebs saerTaSoriso
• 1994 wlidan 1999 wlamde wevr saxelmwifoebs unda moexdinaT TavianTi investirebis wesebs, davebis mogvarebis kanonebs. gaugebrobisa da konfliqturi
ekonomikuri politikis koordinacia, raTa mieRwiaT saerTo miznebisaTvis, situaciebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva rCevebs saerTaSoriso investirebis kanonis
Sesabamisad.
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 2004 wels msoflio bankma gasca 20,1 miliardi aSS dolari 245 proeqtis evropis integracia
gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic mimarTuli iyo msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSi
siRaribesTan sabrZolvelad. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis internet-gverdis 2005 wlis oficialuri
teqnikurad msoflio banki gaeros sistemis nawilia, magram misi mmarTvelobis monacemebiT, dReisaTvis evrokavSiris ekonomika udidesia da misi erTiani Sida
struqtura gansxvavebulia. bankis wevroba xmis uflebas iTvaliswinebs, magram aseve produqti, Seadgens ra 12 865 602 milion aSS dolars, odnav uswrebs aSS-s igive
arsebobs damatebiTi xmis ufleba, romelic damokidebulia organizaciaSi finansuri maCvenebels (11 734 300 milioni). evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda 1990 wlamde Camor-
kontribuciis odenobaze. Sesabamisad banki ZiriTadad kontroldeba ganviTarebuli Ceboda aSS-s, xolo umuSevrobis done amerikaze maRali iyo. igive wyaroSi miTiTebuli
saxelmwifoebis mier, maSin roca misi ZiriTadi klientebi arian ganviTarebadi gaTvlebiT, 2006 wels evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda Seadgens 2,3%. amasTan,
saxelmwifoebi. 2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, aSS-s gaaCndaT xmebis mTliani ekonomikuri zrdis procentuli maCvenebeli kavSiris Zvel wevrebSi bevrad naklebia,
raodenobis 16,4%, iaponias — 7,9%, germanias — 4,5% da did britaneTsa da safrangeTs vidre mis axal wevr qveynebSi. evrokavSiri aseve erT-erTi lideria saerTaSoriso
Tanambrad 4,3%. vinaidan seriozuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiroa xmaTa 85%, vaWrobaSi da misi ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi arian: iaponia, Sveicaria da aSS.
aSS-s SeuZliaT dablokon nebismieri cvlileba. kritikosebis azriT, saWiroa bankis ra gza gaiara evropam gaerTianebamde da ra iyo evropuli integraciis mizani?
mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis Secvla, raTa ukeT iyos gaTvaliswinebuli evropelebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli msoflio omi niSnavda evropuli civilizaciis
ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis interesebi da maTTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis dasasruls. Tumca umciresoba xvdeboda, rom evropis gadarCena da misi usafrTxoeba
sakiTxebi maTive aqtiuri monawileobiT wydebodes. damokidebuli iyo mis unarze, daeZlia agresiuli nacionalizmi, romelmac evropis
kontinenti katastrofamde miiyvana, da gaeTavisebina idea mSvidobiani da erTiani
evropis Sesaxeb.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi 1923 wels avstrielma rixard kudenxov-kalergim daaarsa panevropuli moZraoba.
1926 wels man moaxerxa erTad Seekriba evropis sxvadasxva gamoCenili politikuri
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aris gaeros specializebuli dawesebuleba, figurebi pirvel panevropul kongresze venaSi. aRniSnul kongresamde, evropa,
romelic Seiqmna 1944 wels breton-vudsis konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT. fondi rogorc politikuri koncefcia, ar arsebobda. kudenxov-kalergis azriT, urTierT-
sruli avtonomiiT sargeblobs. fondis wevria 180-mde qveyana. wesdebis mixedviT, zizRi evropaSi wamlavda atmosferos da evropis problemebis mogvareba mxolod
fondma xeli unda Seuwyos saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobas, saerTaSoriso Tavad evropelebs SeeZloT. misi azriT, evropis mSvidobiani gaerTianebis gzaze erT-
vaWrobis gafarToebas, Tvalyuri adevnos valutis stabilurobas da gasces kreditebi erTi urTulesi dabrkoleba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli aTaswliani
wevr saxelmwifoebze sagadasaxado balansebis gasawonasworeblad. SuRli iyo.
fondis ZiriTad kapitals Seadgens wevri saxelmwifoebis kvoturi Senatanebi. pan-evropuli moZraobis oqros wlebi meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevari
TiToeuli saxelmwifos kvoturi Senatanis odenoba ganisazRvreba qveynis finansur- iyo, rodesac xelmoweril iqna lokarnos SeTanxmeba (1925w. germaniis dasavleTis
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa gadaxedvac periodulad sazRvrebis garantiis Sesaxeb) da brian-kelogis paqti (1928w. omze, rogorc
xdeba. sawevroebis 25 procenti ixdeba oqrosa da aSS dolarSi, xolo 75 procenti — saxelmwifo politikis iaraRze, uaris Tqma).
erovnul valutaSi. kreditebis odenoba, romelic SeiZleba avtomaturad miiRos 1929 wels safrangeTis premier-ministrma brianma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba evro-
TiToeulma qveyanam, Seefardeba mis `oqros wils~. fondidan am odenobaze meti Tanxis pis saxelmwifoebis federaciis idea: federacia, romelic efuZneba solidarobasa da
miReba SezRudulia. kreditebi fondis wevr qveyanas eZleva misTvis saWiro ucxouri survils, miRweul iqnes ekonomikuri simdidre da politikuri da socialuri Tana-
valutis miyidvis gziT, raSic valdebulia gadaixados erovnuli valuta. 1970 wlidan mSromloba. ideas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen evropis politikuri da ekonomikuri
fondi uSvebs saerTaSoriso sakredito saSualebebs — e.w. valutis `sasesxo specialur moRvaweebi.
uflebebs~, romlebic fondis wevrebs Soris maTi kvotebis proporciulad nawildeba. evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianobis koncefcia swrafad
fondSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben aSS, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi, iaponia, farTovdeboda da Zlierdeboda, Tumca rigma ekonomikurma da, Semdeg, politikurma
italia, kanada, belgia, niderlandebi da Sveicaria (e.w. aTTa jgufi), romlebsac xmebis movlenebma ramdenime wliT Seaferxa misi saboloo formiT Camoyalibeba da sruli
umravlesoba aqvT da gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto realizeba. 1930 wels daiwyo ekonomikuri depresia yvela Tanmdevi problemebiT, xolo
politikas. 1933 wels germaniaSi xelisuflebaSi movida hitleri. nacionalizmma kidev ufro didi
fondis umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo, romelic weliwadSi erTxel ikribeba. simZafriT iCina Tavi, da evropa axalma katastrofam moicva.
sabWoSi Sedis TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli. fondis Stab-bina meore msoflio omis Semdeg kidev ufro cxadi gaxda evropis erTianobis saWiroeba.
mdebareobs vaSingtonSi. evropam gaacnobiera Tavisi sisuste — omma bolo mouRo evropis tradiciul
saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevria 1992 wlidan. hegemonias msoflioSi. or axal supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs —
gaaCndaT bevrad ufro dawinaurebuli ekonomika, isini bevrad ukeTes politikur da
samxedro mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, vidre evropis yvela saxelmwifo erTad. orive
msoflio omi daiwyo, rogorc evropis omi da evropis kontinenti mTavari saomari veli
iyo orive SemTxvevaSi. erTaderTi gamosavali Seqmnil viTarebaSi iyo evropuli
saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebaSi. am ideis matarebelni imedovnebdnen, rom am gaer-
TianebiT Seiqmneboda mesame (im periodis or supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da ssrk-s
Semdeg) ekonomikuri da politikuri centri, da evropa daibrunebda Tavis istoriul
funqcias msoflio sistemaSi.
umniSvnelovanesi xdeboda germaniisa da safrangeTis Serigebis sakiTxi, maT Soris,
arsebuli istoriuli problemebis mogvareba. Suamavlad SeiZleba aSS gamosuliyo, da
es mSvidobis garantia gaxdeboda. garda amisa, mecnierTa azriT, evropelebs Soris sul
ufro da ufro matulobda survili ecxovraT Tavisufal, samarTlian da ekono-
mikurad Zlier kontinentze, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTardeboda
urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.

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wlebSi iseTma prokapitalisturma qveyanamac ki, rogoricaa brazilia, vrceli sajaro saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi
seqtori ganaviTara, romelSic Sevida aseve samrewvelo sawarmoebi. yovelive es
amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi kvlavac mniSvnelovania da, rom misi mniSvneloba
meore msoflio omis Semdeg
srulebiTac ar Semcirebula mesame msoflios saxelmwifo biurokratiaSi. bevri
vaWrobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zogierTi
miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobis SezRudviT mTavrobebi
mecnieri imdenad Sors midis vaWrobis rolis SefasebaSi, rom vaWrobasa da oms
sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, vinaidan erovnuli korporaciebi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTad Semadgenlebad miiCnevs.
xSirad ver uzrunvelyofen produqciaze iseTive fasebs, rogorsac transnacionalu-
saerTaSoriso vaWroba udides gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso politikaze, vinaidan
ri korporaciebi, amasTan maT mier warmoebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis xarisxic
qmnis mWidro saqmian kavSirebs qveynebs Soris. igi mSvidobis faqtoria. Tanamedrove
SeiZleba ufro dabali iyos. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebels mouwevs ufro
urTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro mniSvnelovans xdis
maRali safasuris gadaxda naklebad xarisxian saqonelSi. arsebobs azri, rom
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. dRes saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cabmulia yvela qveyana,
sazogadoeba cudad aris informirebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarji Tu mogeba mohyveba
vinaidan verc erTi maTgani ver SeZlebs iyos TviTkmari da mxolod sakuTari warmoebis
qveyanaSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis moqmedebis SezRudvas an gamoricxvas. es
produqciiT uzrunvelyos Tavisi Tavi. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi
gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa iseT dargebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT
qveyanas yovelTvis sWirdeba garkveuli produqciis importireba, xolo saimporto
momgebiania an perspeqtiuli. am sferoebis nacionalizacia ise xdeba xolme, rom
xarjebis dafarva SesaZlebelia eqsportidan miRebuli SemosavliT. rac ufro didia
sazogadoeba ar aris informirebuli xarjebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxva regionebSi.
qveyana, miT ufro didi nawili misi erovnuli produqciisa aris Cabmuli saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis winaaRmdeg
vaWrobaSi.
mimarTuli politika, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis arsis da misi bunebis axsnas cdilobs ori erTmaneTisagan
ekonomikuri damoukideblobis xelSemwyobi RonisZieba da ara rogorc ekonomikuri
Zalze gansxvavebuli Teoria. erTi efuZneba liberalur tradiciebs (mas dRes heqsCer-
zrdis Seferxebis mizezi. es gadawyvetileba ki, rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis umravles
nawilze uaryofiTad aisaxeba, maSin, roca politikuri elita, romelic irCevs amgvar olin-samuelsonis Teorias uwodeben, SemoklebiT — H-O), xolo meore — nacio-
politikas, importisa da transnacionaluri kompaniebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli nalisturs. am TeoriebSi absoluturad gansxvavebulad aris axsnili saerTaSoriso
RonisZiebebidan sargebels poulobs. Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli, rom aseTma vaWrobis mizezebi, miznebi da Sedegebi.
viTarebam Sedegad gamoiRos transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis Seferxeba an saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos
aRkveTa. piriqiT, SeiZleba adgilobrivma elitam erTobliv sawarmoSi gaerTianeba da Teoriebidan iRebs safuZvels, Tumca misi Tanamedrove varianti garkveulwilad
am gziT Tavisis Semosavlebis gazrda isurvos. damokidebulebis Teoriis oponentebis saxecvlilia.
azriT, swored elitis arasaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebebi da procesebze uaryofiTi liberalebs sjeraT vaWrobis Ria sistemis, romelzec vrceldeba kanonierebis
gavlena ganapirobebs politikuri Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da codnis uTanasworo principi. maTi azriT, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania masSi Cabmuli yvela mxari-
gadanawilebas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetes nawilSi. saTvis. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela mxare aucileblad Tanabradaa mogebuli am
ucxouri sawarmoebis nacionalizacia yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia nedleulis procesSi. gilpini liberalebis am mosazrebis axsnisas aRniSnavs, rom Tavisufali
warmoebis seqtorisTvis. es aris koloniuri gamocdilebis gamoZaxili. ucxouri vaWrobis dasacavad mTavari argumenti ara mogebis Tanabari ganawilebaa, aramed
batonoba asocirdeba swored am seqtorTan, romelzec mTeli ekonomika iyo maqsimaluri efeqturoba da msoflio simdidris gazrda. Sromis saerTaSoriso
damokidebuli. nedleulis mogebaze orientirebulma warmoebam seriozuli wvlili danawileba zrdis individualur produqtiulobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs
Seitana mTliani erovnuli produqtis maCveneblis zrdaSi da ucxouri valutis erovnuli da msoflio simdidris Seqmnasa da dagrovebas. Sromis saerTaSoriso
Semodenis ZiriTad wyarod iqca. situacia ar Secvlila rig ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, danawileba da misi gaRrmaveba msoflio ekonomikis ayvavebis da saerTaSoriso
magaliTad, spilenZis warmoeba zambiaSi, sadac nacionalizebuli warmoeba nawilobriv keTildReobis sawindaria.
damokidebuli darCa transnacionalur kompaniebze. es urTierToba “marTvis Tavisufal vaWrobas sargebeli moaqvs sxva xalxebisTvisac. ekonomistebi ukve
xelSekrulebis” saxiT gaformda xsenebuli warmoebis adrindel mflobelebTan. didi xania Tvlian, rom vaWroba aZlevs uflebas qveynebs miaqcion ZiriTadi yuradReba
sxvaTa Soris, aseTi xelSekrulebis Sedegad, 70-iani wlebis bolosa d 80-iani wlebis im saqonlis warmoebas da im momsaxurebas, romelTa maRali xarisxic SeuZliaT
dasawyisSi spilenZis fasebis dacemis simZime ufro metad zambias daawva, vidre uzrunvelyon am qveynebma maqsimaluri efeqturobiT. mgvarad, isini amaRleben mTeli
transnacionalur kompaniebs. msoflio Tanamegobrobis sawarmoo simZlavreebs. ufro metic, vaWroba xels uwyobs
gasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebis mtruli ganwyoba ekonomikisa da socialuri stabilurobis zrdas, demokratiis ganviTarebas calkeul
transnacionaluri kompaniebis mimarT 60-ian wlebTan da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisTan qveynebSi, agreTve msoflios ayvavebas, kanonierebis damyarebas da mSvidobis
SedarebiT Serbilda. am droisTvis bevrma maTganma ukve moaxerxa, rom TavianTi uzrunvelyofas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.
sabadoebisa da plantaciebis kontolis umetes wils dapatroneboda. 1970-ian wlebSi, vaWrobis Ria sistema moiTxovs, rom qveynebma ganaxorcielon samarTliani da
navTobis fasebiT gamowveuli Sokis pirobebSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic diskriminaciisgan Tavisufali SeRweva erTmaneTis bazrebze. amisaTvis qveynebi unda
navTobis imports eweodnen, sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Seecadon Seuqmnan sxva qveynebs xelsayreli pirobebi Tavis bazrebze SesaRwevad —
winaSe aRmoCndnen. maT meti ucxouri valuta esaWiroebodaT da amisi erT-erTi Seamciron TavianTi savaWro barierebi mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis
saSualeba iyo saeqportod gankuTvnili warmoebis asamuSaveblad TavianT qveynebSi dadebis gziT. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciisas ZiriTadi yuradReba
transnacionaluri kompaniebis mozidva. swored aman ganapiroba saeqporto saqonlis tradiciulad eTmoba tarifebisa da garkveuli arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas,
gadamamuSavebeli zonebis momravleba. sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli ukanasknel wlebSi gaCnda axali saSualebebi am liberalizaciis uzrunvelsayofad.
problemebi kidev ufro damZimda wina saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, radgan ganviTarebuli yvela qveynis savaWro kanonmdebloba da savaWro praqtika unda iyos gamWvirvale, anu,
qveynebis ekonomikuri daqveiTeba niSnavda ganviTarebadi qveynebis saeqsporto sxvagvarad, yvelam unda icodes wesebi da yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari Sansebi
saqonelze moTxovnilebis dacemas. Sedegad, bevrma ganviTarebadma qveyanam mimarTa konkurenciaSi monawileobisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msoflio banks sesxebis asaRebad. orive es miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis Tavad liberalebic ki aRiareben, rom wminda
organizacia muSaobs, raTa xeli Seuwyos ganviTarebad qveynebs ukeT gaecnon saxiT Tavisufali vaWroba praqtikaSi ar arsebobs da `uxilav xelze~ efeqturi, xSir
transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobas, ndobiT ganewyon maT mimarT, Seecadnon SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo Carevaa, am Teoriis mimdevrebi mainc rCebian ekonomikaSi
maT mozidvas TavianT qveynebSi da Semdeg ukve SeZlon maTTan TanamSromloba. saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevis momxreebad.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoriis oponentebi Tvlian, rom Tavisufali

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vaWroba mxolod ganviTarebuli da Zlieri qveynebisTvisaa momgebiani, romelTa saxelmwifoebSi, transnacionaluri kapitalis zegavlena SeiZleba metad mniSvnelo-
ekonomikac ar aris damokidebuli erT romelime seqtorze da erT konkretul vani iyos. marqsisti analitikosebi miiCneven, rom aSS-Si amerikuli transnacionaluri
produqtze. xolo ekonomikurad SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi- korporaciebis interesebi dominirebs.
saTvis ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi ufro momgebiani da mizanSewonilia. ase rom, maSin, roca transnacionaluri kompaniebis pirdapiri Zalaufleba,
nacionalistebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da miaCniaT, garedan zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba arc Tu ise mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos,
rom qveynis eqsporti unda aRematebodes imports — qveyanam unda gayidos meti roca saubaria “centralur” qveynebze, am qveynebis SigniT maTi struqturuli
produqcia, vidre iyidos. Tumca Tu am pozicias yvela qveyana gaiziarebs, maSin siZliere umaRles wertils aRwevs, gansakuTrebiT ideologiur doneze.
gasayidi aRaraferi iqneba da saerTaSoriso vaWrobac aRar iarsebebs. nawilobriv kapitalisturi sistemis xelSemwyobi koncefciebis kanonTan Sesaba-
liberalebi miiCneven, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobis garantiaa, da rac meti misobaSi moyvanis didi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa aSS, iaponia,
qveyanaa Cabmuli masSi, miT ufro usafrTxo da stabiluria msoflio, nacionalistebi germania, safrangeTi da britaneTi, da saxelmwifos qcevasa da ekonomikuri aqtivobis
ar eTanxmebian da Tvlian, rom dRevandelma globalurma ekonomikam, romelic TiTqmis doneze saqmiani koniunqturisa da mtkice saqmiani poziciis damsaxurebiT, kapitalis
yvela qveynis ekonomikas moicavs, moitana damokidebulebis axali formebi da Seqmna Zalauflebam SeiZleba TiTqmis hegemonur statuss miaRwios. Tu imuSavebs ekono-
niadagi ekonomikuri konfliqtebisaTvis. mikuri aqtivobis ZiriTadi liberaluri kanonebi, saqmiani koniunqturis interna-
Tanamedrove yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi iyo cionalizacia imas niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso masStabiT mobiluri kapitalis struq-
periodebi, rodesac isini mkveTrad uxvevdnen ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisken. ase, turuli Zalaufleba marTlac rom Zalze didi iqneba. es pozicia aris transnaci-
magaliTad, amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe aleqsandre hamiltoni aSS-is samrewvelo onaluri kompaniebis Zalauflebis dominirebadi realisturi interpretirebis meore
ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad moiTxovda proteqcionistuli tarifis SemoRebas, da mxare. realistebi xazs usvamen saxelmwifos avtonomiurobas da “erovnuli
unda iTqvas, rom misi rekomendaciebi xSirad sruldeboda. hamiltoni ar iziarebda interesebis” ideis dominantur zegavlenas, rac wina planze ayenebs usafrTxoebas.
adam smitis `Tavisufali bazris“ ideas da miaCnda, rom saxelmwifos seriozuli am TvalsazrisiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi iqamde gaSlian TavianT saqmia-
daxmareba unda gaewia industriis ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikulma proteqcionizmma nobebs da gaizrdebian, sanam es Zlier saxelmwifoebis interesebSi iqneba. saxelmwifo
Tavis piks miaRwia 1930 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna smuT-holei tarifi (ix. zeviT), da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan calsaxad gaimijnon. amitom,
romelmac mkveTrad gazarda aSS-Si SemoRebuli tarifebi. saxelmwifo politika ar unda ganixilebodes mxolod “erovnuli” TvalsazrisiT.
germanelma ekonomistma fridrix listmac ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi miiCnia saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli politika da is daZabuloba, romelic saxelmwifo
mizanSewonilad Tavisi qveynisaTvis. laparakia mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis kursis gatarebas axlavs, dakavSirebulia aseve klasobriv da klasebis struqturuli
daqucmacebul da sust germaniaze. listis rekomendaciiT germanulma saxelmwifoebma elementebis interesebTan.
garkveuli barieri dauweses inglisur saqonels maRali baJis saxiT, riTac moaxerxes joan spiros azriT, ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis politika pirdapir
sakuTari mrewvelobis dacva, misTvis xelSewyoba da, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikuri ucxour kapitalTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia. kerZod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi
aRmavlobis dawyeba. xSirad SiSiT uyureben transnacionalur korporaciebs da metic, cdiloben SezRudon
rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, liberalebic da nacionalistebic Tanxmdebian, rom maTi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu korporaciebi Cabmulni arian
warmoebas sWirdeba dacva mis sawyis etapze, magram maTi Sexedulebebi fundamenturad nedleulis, kerZod, mineraluri nedleulis mopovebaSi. amgvari damokidebuleba
gansxvavdeba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra aris am dacvis, anu proteqcionizmis, mizani. bunebrivia imis gaTvalsiwinebiT, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi nawilis mier
nacionalistebisTvis proteqcionizmi saboloo mizania, romelsac mohyveba indus- transnacionaluri korporaciebi aRiqmeba mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebis poli-
triuli Zalaufleba da Zlieri saxelmwifo. liberalebisTvis ki — proteqcionizmi tikis gamtareblad, romelTa interesic calmxrivi mogebaa. ganviTarebadi qveynebis
droebiTi etapia, romelic qveyanas saSualebas aZlevs mixvdes, Tu romel sferoSi aqvs umetesoba xvdeba nedleuliTa da naxevarfabrikatebiT vaWrobis uperspeqtivobas da
mas SefardebiTi upiratesoba. saboloo mizani ki — Tavisufali vaWroba da msoflio yvelanairad cdilobs pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas warmoebis sferoSi.
simdidris Seqmnaa. liberalebis azriT, yvela ekonomikas gaaCnia SefardebiTi meoce saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi ganxorcielda
upiratesoba rameSi da amitom maT ar unda eSinodeT Tavisufali vaWrobis. sagadasaxado sistemis met-naklebi liberalizacia, moxda saxelmwifos mier
momsaxurebis garkveuli saxeebis subsidireba, Seiqmna saeqsportod gankuTvnili
saqonlis warmoebis specialuri zonebi da gatarda sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic
savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg mimarTuli iyo iseTi transnacionaluri korporaciebis mozidvaze, romlebic
imuSavebdnen qveynisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis sferoebSi da xels Seuwyobdnen
pirvel msoflio omamde msoflio ekonomika moqmedebda oqros standartis arse- erovnuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan ganviTarebadi
bobis pirobebSi. es imas niSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, ama Tu im konkretuli kursis saxelmwifoebis speqtri mravalferovania, maTi damokidebuleba transnacionaluri
mixedviT, yvela qveynis valutis konvertireba oqroSi. amgvarma sistemam ganapiroba korporaciebis mimarT aseve araerTgvarovania.
fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis SemoReba, e. i. yvela qveynis valutis gacvla nebis- zogi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos naklebad keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba
mieri sxva qveynis valutaze SesaZlebeli iyo myarad dadgenili, ucvleli kursiT. sabazro meqanizmis, konkurenciisa da zogjer kerZo warmoebis mimarT ganpirobebulia
fiqsirebulma savaluto kursebma xeli Seuwyo msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebas, bevri ganviTarebadi qveynis damokidebulebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisadmi, rogorc
vinaidan maT erTgvarad gamoricxes is gaurkvevlobis faqtorebi, romlebic dakav- sabazro sistemisadmi, romelic CrdiloeTSi ufro kargad muSaobs, vidre samxreTSi.
Sirebuli iyo e.w. mcurav kursebTan. magram am sistemas, mecnierTa azriT, hqonda sul amgvarad, kerZo sawarmoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki transnacionaluri kompaniebis, mimarT
cota ori nakli. jer erTi, oqros standartis pirobebSi qveynebs ar hqondaT ganxorcielebuli SezRudvebi ganixileba rogorc aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, raTa
SesaZlebloba gaekontrolebinaT TavianTi oqros masebi. amis nacvlad yoveli qveynis saxelmwifos ufro meti wili darCes ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis Sedegad
oqros masa ganisazRvreboda oqros im nakadiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda sxva qveynebTan miRebuli Semosavlidan an imisTvis, rom ganviTardes axlad aRmocenebuli sawarmoebi.
angariSsworebis dros. meorec is, rom yvela qveyanaSi oqros politika ganicdida ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad aRiniSneba saxelmwifos zewola
oqros mopovebis tempebis gavlenas. mecxramete saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, rodesac transnacionalur korporaciebze. politikur elitebs ar surT damokidebulni iyvnen
oqro mcire raodenobiT moipoveboda, oqros masa mTels msoflioSi neli tempiT ucxour kompaniebze da maT sapirispirod iwyeben sajaro seqtoris ganviTarebis
izrdeboda, raTa ar CamorCenoda ekonomikis zrdas. amis Sedegi iyo deflacia, fasebis xelSewyobas, gansakuTrebiT, im sferoebSi, romlebic, maTi azriT, strategiuli
dacema. SemdgomSi, mecxramete saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, aliaskaze da samxreT afrikaSi mniSvnelobisaa. mag. indoeTSi aseT sferoebad miCneulia qimiuri, farmacevtuli,
oqros sabadoebis aRmoCenam gamoiwvia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da nedleulis mopoveba. meoce saukunis 60-70-ian

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kalurad integrirebuli transnacionaluri sawarmoebi ar dominireben ganviTarebadi mkveTri zrda, rasac mohyva inflacia, fasebis zrda.
qveynebis savaWro saqmianobaSi. aSS-s sawarmoebis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, mzardi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg qveynebi Seecadnen aRedginaT oqros standarti,
internacionalizacia da warmoebis vertikalurad integrirebuli sistema mxolod magram igi gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis didi depresiis periodSi mTlianad daeca.
dasavleT evropiTa da kanadiT Semoifargleba. zogierTi ekonomisti acxadebda, rom oqros standartis dacva ar aZlevda saSualebas
vertikaluri integraciis modelTan Tanaarsebobs, agreTve konglomeratis xelmZRvanel fulad-sakredito dawesebulebebs gaezardaT mimoqcevaSi fulis
elementebi, garda amisa, ufro da ufro xSiria sxvadasxva qveynebis transnacionaluri raodenoba saqmiani aqtiurobis aRsadgenad saWiro sakmaod swrafi tempebiT.
firmebis TanamSromloba da erToblivi sawarmoebis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevebi. bevri meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi aRiniSneba msoflio vaWrobis libera-
miiCnevs, rom aseTi tipis urTierTobebi riskis faqtors amcirebs (gadaanawilebs) da lizaciis dawyebiT. am procesSi lideris funqcia ikisra amerikam. es ganpirobebuli
gamokvlevebis masStabebis TvalsazrisiTac ekonomiuria. iyo aSS-is ekonomikuri siZlieriT da, rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, misi surviliT
meoce saukuneSi masobrivi warmoebisa da gamokvlevebze damyarebuli mrewvelobis Seesrulebina msoflio hegemonis roli. aSS-Si mixvdnen, rom stabiluroba qveyanaSi da
ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo axali firmebis bazarze SeRwevas da oligofoliis mokavSireebis erTgulebis SenarCuneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda maTi ekonomikis
ganviTarebas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mwarmoebeli transnacionaluri korpo- aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. amerikis daxmarebas am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tumca
raciebi gansakuTrebiT momZlavrdnen qimiuri preparatebis, avtomobilebis, kompiu- ekonomikuri damoukideblobisa da misi Semdgomi zrdis misaRwevad maT
terebisa da eleqtrosaqonlis warmoebaSi. meoce saukunis TiTqmis mTeli periodis esaWiroebodaT, agreTve, saeqsporto bazrebi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-is udidesi bazari.
manZilze am kompaniebs samrewvelo ganviTarebis maRali maCvenebeli hqondaT. 1944 wels msoflios wamyvani qveynebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen
mogvianebiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ganviTarda momsaxurebis sferoSic. es breton-vudsSi, Stati niu-hemfSiri, raTa SeeqmnaT axali saerTaSoriso finansuri
gansakuTrebiT exeba safinanso, sabanko, monacemTa gadamuSavebis, kavSirgabmulobisa sistema. vinaidan im dros SeerTebuli Statebis wilad modioda msoflioSi arsebuli
da mediis sferoebs. Cndeba monacemTa globaluri bazebi. xolo teqnikuri SesaZ- oqros naxevarze meti, wamyvanma qveynebma gadawyvites miebaT msoflios valutebi
leblobebis zrdis paralelurad SesaZlebeli xdeba safinanso bazrebis dakavSireba dolarisaTvis da moexdinaT, aRniSnul qveynebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis
da maTi integracia. imavdroulad, transnacionalizaciam ganviTareba daiwyo sacalo safuZvelze, misi konvertireba oqroSi —erT unciaSi 35 dolari.
vaWrobis sferoSic, romelic, ar aris CarTuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan, amerikam, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ikisra lideris roli da saTaveSi Caudga vaWrobis
Cveulebriv, moiTxovs klientTan axlo urTierTobas da axlo distancias. liberalizaciis process. man didi roli Seasrula tarifebisa da vaWrobis
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, garkveuli drois Semdeg, Sesaferisi globaluri generaluri SeTanxmebis (gati) SeqmnaSi, romelic warmoadgenda satarifo da savaWro
politikis pirobebSi, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ufro metad ganviTardeba, vidre wesebis saerTaSoriso krebuls da mas xeli moewera 1947 wels.
wmindad nacionaluri firmebi. amis mizezi gaxdeba maTi ekonomiuroba, rasac saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi qcevis wesebis krebulis SemoRebis garda, gati
ganapirobebs maTi masStaburoba, aseve kapitalis ufro mravalferovani da iafi (vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba) gamovida mravalmxrivi savaWro
wyaroebis mopoveba da gadasaxadebis dabali faqtiuri ganakveTi. am ukanasknelSi molaparakebebis ramdenime raundis sponsoros rolSi, xolo amerika, liderobda ra am
igulisxmeba is, rom transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia fasebis dakleba an momateba saqmeSi, aqtiurad monawileobda yovel maTganSi. meoce saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi
saqonelze, masalebze an sesxebze, Tavisi kompaniis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mdebare urugvais raundze, romelsac ase ewoda imis gamo, rom igi daiwyo pulta-del-estaSi
filialebs Soris. amitom, transferuli fasebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba or (urugvai) molaparakebebisas, qveynebi sabolood SeTanxmdnen vaWrobis Semdgomi
damoukidebel kompanias Soris SeTanxmebuli fasebisgan, anu im fasebisgan, romlebic liberalizaciis Sesaxeb da dasaxes samoqmedo gegmebi.
asaxavs sabazro pirobebs. vinaidan transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia aseTi
intrastruqturuli savaWro operaciebis warmoeba im qveyanaSi, romelSic kor-
poraciuli gadasaxadebi maRalia, kompaniis mogeba SeiZleba imaze dabali maCvenebliT vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba
gaformdes, rasac realurad warmoadgens. amis miRweva SeiZleba, magaliTad, im (General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade – GATT)
nawilebze fasebis daklebiT, romlebic sxva qveyanaSi, dabali gadasaxadebis pirobebSi
arsebul Svilobil kompaniaSi gadaigzavneba. amgvarad, transnacionalur kompanias vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba (gati) ganixileboda rogorc mdi-
manevrirebis bevrad meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre nacionalurs, da es saSualebas iZleva dari qveynebis klubi. gatis wesebi esaa — e.w. vaWrobis liberaluri wesebi mdidarTa
vivaraudod, rom transnacionaluri kompaniebis ricxvis zrda Seuqcevadi procesia. sasargeblod.
transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mimRebi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobis gati Seiqmna 1947 wels. mizani iyo wevr qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis
sakiTxi mudmivi gansjis Temaa, vinaidan bevri qveyana miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri xelSewyoba, rac gamoixateboda molaparakebebis warmoebaSi tarifebis dareguli-
korporaciebi politikur gavlenas amyareben mimReb qveyanaze. zogi mecnieris azriT, rebisa da Semcirebis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali vaWrobis gafarToeba da gaintensiureba,
yvela saxelmwifo SeiZleba ufro da ufro metad daeqvemdebaros transnacionaluri Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobda kacobriobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas. mas, agreTve
kompaniebis Zalauflebasa da gavlenas, maTi globaluri bunebisa da yvelgan unda SeemuSavebina davebis mogvarebis meqanizmebi. Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. gatis mola-
SeRwevadobis gamo. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom liberalur saxelmwifoebs naklebad- parakebebs uwodeben raundebs.
konfliqturi urTierTobebi aqvT transnacionalur korporaciebTan. gatis unda mieRwia Tavisufali da ufro samarTliani vaWrobisaTvis, tarifebis
spiros azriT, yvela qveyanaSi aris imisi moTxovnileba, rom moizidon pirdapiri Semcirebisa da sxva savaWro barierebis moxsnis gziT. igi Tavis saqmianobaSi
ucxouri kapitali da gamonaxon ucxour firmebTan urTierTobis saukeTeso gza. eyrdnoboda sam princips:
transnacionalur firmebTan urTierTobisas yvela saxelmwifo awydeba garkveul
problemebs da daZabulobas, Tumca, zogierTi urTierTobis tipi ufro metad • aradiskriminacia, mravalmxrivoba, da yvelaze sasurveli saxelmwifos prin-
daZabulia, vidre sxva. ufro mravalmxrivad rom warmovadginoT es sakiTxi, vityviT, cipis (Most-Favoured Nation Principle) gavrceleba SeTanxmebis yvela wevrze (yvelaze
rom transnacionaluri kompaniis, anu transnacionaluri kapitalis, rogorc sasurveli qveynis principi niSnavs imas, rom yovelTvis, rodesac wevri saxel-
klasobrivi struqturis nawilis, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra mwifo SeRavaTebs awesebs erTi savaWro partniorisTvis, man igive SeRavaTebi
tipisaa konkretuli saxelmwifo. msoflio sistemaTa terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, am unda mianiWos msoflio savaWro organizaciis yvela danarCen wevrs, raTa yvela
SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia mocemuli qveynis statusi — centraluria igi, iyos Tanabar pirobebSi);
periferiuli, Tu naxevrad periferiuli.
• vaWrobis gaintensiureba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro barierebis
Tumca, zemoT Tqmulis mixedviT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi gare Zalas
Semcirebis gziT;
warmoadgenen, maSin roca saxelmwifoebs SigniT, gansakuTrebiT ki “centralur”

52 25
 • upirobo TanamSromloba yvela wevrs Soris. horizontaluri integracia gulisxmobs erTi tipis qarxnebis muSaobas sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi, anu rodesac centraluri qarxana da misi Svilobili kompaniebi identuri
unda Seqmniliyo msoflio savaWro reJimi an universaluri kanonebi savaWro saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni.
politikis warmoebisaTvis. konglomeratuli tipis korporaciebi bevr gansxvavebul sferoSi arian Cabmulni
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis bloki da naklebad ganviTarebuli saxel- erTdroulad, mag., navTobis, soflis meurneobis, narCenebis gadamuSavebis, mediis,
mwifoebis umetesoba ar SeuerTda gats da ar scnes misi principebi, xolo wevri sammxedro teqnikis warmoebis da sxv.
saxelmwifoebi srulad ar asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs, gatma mniSvnelovnad transnacionaluri korporaciebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCe-
Seuwyo xeli omis Semdgom periodSi msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciis process. vian TavianTi orientaciis mixedviT globalur warmoebasa da realizaciasTan
1980-ian wlebSi bevrma saxelmwifom eWvi Seitana gatis SesaZleblobaSi Seenar- mimarTebaSi. firma transnacionalurad iTvleba maSinac ki, roca mas mxolod erTi an
Cunebina liberaluri vaWrobis reJimi. amis mizezi iyo struqturuli cvlilebebi ori Svilobili kompania aqvs, romlebzec modis misi mTliani produqciis mxolod
msoflio ekonomikaSi, romelTa Sedegadac Seirya gatis principebi. saxelmwifoebs mcire nawili. maT sapirispirod, zogierTi transnacionaluri korporacia sakuTari
surdaT scodnodaT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara liberaluri reJimi, da Tu ara, romeli produqciis umetes nawils mSobliuri qveynis sazRvrebs gareT awarmoebs, magaliTad,
reJimi Secvlida omis Semdgom liberalur savaWro wesrigs. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Sveicaruli firma “nestle” (erT-erTi pirveli transnacionaluri korporacia msof-
meore msoflio omis Semdeg gatis farglebSi Catarebuli ramdenime warmatebuli lioSi). zogierT transnacionalur korporacias mxolod erT romelime regionSi aqvs
raundis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda tarifebi da gaizarda msoflio vaWroba. filiali, zogi ki WeSmaritad globaluria, vinaidan misi Svilobili kompaniebi mTel
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mzardma qselma TandaTan CaiTria saxelmwifo ekonomikebi msoflioSia ganfenili. magaliTad, “fordma” da “jeneral motorsma” manqanebis iseTi
erTian urTierTdamokidebulebis sistemaSi, rasac mohyva spekulacia imis Sesaxeb, rom modelebi Seqmnes (“msoflio manqanebi”), romlebic TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi saRdeba,
iwyeba mWidrod integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikis era, romelsac dadebiTze meti sadac SedarebiT normaluri gzebia, maTi awyoba ki warmoebis sxvadasxva adgilebSi
uaryofiTis motana SeuZlia erovnuli ekonomikisTvis. amis Sedegad Seicvala balansi SeiZleba. gaeros gamokvleva Semdeg kategoriebs warmoaCens: orientaciis mixedviT,
liberalizaciisa da ekonomikuri nacionalizmis momxreTa Soris. korporaciebi aseve iyofian eTnocentrul (mSobliur qveyanaze orientirebul),
1970-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis SesamCnevi gaxda ekonomikuri nacionalizmis policentrul (maspirZel qveyanaze orientirebul) da geocentrul (msoflio
upiratesoba liberalizmTan SedarebiT da vaWrobam Semcireba iwyo, rac aseve aisaxa orientaciis) tipebad. “maspinZeli” qveynis xelisufleba xSirad SiSobs, rom ucxouri
savaWro sistemis bunebaze. 70-ian wlebSi vaWrobis Semcirebasa da ekonomikuri kompania mis ekonomikur suverenitets SezRudavs da metic, mis saSiano saqmeebSi
proteqcionizmisaken dabrunebas xeli Seuwyo ramodenime fundamenturma movlenam: Caereva, raTa sakuTari qveynis sagareo politikuri interesebi ganaxorcielos.
rac Seexeba transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobas, rogorc nebismieri biznes
• mcocav savaluto kursze gadasvlam; dawesebuleba, isinic orientirebulni arian mogebaze, korporaciul zrdasa da
sabazro wilis matebaze.
• 1973-74 ww. zamTarSi navTobze fasis masiurma momatebam; transnacionaluri korporaciebi aseve gansxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu ram-
denad arian CarTulni iseT mwarmoeblur saqmianobaSi, romelic pirdapiri ucxouri
kapitalis dabandebis Cveulebriv tips ar Seesabameba - igulisxmeba Svilobili
• iaponiasTan konkurenciis gaZlierebam;
kompaniebis floba umravlesobis mier (rac Seexeba operaciebis efeqtur kontrols,
tipiuria 30%-ze meti wilis floba, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxezea TiTqmis 100%
• Zlier konkurentunariani axali industriuli saxelmwifoebis gamoCenam mflobeloba). saportfelo investiciebisgan gansxvavebiT, produqciisa da reali-
msoflio bazarze; zebis kontroli pirdapiri investirebis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens. is gulisxmobs
codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da Tanxebis pakets (erTianobas).
• aSS-is ekonomikis SedarebiTma dasustebam;
pirdapiri ucxouri investicia — iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs
(Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, romelSic is axdens investirebas.
• evropuli ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis daSlam;
saportfelo investicia — ucxouri firmis aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi
• globaluri stagflaciis (stagnacia+inflacia) niSnebma. kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis gareSe.
transnacionaluri korporacia zogjer erTobliv sawarmoSi erTiandeba, sadac
yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg dawyebuli vaWrobis kontroli Tavidanve gadanawilebulia. gilpini aseve asaxelebs transnacionaluri
liberalizaciis procesis SeCerebas. korporaciis ucxoeTSi moRvaweobis mesame tips, marTvis xelSekrulebas, korporacia
gati iyo wesebis krebuli, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba instituciuri fundamentis ar aris mflobeli, Tumca marTvis sferoSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebis umetesoba mas
gareSe. es iyo mcire samdivno, romelic miznad isaxavda saerTaSoriso savaWro ukavia. ucxo qveynebSi saqmianobis kidev erTi variantia e.w. “mza proeqti”, roca
organizaciis daarsebas. dRes arsebuli msoflio savaWro organizacia ki mudmivi transnacionaluri korporacia daqiravebulia mTeli qarxnis asawyobad da
institutia Tavisi samdivnoTi. gatis kanonebi exeboda mxolod saqonels da mxolod asamuSaveblad da adgilobrivi muSaxelis gasawvrTnelad. am SemTxvevaSi mas ar gaaCnia
mis irgvliv aregulirebda urTierTobebs. msoflio savaWro organizaciis kanonebi ki Cveulebrivi aqciebis wili qarxanaSi. masTan SezRuduli urTierToba SeiZleba
exeba, agreTve momsaxurebis sferos da inteleqtualuri qonebis savaWro aspeqtebs. gagrZeldes mas Semdegac, rac qarxana adgilobriv mflobels gadaecema — marTvis
gatisagan gansxvavebiT msoflio savaWro organizacias gaaCnia davebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSi konsultaciebisa da teqnikuri TanamSromlobis saxiT. transnacionalurma
ufro efeqturi da swrafi meqanizmebi. korporaciebma SeiZleba ubralod Seisyidon resursebi da produqcia ucxouri
Tanamedrove pirobebSi ormxrivobam farTod Secvala gatis mravalmxrivobis momwodeblebisgan. xSirad, adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi damokidebulni xdebian ucxoel
principi, da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa da ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas klientebze. zogjer, transnacionaluri korporacia ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi
sul ufro metad xelmZRvaneloben politikuri mosazrebebiT. klienti, radgan adgilobrivi mwarmoeblisTvis xan sesxis, xan masalisa da teqnikuri
breton-vudis sistemis Tanaxmad, qveynis centraluri bankebis winaSe, aSS-s konsultaciebis wyarod iqceva.
federaluri sarezervo sistemis garda, daisva amocana — daecvaT fiqsirebuli transnacionaluri saqmianobis erT-erTi aspeqti aris korporaciis Sida savaWro
gacvliTi kursebi TavianT valutasa da dolars Soris. amas isini akeTebdnen ucxour operaciebis gafarToeba, romlebic Zalian farTo speqtrs moicaven.
savaluto bazrebze intervenciis gziT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ama Tu im qveynis valutas gilpinis azriT, farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, verti-
26 51
 praqtikulad im qveynebs ekuTvnian, romlebSic funqcionireben da ewevian dolarTan mimarTebaSi hqonda metismetad maRali fasi, misi centraluri banki yidida
TavianT saqmianobas. es xdeba kontraqtaciis bazaze. Tavisi qveynis valutas dolarebSi gacvliT, riTac amcirebda mis fass. da, piriqiT. Tu
romelime qveynis valutis fasi metismetad dabali aRmoCndeboda, es qveyana
vinaidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis upirvelesi mizania maqsimaluri
yidulobda Tavis sakuTar valutas da amiT zrdida mis fass.
mogeba, isini dReniadag aumjobeseben menejments, marketingul xelovnebas, eZeben iaf
breton-vudsis konferenciis monawileebma Seqmnes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi,
sawarmo resursebs, iaf adamianur resursebs, strategiul teritoriebs, raTa
raTa daxmareba gaewiaT im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romelTac uWirdaT sagadasaxado
minimaluri danaxarjebiT SeinarCunon an gaaumjobeson produqciisa da momsaxurebis
balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta. qveynebs savaluto fondis daxma-
xarisxi da miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba saqminobisgan.
reba sWirdebaT, ZiriTadad, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom isini ganicdian disproporcias
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobaSi,
ekonomikaSi. tradiciulad fonds mimarTaven is qveynebi, romlebic arian mZime
iseve, rogorc nebismier warmoebaSi, aris momxmareblis da myidvelis swori SerCeva da
mdgomareobaSi saxelmwifo biujetis didi deficitisa da fuladi masis uaRresad didi
masze orientireba. Zalian bevri transnacionaluri korporacia, magaliTad, CvenTvis
zrdis gamo. aseTi qveynebi cdilobdnen moexmaraT meti, vidre maT amis saSualebas
iseTi kargad cnobili, rogoricaa proqter end gembeli (Procter and Gambel) cdilobs aZlevda Semosavali eqsportisagan. Seqmnili viTarebis gamosworebis standartul
moicvas momxmarebelTa yvela fena, yvela socialuri statusis piri. amitom, misi saSualebas, romelsac mimarTavda savaluto fondi, warmoadgenda moTxovnileba
saqoneli, magaliTad, sarecxi fxvnili, varirebs Zvirianidan iafamde. anu, mis mevale qveynebis mimarT gamajansaRebeli xasiaTis mkveTri makroekonomikuri zomebis
asortimentSi aris rogorc arieli, ZviradRirebuli da maRalxarisxiani sarecxi dacvis Sesaxeb, maT Soris sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi politikis gamkacreba
fxvnili, aseve taidi, romlis fasic saSualoa da xarisxi didad ar CamorCeba arielis moklevadiani kreditebis miRebis sanacvlod.
xarisxs da aseve bonuqsi, romelic iafia, gaTvlilia socialurad naklebad 1970-ian da 80-ian wlebSi iaponiisa da evropis ekonomikebis gajansaRebam da aSS-is
uzrunvelyofil mosaxleobaze da misi xarisxic SedarebiT dabalia. ekonomikis SedarebiT dasustebam gaarTula saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis
gilpinis azriT, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da saerTaSoriso kompaniebi im mdgomareoba. amasTan, iaponia da evropa jer ar iyvnen mzad SeesrulebinaT hegemonisa
msoflios asaxvaa, romelSic kapitali da teqnologia Zalian mobiluria, xolo Sroma da lideris roli. 1957 wlidan evropis Tanamegobroba udidesi savaWro bloki iyo.
rCeba SedarebiT naklebad mobiluri. qveynebis ekonomikebs Soris fardobiT upira- daarsda sabaJo kavSiri Tavisufali Sida vaWrobiT, Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tarifebi
tesobaSi arsebuli da mimdinare cvlilebebis gamo transnacionaluri korporaciebi da saerTo sasoflo-sameurneo politika. evropis qveynebis vaWrobam saocari
cdiloben TavianTi warmoeba da filialebi ganaTavson yvelaze xelsayrel, tempebiT imata da 1986 wels msoflio saerTo vaWrobis 38.8 procents miaRwia. kidev
dawinaurebul, ganviTarebul da, Sesabamisad, momgebian adgilebSi. xelsayrelobaSi ufro gaizarda vaWroba evropis qveynebs Soris. rac Seexeba iaponias, 1960-ian wlebSi
SeiZleba igulisxmebodes iaffasiani muSa xelis arseboba (iafi adamianuri resursebi), misi wili msoflio vaWrobaSi Seadgenda mxolod 3 procents. 1980-iani wlebis
bazrebis siaxlove, liberaluri sagadasaxado CarCoebi, usafrTxoeba.
bolosaTvis ki misma wilma 8.3 procents miaRwia (The Politics of International Economic
transnacionaluri kompaniebi sam ZiriTad tipad iyofa imisda mixedviT, Tu romel
sferoSi saqmianoben isini, nedleulis mopovebis, warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebis Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990). avtorTa azriT, am
sferoebSi. meore msoflio omamde pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandeba ZiriTadad saswaulebrivi ganviTarebis ukan idga iaponiis unikaluri niWi SeeTvisebina, daenerga
xdeboda nedleulis mopovebasa da plantaciebis moSenebaSi (magaliTad, navTobi, da ganeviTarebina uaxlesi ucxouri teqnologiebi, agreTve SesaZlebloba
mineraluri nedleuli, tropikuli xili). kapitalis aseTi gadanawileba asaxavda, erTi gamoeTavisuflebina xalxi soflis meurneobidan, seriozuli investireba moexdina
mxriv, samrewvelo qveynebis moTxovnilebas nedleulze da, meore mxriv, evropis warmoebaSi da daesaqmebina mosaxleoba am sferoSi. mTavrobam gadamwyveti roli
saxelmwifoebis politikur batonobas aziasa da afrikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli iTamaSa iaponiis ekonomikis aseT mzard ganviTarebaSi — SemuSavda specialuri
Statebisa ki — dasavleTis naxevarsferos umetes nawilSi. Tanamedrove transna- saxelmwifo programebi, romelTa farglebSic mniSvnelovani mxardaWera aRmoeCi-
cionaluri korporaciebis koloniur winamorbedebs ara marto finansuri da teqno- neboda kerZo investiciebs qveynisaTvis iseT strategiul dargebSi, rogoric iyo
logiuri resursebi hqondaT, aramed maT gankargulebaSi iyo aseve moqmedi armiebi, foladi, navTobgadamuSaveba, navTobqimikatebi, avtomanqanebi, TviTmfrinavebi,
romlebic maTi ekonomikuri Zalauflebis sadarajoze idgnen da, rogorc istoriidan samrewvelo teqnika, eleqtroteqnika da kompiuterebi.
Cans, xSirad aqtiurad ereodnen kidec. iaponiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli Seasrula eqsportis gafarToebisa da
Tanamedrove transnacionalur korporaciebs ara aqvT pirdapiri samxedro Zala importis proteqcionizmis (SezRudvis) politikam. vinaidan iaponiis ekonomika mniSv-
(Tumca, maTi umetesoba swored samxedro teqnikis warmoebiT aris dakavebuli), amitom nelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli nedleulis importze, mTavrobam daawesa mkacri
isini ZiriTadad eyrdnobian politikur gavlenas, sabazro Zalauflebas, finansebisa kontroli arasasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqonlis importze. mTavrobam uzrunvelyo
da teqnologiebis kontrols da, am ukanasknelis gasamyareblad, bazris struqturul saSinao warmoebis ganviTareba garkveuli proteqcionisturi meTodebiT impor-
Zalauflebas. miuxedavad amisa, 1945 wlidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis tirebul saqonelze (tarifebi, kvotebi) da rigi administraciuli zomebiT — importis
saqmianoba gafarTovda swored omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis licenzireba da sxv. paralelurad udidesi aqcenti keTdeboda nebismieri saxis
pirobebSi, romelic nawilobriv efuZneboda amerikis globalur samxedro Zala- nawarmis eqsportze. 1960-ani wlebidan iaponiam moaxerxa Seeqmna iseTi ekonomika,
uflebas. metic, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandebis romelic metwilad orientirebuli iyo eqsportze.
ZiriTadma sferom nedleulis mopovebidan warmoebaSi gadainacvla — gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi gaCnda axali problema. finansuri
ganviTarebad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. bazrebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mudmivi gaZlierebisa da Zrdis pirobebSi zogi-
transnacionaluri korporaciebi sam organizaciul tipad iyofa: vertikalurad erTi qveynebi aRmoCndnen seriozuli problemebis winaSe ucxouri valutis gacemis
integrirebul, horizontalurad integrirebul da konglomeratul tipebad. saqmeSi — ara imis gamo, rom arasworad warmarTavdnen ekonomikur saqmianobas, aramed
vertikalurad integrirebuli korporaciebi ZiriTadad mineraluri nedleulis imitom, rom kerZo investiciebis dolaris nakadebi ganicdidnen mkveTr cvlilebebs.
mopovebiTa da gadamuSavebiT arian dakavebulni, navTobwarmoebis sferoSi ki maTi xSirad amgvari problemebis gaCenas xsnidnen maTi ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi
funqciebi ZiriTadad distribucias moicavs. aseTi korporaciebi xSirad floben struqturuli xarvezebis arsebobiT. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda im finansuri
benzingasamarT sadgurebs. warmoebis sferoSi momravlda iseTi transnacionaluri krizisis dros, romelmac moicva azia 1997 wels.
korporaciebi, romlebic nawilebs erT qveyanaSi amzadeben da sxvagan awyoben. meoce saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi tailandSi, indoneziasa da
magaliTad, iaponiisa da amerikis eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebel firmebs amwyobi samxreT koreaSi moxda tempebis gansacvifrebeli zrda. inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT
qarxnebi aqvT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, tailandi, filipinebi, malaizia, maT Seadgines 9 procenti. ucxoelma investorebma amas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
samxreT korea da sxv., sadac maT qveynebTan SedarebiT iafi muSaxelia. miaqcies da male aziuri qveynebis ekonomika gaavses finansuri saxsrebiT. azia-wynari
okeanis regionSi kapitalis modena gaizarda daaxloebiT xuTjer. axla, am gada-
50 27
saxedidan, ekonomistebi ukve amtkiceben, rom am qveynebs ar SeswevdaT Zala sabWos: `yvela sawarmo, romelic akontrolebs mogebas — qarxnebi/fabrikebi,
gamklavebodnen kapitalis aseT mozRvavebas. marTalia, dagvianebiT, magram maRaroebi, maRaziebi da msgavsi — or an met saxelmwifoSi” (UNCTC 1978, 158). Tumca,
ekonomistebi mainc mixvdnen, rom am kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawili ideboda iseT realurad, transnacionalur kompanias eZaxian iseTsac, romelic saqmianobs Tundac
sawarmoebSi, romelTac ar mohqondaT Semosavali. maTi azriT, problemas is erT ucxo qveyanaSi.
arTulebda, rom aziis mraval qveyanaSi cudad iyo organizebuli zedamxedveloba ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia? es aris korporacia, romlis mflobeloba,
bankebze, romlebic xSirad iZulebuli iyvnen, zewolis qveS, gaecaT kreditebi ara menejmenti warmoeba da saqmianobebi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSia da sxvadasxva
ekonomikurad xelsayreli, aramed politikuri interesebiT nakarnaxevi proeqtebis saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis farglebSia moqceuli. mas gaaCnia saTavo ofisi erT
dasafinanseblad. rodesac ganviTarebis tempebis zrdaSi xarvezebi gaCnda, am saxelmwifoSi da filialebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi. korporaciis ZiriTadi mizania
proeqtebis didi nawili ekonomikurad arasicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. mravali msoflio bazrebisTvis saqonlis maqsimalurad dabal fasSi warmoeba. am miznis miRweva
sawarmo gakotrda. SesaZlebelia produqciis warmoebisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli adgilis SerCeviT an
aziuri krizisis am gamocdilebis gaziarebiT SeerTebulma Statebma da sxva qvey- maspinZeli saxelmwifosagan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miRebiT.
nebma daiwyes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kapitalis gazrda, raTa fonds transnacionalur korporaciebs gaaCniaT gamorCeuli menejeruli niWi, finansuri
SesaZlebloba hqonoda warmatebiT gadaewyvita amgvari saerTaSoriso finansuri saSualebebi da teqnikuri resursebi, da isini ewevian udides saqmianobas koor-
problemebi. fondma cno, rom gaurkvevloba da informaciis uqonloba xels uwyobda dinirebuli globaluri startegiis farglebSi. mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi,
saerTaSoriso safinanso bazrebis cvalebadobas, da daiwyo Tavisi moqmedebebis gilpinis azriT, cdiloben ganavrcon da gaimagron sabazro poziciebi korporaciuli
sajaroobis uzrunvelyofa. garda amisa, SeerTebulma Statebma moiTxoves, rom gadawyvetilebebis miRebis vertikaluri integraciisa da centralizaciis gziT.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis daJinebuli rekomendaciiT qveynebs ganexor- jeneral motorsi, daimler kraisleri, toiota, ford motori, nestle da sxv. tipiuri
cielebinaT struqturuli reformebi. magaliTebia (The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma amis sapasuxod marTlac wauyena moTxovna Press, Princeton 1987).
mTavrobebs SeewyvitaT politikurad xelsayreli proeqtebisaTvis kreditebis gacema. aseTi korporaciebi ekonomikuri urTierTobebis internacionalizaciis yvelaze
fondma moiTxova qveynebisagan gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformireba, raTa TvalsaCino movlenaa. arsebiTad, es aris kapitalis gatanis erT-erTi forma.
wamgebiani sawarmoebi male daxuruliyo. es xels Seuwyobda maT mier am qveynebis miuxedavad imisa, rom transacionaluri korporaciebi intensiurad me-20 saukunis 60-
ekonomikidan saxsrebis amoqaCvis mankieri praqtikis Sewyvetas. saerTaSoriso iani wlebidan vrceldeba, maT winamorbedebi gaaCndaT. maTi ricxvi sul ufro da ufro
savaluto fondi aqtiurad uWerda mxars saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizacias. igi, izrdeba, jer daiwyo aSS-is korporaciebis raodenobis zrda, Semdeg dasavleT
xSir SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovda, rom qveynebs ganexorcielebinaT savaWro politikis evropisa da iaponiis. meoce sukunis bolosaTvis ki transnacionaluri korporaciebi
liberalizacia, kerZod, im mizniT, rom ufro farTod gaexsnaT gza TavianTi hqondaT ara mxolod maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, aramed mesame samyaros qveynebsac,
bazrebisaken ucxouri bankebisa da finansuri institutebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis.
gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis damlevs saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, es korporaciebi dRes TiTqmis yvela dargSia. isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan
agreTve cno, rom misi tradiciuli rekomendaciebi sagadasaxado balansSi ara mxolod imiT, Tu ras awarmoeben, aramed imiTac, Tu rogor awarmoeben,
problemebis mqone qveynebisaTvis, kerZod — xisti sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi teqnologiis doniT, menejmentis stiliT da maTi produqciis bazris struqturiT.
politikis gatareba, yovelTvis ar amarTlebda im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdidnen menejmenti da marketingi aseT korporaciebSi xSirad Sereulia (saerTaSoriso). erT an
finansur kriziss. zogierT SemTxvevaSi fondma Searbila Tavisi moTxovnebi ramdenime qveyanaSi marketingis Sedegad produqcia iyideba mTel msoflioSi.
deficitis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, raTa qveynebs miscemodaT SesaZlebloba gaezardaT umetes SemTxvevaSi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi ramodenime qveynis iuris-
xarjebi im programebisaTvis, romlebic Tavis miznad isaxavdnen siRaribis masStabebis diqcias eqvemdebareba, rac aZnelebs maT gakontrolebas erTi konkretuli saxel-
Semcirebas da umuSevarTa dacvas. mwifos mier.
breton-vudsis konferenciaze Seiqmna, agreTve rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis transnacionaluri korporaciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdegi maxasiTeblebis mixed-
saerTaSoriso banki. igi warmoadgens mravalmxriv organizacias, romlis mizania xeli viT: maTi sidide, maTi filialebis raodenoba, saqmianobis tipi (mopovebiTi, samrew-
Seuwyos msoflio vaWrobasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas im qveynebisaTvis valis velo, momsaxureba/servisi, turizmi, sastumroebi, dazRveva, finansebi, transporti,
gacemiT, romlebsac msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad ar gaaCniaT sakuTari finansuri Sereuli, sasoflo-sameurneo), ucxour filialebTan kavSiris tipi, anu rogor
saxsrebi. msoflio banki kapitals Rebulobs Tavisi wevri-qveynebisagan, romelTac sakuTrebaSia — mTliani, nawilobrivi, erToblivi. mravalnacionalur korporaciebSi
SeaqvT wvlili maTi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis proporciulad. SeerTebulma Statebma gamoirCeva sami tipi, romlebic gansxvavdeba mSobeli da filialis kontrolis
Seitanes pirveldawyebiTi kapitalis daaxloebiT 35 procenti. proporciebiT, dominirebis xasiaTiTa da xarisxiT.
Tavisi moRvaweobis adrindel etapze msoflio banki asocirdeboda didi
proeqtebis ganxorcielebasTan, magaliTad — kaSxlebis mSeneblobasTan. magram gasuli • pirveli tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mSob-
saukunis oTxmocian-oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi man gaafarTova Tavisi midgomebi lis miznebisaTvis yvelaferis daqvemdebareba. umetesad transnacionaluri
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisadmi da daiwyo meti saxsrebis Cadeba iseT proeqtebSi, korporaciebi amjobineben srul mflobelobas, romelic filialebze maqsi-
romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ganaTlebasTan, profesiul momzadebasTan da miznad malur kontrols niSnavs. am korporaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSania moq-
isaxavdnen “adamianuri kapitalis” dagrovebas, agreTve qveynebis mier sabazro niloba da mobiluroba. Tanamedrove tendenciaa swored aseTi korporaciebis
ekonomikis mxardasaWerad sxvadasxva institutebis SeqmnasTan. gavrceleba. isini yvelaze momgebiania, Tumca vinaidan am tipis korporaciebis
rac Seexeba momaval saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemas, msoflio vaWrobaSi iaponiis miznebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi saxelmwifoebis miznebs, es
rolis mzardi ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre bevri mecnieri miiCnevda, rom mas xSirad konfliqtebis mizezi xdeba;
seriozuli rolis TamaSi SeeZlo, liderobac ki, msoflio vaWrobaSi axal indus-
• meore tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebis filialebi garkveuli damou-
triul saxelmwifoebTan erTad. Tumca, am ideis momxreTa ricxvma iklo ocdameerTe
kideblobiT, avtonomiiT sargebloben. isini ufro metad iTvaliswineben da
saukunis dasawyisisTvis da axla sul ufro metni miiCneven gaerTianebul evropas an
eqvemdebarebian mimRebi saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias da, Sesabamisad, naklebad
CineTs potenciur liderebad savaWro sferoSi.
Sedian masTan konfliqtSi;
joan spiros azriT, momavali saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis CamoyalibebaSi
udidesi mniSvneloba eqneba imas, Tu rogor gaiazreben dRevandeli wamyvani saxel- • mesame tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebi Zalian gansxvavdeba pirveli
mwifoebi naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da axali industriuli saxel- orisagan. mis menejmentSi ar aris romelime erovnebis upiratesoba, filialebi
28 49
ricxvis zrdaze. xolo Suamavlebad ucxouri saportfelo investiciebis ganxorcie- mwifoebis rols am sistemaSi. misi azriT, opekis wevr saxelmwifoebs da iseT naklebad
lebisas gamodis sainvesticio bankebi (fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze Suamavali ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs, rogorebicaa brazilia, meqsika, argentina da sxv.,
organizaciebi, romlebic awarmoebs grZelvadian dabandebaTa dafinansebas). am saxis seriozuli sityvis Tqma SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT umetes, taivans,
investiciebis moZraobaze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva fasian qaRaldebze gacemuli tailands, samxreT koreas, singapurs, malaizias da filipinebs, romlebsac intensiuri
procentiani ganakveTebis normebSi arsebuli gansxvaveba. ase, magaliTad, amerikis savaWro urTierTobebi aqvT rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve mesame samyaros qveynebTan,
SeerTebul StatebSi procentiani ganakveTebis maRalma normam moizida mravali da romlebmac ukve daiwyes mniSvnelovani masStabebis investireba ganviTarebul
ucxoeli investori, gansakuTrebiT — iaponeli. meoce saukunis 1970-1980-ian wlebSi qveynebSi. spiro miiCnevs, rom uaxloes momavalSi es saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven da
moxda saerTaSoriso kreditebis zrdis afeTqeba, ramac gamoiwvia msoflio sakre- miiReben kidec monawileobas saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis marTvaSi, da es
dito-safinanso sferos Seqmna. sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari gansakuT- garduvalia. garda amisa, ukve daiwyo yofili aRmosavleTis sistemis saxelmwifoebis
rebiT swrafi tempebiT izrdeba da am saxsrebis ZiriTadi wvlili modis bankebs Soris gaerTianeba breton-vudsis sistemaSi da maTi `ekonomikuri amoqaCva~ grZelvadian
operaciebze. perspeqtivaSi kidev ufro gaaZlierebs erTiani evropis poziciebs msoflioSi.
amJamad sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari iyofa fulis bazarze da axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi iqneba mravalmxrivi marTvis sistema, da
sakuTriv kapitalebis bazarze: Tu adre konfliqtebisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebis mogvareba mniSvnelovanwilad
fulis bazari aris moklevadiani kreditebis bazari (erT wlamde). mxolod erTi saxelmwifos mier xdeboda, momavalSi amaSi monawileobas bevri
kapitalebis bazari aris saSualovadiani (2-dan 5 wlamde) sabanko kreditebis da saxelmwifo miiRebs saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, bevri mecnieri
grZelvadiani (10 welze meti) sesxebis bazari, romlebic gaicema, ZiriTadad, fasiani miiCnevs, rom mravalmxrivi menejmenti (marTva) msoflio ekonomikisa Zalian Znelia.
qaRaldebis gamoSvebisa da SeZenis dros. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis momxreni amtkiceben, rom, rogorc istoriam
bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso bazarze gamoiyeneba grZelvadiani dafinansebis cxadyo, mxolod erTi lideris (hegemonis) arsebobis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli
aratradiciuli formebi, magaliTad, saproeqto dafinanseba, rac gulisxmobs msxvili xangrZlivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba.
kreditebis gacemas sawarmoTa konkretuli samrewvelo proeqtebis gansaxorci- mecnierTa azriT, miuxedavad zogierTi miRwevebisa, msoflio vaWrobis libe-
eleblad. amrigad, grZelvadiani kreditis gacemis aRniSnuli forma uaxlovdeba ralizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia did siZneleebTan. jer kidev maRalia savaWro
pirdapir investiciebs. barierebi, gansakuTrebiT iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa momsaxurebis warmoeba da
soflis meurneoba. urugvais raundis dros qveynebi Seecadnen gadaewyvitaT
momsaxurebisa da vaWrobis zogierTi sakiTxi. magram mainc darCa savaWro barierebi,
romlebic exeba momsaxurebis seqtoris daaxloebiT 20 segments. mecnierebasa da
transnacionaluri korporaciebi teqnologiaSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebi warmoSobs axal problemebs vaWrobis
dargSi. magaliTad, soflis meurneobis produqciis amerikel eqsportiorTa did
ris jenkinsi Tavis wignSi `transnacionaluri korporaciebi da uTanaswori SeSfoTebas iwvevs is garemoeba, rom evropuli wesebi krZalaven genetikurad
ganviTareba” aRniSnavs, (Rhys Jenkins Trnasnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The modificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebas. mTeli rigi problemebisa warmoSva,
Internalisation of Capital and the Third World, p.1.) rom Zalian cota ekonomikuri instituti agreTve eleqtronuli vaWrobis gaCenam. 1998 wels msoflio savaWro organizaciis
iwvevs iseT emociebs, rogorsac transnacionaluri korporaciebi. es gansakuTrebiT wevr qveynebis ministrebma gamoaqveynes gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom qveynebma ar unda
exeba transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mesame samyaros urTierTobis sakiTxs. SeuSalon xeli eleqtronuli vaWrobis warmoebas vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis
transnacionalur korporaciebs xSirad warmoadgenen rogorc saerTaSoriso eleqtronul gadagzavnaze baJis dawesebiT. magram bevri ram jer kidev gadauWrelia.
ekonomikuri uTanasworobis ZiriTad mizezs da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel mniSvne- ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs surT gadaaqcion interneti utarifo zonad,
lovan faqtors. isini ganixilebian, rogorc msoflios ekonomikurad CamorCenil uzrunvelyon mTel msoflioSi erTmaneTis konkurenti telekomunikaciuri bazrebis
regionebSi warmoebis dawyebisa da gaintensiurebis Zalad da, amasTan, CamorCenilobis arseboba da ganamtkicon tariful produqciaze inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis
mizezad, vinaidan mogeba mudmivad miemarTeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. globaluri saSualebebi.
aleqsandre rondeli Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~ aRniSnavs:
`transnacionaluri korporaciebi iseTive Zlierni (zogjer ufro Zliernic!) arian,
rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. am korporaciebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT, warmoeba msoflio savaWro organizacia (World Trade Organisation)
qveynidan gaitanon da am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo dasaqmebis, msoflio bazarze gasvlis,
Semosavlis mxriv didad waagebs. es korporaciebi ukve imdenad damoukidebel Zalad msoflio savaWro organizacia daarsda 1995 wels da faqtiurad Secvala gati. misi
iqcnen, rom saerTaSoriso politikur procesebzec didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~. Stabbina JenevaSia. mmarTveli organoa ministrTa konferencia, romelic ikribeba or
(saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli weliwadSi erTxel. organizaciis yoveldRiur saqmianobas axorcielebs generaluri
universiteti, 1996. gv. 164). sabWo. mas safuZvlad udevs 30-mde SeTanxmeba, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso
transnacionalur korporaciebze saubrisas gasarkvevia sakiTxi maTi definiciis vaWrobisa da savaWro politikis samarTlebriv bazas. es SeTanxmebebi Tavmoyrilia
Sesaxeb, vinaidan ar arsebobs sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba. literaturaSi urugvais raundis saboloo aqtSi, romlis ZiriTadi principebia: aradiskriminaciuli
xSirad SeiZleba SevxvdeT terminebs `mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi”, `mraval- damokidebuleba yvela qveynis mimarT; Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyoba; konkurenciis
nacionaluri sawarmoebi”, `saerTaSoriso firmebi” da sxv. gaeros transnacionaluri xelSewyoba; gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis aRmoCena naklebad-ganviTarebuli
korporaciebis centrma ramdenime aTwleulis muSaobis Sedegad, ver moaxerxa qveynebisTvis.
ganmartebis SemuSaveba. Tumca, 1974 wels gaeros transnacionaluri korporaciebis msoflio savaWro organozacias aqvs sami ZiriTadi mizani:
centris Seqmnis periodidan gaeros publikaciebSi mxolod termins `transnacio-
• xeli Seuwyos vaWrobas;
naluri” vxvdebiT. gaerom mas upiratesoba mianiWa `mravalnacionalurTan” SedarebiT,
laTinuri amerikisa da karibis zogierTi saxelmwifos daJinebuli moTxovnis • miaRwios TandaTanobiT liberalizacias molaparakebebis gziT;
safuZvelze. es termini xazs usvams, rom es korporaciebi arian umetesad erovnuli
firmebi (adviladamosacnobi deda firmiT mSobel qveyanaSi), romlebic saqmianoben • danergos davebis samarTliani mogvarebis meqanizmebi.
saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gareT.
• misi erT-erTi mizania, agreTve proteqcionizmTan brZola.
yvelaze farTodmiRebuli ganmarteba ekuTvnis gaeros ekonomikur da socialur
48 29
 mesame samyaros gaCena da korporaciuli investorebi moqmedeben Sesabamisi sawarmos, saaqcio sazogadoebis
firmis saxeliT, misi kuTvnili kapitalisa da sasesxo saSualebaTa mixedviT.
ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema korporaciul investorTa mniSvnelovani nawili ZiriTadad awarmoebs materialur
investirebas, xolo fasian qaRaldebSi saxsrebis dabandeba maTTvis investirebis
damatebiTi saSualebaa.
mesame samyaros cneba gaCnda laTinuri amerikis, xolo mogvianebiT aziisa da
institucionaluri investorebi TavianT kapitals ayalibeben klientebisa da
afrikis nacionalisturi moZraobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad. zogierTi
meanabreebis saxsrebiT da mas abandeben ZiriTadad fasian qaRaldebSi. zogierTi
mecnieris azriT, rasobrivi da kulturuli gansxvaveba, ganviTarebul saxel-
maTganisTvis damatebiTi aris materialuri investireba.
mwifoebTan SedarebiT, nawilobriv safuZveli gaxda mesame msoflios nacionalizmisa
sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa Sefasebisas investiciebSi igulisxmeba investoris
(The Global Political Economy, Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Stephen Gill and David Law. The moRvaweoba, mimarTuli misi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad,
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1993). Tumca es naklebad exeba laTinur amerikas, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebuli mimdinare moxmarebasTan. es moRvaweoba emyareba
sadac politikuri elita, oligarqia da mmarTveli Zalebi umetesad TeTrkanianebiT sakuTari da sasesxo kapitalis dabandebas.
arian warmodgenili. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom afrikis, aziisa da laTinuri amerikis investorad, romelic moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad da piradad agebs
elitebi yovelTvis dainteresebuli iyvnen dasavleTze TavianTi damokidebulebisa da pasuxs maT miRwevaze, gamodian an kapitalis mflobelebi, an is pirebi, romlebic
daqvemdebarebis SemcirebiT, rac pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli maTi ekonomikebis uflebamosilni arian iuridiuli piris saxeliT miiRon sainvesticio da safinanso
diversifikaciasa da industrializaciasTan. gadawyvetilebebi. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, investireba xdeba sakuTari an saTanado
raul prebiSi pirveli iyo, vinc dasva SekiTxvebi: ratom aris saerTaSoriso Sromis firmisa da saaqcio sazogadoebis sasesxo kapitalis meSveobiT. investiciebis
danawileba aseTi araTanaswori? ratom arian mesame samyaros qveynebi pirveladi, makroekonomikuri Taviseburebebis gaanalizebisas metad mniSvnelovania mewarmeTa
nedleuli saqonlis eqsportiorebi da mza produqciis importiorebi? ramdenad sainvesticio moTxovnilebaTa gamokvleva. aseTi moTxovnilebis faqtorebis
racionaluria aseTi sistema? Sesabamisad investiciebi iyofa inducirebul da avtonomiur investiciebad. qedan,
gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebi sul ufro da ufro pirvels warmoSobs sxvadasxva materialur faseulobebze moTxovnilebis myari zrda,
daJinebiT moiTxovdnen axal saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wesrigs — ufro samarTlians xolo meores — maTze mudmivi an fiqsirebuli moTxovnileba.
da damndobs. rodesac 1944-1948 wlebSi iqmneboda liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema da investoris grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad sakuTari an sasesxo kapitalis
misi Tanmdevi institutebi (msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, tari- yvelaze xelsayrelad gamoyenebis dasabuTebuli ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi
febisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeaTanxmeba), aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis Seadgens investirebis Teoriis Sinaarss. optimalur investicias warmoadgens is,
saxelmwifoebi naklebad iyvnen Cabmulni am procesSi, vinaidan bevr maTgans jer romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba dasaxul miznebs.
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba unda moepovebina, da isini swored amiT iyvnen msoflio praqtikaSi gamoyofen investirebis sam ZiriTad formas:
dakavebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi umetesobas
warmoadgendnen gaero-s generalur asambleaSi, suraTi sxvanairi iyo msoflio banksa 1. pirdapiri, anu realuri investiciebi (kapitalis dabandeba mrewvelobaSi,
da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi. xolo, rac Seexeba, tarifebisa da vaWrobis vaWrobaSi, momsaxurebis sferoSi — uSualod sawarmoebSi);
generalur SeTanxmebas, igi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier saerTod aRiqmeboda
mdidarTa klubad. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcire Sida bazrebis gamo maT faqtobrivad 2. saportfelo, anu finansuri investiciebi (investiciebi ucxour aqciebSi,
ar gaaCndaT saimiso berketi, rom raimenairad SeecvalaT gadawyetilebebi tarifebis obligaciebsa da sxva fasian qaRaldebSi);
regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT. isini im etapze moiTxovden, realobidan gamomdinare,
angariSi gaewiaT maTi axalSobili ekonomikebisaTvis da ufleba miscemodaT 3. sasesxo kapitalis saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani saerTaSoriso kreditebi
esargeblaT SeRavaTiani tarifebiT. da sesxebi samrewvelo da savaWro korporaciebs, bankebsa da sxva finansur
1974 wels moTxovna axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaxeb gacxadda dawesebulebebs.
gaeros maisis rezoluciaSi. rezoluciis miReba dakavSirebuli iyo opekis
warmatebebTan, rodesac man moaxerxa navTobze maRali fasebis daweseba. amis Sedegad pirdapir investiciebs SeuZlia uzrunvelyos investirebuli kompaniis investori
ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebidan arnaxuli Tanxebi Sevida opekis wevr korporaciebis srul mflobelobaSi gadayvana an saSualeba miscen maT daaweson masze
saxelmwifoebSi. es warmateba gadaWarbebulad iyo Sefasebuli mesame samyaros faqtobrivi kontroli. zogjer amisaTvis saWiroa flobde saaqcio kapitalis ara
qveynebis mier. maT gadawyvites, rom opeki naTeli magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor umetes 10%.
SeeZloT ganviTarebad qveynebs seriozuli rolis Sesruleba msoflio ekonomikaSi. wamyvani investorebi arian ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, pirvel rigSi —
amasTan, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da bolomde gaazrebuli navTobze ganviTarebuli aSS. magram am bolo wlebSi, ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze, SeerTebuli Statebis wili
saxelmwifoebis moTxovnilebis mniSvneloba. ucxoeTis pirdapiri investiciebis saerTo jamSi Semcirda 55 procentidan 44
is ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic navTobis imports eweodnen opekidan, procentamde, xolo dasavleT evropis qveynebisa da iaponiis wili gaizarda —
mxars uWerdnen an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar akritikebdnen opeks, vinaidan maT imedi Sesabamisad 37 procentidan 44 procentamde da 1 procentidan 10 procentamde.
hqondaT, rom miiRebdnen garkveul savaWro SeRavaTebs opekisagan; miiRebdnen eko- mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia, agreTve, pirdapiri investiciebis mimarTulebebSic:
nomikur daxmarebas opekis zogierTi saxelmwifosgan; mibaZavdnen opeks da miiRebdnen meore mosflio omamde kapitaldabandebaTa ZiriTadi nawili modioda CamorCenil
mxardaWeras opekis saxelmwifoebisagan axali ekonomikuri wesrigis moTxovnis saqmeSi. qveynebze, maSin rodesac ukanasknel xanebSi investorTa mozidvas cdiloben ganvi-
navTobi Zlieri instrumenti iqneboda mesame samyaros qveynebisaTvis ganviTare- Tarebuli ekonomikuri sistemis mqone qveynebi. es aixsneba cvlilebebiT investirebis
bul saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebebis dros. amasTan opekis wevr qveynebsac esmodaT, dargobriv struqturaSi. investireba axla ukve Tavs iyris gadamamuSavebel
rom ar unda daeSvaT TavianT winaaRmdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da mrewvelobaSi, xolo mis SigniT — mecnierebatevad da maRalteqnologiur dargebSi.
ganviTarebadi navTobis importiori qveynebis aliansi. kapitalis importiori xdebian igive amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tanac ukanasknel
1981 wlis navTobis krizisma opeki daasusta. paralelurad dasustda ganviTa- wlebSi aq pirdapiri investiciebis modena sWarbobs kidec maT ukudenas.
rebuli saxelmwifoebis isedac susti `vaWrobis poziciebi~ molaparakebebis dros. saportfelo investiciebi aris im aqciebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro,
amasTan dasavleTi kidev erTxel darwmunda, rom opekis saxelmwifoebis siZliere romlebsac uSvebs sawarmoebi, msxvili korporaciebi da kerZo bankebi. omisSemdgom
didad aris damokidebuli moTxovnaze navTobze, xolo moTxovnas ganapirobeben periodSi amgvari investiciebis moculoba izrdeba, rac metyvelebs kerZo investorTa

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gasasvleli hqondeT. aqedan gamomdinare, naklebad savaraudoa, rom am qveynebis swored isini, ganviTarebuli qveynebi.
xelisuflebam ucxouri kapitali, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kapitali, Seaviwroon. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis mcdeloba mieRoT sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba, aseve
anu, am ideis avtorTa azriT, ucxouri kapitalis momZlavrebis erT-erTi warumateblad damTavrda. sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba samxedro daxmarebiT ufro
ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris is garemoeba, rom arsebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri Semoifargleboda, vidre ekonomikuriT. mas ar SeeZlo da ar undoda sazRvrebi gaexsna
wyoba asocirdeba amerikis TaosnobiT Seqmnil aliansTan, gansakuTrebiT nato-sTan. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis produqciisaTvis, es advilic ar iqneboda gegmiuri
mimReb qveyanaze ucxouri kapitalisa da transnacionaluri kompaniis, rogorc ekonomikis pirobebSi. amgvarad, ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs, maT Soris
ucxouri kapitalis, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul gavlenaze saubrisas `socialisturebsac~, dasavleTTan ufro intensiuri vaWroba hqondaT, vidre sabWoTa
ikveTeba ori ZiriTadi pozicia: pirvelis Tanaxmad, transnacionaluri firmebis blokTan.
zegavlena zogadad dadebiTia. meore poziciis mixedviT, ki isini zRudaven qveynis aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis kavSiric ar Sedga. amis mizezi
avtonomias, aferxeben mis damoukidebel ganviTarebas, zrdian ekonomikur mravalia: gansxvavebebi ideologiaSi, kulturaSi, religiaSi (gansakuTrebiT
uTanasworobas maspinZel qveyanaSi da xSirad, arTmeven ekonomikur suverenitetsac ki sunitebisa da Siitebis dapirispireba), industrializaciis doneSi da sxv. amas emateba
pirveli poziciis gamziareblebi miiCneven, rom ucxouri investiciebi mimRebi regionaluri SuRlebi da uTanxmoebebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad ver
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis seriozuli faqtoria. magaliTad moyavT gaamarTla TiTqmis verc erTma ekonomikurma kavSirma, romelTa Seqmnis mcdelobebic
dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg da maT swraf ara erTxel iyo.
ganviTarebas nawilobriv xsnian soliduri amerikuli kapitaldabandebebiT. igive radikaluri saxelmwifoebis azriT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili
logikiT, mesame samyaros qveynebis ekonomikuri warmateba miewereba ucxour liberaluri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi qveynebis uTanasworobisa da
investiciebsa da im politikas, romelmac investiciebi miizida. Tumca, bevri ar simdidris araTanabrad gadanawilebis mTavari mizezia.
iziarebs am mosazrebas da miaCniaT, rom pirdapir investiciebsa da ekonomikur gilpinis azriT (The Political Economy of International Relations), miuxedavad imisa, rom
ganviTarebas Soris Tanafardoba ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom mas mizez-Sedegobrivi meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mxriv iyo ara erTi
kavSiri davarqvaT. pirdapiri investiciebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba im qveynebSi, mcdeloba daxmarebodnen postkoloniur da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebs ekonomikuri
sadac sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis kargi pirobebia Seqmili, roca qveyanaSi zrdis daCqarebaSi, es procesi ar iyo Tanmimdevruli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
Sesaferisi politikuri situacia, stabiluroba da usafrTxo garemoa. samarTliani. amis magaliTia afrikis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba, laTinur
amerikaSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Sewyveta 80-ian wlebSi da dasavleTis mTeli
yuradRebis koncentrireba Soreul aRmosavleTze (axali industriuli qveynebi).
saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti

msoflioSi saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis moculoba naklebia, vidre kerZo axali industriuli qveynebi
kapitalisa, da amas logikuri axsnac aqvs. saxelmwifo kapitalis mizani ar aris swrafi
da moklevadiani mogeba. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlenis axal industriul saxelmwifoebs `aziur vefxvebsac~ uwodeben. es saxelmwifoebia:
gavrceleba investirebad qveyanaSi da iq sasurveli pirobebis Seqmna kerZo kapitalis taivani, tailandi, samxreT korea, filipinebi, malaizia, singapuri, honkongi da
investirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportireba umetesad xdeba qveynis indonezia (garkveuli mosazrebebiT laTinuramerikuli saxelmwifoebi brazilia,
infrastruqturaSi, satransporto dargebSi, sakredito-safinanso sistemaSi da sxv., meqsika, argentina da Cilec miekuTvnebian axali industriuli qveynebis sias). es
anu iseT sferoebSi, romelTa ganviTarebis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneba kerZo saxelmwifoebi meoce saukunis movlenaa. isini saocrad swrafi tempiT ganviTardnen da
kapitalis efeqturi da usafrTxo eqsportireba. garkveuli wona moipoves msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi. maTi ganviTarebis sawindari
saxelmwifo kapitalis formebia: grZelvadiani sesxebi da kreditebi, usasyidlo iyo industriuli dargebis amuSaveba da samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis dawyeba.
daxmareba. saxelmwifo kapitali mimarTulia susti, ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisa- Tumca industria ar aris erTaderTi sfero, romelic ganaviTares axalma indus-
ken. amiT xdeba maTze gavlenis moxdena da garkveuli kontrolis damyareba. saxel- triulma qveynebma. maT seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies mecnierebatevad dargebSi,
mwifo kapitalis eqsporti xorcieldeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze. miuxedavad bioteqnologiaSi, zegamtarobis sferoSi, energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis gamo-
imisa, rom, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsports altruizmis niSnebi axasiaTebs, yenebaSi, robotmSeneblobaSi da sxv. ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis mizniT es qveynebi
mas seriozuli pragmatuli gaTvlebic aqvs — saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis Sedegad qmnidnen da qmnian saeqsporto sawarmoo zonebs, sadac sagareo bazarze orienti-
mimRebi qveynebi investori qveynisgan yiduloben maT uaxles teqnologiebs, saqonels, rebuli saqoneli iwarmoeba. umetesad isini iqmneba navsadgurebTan da aeroportebTan
momsaxurebas da sxv. axlos da iq yvela SesaZlo pirobaa Seqmnili swrafi da maqsimalurad iafi warmo-
ebisaTvis (SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi, gaficvebis akrZalva, sxv.).
am qveynebis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli iafi muSaxelis arsebobam da
kerZo kapitalis eqsporti Sromatevadi dargebis Semosvlam ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. Tumca umTavresi, albaT,
mainc am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier arCeuli swori ekonomikuri strategiaa. gilpinis
kerZo kapitalis eqsporti ufro farTomasStabiania da igi ufro didi movlenaa, azriT, am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifo da
vidre saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti. igi xorcieldeba an pirdapiri investiciis ekonomikuri biurokratia, romelsac unari Seswevda Camoeyalibebina prioritetebi,
gziT (iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs (Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, ganexorcielebina mizanmimarTuli ekonomikuri politika da gaetarebina saWiro da
romelSic is axdens investirebas), an saportfelo investiciis gziT (ucxouri firmis xSirad arapopularuli reformebi. ekonomikis mesveurebma SeZles vaWroba, investi-
aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis reba da sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba ewarmoebinaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi
gareSe). kerZo kapitalis umTavresi mizania swrafi da didi mogeba. interesebidan gamomdinare. saxelmwifo da kerZo struqturebma moaxerxes konstruq-
ciuli TanamSromloba da SeimuSaves apolitikuri industriuli politika, romelic
investiciebis xasiaTisa da sakuTari kapitalis formis mixedviT asxvaveben orives interess da, saboloo jamSi, qveynebis interesebs pasuxobda. da bolos, rac,
individualur (fizikuri pirebis), korporaciul (sawarmoebi da organizaciebi) da albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am qveynebma uzarmazari investiciebi Cades ganaT-
institucionalur (koleqtiur) investorebs. lebasa da adamianur resursebSi.
individualuri investorebi ar aerTianeben TavianT kapitals, investirebas axor- axali industriuli qveynebis warmateba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs globaluri
cieleben TavianTi saxeliT da sakuTari saxsrebiT erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. siRaribis Temas. is faqti, rom ramdenime daqvemdebarebulma da sustma qveyanam
46 31
moaxerxa aseTi swrafi tempebiT ganviTareba da bevri ganviTarebuli qveynis mmarTveloba, iqneba es erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso doneebze, unda efuZnebodes
ekonomikuri zrdis tempis gadaWarbebac ki, badebs SekiTxvas: ratom ganviTardnen isini erTian Sexedulebebs, kulturul Rirebulebebs da saerTo identurobas. misi azriT,
da ratom ver ganviTardnen maTi msgavsi sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebi? ra iyo is swori Cven jer ar vcxovrobT globaluri samoqalaqo kulturis eraSi da mxolod ramdenime
nabiji, ramac maT aseTi ganviTarebis saSualeba misca? saerTo Rirebuleba aerTianebs msoflios xalxebs. Tumca tendencia ukeTesobiskenaa
am qveynebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani unda iyos CvenTvis, rogorc da arsebobs iseTi Rirebulebebi, romlebsac ukve yvela iziarebs, ganurCevlad
susti saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebisaTvis, da, ra Tqma unda, imedis momcemic. erovnebisa, religiisa Tu politikuri simpatiebisa. magaliTad — adamianis uflebebi.
gagrZeldeba Tu ara axali industriuli qveynebis aRmasvla da SesaZlebelia Tu miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebi jer kidev irRveva, damnaSave
ara, rom sxva saxelmwifoebmac gaimeoron maTi gza, didad aris damokidebuli saxelmwifoebi cdiloben am faqtebis damalvas da sxvagvarad warmoCenas. garda amisa,
globaluri ekonomikis zrdis tempebze, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis bazrebis ganviTarebuli qveynebi mxolod TavianTi problemebiT arian dainteresebulni da
gaxsnilobaze da industriuli teqnologiis cvalebadobaze. naklebad iTvaliswineben ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs. zogadad, dRevandeli
msoflios erT-erTi dilema isaa, rom mdidrebi Raribebs ver ugeben. gilpini, misTvis
Cveuli realizmiT askvnis, rom am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, saubari globalur
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis qvesistemebi mTavrobaze ararealuria. yvelaze saukeTeso, rasac SeiZleba velodoT, aris is, rom
ZiriTadma Zlierma saxelmwifoebma sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da msoflios
amerikeli ekonomisti joan edelman spiro Tavis wignSi (The Politics of International interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iTanamSromlon ufro stabiluri da humanuri
Economic Relations) gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis dayofas sam saerTaSoriso politikuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad.
qvesistemad. globaluri sistemis amgvarad danawileba, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia,
radgan es qvesistemebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili da izolirebuli ar aris. magram
politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi TiToeul qvesistemaSi mainc specifiuria da
saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze myofi
saxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba da qceva saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.

dasavleTis (urTierTdamokidebulebis) qvesistema kapitalis moZraoba

es qvesistema, romelsac aseve urTierTdamokidebulebis qvesistemas uwodeben, kapitalis moZraoba dRevandel msoflioSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.
moicavs CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiis maRalganviTarebul es aris globaluri movlena, romlisTvisac sazRvrebi faqtiurad ar arsebobs. yvela
saxelmwifoebs. joan spiro aqve aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia am qvesistemaSi erovnebis kapitalis buneba erTnairia — igi miemarTeba iqiT, sadac garantirebulia
avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da samxreT afrikis gaerTianebac (The Politics of didi mogeba.
International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition.). isini uamravi ekonomikuri, meore msoflio omis Semdeg kapitalis eqsportma mkveTrad imata, da es gaxda
savaWro, safinanso, teqnologiuri da sxv. kavSiriT mWidroda arian erTmaneTTan sayovelTao movlena. am periodSive mniSvnelovnad gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli
dakavSirebuli. maT Soris amgvari urTierToba Camoyalibda da ganviTarda meore Statebis roli kapitalis eqsportSi. Semdeg mas daemata germaniis federaciuli
msoflio omis Semdeg. amaSi udidesi roli Seasrula e.w. breton-vudsis savaluto- respublika da iaponia. safrangeTi kvlav inarCunebda wamyvan poziciebs, magram
safinanso sistemam da tarifebisa da vaWrobis generalurma SeTanxmebam. saerTaSoriso Semcirda didi britaneTis xvedriTi wili. mecxramete saukuneSi iyo kapitalis erTi
reJimma, romelic aSS dolarze da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikur da gamokveTili eqsportiori qveyana — didi britaneTi, magram meoce saukunis ormociani
samxedro hegemoniaze iyo dafuZnebuli. orive xsenebulma reJimma xeli Seuwyo am wlebidan msoflio hegemonis cvlasTan erTad Seicvala kapitalis yvelaze didi
qvesistemis saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur aRmavlobas, warmoebis gaSlas, eqsportis eqsportioric, da is aSS gaxda.
zrdas, teqnologiur progress da aS. aman saerTaSoriso safinanso da savaWro bevri mecnieris azriT, kapitalis eqsporti ufro mWidro kavSirebs qmnis, vidre
aqtivoba, safinanso bazrebis internacionalizacia da, rogorc yovelive amis Sedegi, saerTaSoriso vaWroba. kapitalis eqsporti xels uwyobs kavSirebis ganmtkicebas
xsenebul saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba moitana. am qvesistemis SigniT qveynebs Soris. es kavSirebi stabiluria da isini grZelvadiani mSvidobis garantiaa.
Camoyalibda evropis saxelmwifoTa integracia da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis kapitalis gatana, garkveulwilad, misi siWarbis Sedegia. dRevandel msoflioSi
integracia (NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement – CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali kapitalis brunva saocrad did masStabebs aRwevs. amis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs:
vaWrobis SeTanxmeba. daarsda 1994 wels. Tavdapirvelad aerTianebda aSS-s, kanadasa da transnacionaluri korporaciebis ganviTareba da gavrceleba; manqanamowyobilobe-
meqsikas. mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli am wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobis bisa da satransporto saSualebaTa eqsportis mkveTri zrda.
gaintensiurebas. iTvaliswinebs tarifebis Semcirebas, wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis kapitalis gatana da misi sxva qveyanaSi investireba SesaZleblobas iZleva mimReb
savaWro sferoSi SeRavaTebis miniWebas da sxv.). qveyanaze gavlenis moxdenis.
mkveTrad gazrdilma urTierTdamokidebulebam da integraciam, marTalia, gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan kapitali miemarTeba Tanamedrove
keTildReoba moutana am saxelmwifoebs, magram maT garkveuli politikuri da wamyvani dargebisaken, mecnierebatevadi dargebisaken.
ekonomikuri problemebi Seuqmna. TiTqos urTierTdamokidebuleba ufro swrafad meoce saukunis bolodan aseve kapitali umetesad miemarTeba ganviTarebuli da
ganviTarda, vidre misi marTvis, menejmentis saSualebebi. gansakuTrebiT unda liberaluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli qveynebisaken, maSin roca adre tendencia
aRiniSnos, rom am qvesistemis saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo sxvagvari iyo, da kapitali miemarTeboda ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan ganviTa-
ganviTarebuli erovnuli ekonomika sxva monawileTa ekonomikuri politikisa da rebadebSi. kapitalis eqsportis geografiis cvlileba, erTis mxriv, dakavSirebulia
viTarebis mimarT metad mgrZnobiarea. erTis avadmyofoba gadadis meoreze. erTi kapitalis mimRebi dargebis cvlilebasTan. meores mxriv, zogierTi mecnieri eWvs
qveynis monetarul, savaWro da investiciaTa politikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi gamoTqvams, rom vinaidan ucxouri investiciebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ganviTa-
uSualo gavlenas axdenen sxva saxelmwifoebis imave sferoebze. uaryofiTi movlenebi, rebul kapitalistur qveynebs Soris, xolo es qveynebi aSS-is mokavSireebi arian,
rogoricaa umuSevroba, warmoebis dacema, inflacia da sxv., am SemTxvevaSi sazRvrebs amerikis mokavSireebi ara marto sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi xdebian masze
ar scnobs. damokidebulni, aramed im mizeziTac, rom maT mwarmoeblebs vrcel amerikul bazarze

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sxvadasxva kuTxeSi radikalurad gansxvavebul xelfasebs iReben. yovelive zemo- garda amisa, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis poziciebidan Tu vimsjelebT,
Tqmulis safuZvelze gilpini ar miiCnevs dRevandel msoflios iseT integrirebulad, urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi Careva xdeba saxelmwifo politikasa da
rogoradac bevri mis daxatvas cdilobs. ekonomikaSi. igi asustebs erovnuli qveynis marTvas. TiTqos sadRac zRudavs
bevris azriT, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro erovnul interesebsac ki. joan spiros azriT, sul ufro izrdeba daZabuloba
organizacia da sxva saerTaSoriso institutebi seriozul reformebs saWiroeben, saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso menejmentebs Soris, vinaidan xSirad erovnul mTavrobas
raTa moergon axal realobas globaluri ekonomikis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am uwevs rTuli da kompleqsuri saSinao problemebis mosagvareblad jer
organizaciebiT mudmivad ukmayofiloebi iyvnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmo- urTierTdamokidebulebiT gamowveuli problemebis mogvarebaze fiqri.
madgenlebi, maT reformirebaze realurad saubari daiwyo 1990 wels aSS-s dasavleTis qvesistema aris liberaluri. am qvesistemis mTavari niSnebia: mWidro
warmomadgenelTa palatis konservatuli frTis mier. kritika gansakuTrebiT exeboda urTierTdamokidebuleba da maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi liberaluri ekonomikiT da
saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, romelsac adanaSaulebdnen Tanxebis fuW xarjvaSi da liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis matarebeli mTavrobebiT.
sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli politiksaTvis. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad
Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelmac muSaobis Sedegad SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi
kongress warudgina. CrdiloeT-samxreTis (damokidebulebis) qvesistema
komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, aucilebelia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da
msoflio bankis radikaluri reformireba da restruqturizacia, vinaidan es am qvesistemaSi mkafiod gamoxatuli dapirispireba da daqvemdebareba SeiniSneba
organizaciebi cuds ufro xSirad akeTebdnen ganviTarebad samyaroSi, vidre kargs. ganviTarebul (dasavleT evropa, CrdiloeT amerika da iaponia) da ganviTarebad
amasTan, miliardian sesxebs gascemdnen saSualoSemosavlian qveynebze, romlebsac (afrika, azia da laTinuri amerika) qveynebs Soris. dasavleTis qvesistemisgan
SeeZloT Tavad gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba bazarze gansxvavebiT, am qvesistemaSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi Zlier gansxvavdebian
dayrdnobiT. erTmaneTisagan ekonomikis ganviTarebis doniT da saerTo erovnuli produqtiT erT
ZiriTadi rekomendacia gulisxmobda Semdegs: saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds unda sul mosaxleze. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mdgoma-
SeezRuda sesxebis gacema ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis da Seewyvita maT saSinao reoba garkveulwilad umjobesdeba, absoluturi gansxvaveba SemosavlebSi ucvlelia.
politikur da ekonomikur saqmeebSi Careva. garda amisa, vinaidan saerTaSoriso umTavresi problema am uTanasworo qvesistemisa aris damokidebuleba (daqvem-
savaluto fondi hpirdeboda ganviTarebad qveynebs, rom daexmareboda maT finansuri debareba). daqvemdebareba arsebobs, rodesac samxreTis saxelmwifoebs ekonomikuri
problemebis dros, komisiis azriT, ubiZgebda ganviTarebad qveynebs ufro meti sesxi interaqciis maRali done gaaCniaT CrdiloeTis qveynebTan, rodesac es interaqcia
aeRoT fondidan, vidre es maT sWirdebodaT, rac kidev ufro damokidebuls xdida am Zalian mniSvnelovania erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, samxreTis saxel-
qveynebs fondze. amasTan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis xangrZlivi daxmareba mwifoebi damokidebulebi xdebian CrdiloeTSi mimdinare movlenebze da CrdiloeTis
qveynebs `azarmacebda~ da saSualebas aZlevda maT finansurad gaumarTlebeli saxelmwifoebis qmedebebze. CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoebisaTvis ki es interaqciebi ar
saqcieli CaedinaT. aris xarisxobrivad mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, urTierTdamokidebuleba aris
msoflio bankTan mimarTebaSi igive saxis SeniSvnebi iyo. komisiis rekomendaciiT, simetriuli movlena, maSin, rodesac damokidebuleba — asimetriuli.
banks unda Seemcirebina sesxebis gacema (gilpinis monacemebiT, msoflio banki daqvemdebarebis sxvadasxva formebi arsebobs.
weliwadSi daaxloebiT 50 miliard dolaris sesxebs gascems) da Seewyvita kerZo aris savaWro daqvemdebareba — samxreTis saxelmwifoebis umetesobis Sida bazrebi
seqtorTan konkurencia, riTac afuWebda bazars da xels uSlida adgilobriv pataraa da isini mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebulni CrdiloeTis bazrebze, raTa
mewarmeebs. gaitanon da gayidon TavianTi saqoneli. Sesabamisad samxreTi Zalian mgrZnobiareaa
da bolos, rekomendaciebSi naTqvamia, rom bazarze orientirebuli globaluri CrdiloeTSi arsebuli faqtorebis mimarT, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri,
ekonomikis pirobebSi aranairi Carevaa saWiro, da es dasaSvebia mxolod iSviaTi romlebic qmnian CrdiloeTis moTxovnas da gavlenas axdenen vaWrobaze. garda amisa,
gamonaklisebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc gilpini wers, faqtiurad meore msoflio omis samxreTis qveynebis vaWrobis udidesi procenti xSirad modis CrdiloeTis romelime
damTavrebis Semdeg pirvelad daisva SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, saerTod, saWiroa Tu ara erT konkretul saxelmwifoze, rac kidev erTxel aZlierebs mis damokidebulebas am
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. konkretul bazarze. samxreTi, rogorc wesi, yidis erT an ramdenime pirvelad
ramdenime sityviTSevexebi antiglobalistur moZraobas. Tavad e.w. antiglobalis- produqts, amitom Zalian mgrZnobiarea am produqciaze moTxovnilebis rxevadobaze.
tebi miiCneven, rom termini `antiglobalizmi~ masmediis mier aris mogonili da is maT Tanac, yidis umetesad nedleuls da naxevarfabrikats, rac bevrad ufro iafia, vidre
ar Seefereba, vinaidan isini globalizaciis procesis winaaRmdeg ki ar gamodian, mza produqcia. amgvarad, susti qveynebi vaWrobaSi eqsportze xdebian damokidebulni,
aramed msoflios arasamarTliani mowyobis mowinaaRmdegeebi arian da moiTxoven ufro raTa miRebuli SemosavliT moaxerxon importis xarjebis dafarva. xolo vinaidan,
samarTlian msoflios. maTi ZiriTadi lozungia — `sxvanairi msoflios arseboba rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, nedleulisa da naxevarfabrikatis Rirebuleba bevrad
SesaZlebelia~. isini miiCneven, rom SeuzRudavi vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTo- naklebia mza produqciis fasTan SedarebiT, eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali ar
bebis intensifikacia mxolod ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis aris momgebiani yofnis imports, da es mudmivi procesia.
Raribi saxelmwifoebis xarjze. zogierTi antiglobalistis azriT, globalizaciis daqvemdebarebis meore formaa daqvemdebareba kapitaldabandebis sferoSi.
procesi imperialisturi xasiaTisaa. ase mag., erayis omis dawyebis mizani iyo usafrT- samxreTis qveynebSi Sida kapitaldabandebebi ucxouria. amitom, ucxouri kapital-
xoebis mizniT fuladi danazogebis amerikaSi gadadineba. amgvarad, globalizacia dabandebebi akontrolebs am qveynis wamyvan dargebs. daqvemdebarebis done, aqedan
ufro amerikanizaciaa, vinaidan am procesidan yvelaze met sargebels iRebs yvelaze gamomdinare, Zalian maRalia da viTardeba ara qveynisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli,
mdidari saxelmwifo aSS-is saxiT. aramed CrdiloeTisaTvis misaRebi da xelsayreli sferoebi.
antiglobalistebi aseve miiCneven, rom globalizaciis procesi siamayis safuZvels daqvemdebarebis mesame formaa finansuri. susti qveyana iRebs daxmarebas
ar iZleva, vinaidan igi exeba korporaciebs da fuls, magram ara xalxs. amis naTeli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondidan, romelic itovebs uflebas ukarnaxos qveyanas
ilustracia, maTi azriT, aris mkacri kontroli migraciaze TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da ekonomikis warmoebis politika da Caerios qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi.
Sromis uflebebis ugulebelyofa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. fondi qveyanas uyenebs garkveul pirobebs, romlebic man unda Seasrulos.
kidev erTi argumenti, romelsac iyeneben antiglobalistebi isaa, rom moTxovnebis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi fonds aqvs qveynis dasjis berketebic
globalizaciis procesSi meorexarisxovani xdeba suverenuli saxelmwifo, knindeba (momdevno tranSis argacema, finansuri daxmarebis Sewyveta, Sav siaSi Seyvana, aS.).
misi roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da igi kargavs TviTmyobadobas. susti qveynebi iReben sesxebs, agreTve, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis kerZo
gilpini, ganixilavs ra globaluri ekonomiis marTvis sakiTxebs, aRniSnavs, rom komerciuli bankebisgan.

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 susti qveynis finansuri daqvemdebarebis kidev erTi maCvenebelia ganviTarebuli orad aiwevs da, garda amisa, aRmosavleT evropidan Camosulebi, daTanxmdebian ra
Zlieri qveynebis komerciuli bankebisadmi davalianeba. ucxouri daxmareba qmnis SedarebiT nakleb anazRaurebaze, gaafuWeben biznes garemos, anu adgilobrivi
daqvemdebarebas. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, susti qveynebi eqvemdebareba im mosaxleoba arakonkurentunarian garemoSi aRmoCndeba.
organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebs, romlebSic maT xmis ufleba ar gaaCniaT (msoflio gilpinis azriT, Sromis globalizacia pirvel msoflio omamde ufro intensiurad
banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi). susti qveynebi gaTiSulia yvela mimdinareobda, vidre mas Semdeg an axla. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT evropam miiRo
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom sustia. Tumca bevri ltolvili da emigranti, maTi mxolod umniSvnelo procenti miiRebs moqa-
amasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso safinanso-savaluto organizaciebs da laqeobas. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi Sromis migracia aRar aris msoflio
ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs TavianTi mosazrebebi aqvs. maTi azriT, samxreTis ekonomiis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani da Tavad evrokavSirSic ki erTi wevri
qveynebSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi farTod gavrcelebuli korufciis gamo, miRebuli saxelmwifodan meoreSi migracia dabali intensivobiT xdeba.
Tanxa (daxmareba) arakeTilsindisierad ixarjeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, aZnelebs SromiTi migrantebisaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnili barierebia, romlebzec kontrols
SemdgomSi Tanxis dabrunebas da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, im dargis an sferos mTavrobebi axorcieleben. amis erT-erT mizezad gilpini asaxelebs socialur SeRa-
ganviTarebas, romlisTvisac iyo is Tanxa gamiznuli. garda amisa, ganviTarebul vaTebs, riTac, damkvidrebuli azriT, mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebma unda isargeblon.
saxelmwifoebs magaliTad mohyavT axali industriuli qveynebi, romlebmac SeZles amis gamo adamianebi Raribi qveynebidan ver Cadian mdidar qveynebSi, sadac isini
daxmarebis miznobrivad gamoyeneba, TavianTi ekonomikis giganturi nabijebiT SeZlebdnen normaluri samuSaos moZebnas da normaluri xelfasis miRebas. es ki, Tavis
ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, daqvemdebarebisTvis garkveulwilad Tavis daRweva. mxriv, Seamcirebda sxvaobas mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs Soris. sxvanairad rom
zemoT aRniSnuli ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebebi, Cveulebriv, kidev ufro vTqvaT, mcire wvlili iqneboda globaluri simdidris gadanawilebaSi naklebad
Zlierdeba sxva saxis urTierTobebiT CrdiloeTTan: kulturuli kavSirebi, sxvadasxva mdidari qveynebisTvis.
saxis aliansebi da xelSekrulebebi, araformaluri politikuri kavSirebi da samxedro ekonomikis sferos globalizaciaze saubrisas beki aRniSnavs, rom xdeba inter-
kavSirebi, dawyebuli samxedro daxmarebiT da damTavrebuli samxedro intervenciiT. nacionalizacia da ara globalizacia. igi wers: `msoflios garkveul regionebs SigniT
joan spiros azriT, samxreTis saxelmwifo im institutebis mier miRebuli da maT Soris, transnacionaluri savaWro da samrewvelo kavSirebis ganmtkicebis
gadawyvetilebebis sagani xdeba, romlebSic mas bevris Tqmis ufleba ar aqvs. msoflio dafiqsireba SeiZleba, es Seexeba amerikas, aziasa da evropas. amis dasturia is, rom
ekonomikis marTvidan samxreTis saxelmwifoebis gamoricxvis yvelaze naTeli vaWroba da ucxouri investiciebi jer kidev msoflios am sam msxvil ekonomikur bloks
magaliTebia iseTi ekonomikuri institutebi CrdiloeTSi, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso Soris xorcieldeba, amitomac laparakoben msoflio ekonomikis triadizaciaze~.
savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia. es is institutebia, globalizaciis kritikosebis azriT, globalizaciis usamarTlobis kidev erTi
romlebic Seiqmna ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier da, romlebic gamoxataven maT naTeli ilustracia aris is, rom is msoflios sxvadasxva nawils gansxvavebulad Seexo.
interesebs. CrdiloeTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gadawyveti- saerTaSoriso savaWro da safinanso kavSirebi yvelaze intensiurad CrdiloeT
lebebi gavlenas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur zrdaze. amgvarad, amerikaSi, dasavleT evropasa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi ganviTarda. saerTaSoriso
samxreTis qveynebis azriT, arsebuli sistema aris arakanonieri, vinaidan maT ar vaWrobaSi dRes liderebi arian aSS, dasavleT evropa da iaponia. msoflio produqciis
gaaCniaT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba da isini realurad ver iReben monawileobas warmoebis udidesi wilic am sameulze modis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas produqciis
am sistemis marTvaSi. arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigi samxreTis daqvemdebarebis eqsportze da produqciis moxmarebaze. xolo rac Seexeba safinanso sferos, aq udavo
SenarCunebis institutad aRiqmeba am qveynebis mier da ukve mravali welia mis Secvlas lideria aSS. aSS dolari msoflios yvela kuTxeSia konvertabeluri da ucxouri
moiTxoven. maTi survilia monawileoba miiRon sistemis marTvaSi da srulad investiciebis umetesobac am valutaSi xorcieldeba. am mizeziT, dolars eqspansiur
isargeblon am sistemis sikeTeebiT. valutasac uwodeben da globalizacias `amerikanizaciasTan~ aigiveben. maTi azriT,
yovelive amis Semdeg unda iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri daqvemdebareba politikuri meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli procesi jer kidev ar Sexebia Rarib
daqvemdebarebis sawindaria da politikur gadawyvetilebebs sust saxelmwifoebs qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziaSi. naklebad savaraudoa,
Zlierebi axveven Tavs. rom es odesme moxdes. es qveynebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi arian maSin, rofesac
saubaria warmoebis, vaWrobisa da finansuri urTierTobebis globalizaciaze. bevri
mecnieris azriT, savaWro da safinanso urTierTobebis globalizaciam xeli Seuwyo
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis qvesistema simdidris araTanabar gadanawilebas qveynebs Soris.
bevri problema, romlebsac ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegad miiCneven, gil-
am qvesistemas damoukideblobis qvesistemasac uwodeben. masSi moiazreba pinis azriT, mTavrobebis araswori politikisa da gadawyvetilebebis, an teqnolo-
socialisturi qveynebi da dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi, dasavleTis giuri cvlilebebis an sxva faqtorebis Sedegia. garemos dacviTi organizaciebi
sabazro ekonomika da socialisturi qveynebis gegmiuri ekonomika. civi omis periodSi aqtiurad gamodian globalizaciis winaaRmdeg, Tumca, ekologiuri problemebi ara
isini izolirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTisgan da maT Soris kavSirebi naklebad iyo. maT globalizaciis procesma, aramed mTavrobebis uyuradRebobam da upasuxisgeblobam
Seqmnes TavianTi ekonomikuri institutebi. aRmosavleTi ar monawileobda saerTa- gamoiwvia. dasavleT evropaSi garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri porblemebis
Soriso savaluto fondSi, msoflio banksa da gatSi. aRmosavleT-dasavleTs Soris vaW- warmoSobaSi adanaSauleben globalizacias, maSin, roca maTi gamomwvevi mizezi
roba umniSvnelo iyo da ar xdeboda kapitalisa Tu investiciebis brunva. dReisaTvis es regionis ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciaa. globalizaciis dadanaSauleba
qvesistema irRveva da igi faqtiurad aRar arsebobs. TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove problemaSi nacionalisturi da qsenofoburi ganwyobis
aRmosavleTis qveynebis SesaZlo gadasvla sxva sistemaSi qmnis mraval politikur Sedegia politikuri memarjveneebis mxridan da antikapitalisturi azrovnebisa —
da ekonomikur problemas. aqedan gamomdinare, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTa- politikuri memarcxeenebis mxridan.
Soriso ekonomikaSi sami ZiriTadi problemaa: urTierTdamokidebulebis kontroli gilpini miiCnevs, rom ekonomikuri integraciis da urTierTdamokidebulebis
dasavleTis sistemaSi, Tanasworobis miRweva da ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebis moxsna, gasazomad yvelaze kargi meTodia `erTi fasis kanoni~. Tu erTsa da imave saqonels da
dasavleT-aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaZliereba da amis xarjze momsaxurebas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi an mis sxadasxva regionSi erTnairi an daaxloebiT
aRmosavleTis ekonomikis gaZliereba (dasavleTis ekonomikasTan miaxloeba da Semdeg erTnairi fasi aqvs, maSin ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom es ekonomikebi mWidrod
gaTanabreba). integrirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, dRevandel msoflioSi fasebi Zalin gan-
sxvavebulia. Tu am kanons aSS-Tan mimarTebaSi gamoviyenebT, davinaxavT, rom amerikis
fasebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis fasebisgan. gansakuTrebuli sxvaobaa
Sromis anazRaurebaSi da identuri Sromis SesrulebaSi adamianebi msoflios

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warmoSobs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadasaxadebis sakiTxi. iyo mcdelobebi navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia
dawyebuliyo ganxilvebi internet-vaWrobis dabgvrasTan dakavSirebiT, magarm (Organisation of Petrolium Exporting Countries – OPEC)
seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gamo, ver moxerxda. vaWrobis globalurobis kidev erTi
magaliTia eleqtronuli plastikuri baraTebis farTo gavrceleba, romelic, Tavis navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (opeki) aris TerTmeti ganviTarebadi
mxriv, mWidro kavSirSia finansur globalizaciasTan. plastikuri baraTebiT qveynisagan Semdgari saerTaSoriso organizacia. daarsda 1960 wlis seqtemberSi
SesaZlebelia produqciis SeZena an momsaxurebiT sargebloba nebismier qveyanaSi. baRdadis konferenciaze. pirveli xuTi weli Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. 1965 wlidan ki —
finansebis globalizaciis dasawyisad, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, breton-vudsis venaSia. misi wevrebi mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebuli navTobidan miRebul
Semdgom periods miiCneven, rodesac saubari daiwyo erTiani safinanso reJimis Semosavalze, rogorc Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaroze da es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa
Seqmnaze da saxelmwifoebis mier erToblivi safinanso politikis SemuSavebaze. am qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis. opeks hyavs xuTi damaarsebeli qveyanaa: irani, erayi,
finansuri globalizaciis saboloo mizania erTiani safinanso bazris Camoyalibeba. quveiTi, saudis arabeTi da venesuela. Semdeg SeuerTdnen: katari (1961w.), indonezia
xolo rac Seexeba globalur valutas, pirvelad am funqciis Sesruleba dolarma (1961w.), libia (1962w.), arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi (1967w.), alJiri (1969w.),
daiwyo, 2002 wels ki evros SemoRebam kidev erTxel daadastura finansuri nigeria (1971w.), ekvadori (1973-1992ww.) da gaboni (1975-1994ww.).
globalizaciis arseboba. globaluri aqtivebic finansebi globalizaciis Sedegia. maTgan ekvadorma da gabonma meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi datoves organizacia.
bankebis umetesoba transnacionalur saqmianobas eweva. maTi nebismieri opekis daarsebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen seriozuli navTobkompaniebi, romlebic,
filialidan msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi SeiZleba fulis gagzavna an sxva ZiriTadad, aSS-s britaneTsa da germanias ekuTvnoda. opeks surda navTobis fasebis da
transnacionaluri finansuri operaciis ganxorcieleba. garda amisa, bankebma daiwyes mwarmoeblebis gadasaxadebis Semcireba. Tavidan igi muSaobda rogorc araformaluri
sesxebis gacema sxva qveynebSi da kreditorebis saqmianobas eleqtronuli kavSiriT gaerTianeba, romelic awarmoebda molaparakebebs mesame samyaros mier navTobis
axorcieleben. gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT. im periodSi misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda
finansuri globalizacia icavs qveynebs finansuri krizisebisagan da saSualebas dasavleTis navTobkompaniebTan TanamSromlobiT da navTobis xarisxis kontroliT.
aZlevs maT problemebis dros sxva saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT isargeblon. Tumca, organizaciis wevroba Tavisufalia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, romelic warmoadgens
finansuri globalizaciis dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, mis uaryofiT Tvisebebzec navTobis solidur eqsportiors da iziarebs organizaciis idealebs.
saubroben. finansuri bazrebis aseTi intensiuri da mWidro kavSiris pirobebSi arc TerTmeti wevri erToblivad bazars miawodebs navTobis mTeli produqciis 40%-s
erTi qveyana ar aris dazRveuli e.w. `dominos principisagan~, anu rodesac erT da flobs msoflio navTobis dadasturebuli maragis 3/4-ze mets. ufro konkretulad,
qveyanaSi Seqmnili finansuri problemebi yvela mis partniorze vrceldeba. opeki flobs 78%. aqedan yvelaze didi wili modis saudis arabeTze, Semdeg modian
ofSoruli centrebi aseve finansuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aseTi zonebi irani, erayi, quveiTi, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, venesuela, libia, nigeria,
gamartivebuli momsaxurebiT da SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT, gansakuTrebiT, katari, alJiri da indonezia. maTgan saudis arabeTis, iranisa da erayis maragebi
gavrcelebulia axal industriul qveynebsa da karibis kunZulebze da investorTa Seadgens opekis mTeli maragis 57%-s.
mozidvas isaxavs miznad. opekis mizania koordinireba gauwios wevri saxelmwifoebis politikas navTobTan
kapitalis iseT intensiur brunvas, rogoric dRes aris, istoriaSi analogi ar mimarTebaSi, raTa uzrunvelyos samarTliani da stabiluri fasebi navTobproduqci-
moepoveba. kapitali WeSmaritad globaluri gaxda da, ugulebelyofs ra sazRvrebs, aze, efeqturi, ekonomiuri da regularuli miwodeba momxmarebeli saxelmwifoebisaT-
miemarTeba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac swrafi da maRali mogeba aqvs vis da kapitalis samarTliani dabruneba maTTvis, vinc investireba moaxdina indus-
garantirebuli. Tumca aq aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi mudmivad triaSi.
ukmayofiloni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikiT kapitaldabandebis sferoSi opekis ministrTa konferencia ikribeba weliwadSi orjer da igi pasuxismgebelia
da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciis sikeTeebiT am sferoSic ganviTarebulma organizaciis zogadi politikis formulirebaze.
saxelmwifoebma isargebles. maT saSualeba miecaT TavianTi kapitali miemarTaT im opekis samdivno mudmivmoqmedi mTavrobaTaSoriso organoa. igi dafuZnebulia
qveynebisken da im sferoebisken, romlebic maTTvis iyo momgebiani. mimRebi qveynebis venaSi. samdivnos oficialuri enaa inglisuri.
interesebi ki arasodes aris gaTvaliswinebuli. ganviTarebadi qveynebis azriT, opekis daxmarebiT, misi wevri qveynebi eqsportidan mniSvnelovnad met mogebas
amgvarad dabandebuli kapitali maT qveyanas ar exmareba ganviTarebaSi da metic, maT iReben, vidre isini amas damoukideblad miiRebdnen. opekis oficialuri internet-
problemebs uqmnis. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi ver gverdis monacemebiT, 2004 wels opekis TerTmetma wevrma miiRo 338 miliardi aSS
akontroleben ucxour kapitals da ver moqmedeben masze Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr. dolari navTobis eqsportidan. 2003 welTan SedarebiT es ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda.
Tumca, biznesis warmoebisas komerciuli interesi ara Tu mimRebi saxelmwifos, aramed igive internet-gverdze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia SevadaroT es ricxvebi 1972 wlis
erovnulsac ki naklebad eqvemdebareba. monacemebs, rodesac eqsportiorebma miiRes 23 miliardi aSS dolari, an 1977 wlis
kapitalbrunvis intensifikaciasTan erTad globalizaciis eram misi axali monacemebs, rodesac 1973 wlis energo krizisis Semdeg eqsportiorma qveynebma 140
formebic moitana. farTo gavrcelebas povebs kapitaldabandebebis ganxorcieleba miliardi aSS dolari miiRes.
telefonebisa da internetis saSualebiT. navTobi iyideba amerikul dolarSi da, Sesabamisad, misi kursi Zalian did gavlenas
warmoebisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegia Sromis globalizacia, axdens opekze, mag., Tu dolaris kursi ecema, maSin opekis wevrebi nakleb Tanxas iReben
rasac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis intensiuri migracia mohyva. dReisaTvis migraciis TavianT valutaSi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba maT gadamxdelunarianobaze. evros
tendenciaa ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebulSi, rac Zalian bevr problemas SemoRebis Semdeg opekis ramdenime wevr saxelmwifos, maT Soris erays, mcdeloba
qmnis. gamudmebiT izrdeba aralegalur migrantTa ricxvi, romlebmac samuSaos ZiebaSi hqonda navTobis gayidvebi evroze gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uSedegod, Tu am mosazrebas
datoves TavianTi qveynebi da ufro mdidar saxelmwifoebs miaSures. opekis yvela wevri gaiziarebda, maSin aSS-s ekonomikas seriozuli zarali miadgeboda.
dasavleT evropa da aSS gamudmebiT fiqroben SromiTi migrantebis problemebze opekis gadawyvetilebebi did gavlenas axdens navTobis saerTaSoriso fasebze.
rogorc ganviTarebadi, aseve aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebidan. evrokavSirSi magaliTad, 1973 wlis energokrizisis dros opekma uari ganacxada navTobis eqsportze
intensiurad mimdinareobs molaparakebebi qveynebs Soris, imis Taobaze, rom dasavleTis qveynebSi (aSS da dasavleT evropa), romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels iom
aRmosavleT evropis moqalaqeebs mianiWon dasavleT evropis qveynebSi muSaobis qifuris anu oqtombris omSi egviptisa da siriis winaaRmdeg. aman ganapiroba navTobis
ufleba, rac, maTi azriT, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs aralegaluri migrantebis ricxvs fasis gaoTxmageba, ramac xuT Tves gastana, 1973 wlis 17 oqtombridan 1974 wlis 18
am qveynebidan da, garkveulwilad, xels Seuwyobs Crdilovani ekonomikis martamde.
legalizacias. gasakviri ar aris, rom am mosazrebebs ar iziarebs Tavad dasavleT energokrizisi gamowveuli iyo arab-israelis konfliqtiT. embargomde industri-
evropis mosaxleoba, miaCnia ra, rom umuSevrobis isedac maRali maCvenebeli erTi- uli dasavleTi, da gansakuTrebiT aSS, opekidan navTobs iRebda sakmaod iafad. 1945-

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1970 wlebSi dasavleTma da iaponiam moixmares ufro meti navTobi da mineralebi, vidre msoflios nebismieri qveynidan; mobiluroba, rac gulisxmobs mogebis gazrdis mizniT
mTeli kacobriobis istoriis manZilze. navTobis gamoyeneba aSS-Si gaormagda 1950-1974 sawarmos gadatanas msoflios erTi kuTxidan meoreSi; da, bolos, is efeqturoba,
wlebSi.. am periodSi aSS-is mosaxleoba Seadgenda msoflio mosaxleobis 6% da romelic miiRweva procesis aseTi danawilebis Sedegad dazogili droiT. warmoebis
moixmarda msoflios navTobis 33%. aseTi tipis farTod gavrceleba meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da misi
vinaidan opekis saxelmwifoebi navTobs aSS dolarebSi yiddnen da amasTan, navTobis Tanmdevi procesia mosaxleobis migracia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sromis globalizaciis
fasi dolarebSi iyo dafiqsirebuli, nebismieri cvlileba aSS-is ekonomikaSi Semadgeneli nawilia.
aisaxeboda opekis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikaze. xolo, vinaidan meoce saukunis globaluri warmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegia e.w. `specialuri ekonomikuri zonebi”,
samocdaaTian wlebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda amerikaSi, bunebrivia, navTobis sadac adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier dawesebulia SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi an
eqsportiori qveynebi am movlenebisgan izolirebulni ver darCnen. amerikis saerTod gaTavisuflebulia saeqsporto da saimporto gadasaxadebisagan. pirvelad
prezidenti riCard niqsoni 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi arasaxarbielo viTarebaSi aseTi zonebi evropaSi Seiqmna, Tumca mogvianebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova laTinur
aRmoCnda. fasebis zrda da ekonomikuri stagnacia umwvavesi sakiTxebi iyo. 1971 wels amerikaSi, karibis kunZulebze da, gansakuTrebiT, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac aseTi
niqsonma SeaCera dolaris konvertabeluroba oqroSi. dasrulda valutebis mcocavi zonebis Seqmna axali industriuli qveynebis politikuri da ekonomikuri elitisaTvis
kursebis era, rac faqtiurad breton-vudsis sistemis daSlas niSnavda. amis Semdeg erT-erT prioritetadac iqca. gasul saukineSi am qveynebis saocari tempebiT
dolari oqrosTan SedarebiT 8%-iT gaufasurda 1971 wlis dekembers da Semdeg isev ganviTarebis erT-erT mizezad bevri swored maT aseT ekonomikur politikas miawers.
gaufasurda 1973 wels. globaluri warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli produqti, bunebrivia, globaluri
gaufasurebam gamoiwvia msoflios ekonomikisa da politikis aramdgradoba. produqtia, romelic aseve globalur qselebSi iyideba (benetoni, naiki, gepi, peJo,
amasTan erTad, 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, dolaris gaufasureba daemTxva navTobis reno da mravali sxva).
fasis dacemas dolarebSi. aman gaamyara amerikeli biznesmenebis mdgomareoba globalur warmoebaSi Cabmul kompaniebs transnacionaluri korporaciebi
iaponelebTan da evropelebTan SedarebiT. magram dolaris kursis dacemam da ewodeba. maTi erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom maTi deda-kompania aris
devalvaciam gamoiwvia mesame samyaros nedleulis mwarmoebelTa ukmayofileba. isini erT qveyanaSi, xolo Svilobili kompaniebi — sxva qveynebSi. maT faqtiurad ar gaaCniaT
mixvdnen, rom simdidre xelidan eclebodaT da maTi Semosavlebi da qoneba cota xnis erovneba da, TavisTavad, ar scnoben sazRvrebs. dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 60 aTasi
win bevrad ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre axla. aman ganapiroba brZola msoflios transnacionaluri kompaniaa da maTi ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. magram miuxedavad
bunebrivi resursebis SenarCunebisaTvis da dasavleTma da opekis wevrma saxel- imisa, rom msoflios 100 yvelaze msxvili transnacionaluri kompaniis aqtivebis
mwifoebma ufro konstruqciul SeTanxmebebs miaRwies resursebis ganawilebasTan TiTqmis naxevari im saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs gareTaa, sadac saTavo ofisebia,
dakavSirebiT. Tumca, opekis wevri qveynebi miiCnevdnen, rom isini metis Rirsni iyvnen. transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis umetesi nawili jer kidev TavianT
amas erTvoda opekis arabuli saxelmwifoebis ukmayofileba aSS-sa da misi momxreebis saxelmwifoebSia.
proebrauli politikiT regionSi — israelma miiRo daxmareba, raTa SewinaaRmdegeboda vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubari gatiT unda daviwyoT. am organizaciam, rogorc
egviptisa da siriis jarebs. opekma dasavleTis dasja gadawyvita — ganviTarebuli ukve aRvniSne, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli vaWrobis liberalizacias da niadagi
qveynebi, romlebic Zlier iyvnen damokidebuli opekis navTobze, kidev ufro moamzada savaWro urTierTobebis intensifikaciisaTvis. gatis Semcvleli — msoflio
damokidebuli gaexadaT da es damokidebuleba Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina. savaWro organizaciac igive mizans emsaxureba, Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyobasa da
opekma navTobis miyidva aSS-sTvis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiisTvis. vaWrobaSi proteqcionizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas.
bevri sxva gaerTianebebisagan gansxvavebiT, opekma warmatebas miaRwia navTobis Tumca, rac ar unda paradoqsuli iyos, Tavad `Tavisufali bazris~ ideis avtorebi
fasis didi xniT zrdaSi. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, am warmatebaSi didi wvlili da gamtareblebic mimarTaven xolme proteqcionistul zomebs vaWrobaSi. dRes
miuZRvis saudis arabeTs, romelmac Seamcira Tavisi produqcia, rom gaeTanabrebina dasavleTi ZiriTadad icavs Tavis bazars axali industriuli qveynebis
opekis mTliani warmoeba, radgan zogma wevrma Tavis wils gadaaWarba. am mxriv, saudis produqciisagan.
arabeTis wevroba organizaciisaTvis didi pliusia, vinaidan, danarCeb wevrebs Soris beki eWvqveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom globalizebuli ekonomika saukeTesoa
is erTaderTia, romelsac gaaCnia imdenad soliduri rezervi, rom saWiroebis msoflioSi keTildReobis donis asamaRleblad da miaCnia, rom `Tavisufali vaWroba~,
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia resursebiT manevrireba. dRevandeli gagebiT, Zalian Sors aris devid rikardoseuli modelisagan. mesame
opekis politika warmatebuli gamodga. man SeZlo daumuSavebeli navTobisa da samyaros da evropis postkomunistur qveynebSi ekonomikis dabali done da
damuSavebuli da gawmendili navTobis fasebis gaTanabreba. magram opeks ar SeuZlia gavrcelebuli umuSevroba aiZulebs am qveynebis mTavrobebs gaataron eqsportze
fasebis usasrulod gazrda. fasis gazrdas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia opekis orientirebuli politika, riTac zaraldeba socialuri da ekologiuri standartebi.
mTliani sistemis Secvla, rac gamoiwvevda momxmareblis mier navTobis magivrad es qveynebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan investiciebis
alternatiuri energiis gamoyenebas. mozidvaSi. saubari imaze, rom Tavisufali vaWrobiT gamowveuli konkurencia amcirebs
navTobis fasis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi komentari gaakeTa iranis Sahma: `ra danaxarjebs da amitom is ormxrivad xelsayrelia, bekis azriT, cinizmia, vinaidan
Tqma unda msoflios navTobis fasi gaizrdeba, ra Tqma unda! da rogor? Tqven danaxarjebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia an gazrdili ekonomiurobiT (ufro
(dasavleli naciebi) xorblis fasi, romelsac Cven mogvyidiT 300%-iT gazardeT, igive srulyofili teqnologiebi, ukeTesi menejmenti, sxv.) an adamianisaTvis Sesabamisi
gaakeTeT cementsa da Saqarze, Tqven yidulobT Cven daumuSavebel navTobs da mere samuSao pirobebis arSeqmniT. amgvarad, bekis azriT, aseTi gziT miRweuli
ukan mogvyidiT mas, ubralod gadamuSavebuls, asjer ufro Zvirad... erTaderTi danaxarjebis Semcireba `transnacionaluri mekobreobis gviandel variants~ hgavs.
samarTali is iqneba, Tu Tqven navTobze mets gadaixdiT. 10-jer ufro mets~ (New York beki aseve iSveliebs maqs veberis mosazrebas, romelic man jer kidev 1894 wels
Times, 1973). gamoTqva Tavis naSromSi — iseTi msoflio ekonomika, rogoris Seqmnac sabolood surT
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, msoflios navTobis Soki daiwyo 1973 wlis 17 oqtombers, dRevandel liberalebs, anu msoflio saxelmwifoebis gareSe da kacobriobis
rodesac opekis arabma wevrebma iom qifuris omis dros ganacxades, rom aRar kulturuli donis sruli gaTanabreba — sruli utopiaa.
miawvdidnen navTobs im qveynebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels egviptesTan vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT vaWrobis eleqtronul
konfliqtSi, anu aSS-sa da mis mokavSire dasavleT evropas. amave dros, opekis wevrma formas. is farTod iwyebs gavrcelebas meoce saukunis bolo periodidan da, Tavis
qveynebma gadawyvites msoflios navTobis fasebi gaeoTxmagebinaT da maT es SeZles. mxriv, informaciis globalizaciis Sedegia. swored inetrnetis saSualebiT
amas bevri eqsperti opekis seriozul gamarjvebad miiCnevs. amave dros, es kargi SesaZlebeli gaxda saxlidan gausvlelad ramdenime wamSi nebismieri produqciis SeZena
magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor iyvnen dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. vaWrobis am formaSi ugulebelyofilia droisa da
damokidebuli opekze. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aisaxa aSS-ze, dasavleT evro- teritoriuli siSoris faqtorebi. Tumca internet-vaWroba garkveul sirTuleebs

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ver iqneboda) ar Camouvardeboda da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda kidec dRevandel paze, kanadasa da iaponiaze. mag., kanadaSi am periodSi inflaciam Seadgina 10%, xolo
maCveneblebs. rogorc hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, vinaidan 1870-1914 wlebSi umuSevroba gaizarda 7%-iT. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam dasavleTis seriozuli
saerTaSoriso savaWro brunva yovelwliurad 3,4%-iT izrdeboda da msoflios SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da kidev erTxel gaamaxvilebina maT yuradReba im politikur-
mTliani Sida produqtis 33%-s Seadgenda, anu saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ekonomikur daZabulobaze, romelic ukve didi xani arsebobda ganviTarebul da
urTierTobebi ufro intensiuri iyo, vidre dRes, globalizaciaze, rogorc ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.
Tanamedrove movlenaze saubari ar aris mizanSewonili da metic, es ubralod miTia. garda amisa, es gamarjveba imedismimcemi iyo mesame samyaros sxva qveynebisaTvis,
globalizaciis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilebi erT-erT argumentad asaxeleben romlebic opekis qveynebi msgavsad antidasavlurad iyvnen ganwyobilni.
pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris periods, rodesac ekonomikuri transaqciebis navTobis fasis gazrdas seriozuli Sedegebi mohyva. aziis qveynebma, romlebic
intensivobam mniSvnelovnad iklo im proteqcionistuli politikis gamo, romlis industriul ZalebSi dominirebdnen, daiwyes sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis obieqtebis
gatarebac daiwyes dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi roli gakontroleba. navTobis eqsportis mwarmoebelma qveynebma daagroves kapitali.
Seasrula aSS-is mier miRebulma smuT-holeis aqtma, romelic am qveynis istoriaSi Semosavalis garkveuli nawili daixarja gaerTianebis SeqmnaSi, romelic unda
yvelaze proteqcionistuli kanoni iyo. Semosul saqonelze tarifebis gazrdiT, daxmareboda sxva ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTa ekonomikac kriziss ganicdida. maT
amerikam faqtiurad aiZula sxva saxelmwifoebi, SeewyvitaT masTan savaWro Semosavali ar hqondaT, radgan dasavleTi Tavis produqtebSi Zalian Zvirs iTxovda, es
urTierTobebi da metic, igive nabijebi gadaedgaT, anu aseve moematebinaT tarifebi qveynebi ki daumuSavebel navTobs iafad yiddnen. am fulis umetesi nawili elitis
importze. am istoriul magaliTze dayrdnobiT globalizaciis skeptikosebi askvnian, xelSi xvdeobda, romelic kvlav abandebda mas dasavleTSi an am Tanxas TavisTvis
rom pirvel rigSi globalizaciis procesi ar aris axali movlena, da meore — is aris itovebda. aseve am fulis didi nawili armiis SesyidvaSi daixarja, ramac kidev ufro
sxva, ufro farTo, procesis nawili, romelic araTanmimdevrulia da seriozuli gaaZliera politikuri daZabuloba aziaSi.
cvalebadobebiT gamoirCeva. Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, meoce saukunis meore naxevridan saudis arabeTma operatiulad daawesa kontroli aramkoze, romlis nacionaliza-
agorebuli axali talRa aucileblad Seicvleba, vinaidan savaraudoa, rom erovnuli ciac moaxdina 1980 wels. aseve opekis sxva wevrebic asrulebdnen yvela moTxovnas,
interesebidan gamomdinare saxelmwifoebi kvlav Caketaven sazRvrebs da swored amitom gaerTianebis Semosavali sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. saudis
daubrundebian proteqcionizms. arabeTma Semosavlebis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT SeimuSava xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma,
am mosazrebis ar eTanxmebian globalizaciis momxreebi da miiCneven, rom msoflio romelic daiwyo 1980 wels da mis ganxorcielebaSi daixarja 250 miliardi aSS
omebs Soris periodis ekonomikuri krizisi swored imis Sedegi iyo, rom qveynebs jer dolari. gaerTianebis sxva wevrebmac SeimuSaves ganviTarebis programebi.
kidev kargad ar hqondaT gaTviTcnobierebuli Ria vaWrobisa da ekonomikis yvela energokrizisma namdvili qaosi warmoqmna dasavleTSi.aSS-Si benzinis galonis
sferoSi intensiuri transaqciebis roli. maTi azriT, krizisi gamowveuli iyo imiT, calobiTi fasi 1973 wlis maisSi iyo 38.5 centi da 1974 wlis ivnisSi 55.1 centamde
rom saxelmwifoebma ara liberaluri, aramed proteqcionisturi mosazrebebiT gaizarda. amis gamo niu-iorkis birJam 97 miliardi dolari eqvs kviraSi dakarga.
ixelmZRvaneles. Tumca, aqve aRniSnaven, rom es Secdoma kargad gaaanalizes dasavlur qveynebSi navTobis eqsportis akrZalvis dasawyisSi, aSS-Si
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma da meore msoflio omis Semdgomi cvlilebebi msoflio yoveldRiurad 1,2 milioni barelis nacvlad, 19000 bareli navTobi Sedioda. misi
ekonomikur urTierTobebSi amis dasturia. moxmareba 1973 wlis seqtembridan Tebervlamde 6.1%-iT Semcirda, xolo 1974 wlis
bevri mecnieris azriT, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia swored meore msoflio zafxulSi ki 7%-iT. aSS-Si iyo sawvavis mwvave ukmarisoba, rac meore msoflio omis
omis Semdeg iwyeba da pirdapir ukavSirdeba breton-vudsis institutebs. msoflio Semdeg pirvelad moxda.
banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi safinanso sferoSi, xolo gati — savaWro navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi arc ki elodnen, rom maT gadawyvetilebas aseTi
sferoSi, axali ekonomikuri wesrigis qvakuTxeds warmoadgendne. pirveli ori Sedegi mohyveboda. maT dainaxes, rom arakomunistur, industriul samyaroSi
organizaciis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT valutis stabiluri kursi, xeli SeewyoT SesaZlebelia aseTi inflacia da, zogadad, ekonomikis aseTi krizisi. industriul
omisagan dasustebuli evropis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gamojansaRebisaTvis, qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, am krizisma kidev ufro gaamwvava umuSevrobis
finansuri daxmareba aRmoeCinaT yvela im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac es esaWi- problema da gansakuTrebiT imoqmeda iseT socialur jgufebze, romlebsac mcire
roeboda da, zogadad, daemkvidrebinaT liberaluri ekonomikuri Rirebulebebi. garda Semosavali hqondaT. aSS-Si skolebi da ofisebi xSirad ixureboda sawvavis ekonomiis
amisa, dadginda valutebis fiqsirebuli kursi, anu saxelmwifoebma TavianTi erovnuli mizniT, qarxnebi amcirebdnen produqciis warmoebas da samsaxuridan iTxovdnen
valutebi aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi gansazRvres, xolo dolari Seefarda oqros. TanamSromlebs.
gatis saqmianoba iTvaliswinebda tarifebis dawevis xelSewyobas da savaWro sferos navTobis eqsportis akrZalva mTlian evropas ar Seexo. evropis ekonomiuri
liberalizacias. im periodSi savaWro brunva TiTqmis oTxjer gaizarda. savaWro da gaerTianebis cxra wevridan yvelaze metad germania dazaralda, radgan man mxari
safinanso sistemebis liberalizacias mohyva sainvesticio klimatis liberalizacia dauWira israels da amerikelebs Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebis ufleba
da qveynebma gaxsnes sazRvrebi saerTaSoriso investiciebisaTvis. misca.didi britaneTi da safrangeTi uwyvetad iRebdnen navTobs, radgan maT uari
miuxedavad imisa, rom breton-vudsis sistemam didi xani ver iarseba da 1971 wels uTxres amerikas Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebaSi da neitraluri pozicia daiWires
man oficialurad Sewyvita arseboba, globalistebis proponentebis azriT, safuZveli arabeT-israelis konfliqtSi. danarCen eqvs wevrs navTobis miwodeba mxolod
Caeyara Tvisebrivad axal, Seuqcevad process, romlis saboloo mizanic aris erTiani nawilobriv SeumcirdaT. didi britaneTi tradiciulad iyo israelis mokavSire da
ekonomikis Seqmna. am procesSi, bunebrivia, erovnuli ekonomika veRar iqneba harold vilsonis mTavroba mxarSi edga israels eqvsdRiani omis dros, magram didi
gancalkevebuli da, rogorc zurab daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, dRevandel pirobebSi britaneTis momdevno premier-ministrma, ted hesma ar gaagrZela es politika da
saxelmwifoebi ise arian erTmaneTze urTierTdamokidebuli, rom arc erTi erovnuli mouxmo israels daTanxmeboda sazRvrebis cvlilebas. amgvarad, evropis ekonomikuri
ekonomika ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `saSinaod~. es aris msoflio, sadac erT qveyanaSi gaerTianebis wevrebma ver miiRes saerTo politikuri gadawyvetileba iom qipuris omis
SegiZlia SeiZino nedleuli, meore qveyanaSi gadaamuSavo igi, mesameSi — Seqmna misgan pirveli Tvis ganmavlobaSi. gaerTianebam sabolood Tavisi azri 6 noembers
produqti, meoTxeSi — SefuTo, mexuTeSi — gayido, xolo meeqvseSi — gauwio yvelafer daafiqsira, rodesac navTobis eqsporti ukve akrZaluli iyo da navTobis fasebic
amas koordinacia. anu, es aris warmoebis procesi sazRvrebs gareSe, rogorc mas ganuxrelad izrdeboda. es gadawyvetileba ganxiluli iyo rogorc proarabuli da
mecnierebi uwodeben. misi arsi isaa, rom erTi warmoebis procesi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi amitom opekma akrZalva gaerTianebis wevrebze ar gamoiyena. magram fasis gazrdam
mimdinareobs. warmoebis aseT process bevri upiratesoba aqvs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia: ufro didi gavlena moaxdina evropaze, vidre saerTod navTobis akrZalvam,
warmoebis ekonomiuroba, romelic ganpirobebulia didi masStabebiT; arCevanis gansakuTrebiT ki did britaneTSi (sadac isini axdendnen industriuli aqciisa da
mravalferovneba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom warmoebis procesSi SesaZlebelia SeirCes qvanaxSiris maRaroebis kombinacias).
nedleuli, danadgarebi, adamianuri resursebi da sxv. yvelaze xelsayrel fasSi

40 37
 aSS-Si energokrizisis daZlevis mizniT specialuri energetikis departamenti dadebiTis garda uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. ramdenime Tvis win amerikis prezidentma
Seiqmna. daiwyo energiis racionalizaciaze aqtiuri fiqri. dawesda grafiki benzinze buSma ganacxada, rom misi qveynisaTvis erT-erTi strategiuli sakiTxia energo-
da mZRolebs mxolod garkveul dReebSi SeeZloT benzinis Casxma. manqanebiT moZraoba uzrunvelyofa da rom qveyanam intensiurad unda daiwyos energiis alternatiuli
mxolod dabali siCqariT SeiZleboda benzinis ekonomiurad moxmarebis mizniT. aseve wyaroebis moZieba da danergva. es kidev erTi naTeli ilustraciaa imisa, rom
specialuri politika SemuSavda sinaTlis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT. amisTvis dasavleTi ar aris mSvidad im faqtiT, rom is iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoric
saaTic ki gadawies dRis Suqis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis mizniT. energetikaa, damokidebulia iseT arastabilur da Znelad Sesacnob saxelmwifoebze
sxva navTobimportiori ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, iaponia yvelaze (ramdenimes garda, romlebsac aSkarad prodasavluri kursi aqvT), rogoric opekis
karg mdgomareobaSi iyo msoflio energokrizisis Semdeg. am qveyanam, realobis wevrebia.
gaTvaliswinebiT, saswrafod daiwyo iseTi dargebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTi bolo xanebSi gadaiqca saudis arabeTis Semdeg meore
romlebic yvelaze naklebad saWiroebda energoresursebs. iaponiis warmatebebi yvelaze msxvil navTobeqsportior qveyanad. mas aseve gaaCnia dadasturebuli da jer
robotmSeneblobasa da, zogadad, maRalteqnologiur sferoSi, swored am periodidan auTvisebeli maragebi arqtikasa da sxva Znelad misadgom regionebSi, rac bunebrivia,
iwyeba. amasTan, iaponelma manqanaTmSeneblebma meore revolucia moaxdines da gaaZvirebs mopovebiT samuSaoebs. ruseTi ar aris opekis wevri, magram eqspertebi sul
Zveleburi didi manqanebis magivrad patara, kompaqturi da ekonomiuri manqanebis ufro xSirad saubroben opekis alternatiuli organizaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze.
gamoSveba daiwyes. specialistebis azriT, 1973 wlis krizisi iyo mTavari faqtori imisa, momavali organizaciis wevrebad moiazrebian ruseTi, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi,
rom iaponia CamoSorda navTobis industrias da uzarmazari investiciebi azerbaijani da irani.
eleqtronikaSi Cado.
1974 wels vaSingtonis konferenciaze molaparakebebis Semdeg navTobze embargo
moixsna, magram krizisis Sedegebi amis Semdeg ufro aSkara gaxda. navTobis fasis zrda
gagrZelda kidev erTi weli da dolari, rogorc valuta, sagrZnoblad dasustda.
energo-krizisis erT-erTi Sedegia is, rom qveynebi seriozulad dafiqrdnen iseTi
energiis miRebaze, romlis ganaxlebac da aRdgenac SeiZlebvoda, gansakuTrebiT xis
sawvavze. aiwyo mzisa da qaris energiis intensiuri kvlevebi. krizisma aseve ganapiroba globalizacia
Crdilo-amerikaSi arsebuli navTobis WaburRilebis Seswavla da aTviseba. garda amisa,
kidev erTxel daarwmuna dasavleTi birTvuli energiisa da naxSiris mniSvnelobaSi. ras eZaxian dRes globalizacias da ratom aris es termini aseTi aqtualuri
krizisis gamo gamoigones mravali ufro efeqtruri manqana, xalxi ki dRevandel msoflioSi? am Temaze davoben ara marto specielistebi, aramed
alternatiuli energiis ZiebaSi iyo, amitom navTobis fasebi TavisTavad daeca da 1973 socialuri mecnierebebidan Sors myofnic. garda amisa, xSirad globalizaciis arsis
wlis krizisis kvali nel-nela qreboda. aSS kvlav iyenebs navTobs Tavis gadmosacemaT SecdomiT iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa: `vesternizacia~,
mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met proporciebSi. `internacionalizacia~, `amerikanizacia~ da sxv. Tavad mecnierTa Soris aris azrTa
1981 wlidan opekis produqciis xarisxma iklo da mas sxva qveynebis produqcia sxvadasxvaoba globalizaciis Sesaxeb da maT mier globalizaciis erTiani gan-
gacilebiT sjobda. Tan, masSi gawevrianebuli qveynebi erTmaneTSi ver Tanxmdebodnen. sazRvrebac ki ar aris SemuSavebuli. amas erTvis is, rom globalizaciis procesi,
saudis arabeTi cdilobda yvelaze didi wili aeRo, igi yidda yvelaze Zvir rogorc ar unda ganvsazRvroT igi, ganuxrelad mimdinareobs da yvela qveyanasa da maT
navTobproduqcias, ris gamoc naklebs an saerTod ar iRebda Semosavals. amis gamo es yvela moqalaqes exeba. gaCnda iseTi terminebic, rogorebicaa `globalisti~ da `anti-
qveyana iZulebuli gaxda Seemcirebina navTobis fasi. navTobis fasma piks 1979 wels globalisti~. antiglobalisturi gamosvlebi dRevandeli msoflios politikuri
miaRwia, maSin erTi bareli Savi oqro 80 aSS dolari Rirda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca.
es ricxvi Semcirda da 38 dolari Seadgina. mTlianobaSi, Savi oqros gaiafeba didi antiglobalisturad ganwyobili beki globalizmze saubrisas wers: `globalizmi —
warmateba iyo navTobmomxmarebeli qveynebisaTvis (iaponiisaTvis, evropisaTvis da esaa azrobrivi virusi, romelic bolo dros Seeyara yvela partias, yvela redaqcias,
gansakuTrebiT — mesame samyarosTvis). yvela institituts. mis dogmats warmoadgens ara is, rom adamianebma ekonomikurad
amave dros, navTobis fasis dacemam seriozuli problema Seuqmna CrdiloeT unda imoqmedon, aramed is, rom yvelaferi, politika, mecniereba, kultura —
evropasa da sparseTis yuris regions, aseve ramodenime mWidrod dasaxlebul qveyanas, ekonomikur primats unda emorCilebodes. amiT neo-liberalisturi globalizmi Tavis
romelTa ekonomikac Zlier iyo damokidebuli navTobze. magaliTad, meqsika, nigeria, dauZinebel mters — marqsizms mogvagonebs~ (ra aris globalizacia? u. beki. gv. 156).
alJiri da libani navTobis gaiafebiT es qveynebi gamouval viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen. globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi aseve Tvlian, rom es procesi neoliberalebis
navTobis gadaWarbebulma warmoebam msoflio bazarze 1980-iani wlebSi warmoSva mogonili da wamowyebulia, vinaidan es maT politikur interesebSi Sedis.
zedmeti produqcia, navTobis fasebi daeca da am faqtma opekSi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia. globalizacia, maTi azriT akninebs suverenuli saxlmwifoebisa da maTimTavrobebis
navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis — venesuelis, nigerisaa da meqsikis ekonomika fasebis rols saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. am mosazrebas globalizaciis proponentebi katego-
vardnis gamo savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, saudis arabeTis uZlieresi riulad ar eTanxmebian da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciam ki ar SezRuda erovnuli
ekonomikac ki dasustda.ganxeTqilebam opekSi ufro gaarTula mdgomareoba mTavrobebis roli, aramed sxva funqcia SesZina maT. ase magaliTad, erovnuli
bevris azriT, 1973 wlis krizisma kargad daanaxa msoflios, Tu ramdenad mTavrobebi axla ufro xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs saqmiani SexvedrebiT, vidre es
damokidebulni arian dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebi navTobze da mis momwodebel odesme momxdara. garda amisa, yvela ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gadawyvetileba
qveynebze. Sesabamisad, dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi, rom navTobwarmoebis regionebi saerTaSoriso doneze miiReba urTierTSeTanxmebiT da erTmaneTis interesebis
dasavleTis mudmivi interesis sfero iqneba da trategiul regionebad moiazreba. gaTvaliswinebiT. swored erovnuli mTavrobebis damsaxurebaa is, rom globalizaciis
navTobis politika ki kvlavac darCeba saSiS da riskian politikad. procesi saerTod daiwyo da igi ase Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs. oponentebi amis
britaneTSi 2004 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda ocdaaTi wlis winandeli dokumentebi. sapirispirod ganviTarebad qveynebs asaxeleben, romlebic yvela mniSvnelovani
maT mixedviT aSS-is politikuri elita 1973 wlis energo-krizisis dros ganixilavda gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan gaTiSulebi arian.
saudis arabeTsa da quveitSi SeWris ides, romli mizanic iyo am qveynebis navTobis globalizmis procesis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilni acxadeben, rom
WaburRilebze kontrolis damyareba. Tumca, es gegmebi uaryofili iyo, rogorc mecxramete saukunis bolos saerTaSoriso transaqciebi ufro intensiuradac ki
droebiTi efeqtis momtani da, saboloo jamSi, uSedego. mimdinareobda, vidre dRes, anu savaWro da safinanso brunva (aq absoluturi
dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da opekis urTierTobaSi yovelTvis raodenobis brunva ar igulisxmeba, rac, naTelia, Tanamedrove maCvenebelze maRali
SeimCneoda daZabuloba. im urTierTdamokidebulebas, romelic arsebobs maT Soris,

38 39
 aSS-Si energokrizisis daZlevis mizniT specialuri energetikis departamenti dadebiTis garda uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. ramdenime Tvis win amerikis prezidentma
Seiqmna. daiwyo energiis racionalizaciaze aqtiuri fiqri. dawesda grafiki benzinze buSma ganacxada, rom misi qveynisaTvis erT-erTi strategiuli sakiTxia energo-
da mZRolebs mxolod garkveul dReebSi SeeZloT benzinis Casxma. manqanebiT moZraoba uzrunvelyofa da rom qveyanam intensiurad unda daiwyos energiis alternatiuli
mxolod dabali siCqariT SeiZleboda benzinis ekonomiurad moxmarebis mizniT. aseve wyaroebis moZieba da danergva. es kidev erTi naTeli ilustraciaa imisa, rom
specialuri politika SemuSavda sinaTlis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT. amisTvis dasavleTi ar aris mSvidad im faqtiT, rom is iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoric
saaTic ki gadawies dRis Suqis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis mizniT. energetikaa, damokidebulia iseT arastabilur da Znelad Sesacnob saxelmwifoebze
sxva navTobimportiori ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, iaponia yvelaze (ramdenimes garda, romlebsac aSkarad prodasavluri kursi aqvT), rogoric opekis
karg mdgomareobaSi iyo msoflio energokrizisis Semdeg. am qveyanam, realobis wevrebia.
gaTvaliswinebiT, saswrafod daiwyo iseTi dargebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTi bolo xanebSi gadaiqca saudis arabeTis Semdeg meore
romlebic yvelaze naklebad saWiroebda energoresursebs. iaponiis warmatebebi yvelaze msxvil navTobeqsportior qveyanad. mas aseve gaaCnia dadasturebuli da jer
robotmSeneblobasa da, zogadad, maRalteqnologiur sferoSi, swored am periodidan auTvisebeli maragebi arqtikasa da sxva Znelad misadgom regionebSi, rac bunebrivia,
iwyeba. amasTan, iaponelma manqanaTmSeneblebma meore revolucia moaxdines da gaaZvirebs mopovebiT samuSaoebs. ruseTi ar aris opekis wevri, magram eqspertebi sul
Zveleburi didi manqanebis magivrad patara, kompaqturi da ekonomiuri manqanebis ufro xSirad saubroben opekis alternatiuli organizaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze.
gamoSveba daiwyes. specialistebis azriT, 1973 wlis krizisi iyo mTavari faqtori imisa, momavali organizaciis wevrebad moiazrebian ruseTi, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi,
rom iaponia CamoSorda navTobis industrias da uzarmazari investiciebi azerbaijani da irani.
eleqtronikaSi Cado.
1974 wels vaSingtonis konferenciaze molaparakebebis Semdeg navTobze embargo
moixsna, magram krizisis Sedegebi amis Semdeg ufro aSkara gaxda. navTobis fasis zrda
gagrZelda kidev erTi weli da dolari, rogorc valuta, sagrZnoblad dasustda.
energo-krizisis erT-erTi Sedegia is, rom qveynebi seriozulad dafiqrdnen iseTi
energiis miRebaze, romlis ganaxlebac da aRdgenac SeiZlebvoda, gansakuTrebiT xis
sawvavze. aiwyo mzisa da qaris energiis intensiuri kvlevebi. krizisma aseve ganapiroba globalizacia
Crdilo-amerikaSi arsebuli navTobis WaburRilebis Seswavla da aTviseba. garda amisa,
kidev erTxel daarwmuna dasavleTi birTvuli energiisa da naxSiris mniSvnelobaSi. ras eZaxian dRes globalizacias da ratom aris es termini aseTi aqtualuri
krizisis gamo gamoigones mravali ufro efeqtruri manqana, xalxi ki dRevandel msoflioSi? am Temaze davoben ara marto specielistebi, aramed
alternatiuli energiis ZiebaSi iyo, amitom navTobis fasebi TavisTavad daeca da 1973 socialuri mecnierebebidan Sors myofnic. garda amisa, xSirad globalizaciis arsis
wlis krizisis kvali nel-nela qreboda. aSS kvlav iyenebs navTobs Tavis gadmosacemaT SecdomiT iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa: `vesternizacia~,
mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met proporciebSi. `internacionalizacia~, `amerikanizacia~ da sxv. Tavad mecnierTa Soris aris azrTa
1981 wlidan opekis produqciis xarisxma iklo da mas sxva qveynebis produqcia sxvadasxvaoba globalizaciis Sesaxeb da maT mier globalizaciis erTiani gan-
gacilebiT sjobda. Tan, masSi gawevrianebuli qveynebi erTmaneTSi ver Tanxmdebodnen. sazRvrebac ki ar aris SemuSavebuli. amas erTvis is, rom globalizaciis procesi,
saudis arabeTi cdilobda yvelaze didi wili aeRo, igi yidda yvelaze Zvir rogorc ar unda ganvsazRvroT igi, ganuxrelad mimdinareobs da yvela qveyanasa da maT
navTobproduqcias, ris gamoc naklebs an saerTod ar iRebda Semosavals. amis gamo es yvela moqalaqes exeba. gaCnda iseTi terminebic, rogorebicaa `globalisti~ da `anti-
qveyana iZulebuli gaxda Seemcirebina navTobis fasi. navTobis fasma piks 1979 wels globalisti~. antiglobalisturi gamosvlebi dRevandeli msoflios politikuri
miaRwia, maSin erTi bareli Savi oqro 80 aSS dolari Rirda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca.
es ricxvi Semcirda da 38 dolari Seadgina. mTlianobaSi, Savi oqros gaiafeba didi antiglobalisturad ganwyobili beki globalizmze saubrisas wers: `globalizmi —
warmateba iyo navTobmomxmarebeli qveynebisaTvis (iaponiisaTvis, evropisaTvis da esaa azrobrivi virusi, romelic bolo dros Seeyara yvela partias, yvela redaqcias,
gansakuTrebiT — mesame samyarosTvis). yvela institituts. mis dogmats warmoadgens ara is, rom adamianebma ekonomikurad
amave dros, navTobis fasis dacemam seriozuli problema Seuqmna CrdiloeT unda imoqmedon, aramed is, rom yvelaferi, politika, mecniereba, kultura —
evropasa da sparseTis yuris regions, aseve ramodenime mWidrod dasaxlebul qveyanas, ekonomikur primats unda emorCilebodes. amiT neo-liberalisturi globalizmi Tavis
romelTa ekonomikac Zlier iyo damokidebuli navTobze. magaliTad, meqsika, nigeria, dauZinebel mters — marqsizms mogvagonebs~ (ra aris globalizacia? u. beki. gv. 156).
alJiri da libani navTobis gaiafebiT es qveynebi gamouval viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen. globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi aseve Tvlian, rom es procesi neoliberalebis
navTobis gadaWarbebulma warmoebam msoflio bazarze 1980-iani wlebSi warmoSva mogonili da wamowyebulia, vinaidan es maT politikur interesebSi Sedis.
zedmeti produqcia, navTobis fasebi daeca da am faqtma opekSi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia. globalizacia, maTi azriT akninebs suverenuli saxlmwifoebisa da maTimTavrobebis
navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis — venesuelis, nigerisaa da meqsikis ekonomika fasebis rols saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. am mosazrebas globalizaciis proponentebi katego-
vardnis gamo savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, saudis arabeTis uZlieresi riulad ar eTanxmebian da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciam ki ar SezRuda erovnuli
ekonomikac ki dasustda.ganxeTqilebam opekSi ufro gaarTula mdgomareoba mTavrobebis roli, aramed sxva funqcia SesZina maT. ase magaliTad, erovnuli
bevris azriT, 1973 wlis krizisma kargad daanaxa msoflios, Tu ramdenad mTavrobebi axla ufro xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs saqmiani SexvedrebiT, vidre es
damokidebulni arian dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebi navTobze da mis momwodebel odesme momxdara. garda amisa, yvela ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gadawyvetileba
qveynebze. Sesabamisad, dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi, rom navTobwarmoebis regionebi saerTaSoriso doneze miiReba urTierTSeTanxmebiT da erTmaneTis interesebis
dasavleTis mudmivi interesis sfero iqneba da trategiul regionebad moiazreba. gaTvaliswinebiT. swored erovnuli mTavrobebis damsaxurebaa is, rom globalizaciis
navTobis politika ki kvlavac darCeba saSiS da riskian politikad. procesi saerTod daiwyo da igi ase Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs. oponentebi amis
britaneTSi 2004 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda ocdaaTi wlis winandeli dokumentebi. sapirispirod ganviTarebad qveynebs asaxeleben, romlebic yvela mniSvnelovani
maT mixedviT aSS-is politikuri elita 1973 wlis energo-krizisis dros ganixilavda gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan gaTiSulebi arian.
saudis arabeTsa da quveitSi SeWris ides, romli mizanic iyo am qveynebis navTobis globalizmis procesis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilni acxadeben, rom
WaburRilebze kontrolis damyareba. Tumca, es gegmebi uaryofili iyo, rogorc mecxramete saukunis bolos saerTaSoriso transaqciebi ufro intensiuradac ki
droebiTi efeqtis momtani da, saboloo jamSi, uSedego. mimdinareobda, vidre dRes, anu savaWro da safinanso brunva (aq absoluturi
dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da opekis urTierTobaSi yovelTvis raodenobis brunva ar igulisxmeba, rac, naTelia, Tanamedrove maCvenebelze maRali
SeimCneoda daZabuloba. im urTierTdamokidebulebas, romelic arsebobs maT Soris,

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ver iqneboda) ar Camouvardeboda da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda kidec dRevandel paze, kanadasa da iaponiaze. mag., kanadaSi am periodSi inflaciam Seadgina 10%, xolo
maCveneblebs. rogorc hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, vinaidan 1870-1914 wlebSi umuSevroba gaizarda 7%-iT. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam dasavleTis seriozuli
saerTaSoriso savaWro brunva yovelwliurad 3,4%-iT izrdeboda da msoflios SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da kidev erTxel gaamaxvilebina maT yuradReba im politikur-
mTliani Sida produqtis 33%-s Seadgenda, anu saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ekonomikur daZabulobaze, romelic ukve didi xani arsebobda ganviTarebul da
urTierTobebi ufro intensiuri iyo, vidre dRes, globalizaciaze, rogorc ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.
Tanamedrove movlenaze saubari ar aris mizanSewonili da metic, es ubralod miTia. garda amisa, es gamarjveba imedismimcemi iyo mesame samyaros sxva qveynebisaTvis,
globalizaciis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilebi erT-erT argumentad asaxeleben romlebic opekis qveynebi msgavsad antidasavlurad iyvnen ganwyobilni.
pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris periods, rodesac ekonomikuri transaqciebis navTobis fasis gazrdas seriozuli Sedegebi mohyva. aziis qveynebma, romlebic
intensivobam mniSvnelovnad iklo im proteqcionistuli politikis gamo, romlis industriul ZalebSi dominirebdnen, daiwyes sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis obieqtebis
gatarebac daiwyes dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi roli gakontroleba. navTobis eqsportis mwarmoebelma qveynebma daagroves kapitali.
Seasrula aSS-is mier miRebulma smuT-holeis aqtma, romelic am qveynis istoriaSi Semosavalis garkveuli nawili daixarja gaerTianebis SeqmnaSi, romelic unda
yvelaze proteqcionistuli kanoni iyo. Semosul saqonelze tarifebis gazrdiT, daxmareboda sxva ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTa ekonomikac kriziss ganicdida. maT
amerikam faqtiurad aiZula sxva saxelmwifoebi, SeewyvitaT masTan savaWro Semosavali ar hqondaT, radgan dasavleTi Tavis produqtebSi Zalian Zvirs iTxovda, es
urTierTobebi da metic, igive nabijebi gadaedgaT, anu aseve moematebinaT tarifebi qveynebi ki daumuSavebel navTobs iafad yiddnen. am fulis umetesi nawili elitis
importze. am istoriul magaliTze dayrdnobiT globalizaciis skeptikosebi askvnian, xelSi xvdeobda, romelic kvlav abandebda mas dasavleTSi an am Tanxas TavisTvis
rom pirvel rigSi globalizaciis procesi ar aris axali movlena, da meore — is aris itovebda. aseve am fulis didi nawili armiis SesyidvaSi daixarja, ramac kidev ufro
sxva, ufro farTo, procesis nawili, romelic araTanmimdevrulia da seriozuli gaaZliera politikuri daZabuloba aziaSi.
cvalebadobebiT gamoirCeva. Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, meoce saukunis meore naxevridan saudis arabeTma operatiulad daawesa kontroli aramkoze, romlis nacionaliza-
agorebuli axali talRa aucileblad Seicvleba, vinaidan savaraudoa, rom erovnuli ciac moaxdina 1980 wels. aseve opekis sxva wevrebic asrulebdnen yvela moTxovnas,
interesebidan gamomdinare saxelmwifoebi kvlav Caketaven sazRvrebs da swored amitom gaerTianebis Semosavali sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. saudis
daubrundebian proteqcionizms. arabeTma Semosavlebis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT SeimuSava xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma,
am mosazrebis ar eTanxmebian globalizaciis momxreebi da miiCneven, rom msoflio romelic daiwyo 1980 wels da mis ganxorcielebaSi daixarja 250 miliardi aSS
omebs Soris periodis ekonomikuri krizisi swored imis Sedegi iyo, rom qveynebs jer dolari. gaerTianebis sxva wevrebmac SeimuSaves ganviTarebis programebi.
kidev kargad ar hqondaT gaTviTcnobierebuli Ria vaWrobisa da ekonomikis yvela energokrizisma namdvili qaosi warmoqmna dasavleTSi.aSS-Si benzinis galonis
sferoSi intensiuri transaqciebis roli. maTi azriT, krizisi gamowveuli iyo imiT, calobiTi fasi 1973 wlis maisSi iyo 38.5 centi da 1974 wlis ivnisSi 55.1 centamde
rom saxelmwifoebma ara liberaluri, aramed proteqcionisturi mosazrebebiT gaizarda. amis gamo niu-iorkis birJam 97 miliardi dolari eqvs kviraSi dakarga.
ixelmZRvaneles. Tumca, aqve aRniSnaven, rom es Secdoma kargad gaaanalizes dasavlur qveynebSi navTobis eqsportis akrZalvis dasawyisSi, aSS-Si
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma da meore msoflio omis Semdgomi cvlilebebi msoflio yoveldRiurad 1,2 milioni barelis nacvlad, 19000 bareli navTobi Sedioda. misi
ekonomikur urTierTobebSi amis dasturia. moxmareba 1973 wlis seqtembridan Tebervlamde 6.1%-iT Semcirda, xolo 1974 wlis
bevri mecnieris azriT, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia swored meore msoflio zafxulSi ki 7%-iT. aSS-Si iyo sawvavis mwvave ukmarisoba, rac meore msoflio omis
omis Semdeg iwyeba da pirdapir ukavSirdeba breton-vudsis institutebs. msoflio Semdeg pirvelad moxda.
banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi safinanso sferoSi, xolo gati — savaWro navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi arc ki elodnen, rom maT gadawyvetilebas aseTi
sferoSi, axali ekonomikuri wesrigis qvakuTxeds warmoadgendne. pirveli ori Sedegi mohyveboda. maT dainaxes, rom arakomunistur, industriul samyaroSi
organizaciis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT valutis stabiluri kursi, xeli SeewyoT SesaZlebelia aseTi inflacia da, zogadad, ekonomikis aseTi krizisi. industriul
omisagan dasustebuli evropis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gamojansaRebisaTvis, qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, am krizisma kidev ufro gaamwvava umuSevrobis
finansuri daxmareba aRmoeCinaT yvela im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac es esaWi- problema da gansakuTrebiT imoqmeda iseT socialur jgufebze, romlebsac mcire
roeboda da, zogadad, daemkvidrebinaT liberaluri ekonomikuri Rirebulebebi. garda Semosavali hqondaT. aSS-Si skolebi da ofisebi xSirad ixureboda sawvavis ekonomiis
amisa, dadginda valutebis fiqsirebuli kursi, anu saxelmwifoebma TavianTi erovnuli mizniT, qarxnebi amcirebdnen produqciis warmoebas da samsaxuridan iTxovdnen
valutebi aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi gansazRvres, xolo dolari Seefarda oqros. TanamSromlebs.
gatis saqmianoba iTvaliswinebda tarifebis dawevis xelSewyobas da savaWro sferos navTobis eqsportis akrZalva mTlian evropas ar Seexo. evropis ekonomiuri
liberalizacias. im periodSi savaWro brunva TiTqmis oTxjer gaizarda. savaWro da gaerTianebis cxra wevridan yvelaze metad germania dazaralda, radgan man mxari
safinanso sistemebis liberalizacias mohyva sainvesticio klimatis liberalizacia dauWira israels da amerikelebs Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebis ufleba
da qveynebma gaxsnes sazRvrebi saerTaSoriso investiciebisaTvis. misca.didi britaneTi da safrangeTi uwyvetad iRebdnen navTobs, radgan maT uari
miuxedavad imisa, rom breton-vudsis sistemam didi xani ver iarseba da 1971 wels uTxres amerikas Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebaSi da neitraluri pozicia daiWires
man oficialurad Sewyvita arseboba, globalistebis proponentebis azriT, safuZveli arabeT-israelis konfliqtSi. danarCen eqvs wevrs navTobis miwodeba mxolod
Caeyara Tvisebrivad axal, Seuqcevad process, romlis saboloo mizanic aris erTiani nawilobriv SeumcirdaT. didi britaneTi tradiciulad iyo israelis mokavSire da
ekonomikis Seqmna. am procesSi, bunebrivia, erovnuli ekonomika veRar iqneba harold vilsonis mTavroba mxarSi edga israels eqvsdRiani omis dros, magram didi
gancalkevebuli da, rogorc zurab daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, dRevandel pirobebSi britaneTis momdevno premier-ministrma, ted hesma ar gaagrZela es politika da
saxelmwifoebi ise arian erTmaneTze urTierTdamokidebuli, rom arc erTi erovnuli mouxmo israels daTanxmeboda sazRvrebis cvlilebas. amgvarad, evropis ekonomikuri
ekonomika ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `saSinaod~. es aris msoflio, sadac erT qveyanaSi gaerTianebis wevrebma ver miiRes saerTo politikuri gadawyvetileba iom qipuris omis
SegiZlia SeiZino nedleuli, meore qveyanaSi gadaamuSavo igi, mesameSi — Seqmna misgan pirveli Tvis ganmavlobaSi. gaerTianebam sabolood Tavisi azri 6 noembers
produqti, meoTxeSi — SefuTo, mexuTeSi — gayido, xolo meeqvseSi — gauwio yvelafer daafiqsira, rodesac navTobis eqsporti ukve akrZaluli iyo da navTobis fasebic
amas koordinacia. anu, es aris warmoebis procesi sazRvrebs gareSe, rogorc mas ganuxrelad izrdeboda. es gadawyvetileba ganxiluli iyo rogorc proarabuli da
mecnierebi uwodeben. misi arsi isaa, rom erTi warmoebis procesi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi amitom opekma akrZalva gaerTianebis wevrebze ar gamoiyena. magram fasis gazrdam
mimdinareobs. warmoebis aseT process bevri upiratesoba aqvs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia: ufro didi gavlena moaxdina evropaze, vidre saerTod navTobis akrZalvam,
warmoebis ekonomiuroba, romelic ganpirobebulia didi masStabebiT; arCevanis gansakuTrebiT ki did britaneTSi (sadac isini axdendnen industriuli aqciisa da
mravalferovneba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom warmoebis procesSi SesaZlebelia SeirCes qvanaxSiris maRaroebis kombinacias).
nedleuli, danadgarebi, adamianuri resursebi da sxv. yvelaze xelsayrel fasSi

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1970 wlebSi dasavleTma da iaponiam moixmares ufro meti navTobi da mineralebi, vidre msoflios nebismieri qveynidan; mobiluroba, rac gulisxmobs mogebis gazrdis mizniT
mTeli kacobriobis istoriis manZilze. navTobis gamoyeneba aSS-Si gaormagda 1950-1974 sawarmos gadatanas msoflios erTi kuTxidan meoreSi; da, bolos, is efeqturoba,
wlebSi.. am periodSi aSS-is mosaxleoba Seadgenda msoflio mosaxleobis 6% da romelic miiRweva procesis aseTi danawilebis Sedegad dazogili droiT. warmoebis
moixmarda msoflios navTobis 33%. aseTi tipis farTod gavrceleba meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da misi
vinaidan opekis saxelmwifoebi navTobs aSS dolarebSi yiddnen da amasTan, navTobis Tanmdevi procesia mosaxleobis migracia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sromis globalizaciis
fasi dolarebSi iyo dafiqsirebuli, nebismieri cvlileba aSS-is ekonomikaSi Semadgeneli nawilia.
aisaxeboda opekis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikaze. xolo, vinaidan meoce saukunis globaluri warmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegia e.w. `specialuri ekonomikuri zonebi”,
samocdaaTian wlebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda amerikaSi, bunebrivia, navTobis sadac adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier dawesebulia SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi an
eqsportiori qveynebi am movlenebisgan izolirebulni ver darCnen. amerikis saerTod gaTavisuflebulia saeqsporto da saimporto gadasaxadebisagan. pirvelad
prezidenti riCard niqsoni 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi arasaxarbielo viTarebaSi aseTi zonebi evropaSi Seiqmna, Tumca mogvianebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova laTinur
aRmoCnda. fasebis zrda da ekonomikuri stagnacia umwvavesi sakiTxebi iyo. 1971 wels amerikaSi, karibis kunZulebze da, gansakuTrebiT, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac aseTi
niqsonma SeaCera dolaris konvertabeluroba oqroSi. dasrulda valutebis mcocavi zonebis Seqmna axali industriuli qveynebis politikuri da ekonomikuri elitisaTvis
kursebis era, rac faqtiurad breton-vudsis sistemis daSlas niSnavda. amis Semdeg erT-erT prioritetadac iqca. gasul saukineSi am qveynebis saocari tempebiT
dolari oqrosTan SedarebiT 8%-iT gaufasurda 1971 wlis dekembers da Semdeg isev ganviTarebis erT-erT mizezad bevri swored maT aseT ekonomikur politikas miawers.
gaufasurda 1973 wels. globaluri warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli produqti, bunebrivia, globaluri
gaufasurebam gamoiwvia msoflios ekonomikisa da politikis aramdgradoba. produqtia, romelic aseve globalur qselebSi iyideba (benetoni, naiki, gepi, peJo,
amasTan erTad, 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, dolaris gaufasureba daemTxva navTobis reno da mravali sxva).
fasis dacemas dolarebSi. aman gaamyara amerikeli biznesmenebis mdgomareoba globalur warmoebaSi Cabmul kompaniebs transnacionaluri korporaciebi
iaponelebTan da evropelebTan SedarebiT. magram dolaris kursis dacemam da ewodeba. maTi erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom maTi deda-kompania aris
devalvaciam gamoiwvia mesame samyaros nedleulis mwarmoebelTa ukmayofileba. isini erT qveyanaSi, xolo Svilobili kompaniebi — sxva qveynebSi. maT faqtiurad ar gaaCniaT
mixvdnen, rom simdidre xelidan eclebodaT da maTi Semosavlebi da qoneba cota xnis erovneba da, TavisTavad, ar scnoben sazRvrebs. dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 60 aTasi
win bevrad ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre axla. aman ganapiroba brZola msoflios transnacionaluri kompaniaa da maTi ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. magram miuxedavad
bunebrivi resursebis SenarCunebisaTvis da dasavleTma da opekis wevrma saxel- imisa, rom msoflios 100 yvelaze msxvili transnacionaluri kompaniis aqtivebis
mwifoebma ufro konstruqciul SeTanxmebebs miaRwies resursebis ganawilebasTan TiTqmis naxevari im saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs gareTaa, sadac saTavo ofisebia,
dakavSirebiT. Tumca, opekis wevri qveynebi miiCnevdnen, rom isini metis Rirsni iyvnen. transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis umetesi nawili jer kidev TavianT
amas erTvoda opekis arabuli saxelmwifoebis ukmayofileba aSS-sa da misi momxreebis saxelmwifoebSia.
proebrauli politikiT regionSi — israelma miiRo daxmareba, raTa SewinaaRmdegeboda vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubari gatiT unda daviwyoT. am organizaciam, rogorc
egviptisa da siriis jarebs. opekma dasavleTis dasja gadawyvita — ganviTarebuli ukve aRvniSne, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli vaWrobis liberalizacias da niadagi
qveynebi, romlebic Zlier iyvnen damokidebuli opekis navTobze, kidev ufro moamzada savaWro urTierTobebis intensifikaciisaTvis. gatis Semcvleli — msoflio
damokidebuli gaexadaT da es damokidebuleba Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina. savaWro organizaciac igive mizans emsaxureba, Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyobasa da
opekma navTobis miyidva aSS-sTvis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiisTvis. vaWrobaSi proteqcionizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas.
bevri sxva gaerTianebebisagan gansxvavebiT, opekma warmatebas miaRwia navTobis Tumca, rac ar unda paradoqsuli iyos, Tavad `Tavisufali bazris~ ideis avtorebi
fasis didi xniT zrdaSi. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, am warmatebaSi didi wvlili da gamtareblebic mimarTaven xolme proteqcionistul zomebs vaWrobaSi. dRes
miuZRvis saudis arabeTs, romelmac Seamcira Tavisi produqcia, rom gaeTanabrebina dasavleTi ZiriTadad icavs Tavis bazars axali industriuli qveynebis
opekis mTliani warmoeba, radgan zogma wevrma Tavis wils gadaaWarba. am mxriv, saudis produqciisagan.
arabeTis wevroba organizaciisaTvis didi pliusia, vinaidan, danarCeb wevrebs Soris beki eWvqveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom globalizebuli ekonomika saukeTesoa
is erTaderTia, romelsac gaaCnia imdenad soliduri rezervi, rom saWiroebis msoflioSi keTildReobis donis asamaRleblad da miaCnia, rom `Tavisufali vaWroba~,
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia resursebiT manevrireba. dRevandeli gagebiT, Zalian Sors aris devid rikardoseuli modelisagan. mesame
opekis politika warmatebuli gamodga. man SeZlo daumuSavebeli navTobisa da samyaros da evropis postkomunistur qveynebSi ekonomikis dabali done da
damuSavebuli da gawmendili navTobis fasebis gaTanabreba. magram opeks ar SeuZlia gavrcelebuli umuSevroba aiZulebs am qveynebis mTavrobebs gaataron eqsportze
fasebis usasrulod gazrda. fasis gazrdas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia opekis orientirebuli politika, riTac zaraldeba socialuri da ekologiuri standartebi.
mTliani sistemis Secvla, rac gamoiwvevda momxmareblis mier navTobis magivrad es qveynebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan investiciebis
alternatiuri energiis gamoyenebas. mozidvaSi. saubari imaze, rom Tavisufali vaWrobiT gamowveuli konkurencia amcirebs
navTobis fasis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi komentari gaakeTa iranis Sahma: `ra danaxarjebs da amitom is ormxrivad xelsayrelia, bekis azriT, cinizmia, vinaidan
Tqma unda msoflios navTobis fasi gaizrdeba, ra Tqma unda! da rogor? Tqven danaxarjebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia an gazrdili ekonomiurobiT (ufro
(dasavleli naciebi) xorblis fasi, romelsac Cven mogvyidiT 300%-iT gazardeT, igive srulyofili teqnologiebi, ukeTesi menejmenti, sxv.) an adamianisaTvis Sesabamisi
gaakeTeT cementsa da Saqarze, Tqven yidulobT Cven daumuSavebel navTobs da mere samuSao pirobebis arSeqmniT. amgvarad, bekis azriT, aseTi gziT miRweuli
ukan mogvyidiT mas, ubralod gadamuSavebuls, asjer ufro Zvirad... erTaderTi danaxarjebis Semcireba `transnacionaluri mekobreobis gviandel variants~ hgavs.
samarTali is iqneba, Tu Tqven navTobze mets gadaixdiT. 10-jer ufro mets~ (New York beki aseve iSveliebs maqs veberis mosazrebas, romelic man jer kidev 1894 wels
Times, 1973). gamoTqva Tavis naSromSi — iseTi msoflio ekonomika, rogoris Seqmnac sabolood surT
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, msoflios navTobis Soki daiwyo 1973 wlis 17 oqtombers, dRevandel liberalebs, anu msoflio saxelmwifoebis gareSe da kacobriobis
rodesac opekis arabma wevrebma iom qifuris omis dros ganacxades, rom aRar kulturuli donis sruli gaTanabreba — sruli utopiaa.
miawvdidnen navTobs im qveynebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels egviptesTan vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT vaWrobis eleqtronul
konfliqtSi, anu aSS-sa da mis mokavSire dasavleT evropas. amave dros, opekis wevrma formas. is farTod iwyebs gavrcelebas meoce saukunis bolo periodidan da, Tavis
qveynebma gadawyvites msoflios navTobis fasebi gaeoTxmagebinaT da maT es SeZles. mxriv, informaciis globalizaciis Sedegia. swored inetrnetis saSualebiT
amas bevri eqsperti opekis seriozul gamarjvebad miiCnevs. amave dros, es kargi SesaZlebeli gaxda saxlidan gausvlelad ramdenime wamSi nebismieri produqciis SeZena
magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor iyvnen dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. vaWrobis am formaSi ugulebelyofilia droisa da
damokidebuli opekze. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aisaxa aSS-ze, dasavleT evro- teritoriuli siSoris faqtorebi. Tumca internet-vaWroba garkveul sirTuleebs

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warmoSobs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadasaxadebis sakiTxi. iyo mcdelobebi navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia
dawyebuliyo ganxilvebi internet-vaWrobis dabgvrasTan dakavSirebiT, magarm (Organisation of Petrolium Exporting Countries – OPEC)
seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gamo, ver moxerxda. vaWrobis globalurobis kidev erTi
magaliTia eleqtronuli plastikuri baraTebis farTo gavrceleba, romelic, Tavis navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (opeki) aris TerTmeti ganviTarebadi
mxriv, mWidro kavSirSia finansur globalizaciasTan. plastikuri baraTebiT qveynisagan Semdgari saerTaSoriso organizacia. daarsda 1960 wlis seqtemberSi
SesaZlebelia produqciis SeZena an momsaxurebiT sargebloba nebismier qveyanaSi. baRdadis konferenciaze. pirveli xuTi weli Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. 1965 wlidan ki —
finansebis globalizaciis dasawyisad, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, breton-vudsis venaSia. misi wevrebi mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebuli navTobidan miRebul
Semdgom periods miiCneven, rodesac saubari daiwyo erTiani safinanso reJimis Semosavalze, rogorc Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaroze da es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa
Seqmnaze da saxelmwifoebis mier erToblivi safinanso politikis SemuSavebaze. am qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis. opeks hyavs xuTi damaarsebeli qveyanaa: irani, erayi,
finansuri globalizaciis saboloo mizania erTiani safinanso bazris Camoyalibeba. quveiTi, saudis arabeTi da venesuela. Semdeg SeuerTdnen: katari (1961w.), indonezia
xolo rac Seexeba globalur valutas, pirvelad am funqciis Sesruleba dolarma (1961w.), libia (1962w.), arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi (1967w.), alJiri (1969w.),
daiwyo, 2002 wels ki evros SemoRebam kidev erTxel daadastura finansuri nigeria (1971w.), ekvadori (1973-1992ww.) da gaboni (1975-1994ww.).
globalizaciis arseboba. globaluri aqtivebic finansebi globalizaciis Sedegia. maTgan ekvadorma da gabonma meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi datoves organizacia.
bankebis umetesoba transnacionalur saqmianobas eweva. maTi nebismieri opekis daarsebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen seriozuli navTobkompaniebi, romlebic,
filialidan msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi SeiZleba fulis gagzavna an sxva ZiriTadad, aSS-s britaneTsa da germanias ekuTvnoda. opeks surda navTobis fasebis da
transnacionaluri finansuri operaciis ganxorcieleba. garda amisa, bankebma daiwyes mwarmoeblebis gadasaxadebis Semcireba. Tavidan igi muSaobda rogorc araformaluri
sesxebis gacema sxva qveynebSi da kreditorebis saqmianobas eleqtronuli kavSiriT gaerTianeba, romelic awarmoebda molaparakebebs mesame samyaros mier navTobis
axorcieleben. gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT. im periodSi misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda
finansuri globalizacia icavs qveynebs finansuri krizisebisagan da saSualebas dasavleTis navTobkompaniebTan TanamSromlobiT da navTobis xarisxis kontroliT.
aZlevs maT problemebis dros sxva saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT isargeblon. Tumca, organizaciis wevroba Tavisufalia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, romelic warmoadgens
finansuri globalizaciis dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, mis uaryofiT Tvisebebzec navTobis solidur eqsportiors da iziarebs organizaciis idealebs.
saubroben. finansuri bazrebis aseTi intensiuri da mWidro kavSiris pirobebSi arc TerTmeti wevri erToblivad bazars miawodebs navTobis mTeli produqciis 40%-s
erTi qveyana ar aris dazRveuli e.w. `dominos principisagan~, anu rodesac erT da flobs msoflio navTobis dadasturebuli maragis 3/4-ze mets. ufro konkretulad,
qveyanaSi Seqmnili finansuri problemebi yvela mis partniorze vrceldeba. opeki flobs 78%. aqedan yvelaze didi wili modis saudis arabeTze, Semdeg modian
ofSoruli centrebi aseve finansuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aseTi zonebi irani, erayi, quveiTi, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, venesuela, libia, nigeria,
gamartivebuli momsaxurebiT da SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT, gansakuTrebiT, katari, alJiri da indonezia. maTgan saudis arabeTis, iranisa da erayis maragebi
gavrcelebulia axal industriul qveynebsa da karibis kunZulebze da investorTa Seadgens opekis mTeli maragis 57%-s.
mozidvas isaxavs miznad. opekis mizania koordinireba gauwios wevri saxelmwifoebis politikas navTobTan
kapitalis iseT intensiur brunvas, rogoric dRes aris, istoriaSi analogi ar mimarTebaSi, raTa uzrunvelyos samarTliani da stabiluri fasebi navTobproduqci-
moepoveba. kapitali WeSmaritad globaluri gaxda da, ugulebelyofs ra sazRvrebs, aze, efeqturi, ekonomiuri da regularuli miwodeba momxmarebeli saxelmwifoebisaT-
miemarTeba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac swrafi da maRali mogeba aqvs vis da kapitalis samarTliani dabruneba maTTvis, vinc investireba moaxdina indus-
garantirebuli. Tumca aq aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi mudmivad triaSi.
ukmayofiloni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikiT kapitaldabandebis sferoSi opekis ministrTa konferencia ikribeba weliwadSi orjer da igi pasuxismgebelia
da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciis sikeTeebiT am sferoSic ganviTarebulma organizaciis zogadi politikis formulirebaze.
saxelmwifoebma isargebles. maT saSualeba miecaT TavianTi kapitali miemarTaT im opekis samdivno mudmivmoqmedi mTavrobaTaSoriso organoa. igi dafuZnebulia
qveynebisken da im sferoebisken, romlebic maTTvis iyo momgebiani. mimRebi qveynebis venaSi. samdivnos oficialuri enaa inglisuri.
interesebi ki arasodes aris gaTvaliswinebuli. ganviTarebadi qveynebis azriT, opekis daxmarebiT, misi wevri qveynebi eqsportidan mniSvnelovnad met mogebas
amgvarad dabandebuli kapitali maT qveyanas ar exmareba ganviTarebaSi da metic, maT iReben, vidre isini amas damoukideblad miiRebdnen. opekis oficialuri internet-
problemebs uqmnis. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi ver gverdis monacemebiT, 2004 wels opekis TerTmetma wevrma miiRo 338 miliardi aSS
akontroleben ucxour kapitals da ver moqmedeben masze Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr. dolari navTobis eqsportidan. 2003 welTan SedarebiT es ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda.
Tumca, biznesis warmoebisas komerciuli interesi ara Tu mimRebi saxelmwifos, aramed igive internet-gverdze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia SevadaroT es ricxvebi 1972 wlis
erovnulsac ki naklebad eqvemdebareba. monacemebs, rodesac eqsportiorebma miiRes 23 miliardi aSS dolari, an 1977 wlis
kapitalbrunvis intensifikaciasTan erTad globalizaciis eram misi axali monacemebs, rodesac 1973 wlis energo krizisis Semdeg eqsportiorma qveynebma 140
formebic moitana. farTo gavrcelebas povebs kapitaldabandebebis ganxorcieleba miliardi aSS dolari miiRes.
telefonebisa da internetis saSualebiT. navTobi iyideba amerikul dolarSi da, Sesabamisad, misi kursi Zalian did gavlenas
warmoebisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegia Sromis globalizacia, axdens opekze, mag., Tu dolaris kursi ecema, maSin opekis wevrebi nakleb Tanxas iReben
rasac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis intensiuri migracia mohyva. dReisaTvis migraciis TavianT valutaSi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba maT gadamxdelunarianobaze. evros
tendenciaa ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebulSi, rac Zalian bevr problemas SemoRebis Semdeg opekis ramdenime wevr saxelmwifos, maT Soris erays, mcdeloba
qmnis. gamudmebiT izrdeba aralegalur migrantTa ricxvi, romlebmac samuSaos ZiebaSi hqonda navTobis gayidvebi evroze gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uSedegod, Tu am mosazrebas
datoves TavianTi qveynebi da ufro mdidar saxelmwifoebs miaSures. opekis yvela wevri gaiziarebda, maSin aSS-s ekonomikas seriozuli zarali miadgeboda.
dasavleT evropa da aSS gamudmebiT fiqroben SromiTi migrantebis problemebze opekis gadawyvetilebebi did gavlenas axdens navTobis saerTaSoriso fasebze.
rogorc ganviTarebadi, aseve aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebidan. evrokavSirSi magaliTad, 1973 wlis energokrizisis dros opekma uari ganacxada navTobis eqsportze
intensiurad mimdinareobs molaparakebebi qveynebs Soris, imis Taobaze, rom dasavleTis qveynebSi (aSS da dasavleT evropa), romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels iom
aRmosavleT evropis moqalaqeebs mianiWon dasavleT evropis qveynebSi muSaobis qifuris anu oqtombris omSi egviptisa da siriis winaaRmdeg. aman ganapiroba navTobis
ufleba, rac, maTi azriT, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs aralegaluri migrantebis ricxvs fasis gaoTxmageba, ramac xuT Tves gastana, 1973 wlis 17 oqtombridan 1974 wlis 18
am qveynebidan da, garkveulwilad, xels Seuwyobs Crdilovani ekonomikis martamde.
legalizacias. gasakviri ar aris, rom am mosazrebebs ar iziarebs Tavad dasavleT energokrizisi gamowveuli iyo arab-israelis konfliqtiT. embargomde industri-
evropis mosaxleoba, miaCnia ra, rom umuSevrobis isedac maRali maCvenebeli erTi- uli dasavleTi, da gansakuTrebiT aSS, opekidan navTobs iRebda sakmaod iafad. 1945-

42 35
 susti qveynis finansuri daqvemdebarebis kidev erTi maCvenebelia ganviTarebuli orad aiwevs da, garda amisa, aRmosavleT evropidan Camosulebi, daTanxmdebian ra
Zlieri qveynebis komerciuli bankebisadmi davalianeba. ucxouri daxmareba qmnis SedarebiT nakleb anazRaurebaze, gaafuWeben biznes garemos, anu adgilobrivi
daqvemdebarebas. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, susti qveynebi eqvemdebareba im mosaxleoba arakonkurentunarian garemoSi aRmoCndeba.
organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebs, romlebSic maT xmis ufleba ar gaaCniaT (msoflio gilpinis azriT, Sromis globalizacia pirvel msoflio omamde ufro intensiurad
banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi). susti qveynebi gaTiSulia yvela mimdinareobda, vidre mas Semdeg an axla. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT evropam miiRo
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom sustia. Tumca bevri ltolvili da emigranti, maTi mxolod umniSvnelo procenti miiRebs moqa-
amasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso safinanso-savaluto organizaciebs da laqeobas. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi Sromis migracia aRar aris msoflio
ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs TavianTi mosazrebebi aqvs. maTi azriT, samxreTis ekonomiis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani da Tavad evrokavSirSic ki erTi wevri
qveynebSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi farTod gavrcelebuli korufciis gamo, miRebuli saxelmwifodan meoreSi migracia dabali intensivobiT xdeba.
Tanxa (daxmareba) arakeTilsindisierad ixarjeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, aZnelebs SromiTi migrantebisaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnili barierebia, romlebzec kontrols
SemdgomSi Tanxis dabrunebas da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, im dargis an sferos mTavrobebi axorcieleben. amis erT-erT mizezad gilpini asaxelebs socialur SeRa-
ganviTarebas, romlisTvisac iyo is Tanxa gamiznuli. garda amisa, ganviTarebul vaTebs, riTac, damkvidrebuli azriT, mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebma unda isargeblon.
saxelmwifoebs magaliTad mohyavT axali industriuli qveynebi, romlebmac SeZles amis gamo adamianebi Raribi qveynebidan ver Cadian mdidar qveynebSi, sadac isini
daxmarebis miznobrivad gamoyeneba, TavianTi ekonomikis giganturi nabijebiT SeZlebdnen normaluri samuSaos moZebnas da normaluri xelfasis miRebas. es ki, Tavis
ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, daqvemdebarebisTvis garkveulwilad Tavis daRweva. mxriv, Seamcirebda sxvaobas mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs Soris. sxvanairad rom
zemoT aRniSnuli ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebebi, Cveulebriv, kidev ufro vTqvaT, mcire wvlili iqneboda globaluri simdidris gadanawilebaSi naklebad
Zlierdeba sxva saxis urTierTobebiT CrdiloeTTan: kulturuli kavSirebi, sxvadasxva mdidari qveynebisTvis.
saxis aliansebi da xelSekrulebebi, araformaluri politikuri kavSirebi da samxedro ekonomikis sferos globalizaciaze saubrisas beki aRniSnavs, rom xdeba inter-
kavSirebi, dawyebuli samxedro daxmarebiT da damTavrebuli samxedro intervenciiT. nacionalizacia da ara globalizacia. igi wers: `msoflios garkveul regionebs SigniT
joan spiros azriT, samxreTis saxelmwifo im institutebis mier miRebuli da maT Soris, transnacionaluri savaWro da samrewvelo kavSirebis ganmtkicebis
gadawyvetilebebis sagani xdeba, romlebSic mas bevris Tqmis ufleba ar aqvs. msoflio dafiqsireba SeiZleba, es Seexeba amerikas, aziasa da evropas. amis dasturia is, rom
ekonomikis marTvidan samxreTis saxelmwifoebis gamoricxvis yvelaze naTeli vaWroba da ucxouri investiciebi jer kidev msoflios am sam msxvil ekonomikur bloks
magaliTebia iseTi ekonomikuri institutebi CrdiloeTSi, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso Soris xorcieldeba, amitomac laparakoben msoflio ekonomikis triadizaciaze~.
savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia. es is institutebia, globalizaciis kritikosebis azriT, globalizaciis usamarTlobis kidev erTi
romlebic Seiqmna ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier da, romlebic gamoxataven maT naTeli ilustracia aris is, rom is msoflios sxvadasxva nawils gansxvavebulad Seexo.
interesebs. CrdiloeTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gadawyveti- saerTaSoriso savaWro da safinanso kavSirebi yvelaze intensiurad CrdiloeT
lebebi gavlenas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur zrdaze. amgvarad, amerikaSi, dasavleT evropasa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi ganviTarda. saerTaSoriso
samxreTis qveynebis azriT, arsebuli sistema aris arakanonieri, vinaidan maT ar vaWrobaSi dRes liderebi arian aSS, dasavleT evropa da iaponia. msoflio produqciis
gaaCniaT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba da isini realurad ver iReben monawileobas warmoebis udidesi wilic am sameulze modis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas produqciis
am sistemis marTvaSi. arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigi samxreTis daqvemdebarebis eqsportze da produqciis moxmarebaze. xolo rac Seexeba safinanso sferos, aq udavo
SenarCunebis institutad aRiqmeba am qveynebis mier da ukve mravali welia mis Secvlas lideria aSS. aSS dolari msoflios yvela kuTxeSia konvertabeluri da ucxouri
moiTxoven. maTi survilia monawileoba miiRon sistemis marTvaSi da srulad investiciebis umetesobac am valutaSi xorcieldeba. am mizeziT, dolars eqspansiur
isargeblon am sistemis sikeTeebiT. valutasac uwodeben da globalizacias `amerikanizaciasTan~ aigiveben. maTi azriT,
yovelive amis Semdeg unda iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri daqvemdebareba politikuri meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli procesi jer kidev ar Sexebia Rarib
daqvemdebarebis sawindaria da politikur gadawyvetilebebs sust saxelmwifoebs qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziaSi. naklebad savaraudoa,
Zlierebi axveven Tavs. rom es odesme moxdes. es qveynebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi arian maSin, rofesac
saubaria warmoebis, vaWrobisa da finansuri urTierTobebis globalizaciaze. bevri
mecnieris azriT, savaWro da safinanso urTierTobebis globalizaciam xeli Seuwyo
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis qvesistema simdidris araTanabar gadanawilebas qveynebs Soris.
bevri problema, romlebsac ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegad miiCneven, gil-
am qvesistemas damoukideblobis qvesistemasac uwodeben. masSi moiazreba pinis azriT, mTavrobebis araswori politikisa da gadawyvetilebebis, an teqnolo-
socialisturi qveynebi da dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi, dasavleTis giuri cvlilebebis an sxva faqtorebis Sedegia. garemos dacviTi organizaciebi
sabazro ekonomika da socialisturi qveynebis gegmiuri ekonomika. civi omis periodSi aqtiurad gamodian globalizaciis winaaRmdeg, Tumca, ekologiuri problemebi ara
isini izolirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTisgan da maT Soris kavSirebi naklebad iyo. maT globalizaciis procesma, aramed mTavrobebis uyuradRebobam da upasuxisgeblobam
Seqmnes TavianTi ekonomikuri institutebi. aRmosavleTi ar monawileobda saerTa- gamoiwvia. dasavleT evropaSi garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri porblemebis
Soriso savaluto fondSi, msoflio banksa da gatSi. aRmosavleT-dasavleTs Soris vaW- warmoSobaSi adanaSauleben globalizacias, maSin, roca maTi gamomwvevi mizezi
roba umniSvnelo iyo da ar xdeboda kapitalisa Tu investiciebis brunva. dReisaTvis es regionis ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciaa. globalizaciis dadanaSauleba
qvesistema irRveva da igi faqtiurad aRar arsebobs. TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove problemaSi nacionalisturi da qsenofoburi ganwyobis
aRmosavleTis qveynebis SesaZlo gadasvla sxva sistemaSi qmnis mraval politikur Sedegia politikuri memarjveneebis mxridan da antikapitalisturi azrovnebisa —
da ekonomikur problemas. aqedan gamomdinare, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTa- politikuri memarcxeenebis mxridan.
Soriso ekonomikaSi sami ZiriTadi problemaa: urTierTdamokidebulebis kontroli gilpini miiCnevs, rom ekonomikuri integraciis da urTierTdamokidebulebis
dasavleTis sistemaSi, Tanasworobis miRweva da ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebis moxsna, gasazomad yvelaze kargi meTodia `erTi fasis kanoni~. Tu erTsa da imave saqonels da
dasavleT-aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaZliereba da amis xarjze momsaxurebas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi an mis sxadasxva regionSi erTnairi an daaxloebiT
aRmosavleTis ekonomikis gaZliereba (dasavleTis ekonomikasTan miaxloeba da Semdeg erTnairi fasi aqvs, maSin ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom es ekonomikebi mWidrod
gaTanabreba). integrirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, dRevandel msoflioSi fasebi Zalin gan-
sxvavebulia. Tu am kanons aSS-Tan mimarTebaSi gamoviyenebT, davinaxavT, rom amerikis
fasebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis fasebisgan. gansakuTrebuli sxvaobaa
Sromis anazRaurebaSi da identuri Sromis SesrulebaSi adamianebi msoflios

34 43
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi radikalurad gansxvavebul xelfasebs iReben. yovelive zemo- garda amisa, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis poziciebidan Tu vimsjelebT,
Tqmulis safuZvelze gilpini ar miiCnevs dRevandel msoflios iseT integrirebulad, urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi Careva xdeba saxelmwifo politikasa da
rogoradac bevri mis daxatvas cdilobs. ekonomikaSi. igi asustebs erovnuli qveynis marTvas. TiTqos sadRac zRudavs
bevris azriT, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro erovnul interesebsac ki. joan spiros azriT, sul ufro izrdeba daZabuloba
organizacia da sxva saerTaSoriso institutebi seriozul reformebs saWiroeben, saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso menejmentebs Soris, vinaidan xSirad erovnul mTavrobas
raTa moergon axal realobas globaluri ekonomikis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am uwevs rTuli da kompleqsuri saSinao problemebis mosagvareblad jer
organizaciebiT mudmivad ukmayofiloebi iyvnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmo- urTierTdamokidebulebiT gamowveuli problemebis mogvarebaze fiqri.
madgenlebi, maT reformirebaze realurad saubari daiwyo 1990 wels aSS-s dasavleTis qvesistema aris liberaluri. am qvesistemis mTavari niSnebia: mWidro
warmomadgenelTa palatis konservatuli frTis mier. kritika gansakuTrebiT exeboda urTierTdamokidebuleba da maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi liberaluri ekonomikiT da
saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, romelsac adanaSaulebdnen Tanxebis fuW xarjvaSi da liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis matarebeli mTavrobebiT.
sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli politiksaTvis. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad
Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelmac muSaobis Sedegad SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi
kongress warudgina. CrdiloeT-samxreTis (damokidebulebis) qvesistema
komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, aucilebelia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da
msoflio bankis radikaluri reformireba da restruqturizacia, vinaidan es am qvesistemaSi mkafiod gamoxatuli dapirispireba da daqvemdebareba SeiniSneba
organizaciebi cuds ufro xSirad akeTebdnen ganviTarebad samyaroSi, vidre kargs. ganviTarebul (dasavleT evropa, CrdiloeT amerika da iaponia) da ganviTarebad
amasTan, miliardian sesxebs gascemdnen saSualoSemosavlian qveynebze, romlebsac (afrika, azia da laTinuri amerika) qveynebs Soris. dasavleTis qvesistemisgan
SeeZloT Tavad gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba bazarze gansxvavebiT, am qvesistemaSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi Zlier gansxvavdebian
dayrdnobiT. erTmaneTisagan ekonomikis ganviTarebis doniT da saerTo erovnuli produqtiT erT
ZiriTadi rekomendacia gulisxmobda Semdegs: saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds unda sul mosaxleze. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mdgoma-
SeezRuda sesxebis gacema ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis da Seewyvita maT saSinao reoba garkveulwilad umjobesdeba, absoluturi gansxvaveba SemosavlebSi ucvlelia.
politikur da ekonomikur saqmeebSi Careva. garda amisa, vinaidan saerTaSoriso umTavresi problema am uTanasworo qvesistemisa aris damokidebuleba (daqvem-
savaluto fondi hpirdeboda ganviTarebad qveynebs, rom daexmareboda maT finansuri debareba). daqvemdebareba arsebobs, rodesac samxreTis saxelmwifoebs ekonomikuri
problemebis dros, komisiis azriT, ubiZgebda ganviTarebad qveynebs ufro meti sesxi interaqciis maRali done gaaCniaT CrdiloeTis qveynebTan, rodesac es interaqcia
aeRoT fondidan, vidre es maT sWirdebodaT, rac kidev ufro damokidebuls xdida am Zalian mniSvnelovania erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, samxreTis saxel-
qveynebs fondze. amasTan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis xangrZlivi daxmareba mwifoebi damokidebulebi xdebian CrdiloeTSi mimdinare movlenebze da CrdiloeTis
qveynebs `azarmacebda~ da saSualebas aZlevda maT finansurad gaumarTlebeli saxelmwifoebis qmedebebze. CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoebisaTvis ki es interaqciebi ar
saqcieli CaedinaT. aris xarisxobrivad mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, urTierTdamokidebuleba aris
msoflio bankTan mimarTebaSi igive saxis SeniSvnebi iyo. komisiis rekomendaciiT, simetriuli movlena, maSin, rodesac damokidebuleba — asimetriuli.
banks unda Seemcirebina sesxebis gacema (gilpinis monacemebiT, msoflio banki daqvemdebarebis sxvadasxva formebi arsebobs.
weliwadSi daaxloebiT 50 miliard dolaris sesxebs gascems) da Seewyvita kerZo aris savaWro daqvemdebareba — samxreTis saxelmwifoebis umetesobis Sida bazrebi
seqtorTan konkurencia, riTac afuWebda bazars da xels uSlida adgilobriv pataraa da isini mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebulni CrdiloeTis bazrebze, raTa
mewarmeebs. gaitanon da gayidon TavianTi saqoneli. Sesabamisad samxreTi Zalian mgrZnobiareaa
da bolos, rekomendaciebSi naTqvamia, rom bazarze orientirebuli globaluri CrdiloeTSi arsebuli faqtorebis mimarT, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri,
ekonomikis pirobebSi aranairi Carevaa saWiro, da es dasaSvebia mxolod iSviaTi romlebic qmnian CrdiloeTis moTxovnas da gavlenas axdenen vaWrobaze. garda amisa,
gamonaklisebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc gilpini wers, faqtiurad meore msoflio omis samxreTis qveynebis vaWrobis udidesi procenti xSirad modis CrdiloeTis romelime
damTavrebis Semdeg pirvelad daisva SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, saerTod, saWiroa Tu ara erT konkretul saxelmwifoze, rac kidev erTxel aZlierebs mis damokidebulebas am
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. konkretul bazarze. samxreTi, rogorc wesi, yidis erT an ramdenime pirvelad
ramdenime sityviTSevexebi antiglobalistur moZraobas. Tavad e.w. antiglobalis- produqts, amitom Zalian mgrZnobiarea am produqciaze moTxovnilebis rxevadobaze.
tebi miiCneven, rom termini `antiglobalizmi~ masmediis mier aris mogonili da is maT Tanac, yidis umetesad nedleuls da naxevarfabrikats, rac bevrad ufro iafia, vidre
ar Seefereba, vinaidan isini globalizaciis procesis winaaRmdeg ki ar gamodian, mza produqcia. amgvarad, susti qveynebi vaWrobaSi eqsportze xdebian damokidebulni,
aramed msoflios arasamarTliani mowyobis mowinaaRmdegeebi arian da moiTxoven ufro raTa miRebuli SemosavliT moaxerxon importis xarjebis dafarva. xolo vinaidan,
samarTlian msoflios. maTi ZiriTadi lozungia — `sxvanairi msoflios arseboba rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, nedleulisa da naxevarfabrikatis Rirebuleba bevrad
SesaZlebelia~. isini miiCneven, rom SeuzRudavi vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTo- naklebia mza produqciis fasTan SedarebiT, eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali ar
bebis intensifikacia mxolod ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis aris momgebiani yofnis imports, da es mudmivi procesia.
Raribi saxelmwifoebis xarjze. zogierTi antiglobalistis azriT, globalizaciis daqvemdebarebis meore formaa daqvemdebareba kapitaldabandebis sferoSi.
procesi imperialisturi xasiaTisaa. ase mag., erayis omis dawyebis mizani iyo usafrT- samxreTis qveynebSi Sida kapitaldabandebebi ucxouria. amitom, ucxouri kapital-
xoebis mizniT fuladi danazogebis amerikaSi gadadineba. amgvarad, globalizacia dabandebebi akontrolebs am qveynis wamyvan dargebs. daqvemdebarebis done, aqedan
ufro amerikanizaciaa, vinaidan am procesidan yvelaze met sargebels iRebs yvelaze gamomdinare, Zalian maRalia da viTardeba ara qveynisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli,
mdidari saxelmwifo aSS-is saxiT. aramed CrdiloeTisaTvis misaRebi da xelsayreli sferoebi.
antiglobalistebi aseve miiCneven, rom globalizaciis procesi siamayis safuZvels daqvemdebarebis mesame formaa finansuri. susti qveyana iRebs daxmarebas
ar iZleva, vinaidan igi exeba korporaciebs da fuls, magram ara xalxs. amis naTeli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondidan, romelic itovebs uflebas ukarnaxos qveyanas
ilustracia, maTi azriT, aris mkacri kontroli migraciaze TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da ekonomikis warmoebis politika da Caerios qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi.
Sromis uflebebis ugulebelyofa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. fondi qveyanas uyenebs garkveul pirobebs, romlebic man unda Seasrulos.
kidev erTi argumenti, romelsac iyeneben antiglobalistebi isaa, rom moTxovnebis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi fonds aqvs qveynis dasjis berketebic
globalizaciis procesSi meorexarisxovani xdeba suverenuli saxelmwifo, knindeba (momdevno tranSis argacema, finansuri daxmarebis Sewyveta, Sav siaSi Seyvana, aS.).
misi roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da igi kargavs TviTmyobadobas. susti qveynebi iReben sesxebs, agreTve, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis kerZo
gilpini, ganixilavs ra globaluri ekonomiis marTvis sakiTxebs, aRniSnavs, rom komerciuli bankebisgan.

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moaxerxa aseTi swrafi tempebiT ganviTareba da bevri ganviTarebuli qveynis mmarTveloba, iqneba es erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso doneebze, unda efuZnebodes
ekonomikuri zrdis tempis gadaWarbebac ki, badebs SekiTxvas: ratom ganviTardnen isini erTian Sexedulebebs, kulturul Rirebulebebs da saerTo identurobas. misi azriT,
da ratom ver ganviTardnen maTi msgavsi sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebi? ra iyo is swori Cven jer ar vcxovrobT globaluri samoqalaqo kulturis eraSi da mxolod ramdenime
nabiji, ramac maT aseTi ganviTarebis saSualeba misca? saerTo Rirebuleba aerTianebs msoflios xalxebs. Tumca tendencia ukeTesobiskenaa
am qveynebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani unda iyos CvenTvis, rogorc da arsebobs iseTi Rirebulebebi, romlebsac ukve yvela iziarebs, ganurCevlad
susti saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebisaTvis, da, ra Tqma unda, imedis momcemic. erovnebisa, religiisa Tu politikuri simpatiebisa. magaliTad — adamianis uflebebi.
gagrZeldeba Tu ara axali industriuli qveynebis aRmasvla da SesaZlebelia Tu miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebi jer kidev irRveva, damnaSave
ara, rom sxva saxelmwifoebmac gaimeoron maTi gza, didad aris damokidebuli saxelmwifoebi cdiloben am faqtebis damalvas da sxvagvarad warmoCenas. garda amisa,
globaluri ekonomikis zrdis tempebze, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis bazrebis ganviTarebuli qveynebi mxolod TavianTi problemebiT arian dainteresebulni da
gaxsnilobaze da industriuli teqnologiis cvalebadobaze. naklebad iTvaliswineben ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs. zogadad, dRevandeli
msoflios erT-erTi dilema isaa, rom mdidrebi Raribebs ver ugeben. gilpini, misTvis
Cveuli realizmiT askvnis, rom am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, saubari globalur
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis qvesistemebi mTavrobaze ararealuria. yvelaze saukeTeso, rasac SeiZleba velodoT, aris is, rom
ZiriTadma Zlierma saxelmwifoebma sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da msoflios
amerikeli ekonomisti joan edelman spiro Tavis wignSi (The Politics of International interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iTanamSromlon ufro stabiluri da humanuri
Economic Relations) gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis dayofas sam saerTaSoriso politikuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad.
qvesistemad. globaluri sistemis amgvarad danawileba, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia,
radgan es qvesistemebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili da izolirebuli ar aris. magram
politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi TiToeul qvesistemaSi mainc specifiuria da
saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze myofi
saxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba da qceva saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.

dasavleTis (urTierTdamokidebulebis) qvesistema kapitalis moZraoba

es qvesistema, romelsac aseve urTierTdamokidebulebis qvesistemas uwodeben, kapitalis moZraoba dRevandel msoflioSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.
moicavs CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiis maRalganviTarebul es aris globaluri movlena, romlisTvisac sazRvrebi faqtiurad ar arsebobs. yvela
saxelmwifoebs. joan spiro aqve aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia am qvesistemaSi erovnebis kapitalis buneba erTnairia — igi miemarTeba iqiT, sadac garantirebulia
avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da samxreT afrikis gaerTianebac (The Politics of didi mogeba.
International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition.). isini uamravi ekonomikuri, meore msoflio omis Semdeg kapitalis eqsportma mkveTrad imata, da es gaxda
savaWro, safinanso, teqnologiuri da sxv. kavSiriT mWidroda arian erTmaneTTan sayovelTao movlena. am periodSive mniSvnelovnad gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli
dakavSirebuli. maT Soris amgvari urTierToba Camoyalibda da ganviTarda meore Statebis roli kapitalis eqsportSi. Semdeg mas daemata germaniis federaciuli
msoflio omis Semdeg. amaSi udidesi roli Seasrula e.w. breton-vudsis savaluto- respublika da iaponia. safrangeTi kvlav inarCunebda wamyvan poziciebs, magram
safinanso sistemam da tarifebisa da vaWrobis generalurma SeTanxmebam. saerTaSoriso Semcirda didi britaneTis xvedriTi wili. mecxramete saukuneSi iyo kapitalis erTi
reJimma, romelic aSS dolarze da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikur da gamokveTili eqsportiori qveyana — didi britaneTi, magram meoce saukunis ormociani
samxedro hegemoniaze iyo dafuZnebuli. orive xsenebulma reJimma xeli Seuwyo am wlebidan msoflio hegemonis cvlasTan erTad Seicvala kapitalis yvelaze didi
qvesistemis saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur aRmavlobas, warmoebis gaSlas, eqsportis eqsportioric, da is aSS gaxda.
zrdas, teqnologiur progress da aS. aman saerTaSoriso safinanso da savaWro bevri mecnieris azriT, kapitalis eqsporti ufro mWidro kavSirebs qmnis, vidre
aqtivoba, safinanso bazrebis internacionalizacia da, rogorc yovelive amis Sedegi, saerTaSoriso vaWroba. kapitalis eqsporti xels uwyobs kavSirebis ganmtkicebas
xsenebul saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba moitana. am qvesistemis SigniT qveynebs Soris. es kavSirebi stabiluria da isini grZelvadiani mSvidobis garantiaa.
Camoyalibda evropis saxelmwifoTa integracia da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis kapitalis gatana, garkveulwilad, misi siWarbis Sedegia. dRevandel msoflioSi
integracia (NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement – CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali kapitalis brunva saocrad did masStabebs aRwevs. amis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs:
vaWrobis SeTanxmeba. daarsda 1994 wels. Tavdapirvelad aerTianebda aSS-s, kanadasa da transnacionaluri korporaciebis ganviTareba da gavrceleba; manqanamowyobilobe-
meqsikas. mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli am wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobis bisa da satransporto saSualebaTa eqsportis mkveTri zrda.
gaintensiurebas. iTvaliswinebs tarifebis Semcirebas, wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis kapitalis gatana da misi sxva qveyanaSi investireba SesaZleblobas iZleva mimReb
savaWro sferoSi SeRavaTebis miniWebas da sxv.). qveyanaze gavlenis moxdenis.
mkveTrad gazrdilma urTierTdamokidebulebam da integraciam, marTalia, gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan kapitali miemarTeba Tanamedrove
keTildReoba moutana am saxelmwifoebs, magram maT garkveuli politikuri da wamyvani dargebisaken, mecnierebatevadi dargebisaken.
ekonomikuri problemebi Seuqmna. TiTqos urTierTdamokidebuleba ufro swrafad meoce saukunis bolodan aseve kapitali umetesad miemarTeba ganviTarebuli da
ganviTarda, vidre misi marTvis, menejmentis saSualebebi. gansakuTrebiT unda liberaluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli qveynebisaken, maSin roca adre tendencia
aRiniSnos, rom am qvesistemis saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo sxvagvari iyo, da kapitali miemarTeboda ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan ganviTa-
ganviTarebuli erovnuli ekonomika sxva monawileTa ekonomikuri politikisa da rebadebSi. kapitalis eqsportis geografiis cvlileba, erTis mxriv, dakavSirebulia
viTarebis mimarT metad mgrZnobiarea. erTis avadmyofoba gadadis meoreze. erTi kapitalis mimRebi dargebis cvlilebasTan. meores mxriv, zogierTi mecnieri eWvs
qveynis monetarul, savaWro da investiciaTa politikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi gamoTqvams, rom vinaidan ucxouri investiciebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ganviTa-
uSualo gavlenas axdenen sxva saxelmwifoebis imave sferoebze. uaryofiTi movlenebi, rebul kapitalistur qveynebs Soris, xolo es qveynebi aSS-is mokavSireebi arian,
rogoricaa umuSevroba, warmoebis dacema, inflacia da sxv., am SemTxvevaSi sazRvrebs amerikis mokavSireebi ara marto sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi xdebian masze
ar scnobs. damokidebulni, aramed im mizeziTac, rom maT mwarmoeblebs vrcel amerikul bazarze

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gasasvleli hqondeT. aqedan gamomdinare, naklebad savaraudoa, rom am qveynebis swored isini, ganviTarebuli qveynebi.
xelisuflebam ucxouri kapitali, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kapitali, Seaviwroon. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis mcdeloba mieRoT sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba, aseve
anu, am ideis avtorTa azriT, ucxouri kapitalis momZlavrebis erT-erTi warumateblad damTavrda. sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba samxedro daxmarebiT ufro
ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris is garemoeba, rom arsebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri Semoifargleboda, vidre ekonomikuriT. mas ar SeeZlo da ar undoda sazRvrebi gaexsna
wyoba asocirdeba amerikis TaosnobiT Seqmnil aliansTan, gansakuTrebiT nato-sTan. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis produqciisaTvis, es advilic ar iqneboda gegmiuri
mimReb qveyanaze ucxouri kapitalisa da transnacionaluri kompaniis, rogorc ekonomikis pirobebSi. amgvarad, ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs, maT Soris
ucxouri kapitalis, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul gavlenaze saubrisas `socialisturebsac~, dasavleTTan ufro intensiuri vaWroba hqondaT, vidre sabWoTa
ikveTeba ori ZiriTadi pozicia: pirvelis Tanaxmad, transnacionaluri firmebis blokTan.
zegavlena zogadad dadebiTia. meore poziciis mixedviT, ki isini zRudaven qveynis aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis kavSiric ar Sedga. amis mizezi
avtonomias, aferxeben mis damoukidebel ganviTarebas, zrdian ekonomikur mravalia: gansxvavebebi ideologiaSi, kulturaSi, religiaSi (gansakuTrebiT
uTanasworobas maspinZel qveyanaSi da xSirad, arTmeven ekonomikur suverenitetsac ki sunitebisa da Siitebis dapirispireba), industrializaciis doneSi da sxv. amas emateba
pirveli poziciis gamziareblebi miiCneven, rom ucxouri investiciebi mimRebi regionaluri SuRlebi da uTanxmoebebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad ver
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis seriozuli faqtoria. magaliTad moyavT gaamarTla TiTqmis verc erTma ekonomikurma kavSirma, romelTa Seqmnis mcdelobebic
dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg da maT swraf ara erTxel iyo.
ganviTarebas nawilobriv xsnian soliduri amerikuli kapitaldabandebebiT. igive radikaluri saxelmwifoebis azriT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili
logikiT, mesame samyaros qveynebis ekonomikuri warmateba miewereba ucxour liberaluri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi qveynebis uTanasworobisa da
investiciebsa da im politikas, romelmac investiciebi miizida. Tumca, bevri ar simdidris araTanabrad gadanawilebis mTavari mizezia.
iziarebs am mosazrebas da miaCniaT, rom pirdapir investiciebsa da ekonomikur gilpinis azriT (The Political Economy of International Relations), miuxedavad imisa, rom
ganviTarebas Soris Tanafardoba ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom mas mizez-Sedegobrivi meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mxriv iyo ara erTi
kavSiri davarqvaT. pirdapiri investiciebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba im qveynebSi, mcdeloba daxmarebodnen postkoloniur da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebs ekonomikuri
sadac sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis kargi pirobebia Seqmili, roca qveyanaSi zrdis daCqarebaSi, es procesi ar iyo Tanmimdevruli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
Sesaferisi politikuri situacia, stabiluroba da usafrTxo garemoa. samarTliani. amis magaliTia afrikis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba, laTinur
amerikaSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Sewyveta 80-ian wlebSi da dasavleTis mTeli
yuradRebis koncentrireba Soreul aRmosavleTze (axali industriuli qveynebi).
saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti

msoflioSi saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis moculoba naklebia, vidre kerZo axali industriuli qveynebi
kapitalisa, da amas logikuri axsnac aqvs. saxelmwifo kapitalis mizani ar aris swrafi
da moklevadiani mogeba. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlenis axal industriul saxelmwifoebs `aziur vefxvebsac~ uwodeben. es saxelmwifoebia:
gavrceleba investirebad qveyanaSi da iq sasurveli pirobebis Seqmna kerZo kapitalis taivani, tailandi, samxreT korea, filipinebi, malaizia, singapuri, honkongi da
investirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportireba umetesad xdeba qveynis indonezia (garkveuli mosazrebebiT laTinuramerikuli saxelmwifoebi brazilia,
infrastruqturaSi, satransporto dargebSi, sakredito-safinanso sistemaSi da sxv., meqsika, argentina da Cilec miekuTvnebian axali industriuli qveynebis sias). es
anu iseT sferoebSi, romelTa ganviTarebis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneba kerZo saxelmwifoebi meoce saukunis movlenaa. isini saocrad swrafi tempiT ganviTardnen da
kapitalis efeqturi da usafrTxo eqsportireba. garkveuli wona moipoves msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi. maTi ganviTarebis sawindari
saxelmwifo kapitalis formebia: grZelvadiani sesxebi da kreditebi, usasyidlo iyo industriuli dargebis amuSaveba da samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis dawyeba.
daxmareba. saxelmwifo kapitali mimarTulia susti, ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisa- Tumca industria ar aris erTaderTi sfero, romelic ganaviTares axalma indus-
ken. amiT xdeba maTze gavlenis moxdena da garkveuli kontrolis damyareba. saxel- triulma qveynebma. maT seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies mecnierebatevad dargebSi,
mwifo kapitalis eqsporti xorcieldeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze. miuxedavad bioteqnologiaSi, zegamtarobis sferoSi, energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis gamo-
imisa, rom, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsports altruizmis niSnebi axasiaTebs, yenebaSi, robotmSeneblobaSi da sxv. ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis mizniT es qveynebi
mas seriozuli pragmatuli gaTvlebic aqvs — saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis Sedegad qmnidnen da qmnian saeqsporto sawarmoo zonebs, sadac sagareo bazarze orienti-
mimRebi qveynebi investori qveynisgan yiduloben maT uaxles teqnologiebs, saqonels, rebuli saqoneli iwarmoeba. umetesad isini iqmneba navsadgurebTan da aeroportebTan
momsaxurebas da sxv. axlos da iq yvela SesaZlo pirobaa Seqmnili swrafi da maqsimalurad iafi warmo-
ebisaTvis (SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi, gaficvebis akrZalva, sxv.).
am qveynebis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli iafi muSaxelis arsebobam da
kerZo kapitalis eqsporti Sromatevadi dargebis Semosvlam ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. Tumca umTavresi, albaT,
mainc am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier arCeuli swori ekonomikuri strategiaa. gilpinis
kerZo kapitalis eqsporti ufro farTomasStabiania da igi ufro didi movlenaa, azriT, am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifo da
vidre saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti. igi xorcieldeba an pirdapiri investiciis ekonomikuri biurokratia, romelsac unari Seswevda Camoeyalibebina prioritetebi,
gziT (iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs (Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, ganexorcielebina mizanmimarTuli ekonomikuri politika da gaetarebina saWiro da
romelSic is axdens investirebas), an saportfelo investiciis gziT (ucxouri firmis xSirad arapopularuli reformebi. ekonomikis mesveurebma SeZles vaWroba, investi-
aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis reba da sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba ewarmoebinaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi
gareSe). kerZo kapitalis umTavresi mizania swrafi da didi mogeba. interesebidan gamomdinare. saxelmwifo da kerZo struqturebma moaxerxes konstruq-
ciuli TanamSromloba da SeimuSaves apolitikuri industriuli politika, romelic
investiciebis xasiaTisa da sakuTari kapitalis formis mixedviT asxvaveben orives interess da, saboloo jamSi, qveynebis interesebs pasuxobda. da bolos, rac,
individualur (fizikuri pirebis), korporaciul (sawarmoebi da organizaciebi) da albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am qveynebma uzarmazari investiciebi Cades ganaT-
institucionalur (koleqtiur) investorebs. lebasa da adamianur resursebSi.
individualuri investorebi ar aerTianeben TavianT kapitals, investirebas axor- axali industriuli qveynebis warmateba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs globaluri
cieleben TavianTi saxeliT da sakuTari saxsrebiT erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. siRaribis Temas. is faqti, rom ramdenime daqvemdebarebulma da sustma qveyanam
46 31
 mesame samyaros gaCena da korporaciuli investorebi moqmedeben Sesabamisi sawarmos, saaqcio sazogadoebis
firmis saxeliT, misi kuTvnili kapitalisa da sasesxo saSualebaTa mixedviT.
ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema korporaciul investorTa mniSvnelovani nawili ZiriTadad awarmoebs materialur
investirebas, xolo fasian qaRaldebSi saxsrebis dabandeba maTTvis investirebis
damatebiTi saSualebaa.
mesame samyaros cneba gaCnda laTinuri amerikis, xolo mogvianebiT aziisa da
institucionaluri investorebi TavianT kapitals ayalibeben klientebisa da
afrikis nacionalisturi moZraobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad. zogierTi
meanabreebis saxsrebiT da mas abandeben ZiriTadad fasian qaRaldebSi. zogierTi
mecnieris azriT, rasobrivi da kulturuli gansxvaveba, ganviTarebul saxel-
maTganisTvis damatebiTi aris materialuri investireba.
mwifoebTan SedarebiT, nawilobriv safuZveli gaxda mesame msoflios nacionalizmisa
sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa Sefasebisas investiciebSi igulisxmeba investoris
(The Global Political Economy, Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Stephen Gill and David Law. The moRvaweoba, mimarTuli misi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad,
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1993). Tumca es naklebad exeba laTinur amerikas, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebuli mimdinare moxmarebasTan. es moRvaweoba emyareba
sadac politikuri elita, oligarqia da mmarTveli Zalebi umetesad TeTrkanianebiT sakuTari da sasesxo kapitalis dabandebas.
arian warmodgenili. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom afrikis, aziisa da laTinuri amerikis investorad, romelic moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad da piradad agebs
elitebi yovelTvis dainteresebuli iyvnen dasavleTze TavianTi damokidebulebisa da pasuxs maT miRwevaze, gamodian an kapitalis mflobelebi, an is pirebi, romlebic
daqvemdebarebis SemcirebiT, rac pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli maTi ekonomikebis uflebamosilni arian iuridiuli piris saxeliT miiRon sainvesticio da safinanso
diversifikaciasa da industrializaciasTan. gadawyvetilebebi. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, investireba xdeba sakuTari an saTanado
raul prebiSi pirveli iyo, vinc dasva SekiTxvebi: ratom aris saerTaSoriso Sromis firmisa da saaqcio sazogadoebis sasesxo kapitalis meSveobiT. investiciebis
danawileba aseTi araTanaswori? ratom arian mesame samyaros qveynebi pirveladi, makroekonomikuri Taviseburebebis gaanalizebisas metad mniSvnelovania mewarmeTa
nedleuli saqonlis eqsportiorebi da mza produqciis importiorebi? ramdenad sainvesticio moTxovnilebaTa gamokvleva. aseTi moTxovnilebis faqtorebis
racionaluria aseTi sistema? Sesabamisad investiciebi iyofa inducirebul da avtonomiur investiciebad. qedan,
gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebi sul ufro da ufro pirvels warmoSobs sxvadasxva materialur faseulobebze moTxovnilebis myari zrda,
daJinebiT moiTxovdnen axal saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wesrigs — ufro samarTlians xolo meores — maTze mudmivi an fiqsirebuli moTxovnileba.
da damndobs. rodesac 1944-1948 wlebSi iqmneboda liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema da investoris grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad sakuTari an sasesxo kapitalis
misi Tanmdevi institutebi (msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, tari- yvelaze xelsayrelad gamoyenebis dasabuTebuli ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi
febisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeaTanxmeba), aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis Seadgens investirebis Teoriis Sinaarss. optimalur investicias warmoadgens is,
saxelmwifoebi naklebad iyvnen Cabmulni am procesSi, vinaidan bevr maTgans jer romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba dasaxul miznebs.
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba unda moepovebina, da isini swored amiT iyvnen msoflio praqtikaSi gamoyofen investirebis sam ZiriTad formas:
dakavebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi umetesobas
warmoadgendnen gaero-s generalur asambleaSi, suraTi sxvanairi iyo msoflio banksa 1. pirdapiri, anu realuri investiciebi (kapitalis dabandeba mrewvelobaSi,
da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi. xolo, rac Seexeba, tarifebisa da vaWrobis vaWrobaSi, momsaxurebis sferoSi — uSualod sawarmoebSi);
generalur SeTanxmebas, igi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier saerTod aRiqmeboda
mdidarTa klubad. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcire Sida bazrebis gamo maT faqtobrivad 2. saportfelo, anu finansuri investiciebi (investiciebi ucxour aqciebSi,
ar gaaCndaT saimiso berketi, rom raimenairad SeecvalaT gadawyetilebebi tarifebis obligaciebsa da sxva fasian qaRaldebSi);
regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT. isini im etapze moiTxovden, realobidan gamomdinare,
angariSi gaewiaT maTi axalSobili ekonomikebisaTvis da ufleba miscemodaT 3. sasesxo kapitalis saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani saerTaSoriso kreditebi
esargeblaT SeRavaTiani tarifebiT. da sesxebi samrewvelo da savaWro korporaciebs, bankebsa da sxva finansur
1974 wels moTxovna axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaxeb gacxadda dawesebulebebs.
gaeros maisis rezoluciaSi. rezoluciis miReba dakavSirebuli iyo opekis
warmatebebTan, rodesac man moaxerxa navTobze maRali fasebis daweseba. amis Sedegad pirdapir investiciebs SeuZlia uzrunvelyos investirebuli kompaniis investori
ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebidan arnaxuli Tanxebi Sevida opekis wevr korporaciebis srul mflobelobaSi gadayvana an saSualeba miscen maT daaweson masze
saxelmwifoebSi. es warmateba gadaWarbebulad iyo Sefasebuli mesame samyaros faqtobrivi kontroli. zogjer amisaTvis saWiroa flobde saaqcio kapitalis ara
qveynebis mier. maT gadawyvites, rom opeki naTeli magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor umetes 10%.
SeeZloT ganviTarebad qveynebs seriozuli rolis Sesruleba msoflio ekonomikaSi. wamyvani investorebi arian ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, pirvel rigSi —
amasTan, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da bolomde gaazrebuli navTobze ganviTarebuli aSS. magram am bolo wlebSi, ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze, SeerTebuli Statebis wili
saxelmwifoebis moTxovnilebis mniSvneloba. ucxoeTis pirdapiri investiciebis saerTo jamSi Semcirda 55 procentidan 44
is ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic navTobis imports eweodnen opekidan, procentamde, xolo dasavleT evropis qveynebisa da iaponiis wili gaizarda —
mxars uWerdnen an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar akritikebdnen opeks, vinaidan maT imedi Sesabamisad 37 procentidan 44 procentamde da 1 procentidan 10 procentamde.
hqondaT, rom miiRebdnen garkveul savaWro SeRavaTebs opekisagan; miiRebdnen eko- mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia, agreTve, pirdapiri investiciebis mimarTulebebSic:
nomikur daxmarebas opekis zogierTi saxelmwifosgan; mibaZavdnen opeks da miiRebdnen meore mosflio omamde kapitaldabandebaTa ZiriTadi nawili modioda CamorCenil
mxardaWeras opekis saxelmwifoebisagan axali ekonomikuri wesrigis moTxovnis saqmeSi. qveynebze, maSin rodesac ukanasknel xanebSi investorTa mozidvas cdiloben ganvi-
navTobi Zlieri instrumenti iqneboda mesame samyaros qveynebisaTvis ganviTare- Tarebuli ekonomikuri sistemis mqone qveynebi. es aixsneba cvlilebebiT investirebis
bul saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebebis dros. amasTan opekis wevr qveynebsac esmodaT, dargobriv struqturaSi. investireba axla ukve Tavs iyris gadamamuSavebel
rom ar unda daeSvaT TavianT winaaRmdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da mrewvelobaSi, xolo mis SigniT — mecnierebatevad da maRalteqnologiur dargebSi.
ganviTarebadi navTobis importiori qveynebis aliansi. kapitalis importiori xdebian igive amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tanac ukanasknel
1981 wlis navTobis krizisma opeki daasusta. paralelurad dasustda ganviTa- wlebSi aq pirdapiri investiciebis modena sWarbobs kidec maT ukudenas.
rebuli saxelmwifoebis isedac susti `vaWrobis poziciebi~ molaparakebebis dros. saportfelo investiciebi aris im aqciebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro,
amasTan dasavleTi kidev erTxel darwmunda, rom opekis saxelmwifoebis siZliere romlebsac uSvebs sawarmoebi, msxvili korporaciebi da kerZo bankebi. omisSemdgom
didad aris damokidebuli moTxovnaze navTobze, xolo moTxovnas ganapirobeben periodSi amgvari investiciebis moculoba izrdeba, rac metyvelebs kerZo investorTa

30 47
ricxvis zrdaze. xolo Suamavlebad ucxouri saportfelo investiciebis ganxorcie- mwifoebis rols am sistemaSi. misi azriT, opekis wevr saxelmwifoebs da iseT naklebad
lebisas gamodis sainvesticio bankebi (fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze Suamavali ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs, rogorebicaa brazilia, meqsika, argentina da sxv.,
organizaciebi, romlebic awarmoebs grZelvadian dabandebaTa dafinansebas). am saxis seriozuli sityvis Tqma SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT umetes, taivans,
investiciebis moZraobaze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva fasian qaRaldebze gacemuli tailands, samxreT koreas, singapurs, malaizias da filipinebs, romlebsac intensiuri
procentiani ganakveTebis normebSi arsebuli gansxvaveba. ase, magaliTad, amerikis savaWro urTierTobebi aqvT rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve mesame samyaros qveynebTan,
SeerTebul StatebSi procentiani ganakveTebis maRalma normam moizida mravali da romlebmac ukve daiwyes mniSvnelovani masStabebis investireba ganviTarebul
ucxoeli investori, gansakuTrebiT — iaponeli. meoce saukunis 1970-1980-ian wlebSi qveynebSi. spiro miiCnevs, rom uaxloes momavalSi es saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven da
moxda saerTaSoriso kreditebis zrdis afeTqeba, ramac gamoiwvia msoflio sakre- miiReben kidec monawileobas saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis marTvaSi, da es
dito-safinanso sferos Seqmna. sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari gansakuT- garduvalia. garda amisa, ukve daiwyo yofili aRmosavleTis sistemis saxelmwifoebis
rebiT swrafi tempebiT izrdeba da am saxsrebis ZiriTadi wvlili modis bankebs Soris gaerTianeba breton-vudsis sistemaSi da maTi `ekonomikuri amoqaCva~ grZelvadian
operaciebze. perspeqtivaSi kidev ufro gaaZlierebs erTiani evropis poziciebs msoflioSi.
amJamad sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari iyofa fulis bazarze da axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi iqneba mravalmxrivi marTvis sistema, da
sakuTriv kapitalebis bazarze: Tu adre konfliqtebisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebis mogvareba mniSvnelovanwilad
fulis bazari aris moklevadiani kreditebis bazari (erT wlamde). mxolod erTi saxelmwifos mier xdeboda, momavalSi amaSi monawileobas bevri
kapitalebis bazari aris saSualovadiani (2-dan 5 wlamde) sabanko kreditebis da saxelmwifo miiRebs saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, bevri mecnieri
grZelvadiani (10 welze meti) sesxebis bazari, romlebic gaicema, ZiriTadad, fasiani miiCnevs, rom mravalmxrivi menejmenti (marTva) msoflio ekonomikisa Zalian Znelia.
qaRaldebis gamoSvebisa da SeZenis dros. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis momxreni amtkiceben, rom, rogorc istoriam
bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso bazarze gamoiyeneba grZelvadiani dafinansebis cxadyo, mxolod erTi lideris (hegemonis) arsebobis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli
aratradiciuli formebi, magaliTad, saproeqto dafinanseba, rac gulisxmobs msxvili xangrZlivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba.
kreditebis gacemas sawarmoTa konkretuli samrewvelo proeqtebis gansaxorci- mecnierTa azriT, miuxedavad zogierTi miRwevebisa, msoflio vaWrobis libe-
eleblad. amrigad, grZelvadiani kreditis gacemis aRniSnuli forma uaxlovdeba ralizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia did siZneleebTan. jer kidev maRalia savaWro
pirdapir investiciebs. barierebi, gansakuTrebiT iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa momsaxurebis warmoeba da
soflis meurneoba. urugvais raundis dros qveynebi Seecadnen gadaewyvitaT
momsaxurebisa da vaWrobis zogierTi sakiTxi. magram mainc darCa savaWro barierebi,
romlebic exeba momsaxurebis seqtoris daaxloebiT 20 segments. mecnierebasa da
transnacionaluri korporaciebi teqnologiaSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebi warmoSobs axal problemebs vaWrobis
dargSi. magaliTad, soflis meurneobis produqciis amerikel eqsportiorTa did
ris jenkinsi Tavis wignSi `transnacionaluri korporaciebi da uTanaswori SeSfoTebas iwvevs is garemoeba, rom evropuli wesebi krZalaven genetikurad
ganviTareba” aRniSnavs, (Rhys Jenkins Trnasnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The modificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebas. mTeli rigi problemebisa warmoSva,
Internalisation of Capital and the Third World, p.1.) rom Zalian cota ekonomikuri instituti agreTve eleqtronuli vaWrobis gaCenam. 1998 wels msoflio savaWro organizaciis
iwvevs iseT emociebs, rogorsac transnacionaluri korporaciebi. es gansakuTrebiT wevr qveynebis ministrebma gamoaqveynes gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom qveynebma ar unda
exeba transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mesame samyaros urTierTobis sakiTxs. SeuSalon xeli eleqtronuli vaWrobis warmoebas vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis
transnacionalur korporaciebs xSirad warmoadgenen rogorc saerTaSoriso eleqtronul gadagzavnaze baJis dawesebiT. magram bevri ram jer kidev gadauWrelia.
ekonomikuri uTanasworobis ZiriTad mizezs da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel mniSvne- ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs surT gadaaqcion interneti utarifo zonad,
lovan faqtors. isini ganixilebian, rogorc msoflios ekonomikurad CamorCenil uzrunvelyon mTel msoflioSi erTmaneTis konkurenti telekomunikaciuri bazrebis
regionebSi warmoebis dawyebisa da gaintensiurebis Zalad da, amasTan, CamorCenilobis arseboba da ganamtkicon tariful produqciaze inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis
mizezad, vinaidan mogeba mudmivad miemarTeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. globaluri saSualebebi.
aleqsandre rondeli Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~ aRniSnavs:
`transnacionaluri korporaciebi iseTive Zlierni (zogjer ufro Zliernic!) arian,
rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. am korporaciebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT, warmoeba msoflio savaWro organizacia (World Trade Organisation)
qveynidan gaitanon da am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo dasaqmebis, msoflio bazarze gasvlis,
Semosavlis mxriv didad waagebs. es korporaciebi ukve imdenad damoukidebel Zalad msoflio savaWro organizacia daarsda 1995 wels da faqtiurad Secvala gati. misi
iqcnen, rom saerTaSoriso politikur procesebzec didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~. Stabbina JenevaSia. mmarTveli organoa ministrTa konferencia, romelic ikribeba or
(saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli weliwadSi erTxel. organizaciis yoveldRiur saqmianobas axorcielebs generaluri
universiteti, 1996. gv. 164). sabWo. mas safuZvlad udevs 30-mde SeTanxmeba, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso
transnacionalur korporaciebze saubrisas gasarkvevia sakiTxi maTi definiciis vaWrobisa da savaWro politikis samarTlebriv bazas. es SeTanxmebebi Tavmoyrilia
Sesaxeb, vinaidan ar arsebobs sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba. literaturaSi urugvais raundis saboloo aqtSi, romlis ZiriTadi principebia: aradiskriminaciuli
xSirad SeiZleba SevxvdeT terminebs `mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi”, `mraval- damokidebuleba yvela qveynis mimarT; Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyoba; konkurenciis
nacionaluri sawarmoebi”, `saerTaSoriso firmebi” da sxv. gaeros transnacionaluri xelSewyoba; gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis aRmoCena naklebad-ganviTarebuli
korporaciebis centrma ramdenime aTwleulis muSaobis Sedegad, ver moaxerxa qveynebisTvis.
ganmartebis SemuSaveba. Tumca, 1974 wels gaeros transnacionaluri korporaciebis msoflio savaWro organozacias aqvs sami ZiriTadi mizani:
centris Seqmnis periodidan gaeros publikaciebSi mxolod termins `transnacio-
• xeli Seuwyos vaWrobas;
naluri” vxvdebiT. gaerom mas upiratesoba mianiWa `mravalnacionalurTan” SedarebiT,
laTinuri amerikisa da karibis zogierTi saxelmwifos daJinebuli moTxovnis • miaRwios TandaTanobiT liberalizacias molaparakebebis gziT;
safuZvelze. es termini xazs usvams, rom es korporaciebi arian umetesad erovnuli
firmebi (adviladamosacnobi deda firmiT mSobel qveyanaSi), romlebic saqmianoben • danergos davebis samarTliani mogvarebis meqanizmebi.
saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gareT.
• misi erT-erTi mizania, agreTve proteqcionizmTan brZola.
yvelaze farTodmiRebuli ganmarteba ekuTvnis gaeros ekonomikur da socialur
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saxedidan, ekonomistebi ukve amtkiceben, rom am qveynebs ar SeswevdaT Zala sabWos: `yvela sawarmo, romelic akontrolebs mogebas — qarxnebi/fabrikebi,
gamklavebodnen kapitalis aseT mozRvavebas. marTalia, dagvianebiT, magram maRaroebi, maRaziebi da msgavsi — or an met saxelmwifoSi” (UNCTC 1978, 158). Tumca,
ekonomistebi mainc mixvdnen, rom am kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawili ideboda iseT realurad, transnacionalur kompanias eZaxian iseTsac, romelic saqmianobs Tundac
sawarmoebSi, romelTac ar mohqondaT Semosavali. maTi azriT, problemas is erT ucxo qveyanaSi.
arTulebda, rom aziis mraval qveyanaSi cudad iyo organizebuli zedamxedveloba ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia? es aris korporacia, romlis mflobeloba,
bankebze, romlebic xSirad iZulebuli iyvnen, zewolis qveS, gaecaT kreditebi ara menejmenti warmoeba da saqmianobebi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSia da sxvadasxva
ekonomikurad xelsayreli, aramed politikuri interesebiT nakarnaxevi proeqtebis saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis farglebSia moqceuli. mas gaaCnia saTavo ofisi erT
dasafinanseblad. rodesac ganviTarebis tempebis zrdaSi xarvezebi gaCnda, am saxelmwifoSi da filialebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi. korporaciis ZiriTadi mizania
proeqtebis didi nawili ekonomikurad arasicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. mravali msoflio bazrebisTvis saqonlis maqsimalurad dabal fasSi warmoeba. am miznis miRweva
sawarmo gakotrda. SesaZlebelia produqciis warmoebisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli adgilis SerCeviT an
aziuri krizisis am gamocdilebis gaziarebiT SeerTebulma Statebma da sxva qvey- maspinZeli saxelmwifosagan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miRebiT.
nebma daiwyes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kapitalis gazrda, raTa fonds transnacionalur korporaciebs gaaCniaT gamorCeuli menejeruli niWi, finansuri
SesaZlebloba hqonoda warmatebiT gadaewyvita amgvari saerTaSoriso finansuri saSualebebi da teqnikuri resursebi, da isini ewevian udides saqmianobas koor-
problemebi. fondma cno, rom gaurkvevloba da informaciis uqonloba xels uwyobda dinirebuli globaluri startegiis farglebSi. mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi,
saerTaSoriso safinanso bazrebis cvalebadobas, da daiwyo Tavisi moqmedebebis gilpinis azriT, cdiloben ganavrcon da gaimagron sabazro poziciebi korporaciuli
sajaroobis uzrunvelyofa. garda amisa, SeerTebulma Statebma moiTxoves, rom gadawyvetilebebis miRebis vertikaluri integraciisa da centralizaciis gziT.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis daJinebuli rekomendaciiT qveynebs ganexor- jeneral motorsi, daimler kraisleri, toiota, ford motori, nestle da sxv. tipiuri
cielebinaT struqturuli reformebi. magaliTebia (The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma amis sapasuxod marTlac wauyena moTxovna Press, Princeton 1987).
mTavrobebs SeewyvitaT politikurad xelsayreli proeqtebisaTvis kreditebis gacema. aseTi korporaciebi ekonomikuri urTierTobebis internacionalizaciis yvelaze
fondma moiTxova qveynebisagan gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformireba, raTa TvalsaCino movlenaa. arsebiTad, es aris kapitalis gatanis erT-erTi forma.
wamgebiani sawarmoebi male daxuruliyo. es xels Seuwyobda maT mier am qveynebis miuxedavad imisa, rom transacionaluri korporaciebi intensiurad me-20 saukunis 60-
ekonomikidan saxsrebis amoqaCvis mankieri praqtikis Sewyvetas. saerTaSoriso iani wlebidan vrceldeba, maT winamorbedebi gaaCndaT. maTi ricxvi sul ufro da ufro
savaluto fondi aqtiurad uWerda mxars saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizacias. igi, izrdeba, jer daiwyo aSS-is korporaciebis raodenobis zrda, Semdeg dasavleT
xSir SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovda, rom qveynebs ganexorcielebinaT savaWro politikis evropisa da iaponiis. meoce sukunis bolosaTvis ki transnacionaluri korporaciebi
liberalizacia, kerZod, im mizniT, rom ufro farTod gaexsnaT gza TavianTi hqondaT ara mxolod maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, aramed mesame samyaros qveynebsac,
bazrebisaken ucxouri bankebisa da finansuri institutebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis.
gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis damlevs saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, es korporaciebi dRes TiTqmis yvela dargSia. isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan
agreTve cno, rom misi tradiciuli rekomendaciebi sagadasaxado balansSi ara mxolod imiT, Tu ras awarmoeben, aramed imiTac, Tu rogor awarmoeben,
problemebis mqone qveynebisaTvis, kerZod — xisti sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi teqnologiis doniT, menejmentis stiliT da maTi produqciis bazris struqturiT.
politikis gatareba, yovelTvis ar amarTlebda im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdidnen menejmenti da marketingi aseT korporaciebSi xSirad Sereulia (saerTaSoriso). erT an
finansur kriziss. zogierT SemTxvevaSi fondma Searbila Tavisi moTxovnebi ramdenime qveyanaSi marketingis Sedegad produqcia iyideba mTel msoflioSi.
deficitis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, raTa qveynebs miscemodaT SesaZlebloba gaezardaT umetes SemTxvevaSi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi ramodenime qveynis iuris-
xarjebi im programebisaTvis, romlebic Tavis miznad isaxavdnen siRaribis masStabebis diqcias eqvemdebareba, rac aZnelebs maT gakontrolebas erTi konkretuli saxel-
Semcirebas da umuSevarTa dacvas. mwifos mier.
breton-vudsis konferenciaze Seiqmna, agreTve rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis transnacionaluri korporaciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdegi maxasiTeblebis mixed-
saerTaSoriso banki. igi warmoadgens mravalmxriv organizacias, romlis mizania xeli viT: maTi sidide, maTi filialebis raodenoba, saqmianobis tipi (mopovebiTi, samrew-
Seuwyos msoflio vaWrobasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas im qveynebisaTvis valis velo, momsaxureba/servisi, turizmi, sastumroebi, dazRveva, finansebi, transporti,
gacemiT, romlebsac msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad ar gaaCniaT sakuTari finansuri Sereuli, sasoflo-sameurneo), ucxour filialebTan kavSiris tipi, anu rogor
saxsrebi. msoflio banki kapitals Rebulobs Tavisi wevri-qveynebisagan, romelTac sakuTrebaSia — mTliani, nawilobrivi, erToblivi. mravalnacionalur korporaciebSi
SeaqvT wvlili maTi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis proporciulad. SeerTebulma Statebma gamoirCeva sami tipi, romlebic gansxvavdeba mSobeli da filialis kontrolis
Seitanes pirveldawyebiTi kapitalis daaxloebiT 35 procenti. proporciebiT, dominirebis xasiaTiTa da xarisxiT.
Tavisi moRvaweobis adrindel etapze msoflio banki asocirdeboda didi
proeqtebis ganxorcielebasTan, magaliTad — kaSxlebis mSeneblobasTan. magram gasuli • pirveli tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mSob-
saukunis oTxmocian-oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi man gaafarTova Tavisi midgomebi lis miznebisaTvis yvelaferis daqvemdebareba. umetesad transnacionaluri
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisadmi da daiwyo meti saxsrebis Cadeba iseT proeqtebSi, korporaciebi amjobineben srul mflobelobas, romelic filialebze maqsi-
romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ganaTlebasTan, profesiul momzadebasTan da miznad malur kontrols niSnavs. am korporaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSania moq-
isaxavdnen “adamianuri kapitalis” dagrovebas, agreTve qveynebis mier sabazro niloba da mobiluroba. Tanamedrove tendenciaa swored aseTi korporaciebis
ekonomikis mxardasaWerad sxvadasxva institutebis SeqmnasTan. gavrceleba. isini yvelaze momgebiania, Tumca vinaidan am tipis korporaciebis
rac Seexeba momaval saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemas, msoflio vaWrobaSi iaponiis miznebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi saxelmwifoebis miznebs, es
rolis mzardi ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre bevri mecnieri miiCnevda, rom mas xSirad konfliqtebis mizezi xdeba;
seriozuli rolis TamaSi SeeZlo, liderobac ki, msoflio vaWrobaSi axal indus-
• meore tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebis filialebi garkveuli damou-
triul saxelmwifoebTan erTad. Tumca, am ideis momxreTa ricxvma iklo ocdameerTe
kideblobiT, avtonomiiT sargebloben. isini ufro metad iTvaliswineben da
saukunis dasawyisisTvis da axla sul ufro metni miiCneven gaerTianebul evropas an
eqvemdebarebian mimRebi saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias da, Sesabamisad, naklebad
CineTs potenciur liderebad savaWro sferoSi.
Sedian masTan konfliqtSi;
joan spiros azriT, momavali saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis CamoyalibebaSi
udidesi mniSvneloba eqneba imas, Tu rogor gaiazreben dRevandeli wamyvani saxel- • mesame tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebi Zalian gansxvavdeba pirveli
mwifoebi naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da axali industriuli saxel- orisagan. mis menejmentSi ar aris romelime erovnebis upiratesoba, filialebi
28 49
 praqtikulad im qveynebs ekuTvnian, romlebSic funqcionireben da ewevian dolarTan mimarTebaSi hqonda metismetad maRali fasi, misi centraluri banki yidida
TavianT saqmianobas. es xdeba kontraqtaciis bazaze. Tavisi qveynis valutas dolarebSi gacvliT, riTac amcirebda mis fass. da, piriqiT. Tu
romelime qveynis valutis fasi metismetad dabali aRmoCndeboda, es qveyana
vinaidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis upirvelesi mizania maqsimaluri
yidulobda Tavis sakuTar valutas da amiT zrdida mis fass.
mogeba, isini dReniadag aumjobeseben menejments, marketingul xelovnebas, eZeben iaf
breton-vudsis konferenciis monawileebma Seqmnes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi,
sawarmo resursebs, iaf adamianur resursebs, strategiul teritoriebs, raTa
raTa daxmareba gaewiaT im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romelTac uWirdaT sagadasaxado
minimaluri danaxarjebiT SeinarCunon an gaaumjobeson produqciisa da momsaxurebis
balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta. qveynebs savaluto fondis daxma-
xarisxi da miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba saqminobisgan.
reba sWirdebaT, ZiriTadad, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom isini ganicdian disproporcias
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobaSi,
ekonomikaSi. tradiciulad fonds mimarTaven is qveynebi, romlebic arian mZime
iseve, rogorc nebismier warmoebaSi, aris momxmareblis da myidvelis swori SerCeva da
mdgomareobaSi saxelmwifo biujetis didi deficitisa da fuladi masis uaRresad didi
masze orientireba. Zalian bevri transnacionaluri korporacia, magaliTad, CvenTvis
zrdis gamo. aseTi qveynebi cdilobdnen moexmaraT meti, vidre maT amis saSualebas
iseTi kargad cnobili, rogoricaa proqter end gembeli (Procter and Gambel) cdilobs aZlevda Semosavali eqsportisagan. Seqmnili viTarebis gamosworebis standartul
moicvas momxmarebelTa yvela fena, yvela socialuri statusis piri. amitom, misi saSualebas, romelsac mimarTavda savaluto fondi, warmoadgenda moTxovnileba
saqoneli, magaliTad, sarecxi fxvnili, varirebs Zvirianidan iafamde. anu, mis mevale qveynebis mimarT gamajansaRebeli xasiaTis mkveTri makroekonomikuri zomebis
asortimentSi aris rogorc arieli, ZviradRirebuli da maRalxarisxiani sarecxi dacvis Sesaxeb, maT Soris sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi politikis gamkacreba
fxvnili, aseve taidi, romlis fasic saSualoa da xarisxi didad ar CamorCeba arielis moklevadiani kreditebis miRebis sanacvlod.
xarisxs da aseve bonuqsi, romelic iafia, gaTvlilia socialurad naklebad 1970-ian da 80-ian wlebSi iaponiisa da evropis ekonomikebis gajansaRebam da aSS-is
uzrunvelyofil mosaxleobaze da misi xarisxic SedarebiT dabalia. ekonomikis SedarebiT dasustebam gaarTula saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis
gilpinis azriT, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da saerTaSoriso kompaniebi im mdgomareoba. amasTan, iaponia da evropa jer ar iyvnen mzad SeesrulebinaT hegemonisa
msoflios asaxvaa, romelSic kapitali da teqnologia Zalian mobiluria, xolo Sroma da lideris roli. 1957 wlidan evropis Tanamegobroba udidesi savaWro bloki iyo.
rCeba SedarebiT naklebad mobiluri. qveynebis ekonomikebs Soris fardobiT upira- daarsda sabaJo kavSiri Tavisufali Sida vaWrobiT, Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tarifebi
tesobaSi arsebuli da mimdinare cvlilebebis gamo transnacionaluri korporaciebi da saerTo sasoflo-sameurneo politika. evropis qveynebis vaWrobam saocari
cdiloben TavianTi warmoeba da filialebi ganaTavson yvelaze xelsayrel, tempebiT imata da 1986 wels msoflio saerTo vaWrobis 38.8 procents miaRwia. kidev
dawinaurebul, ganviTarebul da, Sesabamisad, momgebian adgilebSi. xelsayrelobaSi ufro gaizarda vaWroba evropis qveynebs Soris. rac Seexeba iaponias, 1960-ian wlebSi
SeiZleba igulisxmebodes iaffasiani muSa xelis arseboba (iafi adamianuri resursebi), misi wili msoflio vaWrobaSi Seadgenda mxolod 3 procents. 1980-iani wlebis
bazrebis siaxlove, liberaluri sagadasaxado CarCoebi, usafrTxoeba.
bolosaTvis ki misma wilma 8.3 procents miaRwia (The Politics of International Economic
transnacionaluri kompaniebi sam ZiriTad tipad iyofa imisda mixedviT, Tu romel
sferoSi saqmianoben isini, nedleulis mopovebis, warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebis Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990). avtorTa azriT, am
sferoebSi. meore msoflio omamde pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandeba ZiriTadad saswaulebrivi ganviTarebis ukan idga iaponiis unikaluri niWi SeeTvisebina, daenerga
xdeboda nedleulis mopovebasa da plantaciebis moSenebaSi (magaliTad, navTobi, da ganeviTarebina uaxlesi ucxouri teqnologiebi, agreTve SesaZlebloba
mineraluri nedleuli, tropikuli xili). kapitalis aseTi gadanawileba asaxavda, erTi gamoeTavisuflebina xalxi soflis meurneobidan, seriozuli investireba moexdina
mxriv, samrewvelo qveynebis moTxovnilebas nedleulze da, meore mxriv, evropis warmoebaSi da daesaqmebina mosaxleoba am sferoSi. mTavrobam gadamwyveti roli
saxelmwifoebis politikur batonobas aziasa da afrikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli iTamaSa iaponiis ekonomikis aseT mzard ganviTarebaSi — SemuSavda specialuri
Statebisa ki — dasavleTis naxevarsferos umetes nawilSi. Tanamedrove transna- saxelmwifo programebi, romelTa farglebSic mniSvnelovani mxardaWera aRmoeCi-
cionaluri korporaciebis koloniur winamorbedebs ara marto finansuri da teqno- neboda kerZo investiciebs qveynisaTvis iseT strategiul dargebSi, rogoric iyo
logiuri resursebi hqondaT, aramed maT gankargulebaSi iyo aseve moqmedi armiebi, foladi, navTobgadamuSaveba, navTobqimikatebi, avtomanqanebi, TviTmfrinavebi,
romlebic maTi ekonomikuri Zalauflebis sadarajoze idgnen da, rogorc istoriidan samrewvelo teqnika, eleqtroteqnika da kompiuterebi.
Cans, xSirad aqtiurad ereodnen kidec. iaponiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli Seasrula eqsportis gafarToebisa da
Tanamedrove transnacionalur korporaciebs ara aqvT pirdapiri samxedro Zala importis proteqcionizmis (SezRudvis) politikam. vinaidan iaponiis ekonomika mniSv-
(Tumca, maTi umetesoba swored samxedro teqnikis warmoebiT aris dakavebuli), amitom nelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli nedleulis importze, mTavrobam daawesa mkacri
isini ZiriTadad eyrdnobian politikur gavlenas, sabazro Zalauflebas, finansebisa kontroli arasasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqonlis importze. mTavrobam uzrunvelyo
da teqnologiebis kontrols da, am ukanasknelis gasamyareblad, bazris struqturul saSinao warmoebis ganviTareba garkveuli proteqcionisturi meTodebiT impor-
Zalauflebas. miuxedavad amisa, 1945 wlidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis tirebul saqonelze (tarifebi, kvotebi) da rigi administraciuli zomebiT — importis
saqmianoba gafarTovda swored omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis licenzireba da sxv. paralelurad udidesi aqcenti keTdeboda nebismieri saxis
pirobebSi, romelic nawilobriv efuZneboda amerikis globalur samxedro Zala- nawarmis eqsportze. 1960-ani wlebidan iaponiam moaxerxa Seeqmna iseTi ekonomika,
uflebas. metic, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandebis romelic metwilad orientirebuli iyo eqsportze.
ZiriTadma sferom nedleulis mopovebidan warmoebaSi gadainacvla — gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi gaCnda axali problema. finansuri
ganviTarebad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. bazrebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mudmivi gaZlierebisa da Zrdis pirobebSi zogi-
transnacionaluri korporaciebi sam organizaciul tipad iyofa: vertikalurad erTi qveynebi aRmoCndnen seriozuli problemebis winaSe ucxouri valutis gacemis
integrirebul, horizontalurad integrirebul da konglomeratul tipebad. saqmeSi — ara imis gamo, rom arasworad warmarTavdnen ekonomikur saqmianobas, aramed
vertikalurad integrirebuli korporaciebi ZiriTadad mineraluri nedleulis imitom, rom kerZo investiciebis dolaris nakadebi ganicdidnen mkveTr cvlilebebs.
mopovebiTa da gadamuSavebiT arian dakavebulni, navTobwarmoebis sferoSi ki maTi xSirad amgvari problemebis gaCenas xsnidnen maTi ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi
funqciebi ZiriTadad distribucias moicavs. aseTi korporaciebi xSirad floben struqturuli xarvezebis arsebobiT. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda im finansuri
benzingasamarT sadgurebs. warmoebis sferoSi momravlda iseTi transnacionaluri krizisis dros, romelmac moicva azia 1997 wels.
korporaciebi, romlebic nawilebs erT qveyanaSi amzadeben da sxvagan awyoben. meoce saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi tailandSi, indoneziasa da
magaliTad, iaponiisa da amerikis eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebel firmebs amwyobi samxreT koreaSi moxda tempebis gansacvifrebeli zrda. inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT
qarxnebi aqvT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, tailandi, filipinebi, malaizia, maT Seadgines 9 procenti. ucxoelma investorebma amas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
samxreT korea da sxv., sadac maT qveynebTan SedarebiT iafi muSaxelia. miaqcies da male aziuri qveynebis ekonomika gaavses finansuri saxsrebiT. azia-wynari
okeanis regionSi kapitalis modena gaizarda daaxloebiT xuTjer. axla, am gada-
50 27
 • upirobo TanamSromloba yvela wevrs Soris. horizontaluri integracia gulisxmobs erTi tipis qarxnebis muSaobas sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi, anu rodesac centraluri qarxana da misi Svilobili kompaniebi identuri
unda Seqmniliyo msoflio savaWro reJimi an universaluri kanonebi savaWro saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni.
politikis warmoebisaTvis. konglomeratuli tipis korporaciebi bevr gansxvavebul sferoSi arian Cabmulni
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis bloki da naklebad ganviTarebuli saxel- erTdroulad, mag., navTobis, soflis meurneobis, narCenebis gadamuSavebis, mediis,
mwifoebis umetesoba ar SeuerTda gats da ar scnes misi principebi, xolo wevri sammxedro teqnikis warmoebis da sxv.
saxelmwifoebi srulad ar asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs, gatma mniSvnelovnad transnacionaluri korporaciebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCe-
Seuwyo xeli omis Semdgom periodSi msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciis process. vian TavianTi orientaciis mixedviT globalur warmoebasa da realizaciasTan
1980-ian wlebSi bevrma saxelmwifom eWvi Seitana gatis SesaZleblobaSi Seenar- mimarTebaSi. firma transnacionalurad iTvleba maSinac ki, roca mas mxolod erTi an
Cunebina liberaluri vaWrobis reJimi. amis mizezi iyo struqturuli cvlilebebi ori Svilobili kompania aqvs, romlebzec modis misi mTliani produqciis mxolod
msoflio ekonomikaSi, romelTa Sedegadac Seirya gatis principebi. saxelmwifoebs mcire nawili. maT sapirispirod, zogierTi transnacionaluri korporacia sakuTari
surdaT scodnodaT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara liberaluri reJimi, da Tu ara, romeli produqciis umetes nawils mSobliuri qveynis sazRvrebs gareT awarmoebs, magaliTad,
reJimi Secvlida omis Semdgom liberalur savaWro wesrigs. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Sveicaruli firma “nestle” (erT-erTi pirveli transnacionaluri korporacia msof-
meore msoflio omis Semdeg gatis farglebSi Catarebuli ramdenime warmatebuli lioSi). zogierT transnacionalur korporacias mxolod erT romelime regionSi aqvs
raundis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda tarifebi da gaizarda msoflio vaWroba. filiali, zogi ki WeSmaritad globaluria, vinaidan misi Svilobili kompaniebi mTel
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mzardma qselma TandaTan CaiTria saxelmwifo ekonomikebi msoflioSia ganfenili. magaliTad, “fordma” da “jeneral motorsma” manqanebis iseTi
erTian urTierTdamokidebulebis sistemaSi, rasac mohyva spekulacia imis Sesaxeb, rom modelebi Seqmnes (“msoflio manqanebi”), romlebic TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi saRdeba,
iwyeba mWidrod integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikis era, romelsac dadebiTze meti sadac SedarebiT normaluri gzebia, maTi awyoba ki warmoebis sxvadasxva adgilebSi
uaryofiTis motana SeuZlia erovnuli ekonomikisTvis. amis Sedegad Seicvala balansi SeiZleba. gaeros gamokvleva Semdeg kategoriebs warmoaCens: orientaciis mixedviT,
liberalizaciisa da ekonomikuri nacionalizmis momxreTa Soris. korporaciebi aseve iyofian eTnocentrul (mSobliur qveyanaze orientirebul),
1970-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis SesamCnevi gaxda ekonomikuri nacionalizmis policentrul (maspirZel qveyanaze orientirebul) da geocentrul (msoflio
upiratesoba liberalizmTan SedarebiT da vaWrobam Semcireba iwyo, rac aseve aisaxa orientaciis) tipebad. “maspinZeli” qveynis xelisufleba xSirad SiSobs, rom ucxouri
savaWro sistemis bunebaze. 70-ian wlebSi vaWrobis Semcirebasa da ekonomikuri kompania mis ekonomikur suverenitets SezRudavs da metic, mis saSiano saqmeebSi
proteqcionizmisaken dabrunebas xeli Seuwyo ramodenime fundamenturma movlenam: Caereva, raTa sakuTari qveynis sagareo politikuri interesebi ganaxorcielos.
rac Seexeba transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobas, rogorc nebismieri biznes
• mcocav savaluto kursze gadasvlam; dawesebuleba, isinic orientirebulni arian mogebaze, korporaciul zrdasa da
sabazro wilis matebaze.
• 1973-74 ww. zamTarSi navTobze fasis masiurma momatebam; transnacionaluri korporaciebi aseve gansxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu ram-
denad arian CarTulni iseT mwarmoeblur saqmianobaSi, romelic pirdapiri ucxouri
kapitalis dabandebis Cveulebriv tips ar Seesabameba - igulisxmeba Svilobili
• iaponiasTan konkurenciis gaZlierebam;
kompaniebis floba umravlesobis mier (rac Seexeba operaciebis efeqtur kontrols,
tipiuria 30%-ze meti wilis floba, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxezea TiTqmis 100%
• Zlier konkurentunariani axali industriuli saxelmwifoebis gamoCenam mflobeloba). saportfelo investiciebisgan gansxvavebiT, produqciisa da reali-
msoflio bazarze; zebis kontroli pirdapiri investirebis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens. is gulisxmobs
codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da Tanxebis pakets (erTianobas).
• aSS-is ekonomikis SedarebiTma dasustebam;
pirdapiri ucxouri investicia — iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs
(Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, romelSic is axdens investirebas.
• evropuli ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis daSlam;
saportfelo investicia — ucxouri firmis aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi
• globaluri stagflaciis (stagnacia+inflacia) niSnebma. kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis gareSe.
transnacionaluri korporacia zogjer erTobliv sawarmoSi erTiandeba, sadac
yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg dawyebuli vaWrobis kontroli Tavidanve gadanawilebulia. gilpini aseve asaxelebs transnacionaluri
liberalizaciis procesis SeCerebas. korporaciis ucxoeTSi moRvaweobis mesame tips, marTvis xelSekrulebas, korporacia
gati iyo wesebis krebuli, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba instituciuri fundamentis ar aris mflobeli, Tumca marTvis sferoSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebis umetesoba mas
gareSe. es iyo mcire samdivno, romelic miznad isaxavda saerTaSoriso savaWro ukavia. ucxo qveynebSi saqmianobis kidev erTi variantia e.w. “mza proeqti”, roca
organizaciis daarsebas. dRes arsebuli msoflio savaWro organizacia ki mudmivi transnacionaluri korporacia daqiravebulia mTeli qarxnis asawyobad da
institutia Tavisi samdivnoTi. gatis kanonebi exeboda mxolod saqonels da mxolod asamuSaveblad da adgilobrivi muSaxelis gasawvrTnelad. am SemTxvevaSi mas ar gaaCnia
mis irgvliv aregulirebda urTierTobebs. msoflio savaWro organizaciis kanonebi ki Cveulebrivi aqciebis wili qarxanaSi. masTan SezRuduli urTierToba SeiZleba
exeba, agreTve momsaxurebis sferos da inteleqtualuri qonebis savaWro aspeqtebs. gagrZeldes mas Semdegac, rac qarxana adgilobriv mflobels gadaecema — marTvis
gatisagan gansxvavebiT msoflio savaWro organizacias gaaCnia davebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSi konsultaciebisa da teqnikuri TanamSromlobis saxiT. transnacionalurma
ufro efeqturi da swrafi meqanizmebi. korporaciebma SeiZleba ubralod Seisyidon resursebi da produqcia ucxouri
Tanamedrove pirobebSi ormxrivobam farTod Secvala gatis mravalmxrivobis momwodeblebisgan. xSirad, adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi damokidebulni xdebian ucxoel
principi, da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa da ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas klientebze. zogjer, transnacionaluri korporacia ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi
sul ufro metad xelmZRvaneloben politikuri mosazrebebiT. klienti, radgan adgilobrivi mwarmoeblisTvis xan sesxis, xan masalisa da teqnikuri
breton-vudis sistemis Tanaxmad, qveynis centraluri bankebis winaSe, aSS-s konsultaciebis wyarod iqceva.
federaluri sarezervo sistemis garda, daisva amocana — daecvaT fiqsirebuli transnacionaluri saqmianobis erT-erTi aspeqti aris korporaciis Sida savaWro
gacvliTi kursebi TavianT valutasa da dolars Soris. amas isini akeTebdnen ucxour operaciebis gafarToeba, romlebic Zalian farTo speqtrs moicaven.
savaluto bazrebze intervenciis gziT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ama Tu im qveynis valutas gilpinis azriT, farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, verti-
26 51
kalurad integrirebuli transnacionaluri sawarmoebi ar dominireben ganviTarebadi mkveTri zrda, rasac mohyva inflacia, fasebis zrda.
qveynebis savaWro saqmianobaSi. aSS-s sawarmoebis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, mzardi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg qveynebi Seecadnen aRedginaT oqros standarti,
internacionalizacia da warmoebis vertikalurad integrirebuli sistema mxolod magram igi gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis didi depresiis periodSi mTlianad daeca.
dasavleT evropiTa da kanadiT Semoifargleba. zogierTi ekonomisti acxadebda, rom oqros standartis dacva ar aZlevda saSualebas
vertikaluri integraciis modelTan Tanaarsebobs, agreTve konglomeratis xelmZRvanel fulad-sakredito dawesebulebebs gaezardaT mimoqcevaSi fulis
elementebi, garda amisa, ufro da ufro xSiria sxvadasxva qveynebis transnacionaluri raodenoba saqmiani aqtiurobis aRsadgenad saWiro sakmaod swrafi tempebiT.
firmebis TanamSromloba da erToblivi sawarmoebis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevebi. bevri meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi aRiniSneba msoflio vaWrobis libera-
miiCnevs, rom aseTi tipis urTierTobebi riskis faqtors amcirebs (gadaanawilebs) da lizaciis dawyebiT. am procesSi lideris funqcia ikisra amerikam. es ganpirobebuli
gamokvlevebis masStabebis TvalsazrisiTac ekonomiuria. iyo aSS-is ekonomikuri siZlieriT da, rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, misi surviliT
meoce saukuneSi masobrivi warmoebisa da gamokvlevebze damyarebuli mrewvelobis Seesrulebina msoflio hegemonis roli. aSS-Si mixvdnen, rom stabiluroba qveyanaSi da
ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo axali firmebis bazarze SeRwevas da oligofoliis mokavSireebis erTgulebis SenarCuneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda maTi ekonomikis
ganviTarebas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mwarmoebeli transnacionaluri korpo- aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. amerikis daxmarebas am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tumca
raciebi gansakuTrebiT momZlavrdnen qimiuri preparatebis, avtomobilebis, kompiu- ekonomikuri damoukideblobisa da misi Semdgomi zrdis misaRwevad maT
terebisa da eleqtrosaqonlis warmoebaSi. meoce saukunis TiTqmis mTeli periodis esaWiroebodaT, agreTve, saeqsporto bazrebi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-is udidesi bazari.
manZilze am kompaniebs samrewvelo ganviTarebis maRali maCvenebeli hqondaT. 1944 wels msoflios wamyvani qveynebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen
mogvianebiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ganviTarda momsaxurebis sferoSic. es breton-vudsSi, Stati niu-hemfSiri, raTa SeeqmnaT axali saerTaSoriso finansuri
gansakuTrebiT exeba safinanso, sabanko, monacemTa gadamuSavebis, kavSirgabmulobisa sistema. vinaidan im dros SeerTebuli Statebis wilad modioda msoflioSi arsebuli
da mediis sferoebs. Cndeba monacemTa globaluri bazebi. xolo teqnikuri SesaZ- oqros naxevarze meti, wamyvanma qveynebma gadawyvites miebaT msoflios valutebi
leblobebis zrdis paralelurad SesaZlebeli xdeba safinanso bazrebis dakavSireba dolarisaTvis da moexdinaT, aRniSnul qveynebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis
da maTi integracia. imavdroulad, transnacionalizaciam ganviTareba daiwyo sacalo safuZvelze, misi konvertireba oqroSi —erT unciaSi 35 dolari.
vaWrobis sferoSic, romelic, ar aris CarTuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan, amerikam, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ikisra lideris roli da saTaveSi Caudga vaWrobis
Cveulebriv, moiTxovs klientTan axlo urTierTobas da axlo distancias. liberalizaciis process. man didi roli Seasrula tarifebisa da vaWrobis
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, garkveuli drois Semdeg, Sesaferisi globaluri generaluri SeTanxmebis (gati) SeqmnaSi, romelic warmoadgenda satarifo da savaWro
politikis pirobebSi, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ufro metad ganviTardeba, vidre wesebis saerTaSoriso krebuls da mas xeli moewera 1947 wels.
wmindad nacionaluri firmebi. amis mizezi gaxdeba maTi ekonomiuroba, rasac saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi qcevis wesebis krebulis SemoRebis garda, gati
ganapirobebs maTi masStaburoba, aseve kapitalis ufro mravalferovani da iafi (vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba) gamovida mravalmxrivi savaWro
wyaroebis mopoveba da gadasaxadebis dabali faqtiuri ganakveTi. am ukanasknelSi molaparakebebis ramdenime raundis sponsoros rolSi, xolo amerika, liderobda ra am
igulisxmeba is, rom transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia fasebis dakleba an momateba saqmeSi, aqtiurad monawileobda yovel maTganSi. meoce saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi
saqonelze, masalebze an sesxebze, Tavisi kompaniis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mdebare urugvais raundze, romelsac ase ewoda imis gamo, rom igi daiwyo pulta-del-estaSi
filialebs Soris. amitom, transferuli fasebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba or (urugvai) molaparakebebisas, qveynebi sabolood SeTanxmdnen vaWrobis Semdgomi
damoukidebel kompanias Soris SeTanxmebuli fasebisgan, anu im fasebisgan, romlebic liberalizaciis Sesaxeb da dasaxes samoqmedo gegmebi.
asaxavs sabazro pirobebs. vinaidan transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia aseTi
intrastruqturuli savaWro operaciebis warmoeba im qveyanaSi, romelSic kor-
poraciuli gadasaxadebi maRalia, kompaniis mogeba SeiZleba imaze dabali maCvenebliT vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba
gaformdes, rasac realurad warmoadgens. amis miRweva SeiZleba, magaliTad, im (General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade – GATT)
nawilebze fasebis daklebiT, romlebic sxva qveyanaSi, dabali gadasaxadebis pirobebSi
arsebul Svilobil kompaniaSi gadaigzavneba. amgvarad, transnacionalur kompanias vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba (gati) ganixileboda rogorc mdi-
manevrirebis bevrad meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre nacionalurs, da es saSualebas iZleva dari qveynebis klubi. gatis wesebi esaa — e.w. vaWrobis liberaluri wesebi mdidarTa
vivaraudod, rom transnacionaluri kompaniebis ricxvis zrda Seuqcevadi procesia. sasargeblod.
transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mimRebi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobis gati Seiqmna 1947 wels. mizani iyo wevr qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis
sakiTxi mudmivi gansjis Temaa, vinaidan bevri qveyana miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri xelSewyoba, rac gamoixateboda molaparakebebis warmoebaSi tarifebis dareguli-
korporaciebi politikur gavlenas amyareben mimReb qveyanaze. zogi mecnieris azriT, rebisa da Semcirebis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali vaWrobis gafarToeba da gaintensiureba,
yvela saxelmwifo SeiZleba ufro da ufro metad daeqvemdebaros transnacionaluri Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobda kacobriobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas. mas, agreTve
kompaniebis Zalauflebasa da gavlenas, maTi globaluri bunebisa da yvelgan unda SeemuSavebina davebis mogvarebis meqanizmebi. Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. gatis mola-
SeRwevadobis gamo. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom liberalur saxelmwifoebs naklebad- parakebebs uwodeben raundebs.
konfliqturi urTierTobebi aqvT transnacionalur korporaciebTan. gatis unda mieRwia Tavisufali da ufro samarTliani vaWrobisaTvis, tarifebis
spiros azriT, yvela qveyanaSi aris imisi moTxovnileba, rom moizidon pirdapiri Semcirebisa da sxva savaWro barierebis moxsnis gziT. igi Tavis saqmianobaSi
ucxouri kapitali da gamonaxon ucxour firmebTan urTierTobis saukeTeso gza. eyrdnoboda sam princips:
transnacionalur firmebTan urTierTobisas yvela saxelmwifo awydeba garkveul
problemebs da daZabulobas, Tumca, zogierTi urTierTobis tipi ufro metad • aradiskriminacia, mravalmxrivoba, da yvelaze sasurveli saxelmwifos prin-
daZabulia, vidre sxva. ufro mravalmxrivad rom warmovadginoT es sakiTxi, vityviT, cipis (Most-Favoured Nation Principle) gavrceleba SeTanxmebis yvela wevrze (yvelaze
rom transnacionaluri kompaniis, anu transnacionaluri kapitalis, rogorc sasurveli qveynis principi niSnavs imas, rom yovelTvis, rodesac wevri saxel-
klasobrivi struqturis nawilis, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra mwifo SeRavaTebs awesebs erTi savaWro partniorisTvis, man igive SeRavaTebi
tipisaa konkretuli saxelmwifo. msoflio sistemaTa terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, am unda mianiWos msoflio savaWro organizaciis yvela danarCen wevrs, raTa yvela
SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia mocemuli qveynis statusi — centraluria igi, iyos Tanabar pirobebSi);
periferiuli, Tu naxevrad periferiuli.
• vaWrobis gaintensiureba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro barierebis
Tumca, zemoT Tqmulis mixedviT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi gare Zalas
Semcirebis gziT;
warmoadgenen, maSin roca saxelmwifoebs SigniT, gansakuTrebiT ki “centralur”

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vaWroba mxolod ganviTarebuli da Zlieri qveynebisTvisaa momgebiani, romelTa saxelmwifoebSi, transnacionaluri kapitalis zegavlena SeiZleba metad mniSvnelo-
ekonomikac ar aris damokidebuli erT romelime seqtorze da erT konkretul vani iyos. marqsisti analitikosebi miiCneven, rom aSS-Si amerikuli transnacionaluri
produqtze. xolo ekonomikurad SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi- korporaciebis interesebi dominirebs.
saTvis ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi ufro momgebiani da mizanSewonilia. ase rom, maSin, roca transnacionaluri kompaniebis pirdapiri Zalaufleba,
nacionalistebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da miaCniaT, garedan zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba arc Tu ise mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos,
rom qveynis eqsporti unda aRematebodes imports — qveyanam unda gayidos meti roca saubaria “centralur” qveynebze, am qveynebis SigniT maTi struqturuli
produqcia, vidre iyidos. Tumca Tu am pozicias yvela qveyana gaiziarebs, maSin siZliere umaRles wertils aRwevs, gansakuTrebiT ideologiur doneze.
gasayidi aRaraferi iqneba da saerTaSoriso vaWrobac aRar iarsebebs. nawilobriv kapitalisturi sistemis xelSemwyobi koncefciebis kanonTan Sesaba-
liberalebi miiCneven, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobis garantiaa, da rac meti misobaSi moyvanis didi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa aSS, iaponia,
qveyanaa Cabmuli masSi, miT ufro usafrTxo da stabiluria msoflio, nacionalistebi germania, safrangeTi da britaneTi, da saxelmwifos qcevasa da ekonomikuri aqtivobis
ar eTanxmebian da Tvlian, rom dRevandelma globalurma ekonomikam, romelic TiTqmis doneze saqmiani koniunqturisa da mtkice saqmiani poziciis damsaxurebiT, kapitalis
yvela qveynis ekonomikas moicavs, moitana damokidebulebis axali formebi da Seqmna Zalauflebam SeiZleba TiTqmis hegemonur statuss miaRwios. Tu imuSavebs ekono-
niadagi ekonomikuri konfliqtebisaTvis. mikuri aqtivobis ZiriTadi liberaluri kanonebi, saqmiani koniunqturis interna-
Tanamedrove yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi iyo cionalizacia imas niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso masStabiT mobiluri kapitalis struq-
periodebi, rodesac isini mkveTrad uxvevdnen ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisken. ase, turuli Zalaufleba marTlac rom Zalze didi iqneba. es pozicia aris transnaci-
magaliTad, amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe aleqsandre hamiltoni aSS-is samrewvelo onaluri kompaniebis Zalauflebis dominirebadi realisturi interpretirebis meore
ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad moiTxovda proteqcionistuli tarifis SemoRebas, da mxare. realistebi xazs usvamen saxelmwifos avtonomiurobas da “erovnuli
unda iTqvas, rom misi rekomendaciebi xSirad sruldeboda. hamiltoni ar iziarebda interesebis” ideis dominantur zegavlenas, rac wina planze ayenebs usafrTxoebas.
adam smitis `Tavisufali bazris“ ideas da miaCnda, rom saxelmwifos seriozuli am TvalsazrisiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi iqamde gaSlian TavianT saqmia-
daxmareba unda gaewia industriis ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikulma proteqcionizmma nobebs da gaizrdebian, sanam es Zlier saxelmwifoebis interesebSi iqneba. saxelmwifo
Tavis piks miaRwia 1930 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna smuT-holei tarifi (ix. zeviT), da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan calsaxad gaimijnon. amitom,
romelmac mkveTrad gazarda aSS-Si SemoRebuli tarifebi. saxelmwifo politika ar unda ganixilebodes mxolod “erovnuli” TvalsazrisiT.
germanelma ekonomistma fridrix listmac ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi miiCnia saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli politika da is daZabuloba, romelic saxelmwifo
mizanSewonilad Tavisi qveynisaTvis. laparakia mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis kursis gatarebas axlavs, dakavSirebulia aseve klasobriv da klasebis struqturuli
daqucmacebul da sust germaniaze. listis rekomendaciiT germanulma saxelmwifoebma elementebis interesebTan.
garkveuli barieri dauweses inglisur saqonels maRali baJis saxiT, riTac moaxerxes joan spiros azriT, ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis politika pirdapir
sakuTari mrewvelobis dacva, misTvis xelSewyoba da, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikuri ucxour kapitalTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia. kerZod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi
aRmavlobis dawyeba. xSirad SiSiT uyureben transnacionalur korporaciebs da metic, cdiloben SezRudon
rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, liberalebic da nacionalistebic Tanxmdebian, rom maTi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu korporaciebi Cabmulni arian
warmoebas sWirdeba dacva mis sawyis etapze, magram maTi Sexedulebebi fundamenturad nedleulis, kerZod, mineraluri nedleulis mopovebaSi. amgvari damokidebuleba
gansxvavdeba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra aris am dacvis, anu proteqcionizmis, mizani. bunebrivia imis gaTvalsiwinebiT, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi nawilis mier
nacionalistebisTvis proteqcionizmi saboloo mizania, romelsac mohyveba indus- transnacionaluri korporaciebi aRiqmeba mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebis poli-
triuli Zalaufleba da Zlieri saxelmwifo. liberalebisTvis ki — proteqcionizmi tikis gamtareblad, romelTa interesic calmxrivi mogebaa. ganviTarebadi qveynebis
droebiTi etapia, romelic qveyanas saSualebas aZlevs mixvdes, Tu romel sferoSi aqvs umetesoba xvdeba nedleuliTa da naxevarfabrikatebiT vaWrobis uperspeqtivobas da
mas SefardebiTi upiratesoba. saboloo mizani ki — Tavisufali vaWroba da msoflio yvelanairad cdilobs pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas warmoebis sferoSi.
simdidris Seqmnaa. liberalebis azriT, yvela ekonomikas gaaCnia SefardebiTi meoce saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi ganxorcielda
upiratesoba rameSi da amitom maT ar unda eSinodeT Tavisufali vaWrobis. sagadasaxado sistemis met-naklebi liberalizacia, moxda saxelmwifos mier
momsaxurebis garkveuli saxeebis subsidireba, Seiqmna saeqsportod gankuTvnili
saqonlis warmoebis specialuri zonebi da gatarda sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic
savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg mimarTuli iyo iseTi transnacionaluri korporaciebis mozidvaze, romlebic
imuSavebdnen qveynisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis sferoebSi da xels Seuwyobdnen
pirvel msoflio omamde msoflio ekonomika moqmedebda oqros standartis arse- erovnuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan ganviTarebadi
bobis pirobebSi. es imas niSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, ama Tu im konkretuli kursis saxelmwifoebis speqtri mravalferovania, maTi damokidebuleba transnacionaluri
mixedviT, yvela qveynis valutis konvertireba oqroSi. amgvarma sistemam ganapiroba korporaciebis mimarT aseve araerTgvarovania.
fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis SemoReba, e. i. yvela qveynis valutis gacvla nebis- zogi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos naklebad keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba
mieri sxva qveynis valutaze SesaZlebeli iyo myarad dadgenili, ucvleli kursiT. sabazro meqanizmis, konkurenciisa da zogjer kerZo warmoebis mimarT ganpirobebulia
fiqsirebulma savaluto kursebma xeli Seuwyo msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebas, bevri ganviTarebadi qveynis damokidebulebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisadmi, rogorc
vinaidan maT erTgvarad gamoricxes is gaurkvevlobis faqtorebi, romlebic dakav- sabazro sistemisadmi, romelic CrdiloeTSi ufro kargad muSaobs, vidre samxreTSi.
Sirebuli iyo e.w. mcurav kursebTan. magram am sistemas, mecnierTa azriT, hqonda sul amgvarad, kerZo sawarmoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki transnacionaluri kompaniebis, mimarT
cota ori nakli. jer erTi, oqros standartis pirobebSi qveynebs ar hqondaT ganxorcielebuli SezRudvebi ganixileba rogorc aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, raTa
SesaZlebloba gaekontrolebinaT TavianTi oqros masebi. amis nacvlad yoveli qveynis saxelmwifos ufro meti wili darCes ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis Sedegad
oqros masa ganisazRvreboda oqros im nakadiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda sxva qveynebTan miRebuli Semosavlidan an imisTvis, rom ganviTardes axlad aRmocenebuli sawarmoebi.
angariSsworebis dros. meorec is, rom yvela qveyanaSi oqros politika ganicdida ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad aRiniSneba saxelmwifos zewola
oqros mopovebis tempebis gavlenas. mecxramete saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, rodesac transnacionalur korporaciebze. politikur elitebs ar surT damokidebulni iyvnen
oqro mcire raodenobiT moipoveboda, oqros masa mTels msoflioSi neli tempiT ucxour kompaniebze da maT sapirispirod iwyeben sajaro seqtoris ganviTarebis
izrdeboda, raTa ar CamorCenoda ekonomikis zrdas. amis Sedegi iyo deflacia, fasebis xelSewyobas, gansakuTrebiT, im sferoebSi, romlebic, maTi azriT, strategiuli
dacema. SemdgomSi, mecxramete saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, aliaskaze da samxreT afrikaSi mniSvnelobisaa. mag. indoeTSi aseT sferoebad miCneulia qimiuri, farmacevtuli,
oqros sabadoebis aRmoCenam gamoiwvia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da nedleulis mopoveba. meoce saukunis 60-70-ian

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wlebSi iseTma prokapitalisturma qveyanamac ki, rogoricaa brazilia, vrceli sajaro saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi
seqtori ganaviTara, romelSic Sevida aseve samrewvelo sawarmoebi. yovelive es
amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi kvlavac mniSvnelovania da, rom misi mniSvneloba
meore msoflio omis Semdeg
srulebiTac ar Semcirebula mesame msoflios saxelmwifo biurokratiaSi. bevri
vaWrobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zogierTi
miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobis SezRudviT mTavrobebi
mecnieri imdenad Sors midis vaWrobis rolis SefasebaSi, rom vaWrobasa da oms
sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, vinaidan erovnuli korporaciebi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTad Semadgenlebad miiCnevs.
xSirad ver uzrunvelyofen produqciaze iseTive fasebs, rogorsac transnacionalu-
saerTaSoriso vaWroba udides gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso politikaze, vinaidan
ri korporaciebi, amasTan maT mier warmoebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis xarisxic
qmnis mWidro saqmian kavSirebs qveynebs Soris. igi mSvidobis faqtoria. Tanamedrove
SeiZleba ufro dabali iyos. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebels mouwevs ufro
urTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro mniSvnelovans xdis
maRali safasuris gadaxda naklebad xarisxian saqonelSi. arsebobs azri, rom
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. dRes saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cabmulia yvela qveyana,
sazogadoeba cudad aris informirebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarji Tu mogeba mohyveba
vinaidan verc erTi maTgani ver SeZlebs iyos TviTkmari da mxolod sakuTari warmoebis
qveyanaSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis moqmedebis SezRudvas an gamoricxvas. es
produqciiT uzrunvelyos Tavisi Tavi. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi
gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa iseT dargebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT
qveyanas yovelTvis sWirdeba garkveuli produqciis importireba, xolo saimporto
momgebiania an perspeqtiuli. am sferoebis nacionalizacia ise xdeba xolme, rom
xarjebis dafarva SesaZlebelia eqsportidan miRebuli SemosavliT. rac ufro didia
sazogadoeba ar aris informirebuli xarjebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxva regionebSi.
qveyana, miT ufro didi nawili misi erovnuli produqciisa aris Cabmuli saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis winaaRmdeg
vaWrobaSi.
mimarTuli politika, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis arsis da misi bunebis axsnas cdilobs ori erTmaneTisagan
ekonomikuri damoukideblobis xelSemwyobi RonisZieba da ara rogorc ekonomikuri
Zalze gansxvavebuli Teoria. erTi efuZneba liberalur tradiciebs (mas dRes heqsCer-
zrdis Seferxebis mizezi. es gadawyvetileba ki, rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis umravles
nawilze uaryofiTad aisaxeba, maSin, roca politikuri elita, romelic irCevs amgvar olin-samuelsonis Teorias uwodeben, SemoklebiT — H-O), xolo meore — nacio-
politikas, importisa da transnacionaluri kompaniebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli nalisturs. am TeoriebSi absoluturad gansxvavebulad aris axsnili saerTaSoriso
RonisZiebebidan sargebels poulobs. Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli, rom aseTma vaWrobis mizezebi, miznebi da Sedegebi.
viTarebam Sedegad gamoiRos transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis Seferxeba an saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos
aRkveTa. piriqiT, SeiZleba adgilobrivma elitam erTobliv sawarmoSi gaerTianeba da Teoriebidan iRebs safuZvels, Tumca misi Tanamedrove varianti garkveulwilad
am gziT Tavisis Semosavlebis gazrda isurvos. damokidebulebis Teoriis oponentebis saxecvlilia.
azriT, swored elitis arasaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebebi da procesebze uaryofiTi liberalebs sjeraT vaWrobis Ria sistemis, romelzec vrceldeba kanonierebis
gavlena ganapirobebs politikuri Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da codnis uTanasworo principi. maTi azriT, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania masSi Cabmuli yvela mxari-
gadanawilebas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetes nawilSi. saTvis. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela mxare aucileblad Tanabradaa mogebuli am
ucxouri sawarmoebis nacionalizacia yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia nedleulis procesSi. gilpini liberalebis am mosazrebis axsnisas aRniSnavs, rom Tavisufali
warmoebis seqtorisTvis. es aris koloniuri gamocdilebis gamoZaxili. ucxouri vaWrobis dasacavad mTavari argumenti ara mogebis Tanabari ganawilebaa, aramed
batonoba asocirdeba swored am seqtorTan, romelzec mTeli ekonomika iyo maqsimaluri efeqturoba da msoflio simdidris gazrda. Sromis saerTaSoriso
damokidebuli. nedleulis mogebaze orientirebulma warmoebam seriozuli wvlili danawileba zrdis individualur produqtiulobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs
Seitana mTliani erovnuli produqtis maCveneblis zrdaSi da ucxouri valutis erovnuli da msoflio simdidris Seqmnasa da dagrovebas. Sromis saerTaSoriso
Semodenis ZiriTad wyarod iqca. situacia ar Secvlila rig ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, danawileba da misi gaRrmaveba msoflio ekonomikis ayvavebis da saerTaSoriso
magaliTad, spilenZis warmoeba zambiaSi, sadac nacionalizebuli warmoeba nawilobriv keTildReobis sawindaria.
damokidebuli darCa transnacionalur kompaniebze. es urTierToba “marTvis Tavisufal vaWrobas sargebeli moaqvs sxva xalxebisTvisac. ekonomistebi ukve
xelSekrulebis” saxiT gaformda xsenebuli warmoebis adrindel mflobelebTan. didi xania Tvlian, rom vaWroba aZlevs uflebas qveynebs miaqcion ZiriTadi yuradReba
sxvaTa Soris, aseTi xelSekrulebis Sedegad, 70-iani wlebis bolosa d 80-iani wlebis im saqonlis warmoebas da im momsaxurebas, romelTa maRali xarisxic SeuZliaT
dasawyisSi spilenZis fasebis dacemis simZime ufro metad zambias daawva, vidre uzrunvelyon am qveynebma maqsimaluri efeqturobiT. mgvarad, isini amaRleben mTeli
transnacionalur kompaniebs. msoflio Tanamegobrobis sawarmoo simZlavreebs. ufro metic, vaWroba xels uwyobs
gasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebis mtruli ganwyoba ekonomikisa da socialuri stabilurobis zrdas, demokratiis ganviTarebas calkeul
transnacionaluri kompaniebis mimarT 60-ian wlebTan da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisTan qveynebSi, agreTve msoflios ayvavebas, kanonierebis damyarebas da mSvidobis
SedarebiT Serbilda. am droisTvis bevrma maTganma ukve moaxerxa, rom TavianTi uzrunvelyofas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.
sabadoebisa da plantaciebis kontolis umetes wils dapatroneboda. 1970-ian wlebSi, vaWrobis Ria sistema moiTxovs, rom qveynebma ganaxorcielon samarTliani da
navTobis fasebiT gamowveuli Sokis pirobebSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic diskriminaciisgan Tavisufali SeRweva erTmaneTis bazrebze. amisaTvis qveynebi unda
navTobis imports eweodnen, sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Seecadon Seuqmnan sxva qveynebs xelsayreli pirobebi Tavis bazrebze SesaRwevad —
winaSe aRmoCndnen. maT meti ucxouri valuta esaWiroebodaT da amisi erT-erTi Seamciron TavianTi savaWro barierebi mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis
saSualeba iyo saeqportod gankuTvnili warmoebis asamuSaveblad TavianT qveynebSi dadebis gziT. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciisas ZiriTadi yuradReba
transnacionaluri kompaniebis mozidva. swored aman ganapiroba saeqporto saqonlis tradiciulad eTmoba tarifebisa da garkveuli arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas,
gadamamuSavebeli zonebis momravleba. sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli ukanasknel wlebSi gaCnda axali saSualebebi am liberalizaciis uzrunvelsayofad.
problemebi kidev ufro damZimda wina saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, radgan ganviTarebuli yvela qveynis savaWro kanonmdebloba da savaWro praqtika unda iyos gamWvirvale, anu,
qveynebis ekonomikuri daqveiTeba niSnavda ganviTarebadi qveynebis saeqsporto sxvagvarad, yvelam unda icodes wesebi da yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari Sansebi
saqonelze moTxovnilebis dacemas. Sedegad, bevrma ganviTarebadma qveyanam mimarTa konkurenciaSi monawileobisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msoflio banks sesxebis asaRebad. orive es miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis Tavad liberalebic ki aRiareben, rom wminda
organizacia muSaobs, raTa xeli Seuwyos ganviTarebad qveynebs ukeT gaecnon saxiT Tavisufali vaWroba praqtikaSi ar arsebobs da `uxilav xelze~ efeqturi, xSir
transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobas, ndobiT ganewyon maT mimarT, Seecadnon SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo Carevaa, am Teoriis mimdevrebi mainc rCebian ekonomikaSi
maT mozidvas TavianT qveynebSi da Semdeg ukve SeZlon maTTan TanamSromloba. saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevis momxreebad.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoriis oponentebi Tvlian, rom Tavisufali

54 23
 2004 wels msoflio bankma gasca 20,1 miliardi aSS dolari 245 proeqtis evropis integracia
gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic mimarTuli iyo msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSi
siRaribesTan sabrZolvelad. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis internet-gverdis 2005 wlis oficialuri
teqnikurad msoflio banki gaeros sistemis nawilia, magram misi mmarTvelobis monacemebiT, dReisaTvis evrokavSiris ekonomika udidesia da misi erTiani Sida
struqtura gansxvavebulia. bankis wevroba xmis uflebas iTvaliswinebs, magram aseve produqti, Seadgens ra 12 865 602 milion aSS dolars, odnav uswrebs aSS-s igive
arsebobs damatebiTi xmis ufleba, romelic damokidebulia organizaciaSi finansuri maCvenebels (11 734 300 milioni). evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda 1990 wlamde Camor-
kontribuciis odenobaze. Sesabamisad banki ZiriTadad kontroldeba ganviTarebuli Ceboda aSS-s, xolo umuSevrobis done amerikaze maRali iyo. igive wyaroSi miTiTebuli
saxelmwifoebis mier, maSin roca misi ZiriTadi klientebi arian ganviTarebadi gaTvlebiT, 2006 wels evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda Seadgens 2,3%. amasTan,
saxelmwifoebi. 2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, aSS-s gaaCndaT xmebis mTliani ekonomikuri zrdis procentuli maCvenebeli kavSiris Zvel wevrebSi bevrad naklebia,
raodenobis 16,4%, iaponias — 7,9%, germanias — 4,5% da did britaneTsa da safrangeTs vidre mis axal wevr qveynebSi. evrokavSiri aseve erT-erTi lideria saerTaSoriso
Tanambrad 4,3%. vinaidan seriozuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiroa xmaTa 85%, vaWrobaSi da misi ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi arian: iaponia, Sveicaria da aSS.
aSS-s SeuZliaT dablokon nebismieri cvlileba. kritikosebis azriT, saWiroa bankis ra gza gaiara evropam gaerTianebamde da ra iyo evropuli integraciis mizani?
mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis Secvla, raTa ukeT iyos gaTvaliswinebuli evropelebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli msoflio omi niSnavda evropuli civilizaciis
ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis interesebi da maTTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis dasasruls. Tumca umciresoba xvdeboda, rom evropis gadarCena da misi usafrTxoeba
sakiTxebi maTive aqtiuri monawileobiT wydebodes. damokidebuli iyo mis unarze, daeZlia agresiuli nacionalizmi, romelmac evropis
kontinenti katastrofamde miiyvana, da gaeTavisebina idea mSvidobiani da erTiani
evropis Sesaxeb.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi 1923 wels avstrielma rixard kudenxov-kalergim daaarsa panevropuli moZraoba.
1926 wels man moaxerxa erTad Seekriba evropis sxvadasxva gamoCenili politikuri
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aris gaeros specializebuli dawesebuleba, figurebi pirvel panevropul kongresze venaSi. aRniSnul kongresamde, evropa,
romelic Seiqmna 1944 wels breton-vudsis konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT. fondi rogorc politikuri koncefcia, ar arsebobda. kudenxov-kalergis azriT, urTierT-
sruli avtonomiiT sargeblobs. fondis wevria 180-mde qveyana. wesdebis mixedviT, zizRi evropaSi wamlavda atmosferos da evropis problemebis mogvareba mxolod
fondma xeli unda Seuwyos saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobas, saerTaSoriso Tavad evropelebs SeeZloT. misi azriT, evropis mSvidobiani gaerTianebis gzaze erT-
vaWrobis gafarToebas, Tvalyuri adevnos valutis stabilurobas da gasces kreditebi erTi urTulesi dabrkoleba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli aTaswliani
wevr saxelmwifoebze sagadasaxado balansebis gasawonasworeblad. SuRli iyo.
fondis ZiriTad kapitals Seadgens wevri saxelmwifoebis kvoturi Senatanebi. pan-evropuli moZraobis oqros wlebi meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevari
TiToeuli saxelmwifos kvoturi Senatanis odenoba ganisazRvreba qveynis finansur- iyo, rodesac xelmoweril iqna lokarnos SeTanxmeba (1925w. germaniis dasavleTis
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa gadaxedvac periodulad sazRvrebis garantiis Sesaxeb) da brian-kelogis paqti (1928w. omze, rogorc
xdeba. sawevroebis 25 procenti ixdeba oqrosa da aSS dolarSi, xolo 75 procenti — saxelmwifo politikis iaraRze, uaris Tqma).
erovnul valutaSi. kreditebis odenoba, romelic SeiZleba avtomaturad miiRos 1929 wels safrangeTis premier-ministrma brianma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba evro-
TiToeulma qveyanam, Seefardeba mis `oqros wils~. fondidan am odenobaze meti Tanxis pis saxelmwifoebis federaciis idea: federacia, romelic efuZneba solidarobasa da
miReba SezRudulia. kreditebi fondis wevr qveyanas eZleva misTvis saWiro ucxouri survils, miRweul iqnes ekonomikuri simdidre da politikuri da socialuri Tana-
valutis miyidvis gziT, raSic valdebulia gadaixados erovnuli valuta. 1970 wlidan mSromloba. ideas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen evropis politikuri da ekonomikuri
fondi uSvebs saerTaSoriso sakredito saSualebebs — e.w. valutis `sasesxo specialur moRvaweebi.
uflebebs~, romlebic fondis wevrebs Soris maTi kvotebis proporciulad nawildeba. evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianobis koncefcia swrafad
fondSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben aSS, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi, iaponia, farTovdeboda da Zlierdeboda, Tumca rigma ekonomikurma da, Semdeg, politikurma
italia, kanada, belgia, niderlandebi da Sveicaria (e.w. aTTa jgufi), romlebsac xmebis movlenebma ramdenime wliT Seaferxa misi saboloo formiT Camoyalibeba da sruli
umravlesoba aqvT da gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto realizeba. 1930 wels daiwyo ekonomikuri depresia yvela Tanmdevi problemebiT, xolo
politikas. 1933 wels germaniaSi xelisuflebaSi movida hitleri. nacionalizmma kidev ufro didi
fondis umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo, romelic weliwadSi erTxel ikribeba. simZafriT iCina Tavi, da evropa axalma katastrofam moicva.
sabWoSi Sedis TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli. fondis Stab-bina meore msoflio omis Semdeg kidev ufro cxadi gaxda evropis erTianobis saWiroeba.
mdebareobs vaSingtonSi. evropam gaacnobiera Tavisi sisuste — omma bolo mouRo evropis tradiciul
saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevria 1992 wlidan. hegemonias msoflioSi. or axal supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs —
gaaCndaT bevrad ufro dawinaurebuli ekonomika, isini bevrad ukeTes politikur da
samxedro mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, vidre evropis yvela saxelmwifo erTad. orive
msoflio omi daiwyo, rogorc evropis omi da evropis kontinenti mTavari saomari veli
iyo orive SemTxvevaSi. erTaderTi gamosavali Seqmnil viTarebaSi iyo evropuli
saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebaSi. am ideis matarebelni imedovnebdnen, rom am gaer-
TianebiT Seiqmneboda mesame (im periodis or supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da ssrk-s
Semdeg) ekonomikuri da politikuri centri, da evropa daibrunebda Tavis istoriul
funqcias msoflio sistemaSi.
umniSvnelovanesi xdeboda germaniisa da safrangeTis Serigebis sakiTxi, maT Soris,
arsebuli istoriuli problemebis mogvareba. Suamavlad SeiZleba aSS gamosuliyo, da
es mSvidobis garantia gaxdeboda. garda amisa, mecnierTa azriT, evropelebs Soris sul
ufro da ufro matulobda survili ecxovraT Tavisufal, samarTlian da ekono-
mikurad Zlier kontinentze, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTardeboda
urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.

22 55
 1946 wels didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris uinston CerCilis mier vudsis safinanso institutebi) dResac umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben saerTaSo-
warmoTqmuli sityva ciurixis universitetSi, bevris azriT, omis Semdeg pirveli riso ekonomikaSi. Xolo, rac Seexeba, aSS dolars, igi kvlavac rCeba msoflios lider
nabiji iyo evropis integraciisaken. CerCilis TqmiT, mTeli evropa iseTive Tavisufa- valutad, romelsac mravali qveyana ufardebs TavianT valutebs, gansakuTrebiT
li da bednieri unda yofiliyo, rogorc Sveicaria. amis miRweva, misi azriT, SesaZlebe- laTinuri amerika da sxva ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi.
li iyo erTiani evropuli ojaxis SeqmniT da misi iseTi struqturiT uzrunvelyofiT,
romlis pirobebSic mSvidobiani, usafrTxo da Tavisufali cxovreba iqneboda. misi
azriT, Sesaqmneli iyo evropis gaerTianebuli Statebi, xolo amisken gadadgmuli msoflio banki
pirveli nabiji unda yofiliyo TanamSromloba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli mosflio omis Semdgomi periodisagan gansxvave- msoflio bankis Seqmna gadawyda breton-vudsSi 1944 wels. muSaoba daiwyo 1945
biT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRar mimarTes izolacionistur politikas da, wels. igi gaeros specializebuli dawesebulebaa, magram mis wevrad miiRebian mxolod
rogorc msoflios uZlieresma saxelmwifom, Tavis Tavze aiRes pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri saxelmwifoebi. Stab-binaa vaSingtonSi. misi
Careuliyvnen evropis saSinao saqmeebSi. amerikis mTavroba darwmunda, rom Tavi- umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo. bankis operatiul saqmianobas axorcielebs
sufali vaWrobis Semaferxebeli garemoebebis didi damsaxureba iyo is saerTaSoriso direqtorati. banks hyavs prezidenti.
daZabuloba, romelmac, saboloo jamSi, meore msoflio omamde miiyvana qveynebi. pirveli sesxi bankma misca safrangeTs 1947 wels omis Semdgomi rekonstruq-
amrigad, 1945 wlidan Tavisufali vaWrobis agitacia da misi mxardamWeri politikis ciisaTvis (250 milioni aSS dolari). am mizniT sesxis gacema mas Semdeg msoflio bankis
gatareba amerikis ZiriTadi piroba gaxda im evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romleb- erT-erTi prioritetuli sferoa. bankSi 180-ze meti wevria. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi
sac surdaT aSS-isagan ekonomikuri daxmarebis miReba. civi omis pirobebSi amerikam mizania siRaribesTan brZola mTels msoflioSi. msoflio banki yovelwliurad
SeimuSava marSalis gegma, romlis mizanic iyo evropaSi ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganvi- aqveynebs msoflios ganviTarebis angariSs.
Tarebis daCqareba, raTa is ar gadaqceuliyo komunisturi reJimis gavlenis sferod. saqarTvelo msoflio bankis wevria 1992 wlidan.
aseve aSS-is iniciativiT 1949 wels dasavleT evropis umetesma saxelmwifom, aSS-ma
da kanadam daaarses CrdiloeTatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato), amJamad bankSi gaerTianebulia xuTi instituti:
romelic upirispirdeboda socialistur qveynebs. es iyo koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
organizacia da masSi gaerTianebiT evropulma saxelmwifoebma kidev erTi nabiji • rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (International Bank for
gadadges politikuri erTianobisaken. Reconstruction and Cooperation - IBRD):
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis samma qveyanam garkveuli nabiji gaerTianebisken Seiqmna 1945 wels. aerTianebs 184 qveyanas. mizania Seamciros siRaribis done
jer kidev meore msoflio omis dros gadadga. esenia: belgia, niderlandebi da qveynebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT. amisTvis gascems sesxebs,
luqsemburgi. 1944 wels maT Seqmnes beniluqsi — sabaJo kavSiri. 1948 wels am qveynebma grantebs, kreditebs. exmareba qveynebs analitikuri da sakonsultacio
daiwyes saerTo sagareo tarifis SemoRebaze muSaoba. samsaxuris meSveobiT.
1949 wels evropis sabWos Seqmna kidev erTi nabiji iyo evropis gaerTianebisken.
misi mizani iyo evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis • saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacia (International Development Association - IDA):
xelSewyoba, demokratiuli sistemebis mxardaWera da adamianis uflebebis dacva. daarsda 1960 wels. aerTianebs 162 wevrs. xels uwyobs reformebs
evropis kavSiris Seqmnis procesSi pirveli nabiji iyo 1950 wels safrangeTis saxelmwifoebSi ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferoebSi, sufTa wyalmomaragebis
sagareo saqmeTa ministris robert Sumanis winadadeba, safrangeTsa da germanias, sakiTxebSi da sxv. misi saqmianoba, agreTve, mimarTulia umuSevrobis
agreTve yvela sxva msurvel saxelmwifos SeeerTebinaT TavianTi qvanaxSirisa da aRmofxvrisa da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken.
foladis resursebi. am ekonomikur integracias Sors gamiznuli gegma hqonda — mWidro
ekonomikuri kavSiriT daezRviaT evropa SesaZlo omisagan.
1951 wels parizis xelSekrulebiT evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba • saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia (International Finance Corporation – IFC):
daarsda, romlis damfuZnebelic iyo eqvsi qveyana: safrangeTi, germania, italia, daarsda 1956 wels. aerTianebs 175 wevr saxelmwifos. misi mizania ekonomikis
belgia, niderlandebi da luqsemburgi. naTeli iyo, rom ekonomikuri kavSiri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba kerZo seqtoris gaZlierebis gziT. muSaobs biznes-
erTaderTi SesaZlo gza iyo politikuri erTianobisaken, da im istoriul etapze partniorebTan, investirebas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis kerZo
ekonomikuri kavSirebi ufro myari SeiZleboda yofiliyo evropis saxelmwifoebs seqtorSi da aZlevs maT grZelvadian sesxebs, exmareba konsultaciebiT.
Soris, vidre politikuri da samxedro.
1957 wels eqvsi saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweres • mravalmxrivi investiciebis garantiis saagento (Multilateral Investment
SeTanxmebas evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb da evropis atomuri energiis Guarantee Agency – MIGA):
gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. daarsda 1988 wels. aerTianebs 157 wevrs. mouwodebs ucxoel investorebs
1992 weli gardamtexi periodia evropisaTvis. am wels xeli moewera maastrixtis moaxdinon kapitaldabandebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. iZleva garantias arako-
xelSekrulebas (evropis kavSiris xelSekruleba). masSi modificirebuli iyo parizis, merciul riskTan dakavSirebiT — eqspropriacia, valutis arakonvertabe-
romisa da sxva sakvanZo xelSekrulebebi, daxvewili da ganvrcobili iyo evropis mokle luroba, transferebis SezRudva, omi, samoqalaqo areuloba da sxv. teqnikur
da gZelvadiani ekonomikuri miznebi da Camoyalibebuli evropis qveynebis politikuri daxmarebas uwevs qveynebs SesaZlo ucxouri investiciebis Sesaxeb informaciis
TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi amocanebi. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg gavrcelebaSi.
oficialurad damkvidrda termini `evropis kavSiri~ (evrokavSiri).
ramdenime ZiriTadi momenti xelSekrulebidan: • investiciebis sferoSi davebis mosagvarebeli saerTaSoriso centri
(International Center for Settlement of International Disputes – ICSID):
• 1990 wlidan 1993 wlamde evrokavSiris prioriteti unda yofiliyo kapitalis daarsda 1966 wels. aerTianebs 134 wevr saxelmwifos. xels uwyobs investi-
Tavisufali brunvis/moZraobis xelSewyoba; ciebis mozidvas sxvadasxva qveynebSi, risTvisac SeimuSavebs saerTaSoriso
• 1994 wlidan 1999 wlamde wevr saxelmwifoebs unda moexdinaT TavianTi investirebis wesebs, davebis mogvarebis kanonebs. gaugebrobisa da konfliqturi
ekonomikuri politikis koordinacia, raTa mieRwiaT saerTo miznebisaTvis, situaciebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva rCevebs saerTaSoriso investirebis kanonis
Sesabamisad.
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marSalis gegma, romlis farglebSic Teqvsmetma evropulma saxelmwifom miiRo rogoricaa: inflaciis da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcireba, biujetis
daxmareba 1948-1952ww. 17 miliardi dolaris odenobiT. deficitisa da valebis kontroli, evropis savaluto sistemis gacvliTi
qveynidan gasuli fuli nawilobriv kvlav qveyanaSi brundeboda amerikuli kursebis meqanizmiT rekomendirebuli normaluri CarCoebis dacva. is
saqonlisa da servisis SeZenis gziT. sistema muSaobda. evropisa da iaponiis saxelmwifoebi, romlebic moaxerxebdnen am pirobebis Sesrulebas,
ekonomikebi aRorZinda. gadadiodnen Semdeg etapze;
1950 wels saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, romelic faqtiurad umoqmedo iyo aSS-
is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodSi, daiwyo ufro aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba. • 1999 wlidan 2002 wlamde unda daarsebuliyo evropis centraluri banki,
1958 wlidan iwyeba dolaris siWarbis, anu breton-vudsis meore periodi, romelsac romelic gaakontrolebda gacvliT kursebs da xmarebaSi Seiyvanda erTian
xSirad uwodeben mravalmxriv menejments aSS-is liderobiT. valutas — evros. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac Seasrules wina abzacSi
dolari aRar iyo erTaderTi Zlieri valuta. evropa da iaponia Tanmimdevrulad CamoTvlili pirobebi, ase vTqvaT, gadavidnen Semdeg etapze da maT qveynebSi
viTardebodnen da 1959 wlis bolosTvis maTi rezervebi aSS-sas miuaxlovda. aSS-is mimoqcevaSi Sevida evro. Tavdapirvelad es saxelmwifoebi iyo: espaneTi,
oqros maragma daiklo 24,4 miliardi dolaridan 1948 wels 19,5 miliard dolaramde portugalia, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi,
1959 wlis bolosTvis. ucxoeTSi akumulirebuli dolaris maragi gaizarda 7,3 germania, avstria, irlandia da fineTi. oTxi saxelmwifo — didi britaneTi,
miliardidan 1948 wels 19,4 miliardamde 1959 wels. saberZneTi, dania da Svecia — ar aris evros arealSi;
1960 wlis noemberSi dafiqsirda ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac spekulantebma • evrokavSiris erT-erTi mizani unda yofiliyo socialuri da ekonomikuri
dolari gadaaxurdaves oqroze. es ar niSnavda dolaris gaufasurebas. amerika kvlav Tanasworobis miRweva evropaSi. amisaTvis 1994 wels Seiqmna Tanasworobis
lideri iyo da misi ekonomika janmrTeli, Tumca es imaze mianiSnebda, rom amerikas (solidarobis) fondi, romelsac finansuri daxmareba unda gaewia
aRar SeeZlo erTpirovnulad emarTa safinanso sistema da saWiro gaxda sxva wevrebis naklebadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da regionebisaTvis,
aqtiuri Cabma. gansakuTrebuli aqcentiT iseT seqtorebze, rogorebicaa garemos dacva da
jer evropuli valutebis gaZlierebam, Semdeg, cota mogvianebiT, 1964 wels, satransporto infrastruqtura. am daxmarebiT isargebles espaneTma,
iaponiis valutis gamyarebam da konvertabelurad gadaqcevam dabada am qveynebSi saberZneTma, portugaliam da irlandiam.
survili, rom maTTan aRar akumulirebuliyo aSS dolari. amitom am qveynebma
intensiurad daiwyes dolarisgan gaTavisufleba. amas Tan daerTo vietnamis omi da maastrixtis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia arc ise advili aRmoCnda, rogorc
axali politikur-ekonomikuri realobis Camoyalibeba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi elodnen, Tumca igi ZalaSi mainc Sevida 1993 wlis 2 noembers.
faqtiurad veRar asrulebdnen nakisr valdebulebebs. 1968-1971 wlebSi saerTaSoriso dReisaTvis evropis kavSiri Sedgeba sami organizaciisagan. esenia: evropis
savaluto sistema da misi menejmenti paralizebuli iyo. 1971 wlis 15 agvistos aSS-is qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, evropis ato-
prezidentma niqsonma, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sxva wevrebTan SeTanxmebis muri energiis komisia (evratomi). kavSiris ZiriTadi organoebia: komisia, evropar-
gareSe, calmxrivad gamoacxada axali ekonomikuri politika: SeCerda dolaris lamenti da ministrTa sabWo. evrokavSiri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi subieqtuna-
konvertacia oqrosTan mimarTebaSi. es faqtiurad breton-vudsis dasasruli iyo. rianobis mqone gaerTianebaa. igi aRiarebulia damoukidebel subieqtad, romelsac
1976 wels kingstonSi (iamaika) Sedga saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wamyvani ufleba aqvs dados xelSekruleba rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, aseve
saxelmwifoebis Sexvedra, sadac sabolood gacxadda breton-vudsis sistemis saxelmwifoebTan.
dasasruli. rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, breton-vudsisa da fiqsirebuli gacvliTi komunisturi reJimebis ngrevasTan erTad gafarTovda evrokavSiris politikuri
kursis de faqto damTavreba de iure gaxda iamaikis konferenciaze (Robert Gilpin, The da ekonomikuri amocanebic: demokratiuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi, adamianis uflebebis
Political Economy of International Relations, p. 140). konferenciaze qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Semdeg dacvaSi da gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaSi daxmarebis gaweva.
sakiTxebze: 1999 wels evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdnen ungreTi, poloneTi da CexeTi. Semdegi
kandidatebi arian TurqeTi, malta da kviprosi. am da kontinentis kidev sxva danarCeni
qveynebis gawevrianebiT evropas istoriuli Sansi eZleva umniSvnelovanesi roli
• moxda mcuravi gacvliTi kursebis legalizacia;
Seasrulos saerTaSoriso scenaze.
Tumca, evropis Semdgom gaerTianebas seriozuli oponentebic hyavs Tavad
• oqros, rogorc rezervis, roli Semcirda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi. maTgan yvelaze mdidari da Zlieri qveynebi SiSoben,
oqros rezervis erTi meeqvsedi daubrunda wevr saxelmwifoebs yofil rom aseTi mzardi tempebiT kavSiris gafarToeba da iseTi moumzadebeli da
oficialur fasSi maTi kvotebis proporciulad. kidev erTi meeqvsedi gaiyida ekonomikurad araTanaswori qveynebis gaerTianeba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, TurqeTi
Ria bazarze da miRebuli Tanxa sesxad gaica ganviTarebad qveynebze; da kviprosi, seriozul problemad SeiZleba iqces maTTvis. am ideas gansakuTrebiT
bevri mxardamWeri hyavs germaniaSi, avstriaSi da safrangeTSi. garda imisa, rom aseTi
• saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kvotebi gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT opekis naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis kavSirSi SesvliT damatebiTi jafa daawveba
qveynebisTvis; kavSiris mdidar qveynebs, mosalodnelia seriozuli emigraciac axlad gawevrianebuli
qveynebidan, rac kidev ufro daamZimebs suraTs, rogorc ekonomikurs, aseve
• gaizarda dafinanseba naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis da amiT, politikurs. miT ufro, rom, maTi azriT, kavSirs sxva bevri problemac aqvs. ase,
mecnierTa azriT, gaizarda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba; magaliTad, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalauflebis miRwevis miuxedavad, iugoslaviis
konfliqtma, sadac gadamwyveti roli kvlav aSS-ma da natom iTamaSa, evropas aCvena,
• qveynebs Tavad unda ganesazRvraT Tavisi valutebis par valu. amgvarad, rom mas jer kidev bevri dro sWirdeba, rom Tavisi politikuri da ekonomikuri
erovnul mTavrobebs TviTon unda moewesrigebinaT TavianTi safinanso- problemebi mTlianad Tavad gadawyvitos.
savaluto sistemebi saerTaSoriso wesrigSi Sesvlamde. bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom evropis kavSiri aris am kontinentis saxelmwifoebs
Soris myari ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianoba, dafuZnebuli saerTo erovnul
konferenciaze, marTalia, oficialurad dadasturda arsebuli sistemis daSla, interesebze, da erT dRes igi SeiZleba gaxdes `evropis SeerTebuli Statebi”. Tumca am
magram axali ar Seqmnila. mosazrebis oponentebi miiCneven, rom movlenebis msgavsi ganviTareba ararealuria,
sTiven gilisa da devid los azriT,breton-vudsis sistema bolomde ar vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT saerTo miznebi,
dasrulebula, vinaidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki (breton- maTi ekonomikebi, socialuri standartebi da garkveuli politikuri miznebi

20 57
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. metic, maTi azriT, aSS-is tipis konvertacias ver axerxebdnen. amitom evropis da iaponiis sagadamxdelo saSualebebi
saxelmwifod evrokavSiris gadaqcevis nebismieri mcdeloba SeiZleba misi daSliTac ki nolze iyo. 1945 wlidan 1947 wlamde aSS aqtiurad moiTxovdnen wevri saxelmwi-
damTavrdes. ufro savaraudoa, rom evropis momavali mowyoba konfederaluri tipis foebisgan breton-vudsis SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebas da finansuri institutebis
iyos (Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996). srulfasovan muSaobas. amisaTvis did Zalisxmevas mimarTes aSS-ma. amerikam did bri-
hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, rom evrokavSiri aris mravalerovnuli ekono- taneTs 3,75 miliardi dolaris odenobis sesxi misca, rom am ukanasknels daemTavrebina
mikuri marTvis yvelaze ambiciuri proeqti Tanamedrove msoflioSi, magram mas jer qveynis SigniT aRdgeniTi-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi da funti sterlingi kvlav
kidev sWirdeba daxvewa. misi ZiriTadi problema, avtorebis azriT, Sida komunikacia da konvertabeluri gaexada. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, 1947 wels amerika darwmunda, rom
isaa, rom mis Semadgenel qveynebs gansxvavebulad warmoudgeniaT kavSiris momavali, breton-vudsis sistema ar muSaobda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rezervebi
rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis erTiani sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas. amoiwura da daarsebidan ori wlis Semdeg, 1947 wels, sesxebis gacema SeCerda.
igive avtorebis azriT, dRevandel msoflio ekonomikaSi dominirebs sameuli — zogierTi mecnieris azriT, 1947 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi pirdapir iyo
evrokavSiri, iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (North dakavSirebuli politikur problemebTan: germania politikurad da ekonomikurad
American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA), da Tu isini SeTanxmebulad imoqmedeben, SeZleben ganadgurebuli iyo; italiasa da safrangeTSi omisSemdgomi mdgomareoba arastabi-
msoflio ekonomikis mimarTulebis efeqturad gakontrolebas. avtorebs eWvi ara luri iyo; didi britaneTi, nawilobriv Tavisi ekonomikuri siZneleebis gamo, tovebda
aqvT, rom wminda Tavisufali bazari Zalian mgrZnobiarea da Znelad Sesacnobi. indoeTsa da palestinas da veRar asrulebda saberZneTisa da TurqeTisTvis micemul
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis momavali stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia pirobebs usafrTxoebisa da politikuri mxardaWeris Sesaxeb; sabWoTa kavSiri
msoflio savaWro sistemis marTvis formis mofiqreba da danergva. xolo vinaidan intensiurad muSaobda evropaSi da Tanmimdevrulad `asocialistebda~ saxelmwifoebs
dRevandel ekonomikur sistemaSi lideroben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, evrokavSiri, (poloneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, iugoslavia); amasTan,
iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia, mmarTvelobis komunisti partizanebi wartmatebiT ibrZodnen saberZneTSi da komunisturi partiebi
formazec isini unda SeTanxmdnen. anu, savaraudod, mmarTveloba unda iyos garkveul ndobas ixveWdnen evropis saxelmwifoebSi (mag., safrangeTSi, italiaSi).
mravalmxrivi, ufro sworad — sammxrivi. xolo efeqturi mmarTvelobisaTvis sameulis 1947 wlidan, aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, breton-vudsis sistema, romelic
qmedebebi unda iyos koordinirebuli. amas arTulebs ramdenime garemoeba: maSin, saerTaSoriso savaluto institutebis mier unda yofiliyo marTuli, gadaiqca aSS-is
rodesac Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi dominanti saxelmwifoa mier marTul sistemad. mTeli simZime daawva amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, romelsac
aSS, aris, iaponiis ekonomika ki erT saxelmwifos efuZneba, es orni martivad sWirdeboda, rom sxva qveynebSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba dawyebuliyo, raTa iq ar
Tanxmdebian garkveul sakiTxebze da kompromisebsac advilad pouloben. evrokav- dawyebuliyo komunisturi ideebis gavrceleba, ar Sesuliyo komunizmi.
SirTan mimarTebaSi ki mdgomareoba ufro rTulia. misi Semadgeneli saxelmwifoebi 1947 wlidan 1960 wlamde amerikas SeeZlo da survilic hqonda ekisra es funqciebi.
xSirad ver pouloben saerTo enas da kavSiris rols msoflio ekonomikis marTvis rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, aSS-s roli iyo altruizmisa da interesebis narevi.
saqmeSic gansxvavebulad xedaven. msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi wevri saxelmwi- amerikis ekonomikurma siZlierem da omebs Soris periodSi miRebulma gamocdilebam
foebi warmodgenilia evrokavSiris mier da gadawyvetilebebsac maT magivrad iRebs. es xeli Seuwyo mis ekonomikur da politikur liderobas da am faqtis cnobas sxva
gadawyvetilebebi efuZneba qveynebis SigniT miRebul (nacionaluri done) da Semdeg saxelmwifoebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi laparakia ZiriTadad evropaze).
kavSiris doneze (supranacionaluri done) miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. amas sam doneze 1947 wels naTeli gaxda, rom oqro da funti sterlingi veRar asrulebdnen
TamaSis Teorias uwodeben. msoflio fulis rols. oqros warmoeba ar iyo sakmarisi, raTa daekmayofilebina
amgvarad, evrokavSiris zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRevan- saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da investiciebis mzardi moTxovnilebebi. didi britaneTis
deli msofliosaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebs iRebs evro- ekonomikuri sisustis gamo funti veRar iyo msoflio valuta. erTaderTi Zlieri
kavSiri da ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba igi. valuta im periodSi iyo aSS dolari (igi myar mimarTebaSi iyo oqrosTan — 35 dolari
udrida erT uncia oqros). garda amisa, aSS-is mTavroba Tanaxma iyo gaecvala dolari
oqroze aRniSnuli kursiT, rac kidev ufro aZlierebda dolars. realurad dolari
CrdiloeTi atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia ukeTesic iyo, vidre oqro, vinaidan misdami interesi izrdeboda da igi gamoiyeneboda
North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO) vaWrobasa da finansebSi. omis bolos amerika flobda msoflios oqros valutis 3/4¾-s.
vinaidan oqros fizikuri warmoeba iyo Zalze Semcirebuli, dolari gaxda ara mxolod
nato Seiqmna 1949 wels rogorc samxedro kavSiri, Tumca Zalian male man serio- wamyvani sayrdeni valuta, aramed centraluri bankebis ZiriTadi sarezervo
zuli politikuri funqciac SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad natos ZiriTadi mizani iyo wevri faseuloba. omis Semdeg oqros standarti dolaris standartad iqca. amrigad, breton-
saxelmwifoebis dacva komunisturi sabWoTa kavSirisagan. am ukanasknelis daSlis vudsis sistema gaxda hegemonuri savaluto wesrigi, agebuli dolarze. saerTaSoriso
Semdeg ki misi mizani Seicvala da axla evropaSi stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi vaWroba, investireba — yvelaferi dolarze damyarda. aSS lideri gaxda civi omis
mdgomareobs. amJamad natoSi gaerTianebulia Semdegi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, didi pirobebSi da xelSi Caigdo dasavleT samyaros marTva. aSS-s izolacionizmi Cabarda
britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, kanada, norvegia, warsuls. es garkveuli garigeba iyo aSS-sa da evropas Soris — aSS-s hegemonizms sxva
dania, islandia, portugalia, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, germania, espaneTi, CexeTi, mokavSireebi sakuTari ekonomikebis gaumjobesebis sanacvlod daTanxmdnen.
ungreTi, poloneTi. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs agresiis Tumca aman garkveuli problemebic Seuqmna aSS-s. dolarze mzardma moTxovnilebam
mogeriebaSi, iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis, aSS-s uzarmazari deficiti gauCina.
ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebisaTvis da sxv. breton-vudsis sistemis istoria iyofa or periodad: dolaris naklebobis periodi
natos umaRlesi politikuri organoa Crdilo-atlantikuri sabWo. da dolaris siWarbis periodi. pirveli periodi gagrZelda 1958 wlamde, meore ki — 1971
natos CarCoebSi moqmedebs evrojgufi, romelSic Sedian nato-s wevri dasavleT wlamde. 1950-1956 wlebSi didi sesxebi ar gacemula.
evropuli qveynebis (safrangeTis da islandiis garda) Tavdacvis ministrebi. misi pirvel periodSi, romelsac xSirad aSS-is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodsac
mTavari amocanaaa am jgufSi gaerTianebuli qveynebis SeiaraRebis gegmebis uwodeben, rogorc vTqviT, aRiniSneboda dolaris, rogorc msoflios ZiriTadi
koordinacia. valutis, nakleboba. Tavad aSS-Si vaWroba gamalebiT izrdeboda da seriozuli
natos farglebSi moqmedebs evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWo (1991w.), romlis ekonomikuri aRmavloba iwyeboda. magram imisaTvis, rom sistemas emuSava, saWiro iyo es
mizania ganamtkicos mWidro urTierToba yofil socialistur qveynebTan. misi wevria procesi evropaSic dawyebuliyo da momxdariyo dolaris gadineba. dolaris gadineba
natos yvela wevri da, agreTve avstria, azerbaijani, albaneTi, belorusia, bulgareTi, moxda aSS-is daxmarebis programebiT: trumenis gegma saberZneTisa da TurqeTis
dasaxmareblad, daxmareba ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs da, yvelaze mniSvnelovani,

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 safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi estoneTi, TurqmeneTi, latvia, litva, makedonia, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTi,
saqarTvelo, slovakia, slovenia, somxeTi, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, ungreTi,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg fineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Sveicaria, SvedeTi da sxv.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is tendenciebi, romlebic SeiniSneba am organizaciaSi
didi depresiisa da meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis demokratiulma saxel-
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. es aris natos gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT da es
mwifoebma gamoyes ori ekonomikuri prioriteti: ekonomikuri zrdisa da sruli
organizaciis swored im funqcias ukavSirdeba, romelic gulisxmobs evropaSi
dasaqmebis miRweva da stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba. yvelafer
stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas. vinaidan natos wevrobis kandidatebi
amas ar unda daeSva axali ekonomikuri da politikuri kolafsi da kidev erTi samxedro
yofili socialisturi saxelmwifoebia, gasakviri ar aris, rom am procesiT
konfliqti. es iyo saerTaSoriso konsensusi, vinaidan wina monetarulma sistemebma,
ukmayofiloa ruseTi.
romlebic ZiriTadad bazris Zalebs eyrdnoboda, ar gaamarTla. 1944 wels breton-
vudsSi (niu-hemfSiri, aSS) Catarda konferencia. masSi monawileobda ormocdaoTxi
saxelmwifo. konferenciis mizani swored amgvari stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki
wesrigis Seqmna iyo. jon keinsi britaneTSi da heri deqster uaiti aSS-Si iyvnen am
sistemis arqiteqtorebi.
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki daarsda 1991 wels centralur da
es ekonomikuri sistema Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc liberaluri, romelsac gana-
aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis dacemis sapasuxod, raTa xeli Seewyo am
mtkicebda saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da romelic xels Seuwyobda xangrZliv
saxelmwifoebSi kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis demokratiul garemoSi. amJamad
mSvidobas msoflioSi. orwliani ormxrivi molaparakebebis Sedegad aSS-sa da did
banki exmareba 27 qveyanas aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi, damoukidebel
britaneTs Soris (msoflios imJamindeli politikuri da ekonomikuri liderebi) axali
saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis CaTvliT. ZiriTadi mizania daexmaros qveynebs
saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis Seqmnis gegma daisaxa.
Tanmimdevrulad gadavidnen sabazro ekonomikaze. Tavisi fulis investirebis garda
Tavdapirvelad igi Cafiqrebuli iyo, pirvelad istoriaSi, saerTaSoriso
banki axdens didi raodenobiT ucxouri investiciis mobilizaciasac qveynebisaTvis.
organizaciebis mier marTvad sistemad, iseTebis, rogorebicaa msoflio banki da
bankis daxmareba gaicema sesxebis saxiT umetesad finansebSi, infrastruqturasa da
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. maT unda ekisraT savaluto funqciebis Sesruleba
warmoebaSi. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba mcire da saSualo biznesze. kerZo
saerTaSoriso sistemisaTvis. aRniSnuli organizaciebis daarsebac swored breton-
seqtoris garda, banki muSaobs, agreTve saxelmwifo seqtorSic da xels uwyobs
vudsSi gadawyda.
privatizaciis process, saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi myofi kompaniebisa da
breton-vudsis sistemaSi Semdegi mTavari punqtebi iyo Camoyalibebuli:
municipaluri samsaxurebis restruqturizacias. bankis investiciebs Tan axlavs
teqnikuri daxmarebis programebi, romelTa mizania xeli Seuwyon qveyanas gardamaval
1. vinaidan omebs Soris periodma cxadyo, rom Tavisuflad rxevadi savaluto
periodSi politikur, ekonomikur da garemos dacvis doneebze. bankis kapitali
kursebi araxelsayrelia saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, monawile
Seadgens 20 miliard evros.
qveynebma ikisres valdebuleba gamoacxadon TavianTi valutebis “par valu”, rogorc
dadgenili gacvlis kursi or valutas an valutasa da oqros Soris dadgenili
garkveuli wonis da valutasa da valutebis kalaTs Soris. saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondis ZiriTadi mizani iyo gacvliT kursebSi stabilurobis damyareba. SemuSavda
sistema, romelsac erqva par (equal) valu sistema. aSS-ma gansazRvres TavianTi
dolari ase: erTi uncia oqro iyo 35 dolari. sxva saxelmwifoebma gansazRvres
TavianTi valutebi dolarTan mimarTebaSi. isini itovebdnen, agreTve, Carevis
uflebas, raTa valutebis rxevadoba daeyvanaT minimumamde +1-dan —-1-mde; erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika
2. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Tavi aeridebinaT yovelgvari ekonomikuri omebisTvis. am sakiTxis ZiriTadi mizania gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xarjaven saxelmwifoebi
amasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna monawileTa qcevis kodeqsi, romelic Caiwera uzarmazar Tanxebs SeiaraRebaze, ra principiT da risi gaTvaliswinebiT ixarjeba es
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wesdebaSi. amiT ganmtkicda mravalmxrivi gadaxdebi Tanxebi, ra kavSirSia SeiaraReba, samxedro siZliere da erovnuli usafrTxoeba, ra
savaluto konvertabelurobis bazaze; kavSirSia ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro ZlierebasTan da ra tendenciebia meore
msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi samxedro industriis ganviTarebis sferoSi.
3. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen savaluto problemebis gadasawyvetad SeeqmnaT erTgvari nebismieri saxelmwifo zrunavs Tavis erovnul usafrTxoebaze da cdilobs
savaluto instituti. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Tavisi Sesatani wesebiTa maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos igi. magram yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifosac ki ar SeuZlia
da kvotebiT, romelic gascemda sesxebs. amgvar instituts analogi ar hqonda absoluturad iyos darwmunebuli, rom mis erovnul usafrTxoebas safrTxe ar
istoriaSi. mas daekisra sami ZiriTadi funqcia: 1. valutis gacvliTi kursebis da emuqreba, vinaidan is ar aris erTaderTi, vinc am problemis mogvarebaze zrunavs, da
konvertabelurobis regulireba; 2. damatebiTi valutiT, oqroTi uzrunvelyofa misi mezobeli Tu moqiSpe saxelmwifoebi, mis paralelurad, gamalebiT aumjobeseben
(finansuri funqcia); 3. sakonsultacio funqcia. da xvewen TavianT usafrTxoebas. amgvarad, yvela qveyana, surs mas es Tu ara,
iZulebulia gaaZlieros Tavisi samxedro da samxedro-ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi.
breton-vudsis sistemas ar Seucvlia oqroze gacvlis standarti. amave dros rogorc aleqsandre rondeli aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~,
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto rezervi ganixileboda rogorc sakmarisi `radgan safrTxe ara mxolod fizikurad arsebobs, aramed xSirad Zalze subieq-
nebismieri problemis gadasawyvetad. turadac da igi yvelas mier gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba, usafrTxoebas mniSvnelovani
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi Tavdapirvelad Caido daaxloebiT 8,8 miliardi fsiqologiuri aspeqtic axasiaTebs. usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi mis
dolari, romelic Sedgeboda wevri saxelmwifoebis Senatanebisgan oqroSi da maT obieqtur Sefasebasa da aRqmas metad arTulebs da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, erovnuli
erovnul valutaSi. usafrTxoebis prioritetebisa da politikis gansazRvrisas, araracionaluri
magram omis Semdgomi savaluto urTierTobebi ver gaxda stabiluri. mxolod aSS- gadawyvetilebebis miRebas ganapirobebs~.
ma, kanadam da centraluri amerikis ramdenime saxelmwifom SeZles dadgenili wesebis arnold uolfersis azriT, usafrTxoeba da Zala sinonimuri cnebebi iqneboda im
Sesruleba. danarCenebi imdenad dasustebulebi iyvnen, rom TavianTi valutebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mxolod Zalis dagroveba iqneboda

18 59
saWiro. magram vinaidan es ase ar aris da `amasTan, Tavdasxmis SiSi — usafrTxoeba hegemonobaze pretendenti: espaneTi;
subieqturi gagebiT — ar aris SedarebiTi Zlierebis proporciuli. Tu es mcdari niderlandebi — 1580 — 1688ww. (utrextis 1579 wlis xelSekrulebidan uiliam
mosazrebaa, maSin, ratom grZnobs zogierTi susti da daucveli saxelmwifo Tavs ufro oranelis Camosvlamde inglisSi). emyareboda niderlandebis mier fulisa da
usafrTxod, vidre aSS?” (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia. kreditebis kontrolirebas. hegemonobaze pretendenti: inglisi;
samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004). britaneTi — 1688 — 1792ww. (didi revoluciidan napoleonis omebamde). emyareboda
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samxedro teqnika sakmaod Zviria da misi fasi britaneTis safeiqro mrewvelobas da mis mier didi zRvebis kontrols. hegemonobaze
ganuwyvetliv izrdeba mis ganviTarebasTan da gaumjobesebasTan erTad. xolo pretendenti: safrangeTi;
samxedro teqnikis efeqturoba swored mis TanamedroveobaSi da upiratesobaSi britaneTi — 1815 — 1914ww. (venis kongresidan pirvel msoflio omamde). emyareboda
mdgomareobs. Sesabamisad, samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebas qveyanaSi, an mis britaneTis industriul upiratesobas da rkinigzas. hegemonobaze pretendenti:
importirebas, mniSvnelovani danaxarjebi aqvs. swored amitom, xSirad miiCneven, rom germania;
kargi SeiaraReba mxolod maRalganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis prerogativaa. aSS.. 1945 — 1971ww. emyareboda navTobsa da Sida wvis Zravas. hegemonobaze
aq gasamijnia ori momenti — samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoeba da misi importi. rac pretendenti: ssrk.
Seexeba warmoebas, amis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba hqondes im qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia am qronologiur sqemasTan aRsaniSnavia modelskisa da tomfsonis msoflio
seriozuli ekonomikuri resursebi, Sesabamisi ekonomikuri struqtura, inteleqtua- liderobis grZeli ciklebis Teoria. isini Tavis TeoriaSi emyarebian am sqemas da
luri kapitali da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, amis tradicia. acxadeben, rom TiToeul ciklSi oTxi fazaa gamoyofili: 1. globaluri omi; 2.
Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraReba moiTxovs maRalteqnologiuri dargebis mniSvne- msoflio batonoba; 3. delegitimacia; 4. dekoncentracia. Teoriis mixedviT, lideri
lovan ganviTarebas, xolo maRalteqnologiuri dargebis ganviTareba praqtikulad saxelmwifo ibadeba globaluri omis Sedegad, romlis drosac vlindeba politikurad
SeuZlebelia dabalganviTarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi. samxedro danaxarjebi, da ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelsac Seswevs Zala marTos
mSvidobian periodTan SedarebiT, erTi-orad izrdeba omis dros. amas emateba saerTaSoriso sistema, daawesos TamaSis garkveuli wesebi da SeinarCunos isini sxva
adamianuri resursebi, ekonomikis sxva, ara samxedro sferos, danaxarjebi, bunebrivi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. aqedan iwyeba meore faza, romelsac msoflio batonoba hqvia.
resursebis gazrdili xarjebi da sxva. qveyana Tavisi siZlieris zenitSia yvela aspeqtSi. magram hegemonobas da liderobas
rac Seexeba samxedro SeiaraRebis imports, es msoflioSi miRebuli praqtikaa da pliusebTan erTad minusebic aqvs: liderobis SenarCunebas sWirdeba seriozuli
mas TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo mimarTavs, Tumca umetesad naklebad ganviTarebuli resursebi da energia. amasTan, mSvidobianobis periodSi nel-nela Zlierdebian sxva
saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT yvela is zemoT CamoTvlili piroba, romelic saxelmwifoebic (globalur omSi damarcxebuli), izrdeba pretenziebi hegemonis
saWiroa Tanamedrove da efeqturi SeiaraRebis warmoebisaTvis. Tumca aqve unda mimarT da Cndeba ambiciebi hegemonobaze. aq iwyeba mesame faza: hegemonobaze
aRiniSnos, rom sul ufro meti naklebadganviTarebuli qveyana iwyebs 1980-iani pretendentis seriozuli ganacxadi da arsebuli wesrigis delegitimacia.
wlebidan Tavisi SeiaraRebis ganviTarebas da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eqsportsac ki. delegitimacias mohyveba areuloba sistemaSi, sistemis decentralizacia da isev
umetesad laTinur amerikaSi (brazilia) da aziaSi. paralelurad es qveynebi SeiZleba globaluri omis dawyeba axali hegemonis gamosavlenad. am Teoriis mixedviT,
SeiaraRebis importsac eweodnen. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, muSa globalur omebs Soris mSvidobiani periodebi daaxloebiT 80 weliwadia, da meore
xelis deficiti naklebia, Tumca xSiria maRalkvalificiuri samxedroebis an samxedro msoflio omis Semdeg momdevno globaluri omi daaxloebiT 2030 wlisaTvis unda
teqnikis mcodneTa nakleboba an ararseboba. naklebadganviTarebuli qveynebi xSirad daiwyos.
yiduloben (qiraoben) samxedro-industriuli sferos specialistebs da adgilzeve goldstainis grZeli ciklebis Teoriis mixedviT, globaluri omebi seriozuli
cdiloben samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoebas, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyebis Tanmdevia, vinaidan ekonomikur aRmavlobas da
danaxarjebs mza produqciis importirebasTan SedarebiT. keTildReobas sWirdeba soliduri resursebi, romelTa mosapoveblad da maTze
ratom sWirdeba Zlier da ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifos Tanxebis kontrolis dasamyareblad aucilebeli xdeba brZola. swored amitom hegemonobis
daxarjva SeiaraRebaze da aris Tu ara ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro Zlierebis pretendenti saxelmwifo iwyebs samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas da amiT Tavisi
safuZveli? ekonomikuri Zlierebis uzrunvelyofas. magram omi Zalian Zviri siamovnebaa, moiTxovs
am sakiTxebze saubrisas, gverds ver avuvliT meoce saukunis iseT movlenas, uzarmazar danaxarjebs, da qveyanas didi xani ar SeuZlia misi gagrZeleba. igi sustdeba
rogoric iyo civi omi (iTvleba, rom daiwyo 1946 wels uinston CerCilis sityvebiT: da iwyeba mSvidobiani periodis axali 50-wliani cikli. am Teorias meorenairad
`rkinis farda~ CamoeSva dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris). am periodSi e.w. Sejibri ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da omebis ciklis Teoriasac uwodeben (a. rondeli.
SeiaraRebaSi (arms race; гонка вооружений) aqtiurad mimdinareobda or zesaxelmwifos — saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 1996).
aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris (msoflio politikuri sistema bipolaruli iyo). civi omis meoce saukunis meore naxevridan hegemonobaze pretenzias sabWoTa kavSiric
periodSi ukanaskneli donis da masStaburi SeiaraReba pirdapir asocirdeboda acxadebda, Tumca misma daSlam da, zogadad, komunisturi reJimis ngrevam amerika
erovnul usafrTxoebasTan (Zalis demonstrireba — grandiozuli aRlumebi samxedro kvlav erTaderT hegemonad datova.
teqnikis CvenebiT, omebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi — vietnami, avRaneTi, da sxv.). civi omis vin iqneba Semdegi hegemoni? erTiani evropa? CineTi? Tu kvlav amerikis
periodSi koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze zrunvis Sedegad dapirispirebuli SeerTebuli Statebi SeinarCuneben hegemonobas?
saxelmwifoebi gaerTiandnen samxedro blokebSi — dasavleTi — CrdiloeTi atlantikis
xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi (nato), sabWoTa kavSiri, Tavis satelitebTan erTad —
varSavis paqtSi.

varSavis paqti

1985 wlis aprilSi sabWoTa kavSiris, bulgareTis, Cexoslovakiis,

germaniis demokratiuli respublikis (aRmosavleT germania), ungreTis,
poloneTisa da rumineTis komunisturi da mSromelTa partiebis
generaluri mdivnebi Seikribnen varSavaSi. maT xeli moaweres dokuments,
romelic agrZelebda 1955 wlis SeTanxmebas megobrobaze, TanamSromlo-
60 17
marSalis gegma basa da erTmaneTis daxmarebaze, ramac warmoqmna sabWoTa politikur-
samxedro aliansi aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqti upirispirdeboda
marSalis gegma oficialurad wamoyenebuli iyo aSS saxelmwifo mdivnis jorj natos. 1949 wels Camoyalibebuli, natosgan gansxvavebiT, varSavis paqti
marSalis mier 1947 wels, rogorc omis Semdgomi evropis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis ar iyo damoukidebeli organizaciuli struqtura, aramed mas hqonda
gegma. misi ganxorcieleba daiwyo 1948 wels da dasrulda 1949 wels. igi iTva- sabWoTa kavSiris, Tavdacvis saministros nawilis funqciebi. sabWoTa
liswinebda amerikis mier evropisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas. gegmis wevri kavSiri iyenebda varSavis paqts Tavisi daarsebidan 30 wlis manZilze
iyo yvela evropuli saxelmwifo, sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebis garda. daxmarebis rogorc mTavar meqanizms aRmosavleT evropaSi saomari da politikuri
gareSe darCa, agreTve, espaneTi, frankos reJimis gamo, da dasavleT germania. es kontrolis damyarebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSirs sWirdeboda varSavis
ukanaskneli 1949 wels gaxda marSalis gegmis wevri. gegmis ganxorcielebaze kontroli paqti, raTa Seeqmna STabeWdileba erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa
daekisra amisaTvis specialurad Seqmnil amerikul organizacias — ekonomikuri da daemala simarTle Tavisi politikuri dominirebis da saomari Carevis
TanamSromlobis administracias marSalis gegmis farglebSi aSS-ma gamoyves 12 Sesaxeb mravali qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. sabWoTa kavSiri varSavis paqts
miliardi dolari. iyenebda, agreTve aRmosavleT evropuli socialisturi qveynebis jare-
rogor isargebla am gegmiT amerikam? aSS-Si seriozulad eSinodaT, rom meore bis gasaviTareblad da maTi saomari strategiis gamosayeneblad.
msoflio omis Semdeg ar dabrunebuliyo 30-iani wlebis SimSili da umuSevroba. 1955 wlis paqtis dadebamde didi xniT adre sabWoTa kavSirma Camoaya-
marSalis gegmis erT-erTi mizani iyo amerikis ekonomikis SenarCuneba. imdroindel liba aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis aliansi, romelic emsaxureboda
erT-erT amerikul gazeTSi gamoqveynebulia statia amerikeli biznesmenebisaTvis: misi usafrTxoebis interesebs. aRmosavleT evropis faSisturi germa-
`marSalis gegma aris biznes-gegma.... es aris saofise da sawarmoo da sasawyobo samuSao. niisgan ganTavisuflebisas, meore msoflio omis dros, wiTelma armiam
marSalis gegma niSnavs samuSaos, da Tqven iqnebiT masSi momuSaveebi”. (Kiplinger Magazine, daamyara politikuri da saomari kontroli am regionze. sabWoTa kavSi-
Washington D.C., May 1948). marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebis periodSi fuli, romelic ris sididem, ekonomikurma wonam da didma samxedro Zalam ganapiroba
evropulma saxelmwifoebma miiRes, daixarja aSS-is mier warmoebul sursaTsa da misi, rogorc qveynis, dominireba evropis am nawilSi. sabWoTa kavSirs
saqonelSi. amerikis ekonomika ayvavda. undoda aRmosavleT evropis gamoyeneba buferul zonad Tavisi dasavle-
Tu Tavdapirvelad marSalis gegmis logo iyo `evropis aRorZinebisaTvis — aSS- Ti sazRvrebis dasacavad da ideologiuri gavlenis gasavrceleblad.
sgan”, 1955 wlidan is Seicvala da gaxda `siZliere Tavisufali msofliosaTvis — aSS- meore mizezi iyo samSoblos dacva sabWoTa kavSiris uSiSroebis
sgan”. es ukanaskneli kargad gamoxatavda marSalis gegmis erT-erT umTavres mizans — prioritetebis ierarqiaSi. aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis daqvemde-
Tavisufali da maRalganviTarebuli ekonomika da msoflio daepirispirebina komu- barebiT sabWoTa kavSirma uzrunvelyo Tavisi kontroli regionze.
nizmisaTvis. 1955 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSirma Camoayaliba aRmosavleT evropis
marSalis gegma Tavidanve seriozulad iyo gakritikebuli ssrk-s mier. igi gani- aliansis sistema. varSavaSi erTad Seikribnen warmomadgenlebi albane-
xilavda marSalis gegmas rogorc imperialisturi politikis erT-erT ZiriTad aqts, Tidan, bulgareTidan, Cexoslovakiidan, ungreTidan, poloneTidan da
romelic miznad isaxavda amerikuli monopoliebis mier evropis ekonomikebis eqspan- rumineTidan. maTi mizani iyo xeli moeweraT mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebisa-
siasa da agresiuli samxedro blokebis sistemis Seqmnas. misi mizani iyo, agreTve, See- Tvis megobrobaze, TanamSromlobaze da urTierTdaxmarebaze, romelic
narCunebina meore msoflio omis Sedegad dasavleT evropaSi kapitalizmis Seryeuli hgavda ukve ZalaSi Sesul maT ormxriv SeTanxmebas sabWoTa kavSirTan.
poziciebi, gaeZlierebina evropis damokidebuleba amerikaze da win aRdgomoda legaluri mravalmxrivi aliansis formirebam gaaZliera sabWoTa
progresul socialur cvlilebebs. (Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической kavSiris pretenzia msoflioSi socialisturi sistemis liderobaze,
литературы, том II, Москва 1971). gazarda misi prestiJi da daakanona misi arseboba da gavlena aRmosavleT
evropaSi. natos Camoyalibebamde (1949 wels) sabWoTa kavSirs mniSvnelo-
vani mizezebi hqonda araformaluri kavSiris sistemis Camoyalibebi-
saTvis, magram varSavis paqtma, rogorc formalurma organizaciam,
saSualeba misca sabWoTa kavSirs, rom oficialurad SewinaaRmdegeboda
Carlz kindlebergeri (1910 — 2002)
natos dasavlur-aRmosavlur diplomatiaSi. varSavis paqtma misca
sabWoTa kavSirs Tanaswori statusi amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan, rad-
Carlz kindlebergeri iyo amerikeli ekonomisti, romelic iTvleba
gan igi iyo lideri damoukidebeli qveynebisa, romlebic mxars uWerdnen
hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mamad. igi iyo, agreTve, erT-erTi mis Sinagan politikas saerTaSoriso arenaze. varSavis paqti asevev
avtori marSalis gegmisa. 1932 wels man daamTavra pensilvaniis daexmara sabWoTa kavSirs gaeadvilebina saSinao politikis gavrceleba
universiteti, xolo 1937 doqtoris xarisxi miiRo kolumbiis univer- aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqtma sabWoTa kavSirs daakanonebina
sitetSi. Semdeg muSaoba daiwyo niu-iorkis federalur sarezervo bankSi. sabWoTa jaris yofna da Tavisi didi gavlena aRmosavleT evropaSi.
1985 wlidan gaxda amerikis ekonomistTa asociaciis prezidenti. iyo
amerikis xelovnebisa da mecnierebis akademiis wevri, amerikis zogierTi mecnieris azriT, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis amerikis ekonomikis
filosofiuri sazogadoebis wevri. aris asamde samecniero naSromisa da TandaTanobiTi Sesustebis erT-erTi mizezi swored es samxedro Sejibri iyo,
wignis avtori, maT Soris – saerTaSoriso ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelosi, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Secvala qveynis ekonomikuri struqtura da saTanado
romelic pirvelad 1957 wels gamoica. 1991 wels daibeWda misi yuradRebis gareSe datova qveynisaTvis sxva mniSvnelovani dargebi. laparaki aRar
avtobiografia `ekonomistis cxovreba~. aris ssrk-ze, romlis gegmiuri ekonomika Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo da civi omis
dasrulebisaTvis ukve naTeli xdeboda sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesis
miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali mosazreba arsebobs Tavad hegemonuri stabi- Seuqcevadoba.
lurobis Teoriis Sesaxeb, mis momxre mecnierTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba qvemoT civi omis damTavrebam SesaZlebloba misca amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mniSvne-
moyvanili hegemonebis arsebobaze istoriaSi da maTi hegemonobis vadebze. TiToeulis lovnad SeemcirebinaT Tavisi samxedro xarjebi. 1991 wels erovnuli usafrTxoeba
hegemonobis periodi daaxloebiT saukune grZeldeboda: asaqmebda daaxloebiT eqvs milion adamians kerZo samxedro industriaSi, aqtiur
portugalia — 1494 — 1580ww. (italiuri omebis dasasrulidan espaneTis meir samxedro samsaxurSi da Tavdacvis departamentSi. 1991 wlidan 2001 wlamde (aT
portugaliis dapyrobamde). emyareboda portugaliis dominirebas navigaciaSi. weliwadSi) es ricxvi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioniT Semcirda. meore msoflio omidan 1988

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wlamde aSS-ma 9,6 trilioni dolari daxarjes SeiaraRebaze. gamoikveTeba vaWrobis liberalizacia, da aSS kisruloben mTavari ro-
msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi uzarmazari iyo da mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda lis Sesrulebas Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyoba-
1970-ian wlebSi. 1980-ian wlebSi samxedro danaxarjebis zrda gagrZelda ganviTarebaSi (GATT, NAFTA, WTO).
industrializebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram daaxloebiT 1982 wlidan am xarjebma iklo
naklebadganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi. izolaciis saxifaTo mxareebi (minusebi) kargad Seiswavles amerikelma poli-
tikosebma meore msoflio omis Semdeg. aSS-ma aRar gaimeores daSvebuli Secdomebi da
dauyovnebliv ikisres msoflio lideris roli. daiwyo Ria saerTaSoriso savaWro
msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi 1975-1984 wlebSi sistemis (dafuZnebuli gatze) da stabiluri savaluto sistemis (dafuZnebuli
(aSS miliard dolarebSi) breton-vudsis sistemaze) Seqmna. marSalis gegma smuT-holeis tarifis pirdapiri
antiTezisi iyo. igi ansaxierebda amerikis mier Tavisi gansakuTrebuli rolisa da
procentuli wili pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas sakuTar sazRvrebs gareT mSvidobisa da keTildReobis
1975 1981 1982 1983 1984 damyareba-SenarCunebis saqmeSi.
msoflioSi
eWvebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Zalauflebis Sesaxeb kvlav gaCnda 1960-iani
ise 257,534 290,278 307,827 324,230 348,697 53.7 wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. amerikis ekonomikuri upiratesobebi
aise 171,972 185,448 189,757 191,671 196,133 30.2 danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT swrafad iklebda, maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebi
intensiurad viTardebodnen da eweodnen aSS-s. amis sapasuxod amerikaSi izrdeboda
Zneq 33,352 45,143 48,598 44,874 44,988 6.9 proteqcionisturi grZnobebi, romlebic upirispirdebodnen iq arsebuli Tavisufali
dm 43,452 54,238 61,862 60,018 57,419 8.8 vaWrobis tradiciul politikas. amerikis aseTi qmedebis gamo dairRva, agreTve,
saerTaSoriso savaluto bazrebis stabiluroba. amave dros vietnamis omma xeli
mTliani 507,480 576,860 609,900 622,800 649,070 100.0 Seuwyo amerikaSi inflaciis zrdas, romelic eqsportirdeboda sazRvargareT
saerTaSoriso gacvlebSi dolaris rolis gamo. amerikis partniorebi, gansakuTrebiT
SeniSvna: ise — industriuli sabazro ekonomikebi; aise — araindustriuli sabazro safrangeTi da germania, ukmayofiloni iyvnen aSS dolaris, rogorc msoflios
ekonomikebi; Zneq — ZiriTadi navTob eqsportiori qveynebi; dm — danarCeni msoflio sarezervo valutis, fasis amgvari dacemiT. sabolood am problemebma uari aTqmevina
Stephen Gill and David Law. The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies. p.106. Source: amerikas breton-vudsis konferenciis Sedegad dadgenili myari gacvliTi kursis
R. Luckman, “Disarmament and Development – the International Context”IDS Bulletin (October 1985), Vol. 16, No. 4, sistemaze, da daiwyo mcocavi kursis xana. amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis
p.3. politikam safuZveli Cauyara bazrebis mzard globalizacias, amerikuli hegemoniis
dakninebam mravali eWvi dabada, gansakuTrebiT Tavad amerikaSi, msoflio ekonomikis
is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs samxedro danaxarjebs da gavlenas axdenen stabilurobisa da perspeqtivebis mimarT.
maT aseT maRal maCveneblebze, kompleqsuria. zogierTi faqtori ganekuTvneba amJamad amgvari eWvebi amerikis mimarT aRar arsebobs. 1990-iani wlebis Sua
erovnuli politikuri ekonomikis Sida struqturas, zogierTi — globaluri periodisaTvis amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis safrTxe aRar iyo realuri. sabWoTa
politikuri ekonomikis struqturas. maTgan zogierTi ki iseT ekonomikur faqtorebs, kavSiris daSlis, iaponiis Tanmimdevruli dasustebis, evropaSi umuSevrobis maRali
rogoricaa cvlilebebi teqnologiis doneSi. ra Tqma unda, gare da Sida faqtorebi donisa da ekonimikis zrdis neli tempebis, agreTve, aRmosavleT evropis evrokavSirSi
erTmaneTTanaa kavSirSi. garda amisa, is kavSirebi, qiSpoba Tu TanamSromloba, romelic integraciis problemebis fonze, amerikis industria kvlav konkurentunariani gaxda.
arsebobs saxelmwifoebs Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi, gulisxmobs, rom gadawyve- rogorc omebs Soris periodSi amerikis moqmedebidan Cans, saukeTeso resursebis qona
tilebebi SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba iyos miRebuli damoukideblad, ar niSnavs avtomaturad yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifod gadaqcevas.
zogadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aq qveynebi iTvaliswineben Zalian bevr erT-erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar miiCnevs zogierTi mecnieri Zalauflebis
faqtors: zogad tendenciebs msoflioSi, maT mdgomareobas regionSi, maTi ganawilebas saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel erTaderT
strategiuli partniorebis saerTaSoriso statuss da SeiaraRebis dones, im rols, faqtorad, aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da maTi roli. iseTi saerTaSoriso
romlis TamaSsac es saxelmwifo apirebs msoflio politikaSi (mag., samarTliano- organizaciebi, rogorebicaa gaero, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki,
bisaTvis mebrZoli saxelmwifos roli, istoriulad neitraluri roli, regionSi msoflio savaWro organizacia da evrokavSiri, uzrunvelyofen informaciis gacvlas
lideris roli da sxv.), Tavis geopolitikur mdebareobas (Tumca samxedro teqnikis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, aadvileben molaparakebebs da SeTanxmebebs maT Soris,
ganviTarebis pirobebSi sazRvrebis rolis mniSvnelobis dasustebam es faqtori, xSir agreTve, akontroleben miRebuli wesebis dacvas da xandaxan sjian SeTanxmebebis
SemTxvevaSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena). damrRvevebs. am organizaciebis gareSe saerTaSoriso ekonomika da saerTaSoriso
dekolonizacias, romlis Sedegadac saxelmwifoTa ricxvma imata, mohyva omebi politika bevrad ufro arastabiluri, naklebad gaxsnili da metad konfliqturi
mesame samyaroSi da regionaluri konfliqtebi. aman, TavisTavad, gazarda samxedro iqneboda.
xarjebi am qveynebSi. es zrda ufro didi iyo, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. swored Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli da gavlena sadavoa. realistebi,
amitom, 1950 wlidan sagrZnoblad Semcirda super-saxelmwifoebis samxedro ZalauflebisaTvis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli xazgasmiT, ar miiCneven saerTaSoriso
danaxarjebis wili msoflio samxedro danaxarjebSi, da es imis miuxedavad, rom 1950 organizaciebs realur Zalad da Tvlian, rom maTi gavlenianoba damokidebulia da
wlidan masiurad izrdeboda SeiaraRebis (teqnikis) fasebi. aSS-is wili, magaliTad, 1950 ganisazRvreba wevri saxelmwifoebis qmedebebiT. evrokavSirSi, magaliTad, germania
wels Seadgenda 50 procents, 1980 wlisaTvis ki misi wili ukve Seadgenda daaxloebiT 23 TamaSobs hegemonis rols. bevrs, umetesad evropel mecnierebs, miaCniaT, rom
procents. daaxloebiT amdenives Seadgenda am periodisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris wili. saerTaSoriso organizaciebs aSS akontroleben, da, Sesabamisad, isini aSS interesebs
zurab daviTaSvilis azriT, imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove samxedro teqnologia gamoxataven. gansakuTrebiT es exeba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da msoflio
mecnierebatevadi da specializebuli dargia, saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromloba banks, romlebsac aSS iyeneben sakuTari gavlenis gasavrceleblad.
iaraRis warmoebaSi gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT izrdeba. igi aseve exeba
transnacionaluri korporaciebis rols am sferoSi da aRniSnavs: `dasavleTis
qveynebis TavdacviTi industriis transnacionalizacia momdinareobs komerciuli
logikidan, rac erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba, magram es
tendencia sayovelTaoa. miT ufro, rom samxedro mrewveloba mWidrod aris

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saxelmwifos dasustebisa da axali hegemonis gaCenis periodebi, Teoriis mixedviT, gadajaWvuli samoqalaqo dargebTan, romelTa sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs Soris
konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtebis masStabi da faqtiurad waiSala~ (zurab daviTaSvili, nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tbilisi.
xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris Seguebuli 2003. gv. 225).
yofili hegemoni Tavis dasustebas da axal mdgomareobas, ramdenad sworad dRevandel msoflioSi yvela saxis teqnologia saocari tempiT vrceldeba da am
gansazRvravs igi samomavlo politikur da ekonomikur strategias da ramdenad dros Zalin Znelia gamijno samoqalaqo da samxedro teqnologiebi. magram maSinac ki,
moaxerxeben Zveli da axali hegemonebi konstruqciul TanamSromlobas ekonomikuri rodesac es xerxdeba, samxedro teqnologiebi mainc vrceldeba saerTaSoriso
transformaciebis Tanmdevi problemebis gadasaWrelad. ekonomikis konkurentuli bunebis gamo. imisaTvis, rom qveyana konkurentunariani iyos
mecxramete saukuneSi didi britaneTi asrulebda ekonomikuri hegemonis rols maRalteqnologiur dargebSi, man unda gaataros dabalansebuli ekonomikuri kursi,
msoflios umetes nawilze. britaneTis lideroba asocirdeboda bazrebis globa- xolo Tu misi Sida bazari ar aris sakmarisad didi, eqsports sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
lizaciasTan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis intensifikaciasa da kapitalis brunvasTan, eniWeba, raTa qveyanam miiRos Semosavali da daafinansos Semdgomi kvlevebi. erovnuli
transnacionaluri korporaciebis ricxvis zrdasTan da, zogadad, ekonomikur da usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, qveynebma SeiZleba isurvon moaxdinon
politikur stabilurobasTan, romelic axasiaTebda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropas mainc. romelime samxedro industriuli teqnologiis monopolizacia, magram teqnologiuri
pirvelma msoflio omma uecrad mouRo bolo rogorc britaneTis hegemonias, aseve mis inovaciebis ekonomika aiZulebs maT mimarTon gavrcelebis xelSewyobis politikas.
mier dawesebul wesebsa da Seqmnil pirobebs. mzardma proteqcionizmma, regionuli xSirad supersaxelmwifoebi sxva mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebze yidian Tanamedrove
blokebis Camoyalibebam da kapitalis brunvis Semcirebam 1920-1930-iani wlebis iaraRs, raTa moipovon maTze gavlena. samxedro teqnikiT vaWroba farTod
dasawyisSi xeli Seuwyo ekonomikur arastabilurobas da depresias. gavrcelebuli praqtikaa da mas qveynebisTvis soliduri Semosavali moaqvs. saerTo
pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebisTvis aSS iyo ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri RirebulebiT (brunviT) iaraRiT vaWroba pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi. 1970-1980-ian
saxelmwifo msoflioSi. magram man uari ganacxada Seesrulebina lideris roli, wlebSi iaraRiT gamalebuli momarageba xdeboda navTobiT mdidari saxelmwifoebis
romelsac ukve veRar asrulebda britaneTi. amis yvelaze kargi ilustracia iyo smuT- aziaSi — arabuli saxelmwifoebi da, meore mxriv israeli, irani da meore mxriv — erayi.
holei tarifi (1930), romlis mixedviTac, aSS-Si saSualo gadasaxadi importze gaizar- iaraRis mimwodeblebi iyvnen aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri da am supersaxelmwifoebis
da 40 procentiT. didi depresiis dasawyisSi aSS-ma Caketes Tavisi sazRvrebi ucxouri Sejibri (arms race) am regionSi grZeldeboda. gamonaklisi ar iyo am mxriv arc afrikis
saqonlisaTvis da amgvarad xeli Seuwyes msoflio ekonomikis arnaxul dakninebas. ame- kontinenti, romlis danawilebasac gavlenis sferoebad cdilobdnen igive
rikis uarma gaekontrolebina savaluto sistemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava mdgomareoba. supersaxelmwifoebi. aSS-s gansakuTrebuli istoriuli interesi hqondaT da aqvT
msoflios ekonomikuri hegemonis amgvarma izolacionisturma poziciam uaryofiTi samxreT amerikaSi, Sesabamisad samxedro teqnikasTan dakavSirebuli garigebebi maT
gavlena iqonia danarCeni saxelmwifoebis umetesobaze da Tavad amerikazec. Soris yovelTvis iyo. iaraRiT vaWroba xdeboda da xdeba rogorc Riad saxelmwifoebis
mier, aseve farulad an kerZo kompaniebis saSualebiT. am mxriv SeiZleba dasaxeldes
sabWoTa kavSiris magaliTi axlo aRmosavleTSi Tundac palestinasTan mimarTebaSi da
smuT-holeis tarifi sxv. SeiZleba aseve aRiniSnos birTvuli iaraRis saidumloebebis miyidvis faqtebi
aRmosavleTis zogierTi qveynisaTvis da sxva mravali.
1930 wlis ivnisis smuT-holeis tarifis aqtiT, aSS-Si dawesda qveynis dRemde birTvuli omis muqara da mZime kalibris iaraRis raodenobis swrafi zrda
istoriaSi yvelaze maRali tarifebi. aqts xeli moawera prezidentma dominirebda debatebSi globaluri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. garigebebi cecxlsasroli
huverma. avtorebi iyvnen respublikeli senatori smuTi iutas Statidan da msubuqi kalibris iaraRis (small arms and light weapons - SALW) SeZenaze saSualebas
da respublikeli kongresmeni holei oregonidan. tarifis mizani iyo aZlevda mimReb qveynebs mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis da aRniSnuli iaraRis nacvlad
Sida fermerebis dacvis gaZliereba ucxoeli sasoflo-sameurneo saqon- SeetanaT mZime kalibris iaraRi. 1990-iani wlebis damdegs debatebi birTvul iaraRze
lis importis sawinaaRmdegod. es aqti misi miRebidan dRemde gansjis Seicvala gacxovelebuli msjelobiT SALW-ze, rogorc did saSiSroebaze globaluri
mudmivi sagania. bevri miiCnevs, rom smuT-holeis tarifma seriozulad usafrTxoebisaTvis, risTvisac sakmaod seriozuli mizezi iyo. civi omis Semdgom
gaaRrmava didi depresia da es ugunuri proteqcionizmis naTeli periodSi namdvili omebis gaCenam ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi da am omebSi Cabmuli
magaliTi iyo. am tarifis istoria huveris saprezidento kampaniidan urTierTdapirispirebuli mxareebis warmodgenam aseve Secvala SALW-is roli da igi
iwyeba, rodesac prezidentobis kandidati dapirda fermerebs maTi damxmare SeiaraRebidan masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad aqcia.
saqonlis importze tarifebis gazrdas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920-iani mSvidobis programis, romelic wyvets iaraRis gavrcelebis problemas, kampaniis
wlebi zogadad amerikis keTildReobis periodi iyo, soflis meurneoba wevrebma kargad unda icodnen am problemis Taviseburebebi. upirveles yovlisa, SALW-
dacemas ganicdida. 1920-1929ww. saSualo Semosavlebi am sferoSi i arTulebs konfliqtebs da xels uwyobs banditizms, magram ar warmoqmnis maT. Semdeg,
Semcirda. 1929 wlis martSi, gaprezidentebis Semdeg huverma wamoayena
warmatebuli kampania ver akrZalavs naRmebs, radgan SeuZlebelia SALW-is produqciis
tarifebis gazrdis idea, Tumca mas mxari ar dauWires ara marto
akrZalva. marTalia, cota vinme Tu uaryofs imas, rom qveiTsawinaaRmdego naRmebi
demokratebma, aramed respublikelebis nawilmac. 1929 wlis agvistoSi
arahumanuria da maT postkonfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi aTeuli wlebis Semdegac
dawyebuli didi depresiis (ase aTariRebs ekonomistebis umravlesoba,
Tumca zogierTi didi depresiis dasawyisad oqtomberSi sabirJo bazris ewirebian adamianebi, magram vinaidan SALW-i gamoiyeneba sportsa da usafrTxoebis
kraxs miiCnevs) pirobebSi senatSi moxerxda saWiro xmebis dagroveba dacvaSi, igi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagani xdeba. SALW-ze kamaTi yovelTvis exeba,
aqtis misaRebad 245 xmiT 177-is winaaRmdeg. mas mxari dauWires res- agreTve qveynis nacionalur suverenitets. saboloo Tanxmobis micema iaraRis
publikelebis umetesobam da demokratebis 15 warmomadgenelma, gatanasa da realizaciaze mxolod mTavrobas SeuZlia. imaze, rom SALW—is SeTan-
romelTagan 10 iyo luizianadan da florididan. isini warmoadgendnen xmebebis umravlesoba ukanonoa da rom es SeTanxmebebi eyrdnoba ukanono gadatanebs,
citrusebisa da Saqris interesebs, romlebsac axali aqti mniSvnelovan dRes Riad laparakoben diplomatiur wreebSi da saerTaSoriso konferenciebze.
proteqcias hpirdeboda. smuT-holeis tarifma gamoiwvia sxva saxel- civi omis Semdgom msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebi xSirad saubroben sayovelTao
mwifoebis sapasuxo qmedebebi da gaxda `gaaRaribe Seni mezobeli” (beggar- ganiaraRebaze, konversiaze, da es saubrebi, garkveulwilad, kargi tonic aris
thy-neighbor) politikis simbolo. am politikis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad diplomatiaSi. konversia aris samxedro mrewvelobis, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleq-
iklo saerTaSoriso vaWrobam. smuT-holeis tarifi aris proteqcio- sis gadayvana samoqalaqo produqciis an ormxrivi daniSnulebis produqciis warmo-
nizmis naTeli magaliTi meoce saukuneSi. am daSvebuli Secdomis sapi- ebaze. garda amisa, konversia gulisxmobs samxedro personalis an samxedro
rispirod 1934 wlidan amerikis savaWro politikaSi aSkarad industriaSi dasaqmebuli pirebis gadamzadebas da maTTvis axali, samoqalaqo

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samsaxurebis SeTavazebas. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politekonomiis erT-erTi ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis satarifo SeRavaTebis miniWebas — cxrametma ganviTare-
mimdinareobac aris, romelic konkretulad Seiswavlis konversiis tendenciebs da bulma saxelmwifom 10 wliT calmxrivad moxsna sabaJo gadasaxadebi ganviTarebadi
perspeqtivebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi. qveynebis gadaumuSavebel da naxevradgadaumuSavebel produqciaze, (SeTanxmeba moq-
dasavleTis politikis oponentebi miiCneven, rom imisaTvis, rom moxdes gani- medebs 1971 wlidan); miRebulia rezolucia, romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebis
araReba da SenarCunebuli iyos mSvidoba, strategiis SemmuSaveblebma unda miscen mizniT dabalSemosavliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis davalianebis retroaqtiul
magaliTi sxva saxelmwifoebs. upirveles yovlisa, iaraRis Semomtanma ZiriTadma koreqtirebas (moqmedebs 1978 wlidan); SemuSavebulia davalianebis restruqtu-
qveynebma — aSS-ma, ruseTma, didma britaneTma da safrangeTma unda gamoiCinon simkacre rizaciis sferoSi saerTaSoriso zomebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (1980w.) da sxv.
iaraRis gavrcelebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseve maT unda gaakontrolon arale- garda amisa, unktadma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis
galuri iaraRis mTavari gadamtanebi afrikaSi — ukraina, bulgareTi da slovakeTi, rom (Less Developed Countries) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. am Temas mieZRvna unktadis mier
gaamyaron kontroli iaraRis transportirebaze. Semdeg, ganviTarebulma qveynebma organizebuli ramodenime konferencia, sadac SemuSavda samoqmedo gegma naklebad
Tavis Tavze unda aiRon didi pasuxismgebloba iaraRiT movaWreebze da usafrTxoebis ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis dasaCqareblad.
kerZo kompaniebze. miuxedavad yovelive zemoT aRniSnulisa, gaeros konferenciam vaWrobasa da
am kuTxiT muSaobisTvis SemuSavda iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativa ganviTarebaze ver SeZlo mTeli rigi dasaxuli problemebis gadaWra, da kvlav bevria
(Proliferation Security Initiative - PSI), romelic aris globaluri mcdeloba SeaCeros gasakeTebeli ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobisTvis.
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba. am proeqtis Sesaxeb gamoacxada prezi-
dentma buSma 2003 wlis 31 maiss. es xedva aseve gacxadebuli iyo 2002 wlis nacionalur
strategiaSi, romelic qveynis erT-erT prioritetad asaxelebda masobrivi ganad-
gurebis iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. es strategia cxadyofs, rom
saWiroa qveynebis sayovelTao kooperacia am saxis iaraRis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
mTel msoflioSi.
iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativis mTavari mizania Camoayalibos hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria
ufro dinamiuri, axleburi da aqtiuri midgoma iaraRis swrafi gavrcelebis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es yvelaferi moxdeba am iniciativis TanamSromlobiT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi
saxelmwifoebTan da mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. amasTan, gamoyene- aRsaniSnavia sami Teoria. pirveli aris ormagi ekonomikis, anu dualizmis Teoria (Dual
buli iqneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelTarsebuli yvela berketi, raTa Economy Theory), romelic gamomdinareobs liberaluri Teoriidan. mis mixedviT, bazris
saqmianoba ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi. warmoqmna pirdapir ukavSirdeba sayovelTao survils miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri
2003 wlis seqtemberSi avstralia, safrangeTi, germania, italia, iaponia, efeqturoba da maqsimaluri mogeba. meore aris Tanamedrove msoflio sistemebis
niderlandebi, portugalia, espaneTi, didi britaneTi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Teoria (Modern World Systems). masze udidesi gavlena iqonia marqsistulma moZRvrebam.
daeTanxmnen iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativas da aRiares igi am Teoriis mixedviT msoflio bazari aris ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi ekonomikis
oficialur amkrZalav principad. mas Semdeg bevrma qveyanam dauWira mxari am mqone qveynebis mier naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis eqsploataciis
principebs. iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativaSi msurvelebs gawevrianeba meqanizmi. mesame da dResdReobiT yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa hegemonuri
SeuZliaT Riad. PSI—s partniorebi sTxoven saxelmwifoebs PSI -s mxardaWeras da stabilurobis Teoria. igi axlos aris realizmTan da misi yvelaze farTod
urCeven gaiaron is etapebi iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gaiara PSI-m. PSI- gavrcelebulobisa da popularobis gamo swored masze gveqneba detaluri saubari.
s daxmareba kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom ufro seriozuli zomebia misaRebi iaraRis robert gilpinis, stefan krasnerisa da realisturi skolis sxva warmomadgenlebis
swrafi gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sxva qveynebTan TanamSromlobiT. mixedviT, Zalauflebis ganawileba saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis
stabilurobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtoria. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria,
romelic pirvelad Carlz kindlebergerma wamoayena 1970 wels, aqcents akeTebs
SeniSvna: wamyvani saxelmwifoebis rolze, magaliTad, did britaneTze mecxramete saukuneSi da
vinaidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis kursi axali sagania aSS-ze meoce saukuneSi, da imaze, Tu rogori gavlena aqvs SesaZleblobebisa da
da, garda amisa, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikur Zalauflebis ganawilebas msoflio ekonomikaze. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, erTi
movlenebTan, igi Zalian dinamiuria da mudmivad cvalebadi. saxelmwifos yovelmxrivi dominireba saWiro aris Ria, liberaluri da stabiluri
msoflio ekonomikisaTvis. amgvari hegemonis daniSnulebaa koordinacia gauwios sxva
saxelmwifoebs da daawesos maTTvis qcevis garkveuli wesebi. aseT pirobebSi sxva
saxelmwifoebi SedarebiT mSvidad grZnoben Tavs. maT ar eSiniaT gaxsnan TavianTi
bazrebi da Tavs arideben im politikas, romlis arsia `gaaRaribe mezobeli”.
Sesabamisad, Teoriis mixedviT, hegemonis dasustebas moyveba ekonomikuri dacema,
arastabiluroba da moqiSpe regionuli blokebis Seqmna. robert gilpini SeniSnavs,
rom hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis gansazRvraSi ZiriTadi sityva aris
`liberaluri~ (The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 72), rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom
TeoriaSi igulisxmeba Ria da aradiskriminaciul Tavisufal bazarze damyarebuli
saerTaSoriso ekonomika. iseTi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi, rogoricaa
liberaluri, ver ganviTardeba srulad hegemoni/dominanti saxelmwifos gareSe.
Tumca mxolod hegemonis arseboba ar aris sakmarisi liberaluri ekonomikuri sis-
temis Camoyalibebasa da funqcionirebisaTvis. hegemoni Tavad unda iyos liberaluri
principebisa da Rirebulebebis erTguli mimdevari da damcveli. hegemonis roli ar
Semoifargleba mxolod ekonomikuri sistemis SenarCunebiT, igi mzad unda iyos
moagvaros krizisuli situaciebi da daicvas qveynebi SesaZlo safrTxisgan. hegemoni

64 13
raul prebiSi bibliografia:
raul prebiSi daibada argentinaSi 1901 wels. igi cnobili gaxda rogorc laTinuri
amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis direqtori da struqturalizmisa da damokidebulebis 1. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli
Teoriebis fuZemdebeli. man ganaTleba miiRo buenos-airesis universitetSi da 1925 universiteti, 1996;
wels imave universitetSi daiwyo leqciebis kiTxva. 1950 wels prebiSi gaxda gaero-s
laTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis aRmasrulebeli mdivani. man intensiurad 2. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, zurab daviTaSvili, fondi `Ria sazogadoeba —
daiwyo mesame samyaros qveynebis problemebis Seswavla da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
saqarTvelo~, socialur mecnierebaTa seria. Tbilisi, 2003;
uTmobda laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebs.
prebiSi ganixilavda vaWrobis pirobebs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis (perife-
3. ra aris globalizacia? ulrix beki, elfis gamomcemloba, 2003;
riisaTvis). man aCvena, rom vaWrobis pirobebi periferiisaTvis aTwleulebis manZilze
uaresdeboda da sul ufro aZnelebda am qveynebis ganviTarebas. amasTan, ganviTa-
4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo iniciativebis
rebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis Semosavlebs Soris gansxvaveba, Semcirebis magiv-
instituti, 2004;
rad, gamudmebiT izrdeboda. es problema mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli, agreTve,
umuSevrobasTan periferiaSi, rac aormagebda ra Raribi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobas,
xels uSlida maT TavianTi resursebis srulad gamoyenebaSi. 5. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali — leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisis universi-
tetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 2003;
prebiSi iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis struqturalisturi xedvis fuZemdebeli.
struqturalizmma mkafiod gamijna ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis
ekonomikebis struqturebi. 6. liberalizmis safuZvlebi, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, ekonomikuri codnis
am TeoriiT prebiSs surda aexsna, Tu ratom iyo mesame samyaros qveynebSi masobrivi gavrcelebis sazogadoeba, 2004;
umuSevroba, ratom uaresdeboda maTi vaWroba, ratom izrdeboda sxvaoba Semosavlebs
Soris da a.S. amisaTvis man ganixila rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve Sida 7. The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University Press, Princeton
faqtorebi, romlebic aferxebdnen ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur zrdas. 1987;
prebiSis ideebi safuZvlad daedo, agreTve, damokidebulebis Teorias, romelmac
Semdgom Tavisi ganviTareba, sakmaod radikaluri formiT, pova sxva laTinurmerikeli 8. Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order;
ekonomistebis naSromebSi.
1963 wels prebiSi gaxda vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze gaero-s konferenciis 9. The Global Political Economy (Perspectives, Problems and Policies), Stephen Gill and David Law, The
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1993;
(UNCTAD) generaluri mdivani, xolo 1969 wels — ekonomikuri da socialuri dagegmis
gaeros laTinuramerikuli institutis generaluri direqtori.
10. Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (The Internalization of Capital and The Third
World), Rhys Jenkins, Methuen, London and New York 1987;
gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze
11. The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s
UN Conference on Trade and Development – UNCTAD) Press, New York 1990;
gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze (unktadi) aris gaeros generaluri 12. Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996;
asambleis ZiriTadi organo vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi. igi dafuZnda ro-
gorc mudmivi mTavrobaTaSoriso organo 1964 wels JenevaSi Catarebuli konferenciis 13. On Liberty, John Stuart Mill, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Publishing Company, New
pirvel sesiaze. misi dafuZneba miznad isaxavda ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas da York;
ekonomikur ganviTarebas, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
unktadi Tavis mandats axorcielebs Semdegi meTodebiT: politikis analizi, 14. Transnational Corporations, United Nations, UNCTAD Division on Investment, Technology and
problemis ganxilva, konsensusis miRweva da mTavrobaTaSoriso doneze mola- Enterprise Development, 2004;
parakebebis gamarTva, kontrolis ganxorcieleba, praqtikuli muSaoba da teqnikuri
TanamSromloba. unktadis wevr saxelmwifoebs surT miaRwion stabilur, mdgrad zrdas 15. Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971.
yvela qveyanaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, raTa
yvelam isargeblos warmatebebiT socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi.
unktadis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 188 saxelmwifo. damkvirveblebis statusiT
sargebloben mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. misi samdivno aris
JenevaSi. umaRlesi organoa konferencia. rogorc wesi, konferencia atarebs sesiebs
ministrebis doneze oTx weliwadSi erTxel politikis ZiriTadi principebis
SesamuSaveblad. unktadi finansdeba gaeros regularuli biujetidan. misi wliuri
biujeti operaciuli saqmianobisaTvis Seadgens daaxloebiT 55 milion aSS dolars.
Tavisi arsebobis periodSi unktadma SeZlo mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesruleba,
romlebic, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs Seesabameba. miRweul iqna
SeTanxmebebi pirveladi warmoebis (nedleuli) saqonlis sferoSi da Seiqmna kvleviTi
jgufebi, romlebic dakompleqtebulia nedleulis mwarmoebeli da nedleulis
momxmarebeli qveynebiT; miRebuli iqna SeRavaTTa ganzogadoebuli sistema (Generalized
System of Preferences), romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier

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internet resursebi: Toba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia Zalauflebis sistemiT da naklebad sarwmunoa, rom
Zalaufleba mxolod kapitalizms eyrdnobodes. magaliTad, yofili socialisturi
blokis damokidebuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi (Tundac aRmosavleT evropa da
www.mitpress.mit.edu kuba) Zalian hgavs Raribi qveynebisa da wamyvani kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebis
urTierTobebs. imis daSveba, rom damokidebuli mdgomareoba ZalauflebaTa
www.tandf.co.uk uTanasworobasTan ufro axloa, vidre konkretuli ekonomikuri sistemis ama Tu im
maxasiaTebelTan, metad damaintrigebelia da Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
www.drake.edu bebis iseT SedarebiT ufro tradiciul analizs, rogoricaa realizmi.
gilpini ganixilavs ramdenime mosazrebas, romlebic, misi azriT, damokidebulebis
www.bisa.ac.uk/groups/ipeg Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens, Tumca yvela maTgani sakamaToa. esenia:
1. ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba aris mdgomareoba, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
www.tn.regentsdegrees.org ganuviTareblobisgan. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba im mdgomareobas, romelic ar
gulisxmobs resursebis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, amerikeli kolonistebi CrdiloeT
www.indiana.edu/~ipe amerikas ganuviTarebel regionad Tvlidnen. miwa, misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, saTanadod ar muSavdeboda. ekonomikuri CamorCena ki niSnavs im
www.ucpress.edu/books/SIPE situacias, roca resursebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, Tumca maTi gamoyenebiT sargeblobs
dominanturi saxelmwifo da ara is Raribi qveyana, romlis teritoriazec moipoveba
www.mtholyoke.edu resursebi.
2. ekonomikur CamorCenilobasa da ganuviTareblobas Soris sxvaoba msoflios
www.gamethory.net/dictionary Rarib qveynebs absoluturad gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi aTavsebs. es qveynebi
msoflios mdidar qveynebs arc CamorCebian da arc ewevian, isini imitom ki ar arian
www.pupress.princeton.edu Raribebi, rom evropis samecniero gardaqmnebsa Tu ganmanaTleblobis Rirebulebebs
ver aubes mxari, aramed imitom, rom ZaldatanebiT gaerTiandnen evropis ekonomikur
www.duke.edu sistemaSi mxolod rogorc nedleulis da naxevarfabrikatebis mimwodeblebi an
rogorc iafi muSaxelis wyaro, da imitom, rom maT principulad ar miecaT
www.guilford.edu SesaZlebloba gaetanaT bazarze TavianTi resursebi da ama Tu im gziT konkurencia
gaewiaT dominanturi saxelmwifoebisTvis.
www.pup.princeton.edu 3. damokidebulebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis gza
sjobia resursebis gamoyenebis im modelebs, romlebic Tavsaa moxveuli dominanturi
www.routledge.com saxelmwifoebis mier. privilegirebuli modelebis naTlad Camoyalibebuli definicia
ar arsebobs, Tumca garkveuli kriteriumebi SeiZleba davadginoT. magaliTad, gan-
www.ssc.upenn.edu/polisci viTarebadi qveynebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqs-
porti, rac Zalian xSirad damokidebulebis TeoretikosTa kritikis sagania. kritikis
www.curzonpress.co.uk mizezi aris is, rom ekonomikurad CamorCenil bevr qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba sakvebis
ukmarisobis maRali maCvenebeli, maSin roca am qveynebs didi raodenobiT sakvebi
www.reference.routlege.com produqti gaaqvT eqsportis saxiT. damokidebulebis bevri Teoretikosis azriT,
Raribi qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebi unda gamoiyenebodes maTive mox-
www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision marebisTvis sakvebis ukmarisobis maCveneblis Sesamcireblad.
4. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis azriT, arsebobs garkveuli erovnuli eko-
www.rrojasdatabank.org nomikuri interesi, romelic TiToeul qveyanas SeuZlia sakuTari keTildReobisTvis
aamoqmedos, da es asec unda xdebodes. am TvalsazrisiT, damokidebulebis Teoria
www.state.gov/r/pa/ho realizmis principebs iziarebs. gansxvavebuli midgoma isaa, rom, damokidebulebis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, qveynis erovnuli interesebi mxolod maSin iqneba gaTvalis-
www.wikipedia.org/wiki winebuli, roca dakmayofildeba Tavad am sazogadoebis Raribebis moTxovnilebebi da
ara samTavrobo an korporaciuli interesebi. Zalian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra aris
www.consulting.ru/econs_art ukeTesi RaribebisTvis. am problemis gadawyveta did dros moiTxovs. damokide-
bulebis Teoretikosebs jer ar SeumuSavebiaT erovnuli ekonomikuri interesis
www.wto.org srulyofili da gamoyenebadi ganmarteba.
5. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi (stabilurad damokidebuli mdgomareoba
www.opec.org evropis eqspansiidan, anu meTxuTmete saukunidan iwyeba) resursebis gadineba ara
marto dominanturi saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT xdeba, aramed, agreTve, Tavad damo-
www.imf.org kidebuli qveynebis elitis mier. damokidebulebis Teoriis analitikosebis azriT,
elitarul wreebs xels aZlevs arsebuli damokidebuli mdgomareoba, radgan maTi
piradi interesebi dominanturi qveynebis interesebs emTxveva. ase rom, damokide-
buleba sinamdvileSi “nebayoflobiTi” mdgomareobaa. aravin amtkicebs imas, TiTqos
damokidebuli qveynis elita mizandasaxulad Ralatobdes sakuTari qveynis RaribTa
interesebs. ubralod mmarTvel elitas gulwrfelad sjera, rom ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis aucilebeli pirobaa liberaluri ekonomikuri doqtrinis morCilad miReba.

66 11
nawilia, romlis dominanturi wevrebic amJamad ganviTarebuli qveynebi arian. Nino Jvania
damokidebulebis Teoria cdilobs axsnas zogierTi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis dabali done qveynebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis modelebis
Seswavlis gziT da am modelebis aucilebel da ganuyofel pirobad miiCnevs qveynebis POLITICAL ECONOMY OF
uTanasworobas. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis umetesoba saerTaSoriso kapita- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE RESUME
lizms miiCnevs damokidebulebis ganmapirobebel faqtorad. maTi azriT, istoriuli
kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom ganviTarebis dabali done ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi
umeteswilad ganpirobebulia rogorc maTi qveynebis istoriiT, aseve mimdinare International Political Economy is a relatively new discipline, developing since 70th last century.
ekonomikuri da sxva saxis urTierTobebiT maTsa (ekonomikurad CamorCenil sate- Its formation was necessitated by rapidly increased tight interrelationship between international
litebsa) da amJamad ganviTarebul metropoliebs Soris. metic, es urTierTobebi aris politics and economy, and an assumption that economics and international relations separately
nawili msoflio masStabis erTiani kapitalisturi sistemisa. were too narrow disciplines to explain central aspects of international political and international
am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturma sistemam xeli Seuwyo da ganamtkica economic relations.
Sromis uxeSi gadanawileba, romelmac msoflios bevr regionSi ekonomikuri Camor- This course cannot cover all aspects of the discipline. It introduces main theories of the
Ceniloba gamoiwvia. damokidebuli saxelmwifoebidan moedineba iafi nedleuli, international political economy, describes monetary and trade systems after the WWII (Breton
soflis meurneobis produqcia da iafi muSaxeli, garda amisa, damokidebuli qveynebi Woods Conference and following events) and compares them to the current systems. It also
mdidari saxelmwifoebisaTvis warmoadgens Warbi kapitalis gadanawilebis, attempts to explain the logic of international investments and current trends in this sphere. Further,
moZvelebuli teqnikisa da warmoebuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazars. amgvari interaqcia the course tackles the issues of globalization from different perspectives (globalization and the
Rarib qveynebs damokidebuls xdis Zlier saxelmwifoebze, vinaidan aseTi kavSirebis third world) and tries to give a thorough understanding of the European integration process.
wyalobiT satelitur qveynebSi marTlac Semoedineba fuli, saqoneli da momsaxureba, Special attention is given to the role of international and intergovernmental organizations in the
magram am resursebis ganawilebis politikas dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeimuSaveben international political economy.
da masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli damokidebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri interesebi. Purpose of the course is to introduce some of the fundamental relationships between politics
Sromis amgvari gadanawileba, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs siRaribes, xolo kapita- and economics on both the domestic and international levels, and explain how these two are
lizmisTvis aseTi viTareba resursebis efeqturi ganawilebis aucilebeli pirobaa. mutually dependent. Furthermore, the course examines the politics of globalization from different
umeteswilad damokidebulebis modelebi eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom ekonomikuri da perspectives and illustrates historical developments of the global economy. The course also aims
politikuri Zalaufleba ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli da centralizebulia indus- at encouraging students to think about different aspects of the international political economy from
trializebul qveynebSi. am mosazrebas iziareben imperializmis marqsistuli Teoriis the Georgia’s perspective.
momxreebic. Tumca damokidebulebis yvela Teoretikosi marqsisti rodia, amitom unda The course introduction provides views of different scholars on the relationship between
gavmijnoT damokidebulebisa da imperializmis Teoriebi. politics and economics, such as Edward Carr, Joan Spero, Robert Gilpin, etc., offers couple of
imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria emsaxureba dominanturi saxelmwifoebis eqs- historical facts illustrating tight relationship between politics and economy and concludes that these
pansiis axsnas, damokidebulebis Teoria ki ekonomikuri CamorCenisas. sxvanairad rom two are in constant interaction and all international level political decisions intervene on all
vTqvaT, marqsistuliTeoriebi ganmartaven imperializmis warmomSob mizezebs, damo- economic decisions and vice versa.
kidebulebis Teoriebi ki imperializmis Sedegebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxva- Further, the course describes three major theories in the international political economy:
vebaa. marqsistuli gagebiT, imperializmi msoflio transformaciis procesis nawilia liberalism, nationalism and dependency.
da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialisturi revoluciis katalizatori. marqsi dadebiTad
Liberalism, which takes its roots from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, is a theory of free
afasebda britaneTis kolonializms indoeTSi. misi azriT, ingliss ori misia ekisra
market and minimal state interference in economy. According to this theory the market is managed
indoeTSi: erTi destruqciuli, meore ki regeneraciuli — Zveli aziuri sazogadoebis
by the rule of demand: people will buy more goods if the price decreases and buy fewer goods if
ganadgureba da aziaSi dasavluri sazogadoebis materialuri safuZvlebis Seqmna.
the price increases. Also, people will buy more goods if their income increases and less if their
damokidebulebis TeoretikosebisTvis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba yovelmxriv
income decreases. It means that each single change in the price and the income of the market
uaryofiTi mdgomareobaa, romelic xangrZlivi da avtonomiuri ekonomikuri Ronis-
player will influence the amount of the purchased goods. As for the supply, according to liberals,
Ziebebis ganxorcielebis aranair saSualebas ar aZlevs damokidebul qveyanas. garda
people are rational animals who try to satisfy their interests in the existence of deficit and lack of
amisa, imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria Tavisi arsiT TviTlikvidacias gulisxmobs,
resources. Changes in demand and supply will automatically change the price of the product.
damokidebulebis Teoria ki TviTgadarCenas. leninizmis CarCoebSi imperializmis bo-
Goal for the internal policy of liberals is the same as for the foreign policy – peace and total
lo aris is Jami, roca ori dominanturi Zala erTmaneTs oms gamoucxadebs swrafad-
cooperation. Alike in people, if nations’ involvement in economic interactions happens voluntarily,
klebadi saeqsploataciod vargisi saSualebebis gamo. leninis azriT, pirveli msof-
lio omi am ideis naTeli dadastureba iyo. omis Semdeg inglisi da safrangeTi daepat- than both sides satisfy their interests and are content with the process. Total economic cooperation
ronen germaniis yofil koloniebs. damokidebulebis Teoria aseT midgomas ar and overall involvement in trade, financial transactions, etc., is a strong guarantee for long-term
eTanxmeba. peace and prosperity. While, on the other hand, wars drive nations to close their borders and their
damokidebuleba arsebobs imisda miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romelia dominan- economies weaken. Liberals do not recognize strategic importance of borders and liberal, himself,
turi qveyana. is, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeebrZolon is the world’s citizen, cosmopolitan.
damokidebuli teritoriebisTvis, TavisTavad faseul informacias ar warmoadgens According to the nationalism theory economic activities should be subordinated to the state
(garda imisa, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebis omianobis periodSi damokidebul goals and interests. For the smooth functioning of the international system existence of sovereign
saxelmwifoebs saSualeba eZlevaT gawyviton arsebuli urTierTobebi). damokide- nation, national security and military power are of the supreme importance. Wars and conflicts
bulebis TeoriisTvis globaluri ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris mTeli between nations are natural because they fight for resources which are important for economic
Tanamedrove periodis manZilze mdgradi siRaribe da am procesis Seuqcevadoba strength, which, in its turn, is important for military power. Each conflict is simultaneously economic
msoflios erTsa da imave regionSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli saxelmwifo akon- and political, as nations try to gain wealth and national power at the same time.
trolebs situacias. Nationalists, starting from Alexander Hamilton, consider that one-sided benefit is more
garda amisa, damokidebulebis zogierTi Teoretikosi ar Tvlis, rom aseTi important than mutual and give advantage to self-confidence (self-sustainability) versus economic
urTierTobebis ganmsazRvrel faqtors kapitalizmi warmoadgens. xsenebuli urTier- interrelationship.

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 Dependency theory developed in the end of 1950s on the ideas of Raul Prebisch. According to amis ganxorcielebas arTulebda sami momenti:
this theory, economic growth in developed countries did not entail economic developments in Raribi qveynebis Sida bazari ar iyo sakmarisad didi imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyo
developing countries, and even more, economic activities of developed countries often created mdidar saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli ekonomikebis mTeli speqtrisaTvis, raTa
serious economic problems to poor countries. Difference in incomes between developed and SeenarCunebina dabali fasebi;
developing countries was constantly increasing instead of decreasing. meore sakiTxi exeboda Raribi qveynebis politikur nebas aRar yofiliyvnen
According to the theory, developing countries are to sell raw products to developed countries, pirveladi nawarmis mwarmoeblebi;
who in their turn sell back to the developing countries manufactured products out of those raw mesame sakiTxi exeboda imas, Tu ramdenad akontrolebdnen Raribi saxelmwifoebi
commodities. As price for the processed product is always higher than for the raw material, poor TavianT pirveladi warmoebis saqonels, gansakuTrebiT imas, romelic qveynis gareT
countries will never have enough income from the export to cover their import expenses. iyideboda.
Prebisch argued that the third world countries were not as much underdeveloped as they were amgvarad xsnida damokidebulebis Teoria Raribi saxelmwifoebis mudmivi siRa-
badly developed. To solve this problem Prebisch was demanding special benefits for developing ribis mizezebs. tradiciuli neoklasikuri midgoma arafers ambobs am sakiTxTan
countries and suggested that developing countries should had been joined the programs on import dakavSirebiT, mxolod adasturebs im faqts, rom Rarib qveynebSi solidurma
substitution, though it was rather difficult for a number of reasons. The reasons are provided in ekonomikurma saqmianobam gvian moikida fexi da rom rogorc ki maT Tanamedrove
details in the course. ekonimikis teqnika aiTvises, siRaribe TandaTan ukuiqca. Tumca, marqsistuli Teoriebi
The dependency theory tries to explain the reasons for massive unemployment in the third mudmiv, mdgrad siRaribes ganixilavdnen rogorc kapitalisturi eqsploataciis
world, reasons for consequent deterioration of their economies, internal problems hampering Sedegs. axali midgomis - “msoflio sistemebis” Tanaxmad, siRaribe aris mdidrebis
improvements, etc., and argues that inequality among states is an inherent part of interactions sasargeblod da Raribebis sazianod Sromis metad uxeSi gadanawilebis uSualo Sedegi.
among them. liberaluri reformis momxreebis (prebiSi), marqsistebisa (andre gunder franki) da
Most dependency theorists regard capitalism as a motive for dependency, thus accusing it of “msoflio sistemebis” Teoretikosebis (valerstaini) debatebi metad cxare da
causing the most of the problems connected to the unfairness of the current international economic inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso iyo. damokidebulebis sxvadasxva
system. Teoriebis mimdevrebs Soris kvlav SeiniSneba seriozuli xasiaTis uTanxmoeba
Structuralism and Marxism connected to the dependency theory are also tackled within the garkveul sakiTxebSi da amitom Znelia davinaxoT damokidebulebis Teoriis erTiani,
course. SeTanxmebuli varianti. Tumca, yvela xsenebuli Teoriis analizi garkveul
In relationship with the dependency theory and the third world problems the history and current universalur postulatebs eyrdnoba. damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc
activities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are described qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rodesac erovnuli, Sida ekonomikuri politika
and those goals listed that UNCTAD managed to achieve in favor of developing countries during its ganicdis gareSe zegavlenas, iqneba es politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli
existence. However, it concludes that besides noticeable accomplishments a lot of work is left to xasiaTisa. gilpins moyavs Teotonio des santosiseuli ganmarteba, romelSic igi xazs
be done by this body. usvams damokidebulebis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs:
Further, major modern theories in the international political economy are listed such as: Dual `[damokidebuleba aris] istoriuli mdgomareoba, romelic gansazRvravs msoflio
Economy Theory (strongly influenced by the liberalism theory), Modern World Systems Theory ekonomikis garkveul struqturas. es ukanaskneli “wyalobs” rig qveynebs sxvaTa
(strongly influenced by the Marxism theory) and the Hegemonic Stability Theory (influenced by the sazianod da zRudavs damokidebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis ganviTarebis asparezs.
realism), and the brief description of the first two provided. While the last one is discussed in more [damokidebuleba aris] situacia, romelic garkveuli ekonomikuri sistemis
details due to its extensive prevalence and popularity. ganviTarebisa da gafarToebis xarjze ganapirobebs am sistemas daqvemdebarebuli sxva
qveynebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas~ (Teotonio dos santosi, “damokidebulebis
The hegemonic stability theory is close to the realism. According to this theory distribution of
power among nations is the essential factor for the international economic stability. The theory was struqtura”, Readings in U.S. Imperialism, red.: k.t. feni da donald hojisi, bostoni: Porter
initially proposed by Charles Kindleberger in the 1970s. It underlines the importance of presence of Sargent, 1971, gv. 226).
a dominant/hegemonic state as a condition for the existence of an open, liberal and stable world zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi Seicaven sam saerTo maxasiaTebels, romlebsac
economy. In this aspect, a special attention is given to Robert Gilpin’s thoughts regarding the damokidebulebis Teoriebis umetesi nawili iziarebs. upirvelesad, damokidebuleba
theory. He tries to explain thoroughly why the theory is related only to the liberal economic system damaxasiaTebelia saerTaSoriso sistemisTvis, romelic qveyanaTa or jgufs moicavs.
and why the hegemonic state should be strongly devoted to liberal values itself. maT sxvadasxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad ewodebaT dominanturi/damokidebuli, centra-
The hegemonic nation should serve as a coordinator for other nations and should be willing luri/periferiuli an metropolia/sateliti. dominanturi saxelmwifoebi arian
and able to impose conduct code and ensure its implementation. And this code should inevitably ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wamyvani samrewvelo
be liberal, pro open market and against the beggar-thy-neighbor policies. qveynebi. damokidebul saxelmwifoTa siaSi ki Sedian laTinuri amerikis, aziisa da
The course provides brief overviews of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) and the Marshall Plan afrikis is qveynebi, sadac saerTo erovnuli produqtis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze
(1947) as of two different actions (antithesis) of the US, a leader nation after the World War II. In mcirea da sadac ucxouri valutis Semodinebis wyaro erTi romelime saxis saqonlis
the first case the country was not willing or prepared to take a leading role in the international eqsportia. garda amisa, orive ganmartebis Tanaxmad, damokidebuli qveynebis eko-
system and coordinate its monetary policies with other countries. But the isolationism had negative nomikur aqtivobaSi ganmsazRvrelia gareSe Zalebis roli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs
consequence firstly for the US and secondly for other countries. saerTaSoriso korporaciebs, saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo birJebs, ucxour daxmarebas,
The Marshall Plan was a lesson learned from the Smoot-Hawley Tariff experience. Long-term komunikaciaTa qsels da bevr sxva rames, risi saSualebiTac wamyvani samrewvelo
saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben sakuTar ekonomikur interesebs ucxo qveynebSi. mesame
economic and political goals of the Plan are discussed in light of the United States’ relationship
saerTo niSani isaa, rom damokidebulebis cnebis yvela ganmarteba miuTiTebs
with the USSR and its satellite countries. Tight connection between politics and economy in this
dominantur da damokidebul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis dinamiur
historical period is particularly emphasized and analyzed. Soviet critic of the Plan and rational
xasiaTze, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom qveynebis am or jgufs Soris arsebulma
behind this criticism is also provided.
urTierTobebma SeiZleba ara mxolod ganamtkicos, aramed ufro intensiuri gaxados
The course notices that besides the fact that there are different opinions on the hegemonic
uTanasworobis modeli. metic, damokidebulebas, rogorc istoriul process, metad
stability theory itself, almost all its followers agree on the existence of the following hegemonic
Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli da igi saTaves iRebs kapitalizmis internacionali-
countries, aspirants willing to become leaders and the historical periods for their hegemony:
zaciidan. damokidebuleba mimdinare dinamiuri procesia. amis magaliTia laTinuri
Portugal (aspirant - Spain), Netherlands (aspirant – England), Great Britain (aspirant – France),
amerika, romelic meTeqvsmete saukunidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso sistemis
68 9
nawili Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris imperialisturi eqspansiisa da USA (aspirant – Soviet Union), USA (aspirant – China? EU?).
sazRvrebis gafarToebis arena. nacionalizmis am agresiul formas SeiZleba vuwodoT The course tries to explain why many scholars do not agree with the theory, considering that
cudi merkantilizmi. germaniis nacisturi mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika importance of distribution of power and existence of the dominant nation fades in the presence of
aRmosavleT evropasTan mimarTebaSi 1930-ian wlebSi swored amgvari xasiaTis iyo. the international organizations, such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World
nacionalistebi xazs usvamen ekonomikuri faqtorebis rols saerTaSoriso Bank, World Trade Organization, European Union, etc. However, realists do not consider
urTierTobebSi da miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris brZola ekonomikuri international organizations having real power and capable of playing significant role in international
resursebisaTvis gavrcelebulia da TviT saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebisTvisaa economic and political life.
damaxasiaTebeli. vinaidan ekonomikuri resursebi saWiroa erovnuli ZlierebisaTvis, The World Leadership Long Cycles Theory of Modelski and Thompson and the Long Cycles
yvela konfliqti erTdroulad ekonomikuric aris da politikuric. saxelmwifoebi Theory of Goldstein are also described and analyzed within the course.
cdiloben erTdroulad moipovon simdidre, Zalaufleba da damoukidebloba. Finally, the course attempts to reflect on who is going to be the following leader, who are the
ekonomikuri nacionalizmi me-16 — me-18 saukuneebSi erTgvari gamoxmaureba iyo aspirants and what their chances are.
politikur, ekonomikur da samxedro movlenebze da masSi swored am periodis In regards with the major IPE theories, discussed within the course and briefly reviewed above,
viTarebam pova asaxva. am dros Cndeba Zlieri nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic it is attempted to cover all their aspects and show their developments in time and consequent
mudmiv qiSpobaSi arian erTmaneTTan. am dros warmoiSveba da Zlierdeba saSualo klasi, changes occurred. It is also tried to provide opposite opinions on each of them.
romelic Cabmulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi — vaWrobaSi da, umTavresad, manu- Further in the course, financial relations after the World War the II are discussed.
faqturaSi, warmoebaSi. es erTis mxriv ganpirobebuli iyo axali samyarosa da misi The conference, held in Breton-Woods and attended by forty-four countries, was aimed at
resursebis aRmoCeniT. monetizirebuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da samxed- creating a new stable liberal economic order. The new order was initially foreseen as a system,
ro sferoSi cvlilebebs aseve udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. nacionalistebma daad- managed by international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World
gines, maTi azriT, misaRebi balansi vaWrobasa da erovnul usafrTxoebas Soris. Bank. Establishment of these organizations was also decided at the conference. As the period
ramdenime mizezis gamo nacionalizmis ZiriTadi mizani industrializaciaa. pirvel between the two wars proved the floating exchange rate to be not favorable for the development of
rigSi, nacionalistebs swamT, rom industria axdens gardamtex efeqts ekonomikaze da the international economy, the countries agreed on introducing the fixed rate (par value system). In
mas mivyavarT ekonomikis srul ganviTarebamde. meore mizezi aris is, rom addition, the countries participating in the conference agreed to avoid economic wars and beggar-
nacionalistebisaTvis ganviTarebuli industria asocirdeba ekonomikur TviTuz- thy-neighbor policies, and developed the conduct code which was incorporated into the IMF
runvelyofasTan da politikur avtonomiasTan. mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, charter.
rom industria aris samxedro siZlierisa da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli usafrTxoebis However, despite all the efforts of the Breton-Woods system constructors, the postwar
safuZveli. TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, liberalurSic ki, mTavrobebis politika monetary system did not become stable. Only the US and a couple of other countries were able to
mimarTulia industriis ganviTarebisaken. fulfill obligations in front of other countries and the Breton-Woods institutions. Europe and Japan
moqiSpe saxelmwifoebis samyaroSi nacionalistebi miiCneven calxriv mogebas ufro were so weakened after the war that their solvency was almost zero. In 1947 IMF suspended
mniSvnelovnad, vidre ormxrivs. liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba or- issuing loans.
mxrivad sasargebloa, maSin roca nacionalistebi Tvlian, rom es urTierTobebi According to many scholars, the crisis of 1947 was directly linked to political problems:
aucileblad konfliqturia da wesrigi SesaZlebelia mxolod hegemonis an ZalTa Germany was politically and economically declined; Great Britain, partly due to its economic
balansis arsebobis pirobebSi. difficulties was withdrawing from India and Palestine, and was unable to fulfill its commitments to
nacionalistebi, dawyebuli aleqsandre hamiltoniT da damTavrebuli Tanamed- Greece and Turkey regarding security and political support; political situation in France and Italy
rove mecnierebiT, xazs usvamen TviTuzrunvelyofis upiratesobas ekonomikur
was far from being stable; Soviet Union was intensively working on sovietization/socialization of the
urTierTdamokidebulebasTan SedarebiT.
Eastern Europe and were gaining certain support in France, Italy and other western European
countries.
Starting from 1947 the Breton-Woods system that was envisaged as a system managed by
damokidebulebis Teoria
international organizations, became a system managed by the US. US was both able and willing to
take this responsibility, and as some scholars notice, the US’s role was a combination of altruism
damokidebulebis Teoria ganviTarda 1950-iani wlebis bolos prebiSis ideebis
and interests.
safuZvelze. prebiSi da misi Tanamoazreebi Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikur zrdas wamyvan
Experience the world received between the two wars helped the US political and economic
qveynebSi ar moyveboda Raribi qveynebis ganviTareba. ufro metic, maTi azriT,
leadership and acknowledgment of this leadership by other states. Gold and pound were no longer
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba xSirad seriozul ekonomikur
able to play the role of the world currency, and as the US dollar was the only convertible currency,
problemebs qmnida Rarib saxelmwifoebSi. es ewinaaRmdegeboda neoklasikosebis
it naturally became the world currency. The US dollar became a base for international trade,
Sexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviT, ekonomikuri zrda xelsayreli iyo yvelasTvis (Pareto
investments, banking, etc.
Optimal — ekonomikuri viTareba, romelSic Tu erTi adamianis an jgufis ekonomikuri mdgo-
mareoba umjobesdeba, meoris — uaresdeba. aravis SeuZlia gamdidreba vinme sxvis gaRaribebis Starting from 1959, economic situation in the western European countries and Japan
gareSe), maSinac ki, Tu mogeba ar nawildeboda Tanabrad. significantly improved and their currencies gradually became convertible.
prebiSi am faqts ase xsnida: Raribi qveynebi iZulebulni arian pirveladi The Breton-Woods history is divided into two periods: dollar shortage (also called the US
produqcia (nedleuli) miyidon ganviTarebul qveynebs, romlebic Semdgom am unilateral management period) and the dollar surplus period (also called the multilateral
nedleulis gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmnil produqcias Rarib qveynebSi yidian. mza management period).
produqcia yovelTvis ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre nedleuli, Sesabamisad, Rarib qveynebs In 1971, the US President Nixon, unilaterally, without consulting with other countries, officially
verasodes eqnebaT imdeni Semosavali eqsportidan, rom gadaixadon importSi. declared the new economic policy, according to which dollar’s convertibility towards gold was
am problemis mosagvareblad, prebiSis azriT, saWiro iyo Semdegi: Raribi saxelmwi- stopped. This was the end of the Breton-Woods system. However, the official ending of the system
foebi unda SeerTebodnen importis gacvlis programas (Program on Import Substitution), ra- was announced at the Jamaica meeting of the IMF leading states. As Gilpin notes, de facto end of
Ta maT ar SeeZinaT mza produqcia mdidari saxelmwifoebisagan. Raribi qveynebi kvlav the Breton-Woods system and the fixed exchange rates became de jure at this conference.
gayididnen TavianT pirvelad saqonels msoflio bazarze, magram maTi ucxouri gac- As for some scholars, the system is still functional, since its institutions – IMF and WB play an
vliTi rezervebi ar iqneboda gamoyenebuli ucxoeTisagan mza produqciis SesaZenad. important role nowadays in the international economy and the US dollar is still world leader

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currency. interesebis dakmayofilebas deficitisa da resursebis arasakmarisi raodenobiT
Further, the course describes the Breton-Woods monetary institutions – the World Bank and arsebobis pirobebSi. saqonelze miwodebis an moTxovnis cvlilebas aucileblad
the International Monetary Fund and tries to explain the reasons for criticizing their activities, mohyveba saqonlis fasis cvlileba.
especially from the less developed countries’ side. arsebiTad, liberalebs swamT, rom vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTqmedeba saxel-
Since Georgia is a member of both of these organizations from 1992, the course also attempts mwifoebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobebis safuZvelia, vinaidan vaWrobiT miRebuli
to analyze IMF and WB activities in Georgia. What kind of political and economic benefits the ormxrivi sargebeli da zrdadi urTierTdamokidebuleba erovnul ekonomikebs Soris
country has received from their work, if it has ever? Why and who is criticizing these institution in aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobas. swored amitom Tavisufali vaWroba
Georgia and what the country like Georgia should do to use the assistance provided by these da kapitalis Tavisufali brunva unda gansazRvravdnen saxelmwifoTa ekonomikur
institutions most efficiently. politikas da ara piriqiT.
Similar to the financial situation, state of the trade sphere after the WWII was also far from liberalizmis saSinao politikis mizani igivea, rac sagareosi — mSvidoba. libera-
being perfect. The course touches upon the United States leadership in the post-war period lebs swamT kacobriobis srulyofili TanamSromlobis. liberalizmi Tavisi arsiT
international trade system and analyses its reasons. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade kosmopolituri ideologiaa. xolo liberali - msoflio moqalaqe, kosmopoliti.
(GATT) is also one of the Breton-Woods institutions, created with the aim to achieve free and fair liberalizmi winaaRmdegia omisa da yvelanairi konfliqtis. omi aiZulebs saxel-
trade through reducing tariffs and removing other trade barriers. The major rule for implementing mwifoebs Caiketnon, xolo Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi Caketili
free trade was the principle for non-discrimination (most-favored-nation principle). The second qveynis ekonomika sustdeba da moqalaqeTa keTildReoba klebulobs. liberalis
element of non-discrimination was the provision for national treatment designed to prevent azriT, kerZo sakuTreba mSvidobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garantia rogorc
discrimination against foreign products after they enter a country. qveynis SigniT, aseve mTlianad msoflioSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela saxelmwifos
GATT was associated with the club of rich countries and was seriously criticized by developing valia kerZo sakuTrebis gafrTxileba da misi dacva.
countries. As many of them acknowledged, the system worked very well for the developed adre liberalebi Tvlidnen, rom omi surdaT da omobdnen monarqebi da ara erebi.
countries and most quotas and other barriers were eliminated, facilitating overall liberalization of Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, dinastiebi unda SeecvalaT xalxis mier arCeul mTavrobebs.
the international trade. However, little efforts were put on implementation of non-discrimination bevri mecnierisa da politikosis azriT, liberalur-demokratiuli mTavrobebi
principle and some others, important for developing countries. naklebad konfliqturebi arian da iSviaTad an saerTod ar omoben. liberalizmis
Within the course, GATT and the World Trade Organization are compared with the aim to gavrcelebasTan erTad xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebis dadgena samxedro, istoriuli da
show why the GATT failed and which new or additional instruments the WTO possesses to sxva pirobebiT. Tumca liberalebi ar aRiareben sazRvris strategiul mniSvnelobas.
facilitate free and fair international trade, achieve non-discrimination against countries, facilitate fair liberalebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miRwevaa referendumebi da plebiscitebi.
competition among countries, and provide special assistance to developing countries. leveling roqveli, Tanamedrove amerikeli politikosi da Jurnalisti, eWvs
The course also focuses on the reflections of Joan Spero on what the new international trade gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom liberalizmi Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT dReisaTvis aRar
system is going to look like and if it is going to change. According to Spero, the structure of the arsebobs, da ambobs, rom WeSmarit liberalur koncefcias axla klasikuri libe-
future order will largely depend on to at what extent the current leading states will consider less ralizmi unda ewodos. igi wers: `me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi liberalizmis cneba,
developed countries’ (such as Argentina, Mexico, etc.), OPEC member countries’ and newly sazogadod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis filosofias niSnavda, romelsac Semdegi
industrialized countries’ role in the order. Most of these countries have intensive trade relations principi gaaCnda — sazogadoebebs da maT komponentebs raime saxis centraluri
both with developed and the third world countries and many of them have started extensive mmarTveloba da kontroli ar sWirdebaT, radgan sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTar
investing in developed countries. In the close future these countries will demand and they will Tavs marTaven sakuTar wevrTa nebayoflobiTi da urTierTsasargeblo TanamSrom-
lobis gziT. dRes amgvar filosofias liberalizms ver vuwodebT, vinaidan es cneba
receive the right to participate in the management of the system. The future international trade
demokratiuli totalitarizmis mier iqna miTvisebuli. imisaTvis, rom es filosofia
system will be managed multilaterally.
xelaxla Cveni drois Sesatyvisad warmovaCinoT, Cven mas axali saxeli — klasikuri
Many scholars believed that Japan, considering its extremely high rate of economic
liberalizmi unda vuwodoT.
development, would have played the leading role in the trade system along with newly
klasikuri liberalizmi iseT sazogadoebas niSnavs, sadac Cemi ocneba realobaa.
industrialized countries. However, by the beginning of the twenty-first century the number of
sadac Cven prezidentis saxelis xseneba sulac ar gvesaWiroeba, sadac arCevnebis
supporters of this idea has reduced and currently many think that the united Europe is the real
Sedegebi mniSvnelovani araa, radgan sazogadoeba kanonebiT, da ara adamianebis mier,
aspirant for the leadership.
imarTeba. rodesac Cven ar gveSinia Cveni mTavrobis, radgan mas Cvengan arc araferi
Next issue the course tackles is the emergence of the third world, economic system
miaqvs da arc araferi moaqvs, aramed is gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom Cven Cveni cxovreba,
subsystems, new industrialized and OPEC countries’ economic development overview and their
sazogadoebrivi yofa da momavali Tavadve ganvsazRvroT~. (leveling roqveli.
place in the international political and economic system.
liberalizmis safuZvlebi, gv. 86, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, 2004w.).
The term “third world” emerged along with the development of nationalist movements initially in
Latin America, and later in Asia and Africa. Argentinean Economist Raul Prebisch was one of the
firsts who raised the issue of the unfair world economic and political order. In 1944-48ss when the nacionalizmi
Breton-Woods system was designed along with its financial and trade institutions, Asian, African
and Latin American countries’ involvement in this process was insignificant, as many of them had ekonomikurma nacionalizmma, liberalizmis msgavsad, mravali metamorfoza
to gain political independence and were intensively fighting for achieving this goal. Besides the fact ganicada saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi: merkantilizmi, sTeiTizmi (saxelmwifoebriobiz-
that by that time developing countries were making the majority of the UN General Assembly, the mi), proteqcionizmi, germanuli istoriuli skola, bolo xanebSi ki — neoproteqcio-
situation was completely different in the IMF, WB and GATT. nizmi. ekonomikuri nacionalizmis centraluri ideis mixedviT, ekonomikuri
However, starting from 60s of the last century developing countries began demanding the new saqmianoba unda daeqvemdebaros saxelmwifos miznebsa da interesebs. saerTaSoriso
economic order, in which their interests would have been considered. They were requesting trade sistemis mowyobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis umTavresi aris saxelmwifo, erovnuli
benefits for their countries taking into account their ‘baby’ economics. In 1974, the request for the usafrTxoeba da samxedro Zlevamosileba.
new economic order was officially declared in the United Nations May Resolution. Adoption of the zogierTi nacionalisti miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da gadar-
resolution was primarily prompted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ (OPEC) CenisaTvis erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis dacvas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba ara
success in ensuring high prices on oil, as a result of which huge amount of money flew from aqvT. am mimdinareobas keTili, kargi merkantilizmi ewodeba. nacionalistebis meore

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 saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis developed countries to the OPEC members. The majority of developing countries believed that
sami ideologia — sami Teoria OPEC was a good example of what could be achieved by them and which role they could play in
the international economic life.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis mier SemuSavebulia araerTi Teoria ekonomikasa Nevertheless, the success of the OPEC was overestimated and it became obvious for
da politikas Soris urTierTobebis asaxsnelad, es sami — liberalizmi, nacionalizmi everyone during the 1981 oil crisis. On the other hand, the crisis showed the western counties that
da damokidebulebis Teoria yvelasagan gamorCeulia. maT udidesi gavlena moaxdines the success of the OPEC is largely depended on the demand on oil, and the demand, obviously,
rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaze, aseve Tavad politikaze da saerTaSoriso poli- comes mainly from them.
tikuri ekonomiis Camoyalibebidan dRemde ar kargaven aqtualurobas. What is interesting, that the number of attempts of the developing countries to unite and
struggle jointly for common interests also failed, for many reasons, such as: differences in
ideology, culture, industrialization level, etc.
liberalizmi According to radical countries, the main reason for the unfair international political and
economic system is the liberal international economic order created after the WWII.
`liberalizmi” 1912 wlidan gamoiyeneba — mas Semdeg, rac espaneTSi Seiqmna libe- Gilpin notes that after the World War II the developed countries had made numerous attempts
raluri partia da liberalebma moaxerxes samoqalaqo konfliqtSi konservatiuli da to provide support to postcolonial and other developing countries in hastening their economic
avtoritaruli Sexedulebebis mowinaaRmdegeebis gaerTianeba. es sityva laTinuridan growth, but the process was not deliberate, well planned and, in many cases, far from being fair.
momdinareobs da Tavisuflebas niSnavs. As an illustration, he brings the example of deterioration of the economic situation in Africa,
liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos moZRvrebebidan iRebs suspension of the economic growth in Latin America in 80s of the last century and entire
saTaves. liberaluri ekonomikuri Teoria Tavisufali bazris da saxelmwifos mini- concentration of attention on the Far East.
maluri Carevis momxrea. liberalizmi aris Tavisufali adamianebis, Tavisufali baz- In this chapter of the course the phenomenon of Newly Industrialized Countries is also
ris da SezRuduli mTavrobis ideologia. liberalizmi aris doqtrina sazogadoebis discussed with the aim to understand what were the main reasons, both economic and political, for
wevrTa erTmaneTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi cdilobs adamians Seuqmnas normaluri, their incredibly high rate of economic growth. The success of these counties questions the issue of
bunebrivi da mSvidobiani ganviTarebis pirobebi. global poorness. If these countries, dependent in the past, managed to achieve such a high
liberalizmi transformacias ganicdida da mas sxvadasxva saxelwodeba hqonda: economic growth rate, why other similar countries did not manage to do the same? Can Georgia
klasikuri Teoria, neoklasicizmi, keinsianizmi, monetarizmi da sxv. ekonomikuri learn anything from these countries and what internal and external political preconditions should be
liberalizmis yvela forma aRiarebs bazars da fasis warmoqmnis meqanizms, rogorc in place to ensure similar developments?
Sida da sagareo ekonomikis organizebis yvelaze efeqtur xerxs. liberalizmi According to many scholars the future of the Newly Industrialized Countries largely depends
SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc doqtrina da principebis erToblioba sabazro on the growth rate of the global economy, openness of the markets of the developed countries and
ekonomikis organizebisa da marTvisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri efeq- the progress in the sphere of industrial technologies.
turoba, ekonomikuri zrda da bazris yvela monawilis piradi keTildReoba. Subsystems of international economic system, proposed by Joan Spero, are discussed further
ekonomikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, bazari warmoiqmneba spontanurad, raTa in the course.
daakmayofilos adamianis moTxovnileba. xolo funqcionirebs bazari Tavisi Sida The Western System, which is also called the system of interdependence, unites highly
logikis mixedviT. adamianebi bunebiT arian ekonomikuri cxovelebi da amitom bazari developed countries with the advanced economies. Relationship among the countries is so tight
viTardeba bunebrivad, logikurad, centraluri direqtivebis gareSe. that their economies are extremely sensitive to both political and economic changes in each of
adam smiTis azriT, sazogadoebrivi, erovnuli da kerZo dovlaTis warmoqmnis these countries. The western subsystem unites countries sharing the ideas of liberalism. Here it is
wyaro aris TiToeuli adamianis mudmivi, ganuwveteli da rutinuli Zalisxmeva, attempted to explain what are the benefits of such tight interrelationship and interdependence and,
gaiumjobesos sakuTari pirobebi. on the other hand, what are minuses. Is there real threat to the political independence of the
sabazro sistemis logika isaa, rom is zrdis ekonomikur efeqturobas, maqsimalurs countries? Do they have to sacrifice their national interests, culture, etc? Why this interdependence
xdis ekonomikur zrdas da, Sesabamisad, aumjobesebs adamianebis keTildReobas. miuxe- has so many opponents? All these issues are analyzed in the course and questions answered.
davad imisa, rom, liberalebis azriT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba aZlierebs qveynis Zala- The second subsystem is the North-South subsystem, also called the subsystem of
uflebasa da usafrTxoebas. maT swamT isic, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi da dependence. Unlike the western subsystem, countries of this subsystem are radically different from
umTavresi mizani aris TiToeuli adamianisaTvis sargeblis motana. each other. It unites western well developed countries and Latin American, Asian and African
liberalizmis mixedviT, kerZo momxmarebeli, firma Tu ojaxi aris sazogadoebis developing countries. Tension between them is obvious and it has long history.
safuZveli. kerZo pirebi iqcevian racionalurad, gonivrulad da cdiloben daikma- The main problem of this subsystem is dependency. The dependency exists when south
yofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi yvelaze dabal fasSi. individualuri mwarmo- courtiers have intensive interaction with the northern countries and when this interaction is vitally
eblebi da momxmareblebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian fasis mimarT, rac xels uwyobs important for national economies of the south countries and, consequently, these countries
moqnili ekonomikis warmoqmnasa da arsebobas, romlis pirobebSic fasis nebismieri become dependent on all political and economic events taking place in the northern countries.
cvlileba gamoiwvevs Sesabamis cvlilebas warmoebaSi, moxmarebasa da ekonomikur However, for the northern countries these interactions are not qualitatively important. Hence,
institutebSi. WeSmaritad konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi gacvlis pirobebi gani- interdependence is symmetric, while dependence is - asymmetric. There are different forms of
sazRvreba mxolod miwodeba-moTxovniT da ara ZalauflebiT, uxeSi CareviTa da dependence: in trade, in investments, in financial spheres, etc.
direqtivebiT. Tu gacvla nebayoflobiTia da orive mxaris surviliTaa ganpiro- The course tries to examine why the dependence exists, its roots, tendencies and
bebuli, maSin am procesSi orive mxare mogebulia da kmayofili. perspectives. Also, attempts to look at the problem from both sides and analyze pro and contra
sabazro ekonomika ZiriTadad imarTeba moTxovnis kanoniT, romlis mixedviTac, arguments, and again, think over the Georgia’s perspectives based on other countries’ experience.
xalxi iyidis met saqonels, Tu fasi daiwevs, da naklebs, Tu is gaizrdeba; xalxi aseve What niche can Georgia hold in today’s international economic system and which role it is ready to
iyidis mets, Tu misi Semosavali gaizrdeba, da naklebs, Tu igi Semcirdeba. nebismieri play? Which political preconditions are necessary for this?
cvlileba fasSi da bazris monawilis SemosavalSi imoqmedebs SeZenili saqonlis The third system proposed by Joan Spero was the East-West subsystem, also called the
raodenobaze. independence subsystem. The subsystem included the Soviet Union and its satellite socialist
xolo rac Seexeba miwodebas, liberalebis azriT, adamianebi cdiloben Tavisi countries, mainly in Eastern Europe. Naturally, the subsystem does not exist currently, but its

6 71
analyses give an understanding of differences between the planned and market economies, erTi mizezi, gilpinis azriT, isaa, rom sagZnoblad amaRlda mosaxleobis gaTviT-
political motivations for existence of this subsystem and reasons why it collapsed. cnobierebis done rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebSi da xalxi mixvda,
Countries from this subsystem were isolated from the West and they were no members of rom mas SeuZlia (an hgonia, rom SeuZlia) gavlena moaxdinos da Secvalos ekonomikuri
none of the Breton-Woods institutions. Nowadays, these countries started joining and many of procesebi. am codnisa da politikuri demokratiis farTod gavrcelebis Sedegad na-
them already became members of the WB, IMF and other international organizations. In this Teli gaxda, rom qveynebs an garkveul jgufebs SeuZliaT aqtiurad imoqmedon eko-
aspect, the western countries are facing number of challenges such as control of interdependence nomikaze da, Sesabamisad, simdidris gadanawilebaze. amgvarad, dRevandel msoflioSi
in the western subsystem, facilitation of economic relations between the two competed subsystems umuSevroba, inflacia da sxv. aRiqmeba da ganixileba ara rogorc ekonomikis garda-
and enhancement of the Eastern European countries’ economies. uvali kanonzomiereba, aramed rogorc adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis
Further, within this chapter, petroleum exporting countries are overviewed with the aim to Sedegi, anu xdeba ekonomikis politizacia.
understand their place in the international political and economic system, their development edvard qaris mixedviT, ekonomikis mecniereba gulisxmobs garkveul wyobas,
perspectives and problems faced. Brief history of OPEC is provided, as well as structure and main wesrigs da igi ar SeiZleba iyos Seswavlili politikis gareSe.
goals of the organization. The organization, which established in 1960, was supposed to unite all rig mecnierTa azriT ki, piriqiT, yoveli politikuri struqturis ukan dgas
major oil exporting countries, coordinate common policy in controlling oil prices and quality and ekonomikuri safuZvlebi.
protect its members’ interests on international market. dRes dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom arc politika da arc ekonomika ar
As Joan Spero notes, OPEC’s common action to grab the control over the world’s oil markets aris sruliad avtonomiuri da, Sesabamisad, orive mosazreba marTebulia.
was the most successful effort of southern countries to alter their dependent relationship with the joan spiros azriT, politikuri faqtorebi sami saxiT axdenen gavlenas
North. Acting in this way they managed to increase somehow their political power. As noted above, ekonomikaze:
although many developing countries have been trying, the example of OPEC was difficult for them • politikuri sistema ayalibebs ekonomikur sistemas, vinaidan ekonomikuri siste-
to reproduce. mis struqtura da saqmianoba didwilad ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso
In the beginning, after couple of attempts, OPEC managed to agree on the common politikuri sistemis struqturiTa da saqmianobiT;
production reduction schemes and its members succeeded in increasing their revenues. As a
result, starting from 1970s, Western countries found themselves dependent on the threat of supply • politikuri mosazrebebi xSirad ganapirobeben ekonomikur politikas, vinaidan
disruption and reduction. However, number of oil crisis weakened the organization. In addition, ekonomikuri politika ganisazRvreba politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare;
non-OPEC production increased, causing surplus and, accordingly, decrease of prices.
• saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Tavad aris politikuri urTierTo-
Further, main historical and contemporary political events in relationship with oil are discussed
bebi, vinaidan saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri interaqciebi, politikuri interaqcie-
aimed at analyzing which political reasons are behind the struggles over the world oil control.
bis msgavsad, aris procesi, romlis drosac qveynebi an sistemis sxva monawileebi,
Special attention in the course is given to the globalization process. What is globalization and
cdiloben moagvaron TavianTi problemebi, miaRwion saerTo miznebs, iTanam-
when did it start? Is it internationalization (increase and intensification of international
Sromlon da aS.
transactions)? Is it liberalization (open political and economic relations)? Is it universalization
(universal dissemination/spread of different peoples’ experience)? Is it westernization or even erTi mxriv, politika farTod gansazRvravs ekonomikuri saqmianobis CarCoebs da
Americanization? Or is it weakening of the role of national borders and, generally, of the mimarTulebas aZlevs mas, xolo meore mxriv, ekonomikur procesebs wvlili SeaqvT
territorial/geographic factor? For many reasons, a generally-accepted definition of the globalization Zalauflebisa da simdidris gadanawilebaSi. isini cvlian Zalauflebriv urTierTo-
does not exist and debates over this are underway among scholars. Nevertheless, globalization bebs jgufebs Soris, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT politikuri sistemis trans-
itself has numerous insistent opponents as well as loyal proponents. But even those who come out formaciisaken, xolo amas — ekonomikuri urTierTobebis axali struqturisaken.
against it are constantly benefiting from the fruits of globalization in their everyday life. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ekonomikuri politika aris mecniereba ekonomikur
Global economy is indispensable part of the contemporary world. Hardly one can find a place motivebze, saqmianobasa da politikaze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze.
in the world where globalization or at least some of its components is not the part of the everyday saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomika aris saerTaSoriso urTi-
life. Benefits of global production do not raise doubts. Currently collection of raw materials can take erTobebSi ormxrivi da dinamiuri urTierTqmedeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebis xelSi
place in one geographic destination, manufacturing – in another, branding, advertising, promoting, Cagdebis mizniT. (Robert Gilpin: Power and the Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of
and marketing – all in different places and countries. Global economy, or as many call – economy Direct Foreign Investment).
beyond borders have significantly raised the efficiency, mobility and cost-effectiveness of national saxelmwifosa da bazris paraleluri arseboba da urTierTqmedeba Tanamedrove
economies and provided wide range of choice/alternative both for producers and consumers. msoflioSi qmnis politikur ekonomikas. saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi fasis
Distances and borders become the question of minor importance in this process. meqanizmi da bazris Zalebi gansazRvravdnen ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebs. es
Development of global production facilitated creation of special economic zones, export zones iqneboda wminda ekonomistis samyaro. bazris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo
and free production, where maximum conditions are created for free trade. gamoyofda ekonomikur resursebs. es iqneboda wminda politikosis samyaro.
Global financial interactions are also discussed and analyzed. politika da bazari mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia. yvela politikuri movlenis ukan
As attitude towards globalization is contradictory world-wide and the terms “anti-globalists” and aris ekonomikuri aspeqti, da, piriqiT.
“”anti-globalizm manifestations” became so common for the international political and economic politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis ekonomikuri movlenebis politikur safuZvlebs
life, it is attempted in the course to offer anti-globalists’ main arguments against globalization. an meTodebs, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, bazris
The issue of capital flow is the next topic of the course. Flow of capital is one of the most funqcionirebaze. SeiZleba asec iTqvas — politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis poli-
important global events in today’s world. Borders do not exist for the capital and it searches quick, tikuri movlenebis ekonomikur safuZvlebs.
guaranteed and high profit. After the WWII flow of capital has significantly increased. 1970-iani wlebi politikuri ekonomiiis aRorZinebis periodia, rac ganpirobebuli
Simultaneously, the role of the United States in the capital export enhanced. Later on, the Federal iyo imiT, rom realur da mecnierul faqtebs Soris ekonomikasa da politikaSi
Republic of Germany and Japan caught up. France was keeping one of the leading positions, ufskruli gaCnda. moxda ekonomikuri problemebis Zlieri politizireba, xolo
however, Great Britain’s role weakened compared to the nineteenth century. politikuri procesebi, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida ekonomizacias. garda amisa, Rarib da
According to many scholars, export of capital establishes tighter relations than international mdidar qveynebs Soris gaizarda ufskruli. prioritetulad iqca globaluri
trade. Export of capital strengthens relations among states and these relations are the guarantee problemebi axali ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmnis moTxovniT.

72 5
 Sesavali of stability and long-term peace. In today’s world the scale of capital flow is huge and there are
different reasons for this: development of transnational corporations and increase of their number,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa, rapid increase of export of machinery construction and improvement of transportation, etc.
romelmac Camoyalibeba daiwyo gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. misi warmoSoba Starting from the end of the twentieth century capital mainly goes to developed countries, while
ganpirobebuli iyo saerTaSoriso politikasa da ekonomikas Soris swrafad mzardi earlier the tendency was different and the capital was mainly moving from developed to developing
mWidro urTierTkavSiriT da im mosazrebiT, rom ekonomika da saerTaSoriso countries. This change is primarily connected to the changes in the recipient fields.
urTierTobebi cal-calke metad viwro disciplinebia imisaTvis, rom axsnan saerTa- Export of state capital and export of private capital are separately described and compared.
Soriso politikuri da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sakvanZo aspeqtebi. Different forms of state capital, such as long-term loans, credits, non-cost assistance, etc., are
aRniSnuli kursi ver moicavs disciplinis yvela aspeqts. igi gagacnobT characterized and their aim analyzed both country-level and international-level.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis ZiriTad Teoriebs, aRwers As for the export of private capital, its various forms are examined and its influence on the
safinanso-savaluto da savaWro sistemebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg (breton-- recipient country overviewed. For example, foreign direct and foreign indirect investments are
vudsis konferencia da momdevno movlenebi) da adarebs maT Tanamedrove sistemebs. analyzed both from the position of the investing country and the recipient country, and both sides’
kursis farglebSi axsnilia saerTaSoriso investiciebis logika da Tanamedrove arguments provided. Over again, critic of developed countries’ investment policy by the third world
tendenciebi am sferoSi, ganxilulia globalizaciis procesi da misdami ara- countries is offered and examined.
erTgvarovani damokidebuleba, aseve evropis integracia. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba As a continuation of the theme of capital flow, the issue of transnational corporations is
eTmoba saerTaSoriso da samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis rols saerTaSoriso discussed within the course, as one of the forms of the export of capital. As Rhys Jenkins notes in
urTierTobebis politikur ekonomiaSi. his book “Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalization of Capital and
the Third World,” only a few economic institutions raise such emotional and contradictory debates
as transnational corporations do.
kursis mizani
Special attention is given to the notion transnational corporations and different terms such as
kursis mizania axsnas politikisa da ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebuleba saSinao multinational corporations, multinational enterprises, international firms, etc., and the reasons
da saerTaSoriso doneebze. warmoaCinos is, Tu rogor gansazRvravs politika provided why UN selected the term transnational corporation against all others listed above. Brief
ekonomikas da piriqiT. kursi agreTve miznad isaxavs globalizaciis procesis axsnas history of transnational corporations’ development is provided and their forms and internal
da globaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebis etapebis aRweras. kursis erT-erTi mTavari structures discussed. The role of these corporations in international political and economic system
mizania daexmaros studentebs saqarTvelos poziciidan ganixilon saerTaSoriso overviewed and their advantages analyzed.
urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis sxvadasxva sakiTxebi da Tavisuflad imsjelon And finally, transnational corporations’ and third world countries’ relationship discussed and
saqarTvelos rolze dRevandel saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. noted that starting from the end of the twentieth century developing countries’ hostile attitude
ekonomikuri faqtorebi mTeli istoriis manZilze did rols asrulebdnen towards transnational corporations has alleviated compared to earlier periods.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. ekonomikuri miznebi, resursebi da instrumentebi Further, the political economy of the European integration is examined. The topic begins with
xSirad gansazRvravdnen qveynebis sagareo politikas. Cven SegviZlia gavixsenoT brief overview of the history of unification of the European countries and its political and economic
uamravi istoriuli movlena — es iqneba omebi, zavebi, SeTqmulebebi, koaliciebis aspects: Pan-European movement; establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization;
warmoSoba Tu sxva, da maTi kargad Seswavlis Semdeg davinaxavT, rom nebismieri creation of Benelux; establishment of the Council of Europe; Paris agreement on coal and steel
maTganis ukan iyo ekonomikuri daintereseba an, piriqiT, garkveuli ekonomikuri among six European countries: Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg;
movlenebi politikuri qmedebebis gamoxmaureba iyo an konkretuli politikuri miznis and certainly, the Maastricht Treaty of course.
miRwevas emsaxureboda. magaliTad, didi britaneTis adrindeli industrializacia Many scholars believe that the Paris agreement on coal and steel among six European
mecxramete saukuneSi misi politikuri siZlierisa da msoflioSi dominant saxel- countries was one of the turning points towards the European integration. Besides its economic
mwifod gadaqcevis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. aseve aSS-s ekonomikurma siZlierem aspects, the agreement clearly followed political aims: agreement between Germany and France
ganapiroba misi samxedro Zliereba da meoce saukuneSi politikuri dominantis rolis could become one of the guarantees for stability and long-term peace on the continent.
Sesruleba. sTiven gilisa da devid los wignSi (The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Benefits and advantages of free and liberal economy are analyzed from the perspectives of the
Problems and Policies) politikisa da ekonomikis mWidro urTierTkavSiris saCveneblad European Union and success achieved by the European countries examined. What is the
moyvanilia meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili movlenis — aparteidis advantage of being united? Does it bring economic and social welfare only, if ever? Do these
magaliTi: samxreT afrikis politikuri viTareba cdeboda am qveynis kompetencias. mis countries sacrifice their national interests? Is it world leadership aspiration? Is the European Union
mogvarebaSi aqtiurad Caebnen dasavleTi (am SemTxvevaSi — aSS da zogierTi evropuli real candidate for future world hegemony?
saxelmwifo) da aRmosavleTi (pirvel rigSi ssrk da Semdeg misi sateliti According to many scholars one of the major reasons for establishment of tight political and
socialisturi saxelmwifoebi). orive mxaris politikosebisaTvis debatebi samxreT economic relations among the European states was to balance the United States and even to
afrikisa da aparteidis Sesaxeb ar iyo mxolod samarTlianobisa da samoqalaqo become the world leader after the US. The European currency Euro and creation of the European
uflebebis gamo, aramed, avtorebis azriT, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis ZalTa balansis, Bank for Reconstruction and Development were additional instruments towards this goal.
grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa da samxreT afrikaSi maTi investiciebis masStabebis gamo. The next issue of the course is the economy and national security: military-industrial rivalry in
dasavleTis antiaparteidulma lobim miaRwia ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas the global economy. Within this topic it is attempted to analyze the logic of military-industrial rivalry
samxreT afrikisaTvis. am qveyanaze saubrisas saWiroa movixsenioT strategiuli and the way it influences the policies and arms production. It is also tried to understand why
nedleuli, romlis eqsportsac eweoda samxreT afrika aSS-sa da iaponiaSi da romlis countries spend enormous amounts of money on militarization and how it is connected to the
alternatiuli mimwodebelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iyo ssrk. wminda ekonomikuri national security. Since military expenditures are constantly growing and arms rapidly spreading,
sanqciebis dawesebis miRma naTlad ikveTeboda politikuri interesebi da gaTvlebi. one should raise a question: why arms production and military spending became a regular feature
amgvarad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia yovelTvis arsebobda. of the global economy?
meoce saukuneSi ki misi, rogorc disciplinis, Camoyalibeba daiwyo. Every country tries to secure its national security at most. But even the most powerful country
miuxedavad imisa, rom politika da ekonomika mudam axdendnen erTmaneTze gavlenas, cannot be sure that its national security is guaranteed, since it is not the only country that tries to
maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala meoce saukuneSi. amis erT- solve this problem, and its neighboring or rivalry countries are also trying to secure their national

4 73
securities at most. Therefore, each country is somehow necessitated to strengthen its military- sarCevi
economic potential.
Military equipment is rather expensive and its price constantly increases along with its
improvement and development. Accordingly, advanced military armament is a prerogative of highly
developed countries. In this light, one should delineate two cases: production of military
equipments and its import. Import is widely-accepted, especially by less developed countries; 1. Sesavali 4
however, starting from 1980s more and more developing countries are developing their military
industries and some of them are even exporting military equipment. 2. saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis sami Teoria 6
The period of Cold War, rivalry between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries, arms race
3. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria 13
and the balance of nuclear weapons certainly could not be avoided within this topic, and these
issues are also touched upon and analyzed.
4. safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 18
Finally, the concept of military conversion is explained and its economic aspects examined.
Military conversion envisages turn of military industry/production into civilian and also re-training of 5. saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 23
people employed in military industry and providing them new jobs.
6. mesame samyaros gaCena da ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema 30

7. globalizacia 39
Concluding remark: 8. kapitalis moZraoba 45
As mentioned in the beginning, not all the aspects of the international political economy could
be touched upon within this course; however, I tried to outline basic issues of the international 9. evropis integracia 55
political economy most frequently taught and providing the principal understanding of the
discipline. In addition, I would like to note that since IPE is a rather new discipline, which is closely 10. erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika 59
related to contemporary political and economic events, it is incredibly dynamic and constantly
developing. 11. Political Economy of International Relations Course Resume 67

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