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    Equilibrium Definitions: Phrase Closed System

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    Jieshun Wang
    This document defines key terms related to chemical equilibrium: - A closed system can reach equilibrium as quantities of substances remain constant, while an open system cannot due to matter/energy exchange with the environment. - In a reversible reaction within a closed system, the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, reaching dynamic equilibrium. - Combustion and photosynthesis reactions are irreversible as their Gibbs free energy changes (∆G) are too large to allow reversibility or dynamic equilibrium.

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    Equilibrium Definitions: Phrase Closed System

    Uploaded by

    Jieshun Wang
    25 views2 pages
    This document defines key terms related to chemical equilibrium: - A closed system can reach equilibrium as quantities of substances remain constant, while an open system cannot due to matter/energy exchange with the environment. - In a reversible reaction within a closed system, the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, reaching dynamic equilibrium. - Combustion and photosynthesis reactions are irreversible as their Gibbs free energy changes (∆G) are too large to allow reversibility or dynamic equilibrium.

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    HSC Chemistry

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    Equilibrium Definitions (16-02-2020)

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    This document defines key terms related to chemical equilibrium: - A closed system can reach equilibrium as quantities of substances remain constant, while an open system cannot due to matter/energy exchange with the environment. - In a reversible reaction within a closed system, the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, reaching dynamic equilibrium. - Combustion and photosynthesis reactions are irreversible as their Gibbs free energy changes (∆G) are too large to allow reversibility or dynamic equilibrium.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    25 views2 pages

    Equilibrium Definitions: Phrase Closed System

    Uploaded by

    Jieshun Wang
    This document defines key terms related to chemical equilibrium: - A closed system can reach equilibrium as quantities of substances remain constant, while an open system cannot due to matter/energy exchange with the environment. - In a reversible reaction within a closed system, the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, reaching dynamic equilibrium. - Combustion and photosynthesis reactions are irreversible as their Gibbs free energy changes (∆G) are too large to allow reversibility or dynamic equilibrium.

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    Equilibrium Definitions

    Phrase Definition
    Closed System A closed system is a system which does not allow any interaction
    with the environment; but allows for an exchange of energy.
    Therefore, it has the ability to reach equilibrium as the quantities of
    all substances can remain constant.
    Open System An open system is a system which allows for interaction with the
    environment; both and energy and matter can be exchanged. It
    cannot reach equilibrium as reactants or products are being
    constantly removed.
    Dynamic Equilibrium In a closed chemical system involving a reversible reaction, as the
    reactants form products, the products will also form reactants. This
    means that the reaction will not go to completion. Rather, it will
    reach a state of dynamic equilibrium. During a dynamic
    equilibrium, both the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at
    the same rate.
    Static Equilibrium Static equilibrium occurs when all particles in the reaction are at
    rest and there is no motion between reactants and products. There
    are no dynamic forces acting on the potential energies of either the
    forward and reverse reactions
    Non-Equilibrium Reaction A non-reversible reaction is a reaction that can only proceed in one
    direction. It is either the direction where the reactants form
    products or the direction where the products can react to form
    reactants. The reaction goes to completion.
    Reversible Reaction A reversible reaction is a reaction that can both proceed in the
    direction where the reactants react to form products and the
    direction where the products can react to form reactants.
    Irreversible Reaction Chemical reactions can occurr when reactants reacted with each
    other to form products. These unidirectional reactions are known as
    irreversible reactions, reactions in which the reactants convert to
    products and where the products cannot convert back to the
    reactants.

    Combustion reactions are irreversible exothermic reactions. For example, for the combustion
    of octane:
    2 C8 H 18(g )+ 25O 2 (g) →16 CO 2(g )+ 18 H 2 O(l) ∆ H=−5114 kJ mol−1

    The spontaneity of this reaction at 100°C can be assessed by calculating Gibbs free energy:
    ∆ H ∘=−5114 kJ mol−1
    ∆ S∘=+ 3841 J mol−1 K −1
    ∆ G ∘=∆ H ∘−T ∆ S∘
    ¿−5114−( 373× 0.384) (T is in kelvin and ∆ S∘ s converted to kJ mol-1 K-1)
    ¿−5258 kJ mol−1

    Since ∆ G is negative, the forward reacting is spontaneous while reverse reaction is not.
    However, as it is not close to zero, the reaction is not reversible and does not reach a dynamic
    equilibrium.
    Photosynthesis is an endothermic chemical process occurring in the cells of plants, algae and
    some bacteria. It can be represented by the equation:
    −1
    6 CO 2( g )+ 6 H 2 O (l ) → C5 H 12 O 6 (aq )+6 O 2 ( g) ∆ H=+ 2803 kJ mol
    The spontaneity of this reaction at 25°C can be assessed by calculating Gibbs free energy:
    ∆ H ∘=+ 2803 kJ mol−1
    ∆ S∘=−212 J mol−1 K −1
    ∆ G ∘=∆ H ∘−T ∆ S∘
    ¿+2803−(298 ×−0.212) (T is in kelvin and ∆ S∘ s converted to kJ mol-1 K-1)
    ¿+2866 kJ mol−1

    Since ∆ G is positive, the reverse reaction is spontaneous while the forward reaction is not.
    However, as it is not close to zero, the reaction is not reversible and does not reach a dynamic
    equilibrium.

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