JSS3 Scheme of Work

Week 1 Concept of energy and power

Week 2 Linear motion and Rotary motion

Week 3-5 Transmission of Electricity

Week 6 Simplify Electrical wiring

Week 7 Energy based technological applications

Week 8 Basic electronics devices

Week 9-11 Revision

Content:

Types of Rotary Motion

Principles of Application

Rotary Motion: This is motion of a body moving in a circular form. Examples of circular motion is the
rotation of a fan, vehicle tyres, the handle of the clock, etc. e.g.

Types of Rotary Motion

A worm drive is an example of rotational motion.

A worm drive

Both the worm and the worm gear—is rotating on its own axis .

Another example:

In below image consider the motion of sphere which is blue colour ,

www.physics.indiana.edu.

It has both circular and rotational motion.Because it completes a circular path while rotating around
it’s axis.

In below image a person is performing Somersault

img.sparknotes.com.

This is also an example for rotational motion, because he is rotating about his axis.

Principles of Application

Conversion of Rotary Motion to Linear Motion

There are many instances when it is required that one type of motion, e.g. rotary motion at one point
be converted to linear motion at another point, and vice-versa. Household sewing machines, motor
vehicle engine and transmission systems, motor-cycles, screen wipers in motor vehicles, printing
machines, etc., have several mechanisms which convert one type of motion at one point to different
or similar type of motion at another point.

The up and down (reciprocating) motion of the piston and its mechanical energy inside an engine
cylinder must be converted into the rotary motion and mechanical energy of the rotating crankshaft
of the engine. The slider-crank mechanism shown below is utilized to accomplish this task. It consists
of the piston (referred to as con-rod), and the crankshaft (referred to as crank). The piston slides up
and down or reciprocates inside the cylinder. The crankshaft performs pure rotary motion. The
connecting rod connects the crank to the piston. Its complex motion is such that at the connecting
point A to the crank, it performs pure rotary motion as the crank while at the connecting point B to
the connecting rod, it performs pure linear motion.
In the rack and pinion system shown below, the rotary motion given to the steering wheel by the
driver is transmitted to the rotary motion of the pinion. The rotary motion of the pinion is converted
into the linear motion of the rack which turns the tyres. The (a) fig below shows the steering system
while (b) fig shows the details of the steering box containing the rack and pinion mechanism.

When the screw jack image below is secure placed under a vehicle for jacking, the rotary motion of
the nut of the jack is converted to the upward or downward linear motion of the screw to lift or bring
down the vehicle. In this mechanism, the screw has a square thread which engages the interval
thread of the nut to achieve the above motions.

The metalworker’s vice, the woodworker’s vice, the pipe vice, and the G-clamp, which are all, work
on the same principle as the screw jack described above.

Screw jack

Assessment

Briefly explain the types of Rotary Motion

MECHANICAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (Linear Motion)

Linear Motion

Lever arrangement to produce linear motion

Use of slides and slots in mechanical systems

Linear Motion

Shows a push-pull link mechanism, which executes basically linear motion. Arms A and B have pivots as shown
below. If for example, we push the driving arm A to the right, the driven arm B will also be pushed to the right.
If we pull arm A to the left, the driven arm B will also be pulled to the left. Hence, we refer to the mechanism as
a “push-pull” linkage.

Mechanical Systems Performing

Rotary Motion

The two images below show systems executing pure rotary motion. The hand-drill performs reversible rotary
motion. This means the handle and the drilling bit can move clockwise or anticlockwise as may be required. The
same thing applies to the worm gear shown in fig 2. This is a device which has a threaded shaft (worm) that
meshes with a gear wheel (worm wheel). It is used to transfer rotary motion between shafts that are right
angles to one another.

Transmission of Motion

Power for the propulsion of a car is derived from the engine. The generated power is usually available at the
crankshaft as a combination of speed (2,000 to 4,000 crankshaft revolutions per minute for a petrol engine) and
torque.

The figures above showing different arrangement of engine and transmission.

The power must be made available to the road wheels. The figure above show different transmission systems
for vehicles. The transmission system for a vehicle with a front-engine, rear-wheel drive (a) of the figures above
consists of a clutch, a gearbox, a propeller shaft and a rear axle. This arrangement is very popular. However,
most cars are now coming with front-engine front-wheel drive (b) of the images above. Rear-engine rear-wheel
drive (c) above is found in a typical Volkswagen Beetle car. In the transmission system of the Range Rover,
torque splitter splits the torque generated by the engine between the rear axle and the front axle. Hence, it is
referred to as .a four-wheel drive vehicle.

It is worth noting that the transmission system in figures (b) and (c) above do not have propeller shafts as in the
case of others. The elimination of propeller shaft gives more space for a compact like the Volkswagen Beetle.

Common to all transmission systems are the gearbox and the clutch. The gearbox is placed between the engine
crankshaft and the driving road wheels.

It is however, practically impossible to engage a rotating gear which is transmitting torque, with a stationary or
slower-running gear as is often required during gear change. Such as attempt can only damage the gears. The
main function of a clutch is to interrupt the transmission of a crankshaft torque to the gearbox. The clutch is
designed to join together or disconnected two shafts running at different speeds. In the case of a motor vehicle
transmission, the two shafts are the engine crankshaft and the gearbox shaft.
(a) of the figures above shows a mechanical clutch control system. The hydraulic system consists a clutch pedal,
a master cylinder, a slave cylinder, flexible hose and piping.

Mechanical clutch control system

The control arm is rotated clockwise or anti-clockwise to disengage or engage the clutch. This is achieved by a
release mechanism operated by the driver pressing the clutch pedal. The fig above shows a mechanical system
consisting of a clutch pedal and linkages to increase and transmit the pedal force. The hydraulic fluid transmits
and increases the pedal force exerted by the driver. The increased force is then used to turn the control arm.

Control of Rotary Motion – Brakes

A moving vehicle and its occupants or a moving bicycle and its rider possess some kinetic energy. When a
moving vehicle is brought to a stop, the kinetic energy is reduced to zero. Where has the original kinetic energy
gone? In a vehicle or bicycle, it is the brakes, which absorb the energy by friction, convert it into heat, which is
then dissipated to its surrounding. Energy is continually absorbed as the vehicle slows down until it finally
comes to a stop. In addition the brakes must bring the vehicle to a stop in a smooth manner and also in a
straight line. There must be no skidding.

How do Brakes Work?

There are basically two types of friction brakes in use, namely the drum brakes and the disc brakes. The drum
brakes consist of two brake pads or linings which can be forced outwards against the inner surface of the
rotating rum fixed to the wheel. The shoes are mounted on a back plate rigidly attached to a non-rotating part
of the axle. The disc brakes as shown below, consists basically of a caliper that houses friction pads which are
loaded inwards against each side of a rotating disc, fixed to the wheel. The brake system for a bicycle is shown
(b) below

Flexible connecting pipes, a servo-unit and wheel cylinder assemblies. The wheel cylinders operate the shoes
and linings or the pads. When the driver presses the brake pedal, the force applied to the pedal is magnified by
a simple linkage mechanism. The force is then transmitted by the hydraulic system through pipelines and
flexible hosing to each brake.

It functions properly provided there is no air in the connecting pipes and the flexible hosing. This is because
when air is compressed, it does not transmit the pressure as in the case of brake fluid. Such air must be
expelled by “bleeding the system”. Next time you go to a motor vehicle repair garage, ask the mechanic to
show you how a hydraulic braking system is bled.

In case the primary hydraulic braking system fails, a secondary independent system is usually provided for the
driver to fall back on. The secondary system is usually referred to as the hand brake or parking brake.
Generally, it uses the same pads and linings as the primary system, but the pads and linings are pushed by a
mechanical linkage operated by hand. This works essentially like the bicycle brakes down shown in fig (b)
above.

Assessment

Briefly explain the following;

Linear Motion

Rotary Motion

Transmission of Motion