I.

HISTORY OF CIVIL AVIATION AND ITS

DEVELOPMENT

• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AVIATION
• TYPES OF CIVIL AVIATION
• ORGANISATION OF AVIATION AND ITS ROLE
• RULES AND REGULATIONS RELATED TO
AVIATION

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 INTRODUCTION
• TRANSPORTATION CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MEDIA :
LAND, WATER, AND AIR TRANSPORTATION
• MEANS AND INFRASTRUCTURES ON THE TRANSPORTATION’S
GROUPS
Transportation Means Infrastructure
Group
Land a. Car, bus, and Roads, stations,
Transportation motorcycle and railways
b. Train
Water Ships Sea harbour
Transportation
Air a.Airplanes Airport and
Transportation b.Helicopter
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Benefits and weaknesses of air transportation, compared to other
transportation modes
3

No. Air transportation Land transportation Water transportation

1 Able to reach rural areas Restricted only for land Only able to reach
mobility coastal area
2 Need land transportation mode Able to reach the Need land
to reach the destination. destination (door to door ) transportation to
Therefore, to produce an by roads, but not for the reach the destination
optimum function of air modes, railways.
connecting roads between
origin place to the airports have
to planned, so that it could
shorten the travelling time.

3 Fast Slow (roads) Slow

Moderate speed (railways)
4 Expensive Cheap (roads) Cheap
moderate price (railways)
5 Suitable for long-distance Short Distance Long distance travel
travel (cross-country/seas)
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 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
AVIATION 4

• ORVILLE WRIGHT on 17th December 1903

in North Carolina, United States, flew for
120 ft distance.
• The air transportation was introduced as a
new public transportation mode in 1930-
1950, but the people’s responses were
quite small because it was still unpopular
and the economy condition was still low.
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 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
AVIATION 5

• In 1950, Air Service users were increasing as the

society’s income was rising, as well. By the increasing
of the air service users, then the related parties were
as well trying to improve the service’s quality : The
airplanes’ quantity, types of planes, number of
airports, capacity, and the airplanes’ speeds were all
increased and improved SO THAT the travelling time
could be shortened and the general transportation’s
cost were able to be cheaper.
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 IN INDONESIA 6

• In 1940 with the first pilot named Laksda Adisucipto,

giving a big role in the independence fights ( Medical
and food aids, transporting army soldiers )

• Most of the airports in Indonesia are the remains of

Colonizer’s reigns ( Japan and Netherland ). The
airport’s managements are handled by the
Department of Transportation with Perum Angkasa
Pura organisation as the executive.

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 IN INDONESIA 7

• The Advancement of private airlines and airplane’s

amount were begun in the early 1990s. This Increase
was happened because of the economy’s major
growth in Indonesia and Asia Pacific region.
Unfortunately, the increase did not last long.
Companies were experiencing a loss because of
currency depression, while most of the airplanes and
its parts were bought in a foreign currency.

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 IN INDONESIA 8

• EFFORTS TO BE MORE INDEPENDENT IN AIRCRAFT

MEAN’S PROCUREMENT IN INDONESIA WERE
STARTED IN THE 1970s , WHEN AN AIRCRAFT
INDUSTRY NURTANIO (NUSANTARA) WAS BUILT. THIS
INDUSTRY COMBINED SEVERAL MACHINE AND
AERONAUTIC TECHNOLOGIES FROM A NUMBER OF
AIRLINE COMPANIES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. THE
AIRCRAFT THAT WAS PRODUCED INCLUDED
HELICOPTER AND COMMON AIRPLANES WITH A
MODERATE PASSENGER CAPACITY. THE USAGE ALSO
INCLUDED DOMESTICAIRPORT
AND FOREIGN
ENGINEERING
COMPANIES.
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 TYPES OF CIVIL AVIATION 9

• On the next development, aircrafts were

used for military utilities (called as
military aviation) and for civil aviation.
• Civil aviation consists of : general
aviation and commercial aviation

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 General Aviation
(Not for public transportation) 10

• The flight is not done using commercial

aircraft but with a specific aircraft, such as
: private airplane, airplanes owned by
certain companies ( for mapping needs,
sprouting, artificial rain, fire fighting, etc.)
• The airplane’s size is smaller because it
has fewer capacity.
• The airports are smaller and can only be in
form of a dense grass field without any
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 Commercial Aviation / Air Carriers
(Aviation for public transportation)
11

• The flight is done with a commercial purpose or using

a service’s rate
• It is usually done by airlines, such as : Garuda,
Sriwijaya Air, Air Asia, etc.
• A big quantity of the airplane’s capacity so the
airplane’s size can be much larger than any common
aircraft.
• As the airplane’s size that will be provided is big, then
the airplane’s runway should be wider and the runway
condition has to be planned ( hardened corresponding
to the load)
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 Aviation Organisation and Its Functions
12

Based on the management, a general aviation

organisation can be classified as :
• International Organisation : ICAO
• State government Agencies :
In America (CAB, FAA, NTSB),
In Indonesia (Civil aviation organisation which is
coordinated by Dirjen Perhubungan Udara DEPHUB).
• Regulations and types of aviation organisation in the
world refer to the United States’ aviation
organisation, because of the advancement of its
technologies and legislative means
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Aviation Organisation and Its Functions
13

• Local government bodies and states are

involved in various flight aspects, including
airport’s financial aid, flight safety, aviation
regulation’s execution, flight education,
airport’s license, accident’s investigation,
territory zoning and environment settings.
• Trading industry bodies : AIA, AOPA, ALPA,
AOCI, ATA, AAAE, GAMA, IWG, IATA, ICAA,
NASAO, RAAA, WEAA.

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 ICAO
(International Civil Aviation Organization)
14

Centered at Montreal, Canada. Based on AD in 1994 conference in Chicago,

initiated by AS, and attended by 52 countries, the ICAO’s aims are :
• Ensuring the civil aviation’s safety and growth
• Pushing the aircraft’s models and its operation
• Stimulating developments of airways, airports, and navigation facilities.
• Providing an economic / cheap air transportation’s needs
• Preventing unfair competition
• Ensuring Country’s rights which bind contracts to own international
aviation’s operational.
• Avoiding discriminations between countries that have contracts
• Promoting flight’s navigation and safety.
• Promoting developments from all aspects of international civil
aeronautics.
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 15

In planning and designing an airport

(including the aircrafts), ICAO releases
important documents containing
international design standards and the
recommended implementations for the
uniformity and safety. This Document is well
known as Aerodromes Annex 14.

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 16

• FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)

• NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board)
• AIA : Trading companies’ association in US
which runs in investigation field,
developments and outer space’s system
making.
• AOPA (Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association)
• ALPA (Air Line Pilots Association)
• AOCI (Airport Operators Council International)

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 17

• ATA (Air Transport Association of America)

• AAAE (American Association of Airport
Executives), an association of general and
private airport’s executives
• IATA (International Air Transport Association)
• ICAA (International Civil Airports Association)
• NASAO (National Association of State
Aviation Officials)
• WEAA (Western European Airports
Association)
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 REGULATIONS AND RULES RELATED TO THE
AVIATION 18

Aviation’s regulations can be classified into regulations which

constitutes about flight’s safety, permits and requirements of
aviation companies, aviation technical requirements and
managements. Those regulations and acts refer to the United
States, such as :
• Air Trading year 1926
• Civil Aeronautics year 1938
• Federal Airports year 1946
• Federal Aviation year 1958
• Airways and Airports Developments year 1970
• Aviation Companies’ Deregulation year 1978
• Airways and Airports Restoration year 1982
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 REFERENCE
19

• PLANNING AND DESIGN OF AIRPORTS,

FIFTH EDITION, ROBERT HORONJEFF &
FRANCIS X. McKelvey, WILLIAM J.
SPROULLE, SETH B. YOUNG

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