Cement:

Cement is the mixture of

calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous
and other substances. Cement is
used as a binding material in
mortar, concrete, etc.
Chemical Composition of
cement is:
Lime 63%
Silica 22%
Alumina 06%
Iron oxide 03%
Gypsum 01 to 04%
 Bogue’s Compounds
C3S & C2S PRVIDE STRENTH & OFFERS RESISTANCE TOWARDS THE
ATTACK OF ACIDS & ALKALIES.

Name of Compound Formula Abbreviated

Formula
Tricalcium silicate 3 CaO.SiO2 C3S –hydrates rapidly;
provides early & ultimate
strength
Dicalcium silicate 2 CaO.SiO2 C2S-hydraes slowly&
provides strength after a
duration of 7 days
Tricalcium aluminate 3 CaO.Al2O3 C3A-hydrates rapidly;
provides early strength &
less ultimate strength
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 4 CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF-doesn’t provide
strength but is stable than
C3A
TYPES OF CEMENT:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement
2. Rapid Hardening Cement (or) High Early Strength cement
3. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Sulphate Resisting Cement
5. Quick Setting Cement
6. Low Heat Cement
7. Portland Pozzolana Cement
8. Portland Slag Cement
9. High Alumina Cement
10. Air Entraining Cement
11. Supersulphated Cement
12. Masonry Cement
13. Expansive Cement
14. Colored Cement
15. White Cement
(1) ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:

• It is called Portland cement because on

hardening (setting) its colour resembles to rocks
near Portland in England. It was first of all
introduced in 1824 by Joseph Asp din, England.

• Most important type

• Classified into three grades, namely 33 grade,

43 grade and 53 grade.
Chemical Composition of O.P.Cement:
O.P.C has the following approximate chemical
composition:
The major constituents are:
1. Lime (CaO) 60- 63%
2. Silica (SiO2) 17- 25%
3. Alumina (Al2O3) 03- 08%
Chemical Composition of O.P.Cement: Continued-------

The auxiliary constituents are:

1. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 0.5- 06%
2. Magnesia (MgO) 1.5- 03%
3. Sulphur Tri Oxide (SO3) 01- 02%
4. Gypsum 01 to 04%
Functions of Cement
Manufacturing
Constituents
(i) Lime (CaO):

1. Lime forms nearly two-third (2/3) of the

cement. Therefore sufficient quantity of the lime
must be in the raw materials for the manufacturing
of cement.
2. Its proportion has an important effect on the
cement. Sufficient quantity of lime forms di-
calcium silicate and tri-calcium silicate in the
manufacturing of cement.
3. Lime in excess, causes the cement to expand
and disintegrate.
(ii) Silica (SiO2):
1. The quantity of silica should be enough to
form di-calcium silicate and tri-calcium silicate in
the manufacturing of cement.

2. Silica gives strength to the cement.

3. Silica in excess causes the cement to set

slowly.
(iii) Alumina (Al2O3):

1. Alumina supports to set quickly to the

cement.

2. Lowers the clinkering temperature.

3. Alumina in excess, reduces the strength

of the cement.
(iv) Iron Oxide (Fe2O3):

Iron oxide gives colour to the

cement.
(v) Magnesia (MgO):

1. It also helps in giving colour to the

cement.
2. Magnesium in excess makes the cement
unsound.
(vi) Calcium Sulphate (or) Gypsum (Ca
SO4) :
At the final stage of manufacturing,
gypsum is added to increase the setting of
cement.
(2) RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:

• Also known as early gain in strength of cement. This

cement contains more %age of C3S and less %age of C2S, high
proportion of C3S will impart quicker hydration
• The high strength at early stage is due to finer grinding, as
fineness of cement will expose greater surface area for the action of
water.
•The strength obtained by this cement in 03 days is same as
obtained by O.P.C in 7 days.
• Initial and final setting times are same as OPC.ie. 30mins and 10
hrs.And soundness test by Le-Chatielier is 10mm and Autoclave is
0.8%.
• Greater lime content than OPC
 (3) EXTRA RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:

• It is obtained by intergrinding Cacl2 with rapid

hardening cement.
• Addition of Cacl2 should not exceed 2% by weight of the
rapid hardening cement.
• Concrete made by using this cement should be
transported, placed, compacted & finished within about 20
minutes.
• Strength is higher than 25% than that of rapid hardening
cement at 1 or 2 days.
(4) SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT:

•It is modified form of O.P.C and is specially

manufactured to resist the sulphates.
•This cement contains a low %age of C3A and high
%age of C3S
•This cement requires longer period of curing.
•It develops strength slowly, but ultimately it is as
strong as O.P.C.
(5) QUICK SETTING CEMENT:

• This cement is manufactured by adding small

%age of aluminum sulphate (Al2SO4) which
accelerates the setting action.
• Gypsum content is reduced.
• Sets faster than OPC.
• Initial setting time is 5 minutes. Final setting time
is 30 minutes.
(6) LOW HEAT CEMENT:
• Low percentage of tri-calcium aluminates (C3A) and
silicate (C3S) and high %age of di-calcium silicate (C2S)
to keep heat generation low.
• Very slow rate of developing strength as rate of C3S
Content is low.
•Heat evolved @ 7 days-66 cal/g and 28 days-75 cal/g
•initial set time-1 hr, final set time-10 hrs
•Better resistance to chemical attack than OPC.
 (7) Portland Pozzolana Cement:
• OPC clinker and Pozzolana (Calcined Clay,
Surkhi and Fly ash) ground together.
Produces less heat of hydration and offers great
resistance to attacks of Sulphates.
• Used in marine works and mass concreting.
• Ultimate strength is more than OPC.
• Low shrinkage on drying
• Water tightness.
 (8) Portland Slag Cement:
• Produced by mixing Portland cement clinker,
gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag
which shall not exceed 65%
• blackish grey in color.
• Lesser heat of hydration.
• Suitable for marine works, mass concreting.
• Offers good resistance to the attack of
sulphate.
(9) HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT:
Different from OPC
Characterised by its dark colour, high heat of hydration
and resistance to chemical attack.
Initial setting time of 4 hrs and final setting time of 5
hrs.
Raw materials used are limestone and bauxite
(10) AIR ENTRAINING CEMENT:

• OPC with small quantity of air entraining materials

(oils, fats, fatty acids) ground together.
• Air is entrained in the form of tiny air bubbles which
enhances workability and reduces seggregation and
bleeding.
•It increases sulphate water resistance of concrete.
 (11) Supersulphated Cement:
• Ground blast furnace slag + OPC +CASO4.
Heat of hydration which is considerably lower.
• It is also resistant to Sulphate attack.
• Used in a) Marine Structures, b) Mass concrete works
 (12) Masonry Cement:

• Unlike ordinary cement, it is more plastic.

• Made by mixing hydrated lime, crushed
stone, granulated slag or highly colloidal
clays are mixed with it.
• Addition of above mentioned materials
reduces the strength of cement.
 (13) Expansive Cement:
• The main difference in this cement is the increase
in volume that occurs when it settles.
• Used to neutralize shrinkage of concrete made
from ordinary cement so as to eliminate cracks. A
small percentage of this cement with concrete will
not let it crack. It is specially desirable for
hydraulic structures.
• In repair work, it is essential that the new concrete
should be tight fitting in the old concrete. This can
be done by using this cement
 (14) Colored Cement:

• Suitable pigments used to impart desired

color.
• Pigments used should be durable under
light, sun or weather.
(15) WHITE CEMENT:

• OPC with pure white color produced with white chalk or

clay free from iron oxide.
• As iron oxide gives the grey colour to cement, it is
therefore necessary for white cement to keep the content
of iron oxide as low as possible.
• Instead of coal, oil fuel is used for burning.
THE PLEASANT END