A group analysis of the Graminae (grass) plant

family of homeopathic remedies

By

Terence ‘Benzev’ Wulfsohn

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the

Master’s Degree in Technology: Homeopathy in the Faculty of Health
Sciences
At the Durban Institute of Technology

I Terence Wulfsohn, do hereby declare that this dissertation represents

my own work in concept and execution.

------------------------------- -----------------------
Signature of Student Date of Signature
T.O. Wulfsohn
BSc. (Agric) (UNP) MTRP (UND)

APPROVED FOR FINAL SUBMISSION

-------------------------------- --------------------
Signature of Supervisor Date of Signature
Dr. A.H.A Ross
M.Tech: Hom (T.N.); B.Mus (UCT)
 DEDICATION

This dissertation is dedicated to my family. My parents Lionel & Eithne Wulfsohn,

have endured nearly 60- years of marriage to wait for me to finally do my dream
work. Holding the Lionel Wulfsohn bursary for so many years has made this type of
Interdisciplinary research possible. My wife, Tessa, who has unconditionally made
the space, run the business, created the atmosphere and encouraged me to
complete such a mammoth task in my middle age. My children Sahara and Erin have
withstood years of relative deprivation while I studied. I will make it up to you. I love
you all lots!

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to my supervisor Dr. Ashley Ross. I really enjoyed the meeting of minds while
churning out the product.

Dr. Werner Kershbaumer made copies of Archibel Radar 9 repertory program and
Encyclopaedia Homeopathica available. He also provided me with excellent advice
on how to operate the programs. Without the programs and the assistance this type
of research would not have been feasible.

Peter Small assisted with botanical issues vis a vis the Graminae.

Attending Dr. Rajan Sankaran’s Bombay Seminar in 2004 provided the inspiration to
do a group analysis project.

Dr. Sunil Anand’s intensive course in Pune taught me the practicalities of using the
Bombay School method of case taking.

Doug Brown provided early encouragement on the feasibility of such a project.

Thank you all very much.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Group analysis is an approach to classifying homeopathic remedies into family

groups (Scholten 2004a: 164). It is an attempt to ease the uncertainty in prescribing

from the thousands of known and unknown homeopathic remedies. Scholten argues

that group analysis is an important stage in the ‘maturing’ of the science of

homeopathy (Scholten 2004b: 160) .

The materia medica of selected Graminae (grass) species remedies used in

homeopathy were analysed in terms of common sensations, responses and

reactions they evoke in proving experiments. The information was collected from

various homeopathic sources viz. Radar 9 –Repertory program, Encyclopaedia

Homeopathica and other selected materia medicae.

The primary sensation is a ‘heaviness’ or sensation of weight within which leads to ‘a

need to be supported’. There were also expressions of something alive/moving within

as well formication and burning/burnt, and out of control/involuntary. Passive

reactions included: numbness, paralysis, staggering. Active reactions are: Need for

support, Itching, spasmodic movements, trembling. Compensation: Desire support,

desire cooling, desire uncovering, Rubbing ameliorates, desire to be naked and Mind

cheerful and foolish. It must be stressed that these sensations are to be considered

as proposals until more case study material can be analysed.

Within the Graminae plant family the individual species were then differentiated in

terms of Sankaran’s extended miasmatic classification. Bambusa was found to be in

iv
the Cancer miasm; Anantherum in the Syphilis miasm; Saccharum in the Acute

miasm; Ustilago in the Ringworm miasm; Secale in the Leprous miasm; and Arundo

was possibly in the Malaria miasm. It was not possible to classify the rest of the

remedies.

In terms of applying group analysis to a small plant family it was considered feasible

provided there is at least one well proven remedy in the family with some in depth

case study material.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEGMENTS iii
ABSTRACT iv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Aims of the group analysis research project 2
1.2 Rationale for the group analysis of the Graminae plant family
remedies 3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Responses to the Group Analysis challenge 4
2.1.1 The remedy avalanche: early attempts to ease the problem of
similimum selection 5
2.1.2 Modern approaches to group analysis 7
2.2 The concept of ‘Vital Sensation’ and levels in homeopathy 9
2.3 Sankaran’s extended miasm model 11
2.4 Group analysis in homeopathic software 13
2.5 Group analysis by the family of remedies: the work of Mangialavori 13
2.6 Opposition to group analysis: the fundamentalist critique 14
2.7 Working within Sankaran’s new model of group analysis 15
2.8 Justification for using Sankaran’s model 16
2.9 Taxonomy of the Graminae 17

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD 20

3.1 Definition of Graminae remedies 20
3.2 Sample selection 20
3.3 Data processing 21
3.4 Data analysis 21
3.4.1 Phase One – determination of the group ‘vital sensation’ 21
3.4.2 Phase two – miasmatic classification of the group 22

vi
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23
4.1 Graminae in Homeopathy 23
4.2 Extraction and analysis of common rubrics 26
4.3 Evidence of proposed sensation in case study material 33
4.4 Suggested image of the sensations of the Graminae family 46
4.5 Graminae expressions of need for support 47
4.6 Miasmatic classification of the Graminae remedies 50

CHAPTER 5: CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE GRAMINAE 73

REMEDIES
5.1 Graminae and the Fungal connection 73
5.2 Minerals in Graminae 75
5.3 Clinical aspects to the Graminae remedies 75
5.4 Graminae, vigour and usage 76

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 78
6.1 Information limits on plant family group analysis 78
6.2 Evaluation of group analysis method of homeopathic case taking 80
6.3 Suggestions for further research 81
6.4 Last word 82

APPENDICES 83
REFERENCES 85

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: GRAMINAE REMEDIES USED IN HOMEOPATHY 23

TABLE 2: COMMON SENSATION RUBRICS FROM SELECTED
26
GRAMINAE HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
TABLE 3: PROPOSED SENSATIONS AND REACTIONS OF THE
46
GRAMINAE FAMILY OF HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
TABLE 4: SUGGESTED MIASMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF SELECTED
72
GRAMINAE REMEDIES USED IN HOMEOPATHY

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: A MAP OF SANKARAN’S EXTENDED MIASM MODEL 12

SHOWING EXPLANATORY SITUATIONS AND RESPONSES

ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

The need to classify the items or phenomena observed in nature is perhaps as

old as science itself. The plant family Umbelliferae was recognized as such by the

Greek scientist Theophrastus (about 372-287 BC) (Heywood 1978: 10). However

homeopathy as a science has either resisted or shown little interest in

classification of remedies until the last decade. In a way the classification and

differentiation of homeopathic remedies known as group analysis, is a project that

has become viable due to the development of technology. The advent of software

based homeopathic encyclopaedia and repertories, coupled with effective

intelligent search engines, has made possible the type of analysis where the

collected observations of centuries of work, can now be analysed for

commonalities.

So there are a few reasons why group analysis would not have been appropriate

in the early days of homeopathy.

Firstly there was not the breadth and depth of remedy symptoms to ‘mine’ and

secondly, as stated above, such an immense task is beyond the capacity of an

unaided human mind- it requires the processing power of computers to sift

through the vast amounts of detail. Thirdly, in the early stages of homeopathy

there were comparatively few remedies so classification was not necessary.

Fourthly, there was general antipathy to group analysis because it resembled a

crude form of the ‘Doctrine of the Signatures’ that Hahnemann roundly

1
condemned (Hahnemann 1852: 673). Finally there needed to be the creativity,

motivation and expertise to take on such a revolutionary project.

The motivation to undertake this project in turn has a number of components.

One is the desire to create ‘order out of chaos’, it is probably a fundamental

human characteristic to want to classify and order the vast panoply of nature.

Secondly, there is dissatisfaction with the old methods of homeopathic analysis,

and a desire to improve the quality of homeopathic prescribing in terms of

reliability and accuracy.

There are many different approaches to group analysis but the writer’s focus is on

the method that analyses the homeopathic remedies of a natural scientific

grouping (in this case a plant family) and searches for commonalities within this

group.

1.1 Aims of the group analysis research project

1. To apply and test the plant family group analysis paradigm to a new plant

family.

2. To discover the common sensation or set of sensations peculiar to the

Graminae family of remedies.

3. To elucidate the reactions to the sensation(s), in terms of active, passive and

compensatory reactions.

4. To categorize the Graminae in terms of Sankaran’s miasmatic classification.

2
5. To test the scale at which unique features of a remedy group become

apparent, in other words, can a set of common features be extracted from a

relatively small (in homeopathic terms) plant family such as the Graminae.

6. To judge whether the Graminae are not much used in homeopathy because

they do not have much homeopathic utility, or because of a basic lack of

knowledge of their homeopathic properties.

1.2 Rationale for the group analysis of the Graminae plant family remedies

1.Group analysis improves our understanding and recognition of individual

remedies within the group especially the smaller and less well proved remedies.

The process of group analysis in the plant families has started with approximately

200 plants from 29 plant families categorized by Sankaran. This work has been

done against a backdrop of about 3000 plant remedies used in homeopathy.

Thus there is a need to reduce this backlog of knowledge. The general purpose

of this dissertation is to investigate the application of group analysis to a relatively

small (homeopathically) plant family. More specifically it is to provide insight into

the Graminae plant family. In addition the choice of the appropriate scale of a unit

of analysis will be tested, in this case how small a plant family can be chosen for

group analysis.

2. A further rationale of the study is to test the reliability, validity and consistency

of the plant family group analysis model developed by Sankaran (2002: 29).

3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Group analysis has sparked major debates and furore in the homeopathic world

(Saine 2001: 33; Moscowitz 2002: 32; Winston 2004: 36). Essentially it is about

whether homeopathic case taking and analysis should be done by the traditional

method i.e. eliciting and analysing key symptoms (cf. Kent’s repertorization), or

whether case taking and analysis is directed to first finding the patients particular

remedy group, then selecting the remedy from within that group.

In the writer’s view the Group Analysis approach to case taking, prescribing and

the development of materia medica, is the first major paradigm shift since the

inception of homeopathy. Once a new paradigm surfaces it creates debate

between those in opposition, the adherents and others who not too sure about it

(Kuhn 1962: 92-102).

2.1 Responses to the Group Analysis challenge

The first response is in direct opposition to the new set of ideas that is exemplified

by Winston’s feature article in Homeopathy in Practice (Winston 2004: 35). This

approach is essentially the ‘old school’ by which the writer means that the

approach developed for homeopathic prescription by the old masters

(Hahnemann, Kent, etc) is the best method to arrive at the similimum. Symptoms

are elicited through the interview and then graded and selected for repertorial

analysis. The analysis offers a number of alternative remedies and the

homeopath then needs to apply his judgement to select the similimum.

4
The second area of debate is rooted in the overall precepts of the new paradigm

(group analysis) but attempts to refine the methods and practices – this field of

inquiry also tends to involve testing the limits and applicability of the new

paradigm concepts (Wansbrough and Linnane 2003).

Finally there is what may be described as the ‘independent fence sitter’, a point of

view that only uses elements of the new paradigm but sees serious flaws in its

wholesale adoption – an example of such a pragmatist is Mangialavori (Koning

and Santos 1996).

2.1.1 The remedy avalanche: early attempts to ease the problem of similimum

selection

Even in the very beginning of homeopathy, once the number of proved remedies

exceeded that is comfortably held in the memory, there arose the need and

desire to classify and categorise the remedies. Hahnemann started the process

grouping the 84 initial remedies he knew into miasms. It is interesting that this

work was considered comparable with the early works on animal classification

(Gaier 1991: 36). “The Doctrine of Signatures” (where there is morphological

relationship between the drug substance and the disease or organ affinity in

question) was another attempt to make sense of the large and growing materia

medica. This method of remedy selection, primarily used in Anthroposophical

medicine (Gaier 1991: 73), was condemned by Hahnemann, although it is still

5
used today, perhaps in a more circumspect and circumscribed manner

(Vermeulen 2002: ix), (Koning and Santos 1996).

In the early decades of the 19th century the explosion of provings led to an

unmanageable list of remedies. There was clearly a need to systematize the

process of remedy selection. The longest serving and most useful method was

the development of the repertory which is credited independently to von

Boenninghausen and Jahr in 1833 (Gaier 1991: 236). Since then many different

forms of repertories have been published, but the most widely used is Kent’s

repertory which is found in various hardcopy and computer software formats.

Ideas and schema of the relationships between remedies are also used to create

a sense of pattern and purpose in prescribing. An example widely used in

Classical homeopathy is P. Sankaran’s “The relationship of Remedies” (Sankaran

1975: 1) which is further elaborated by R. Sankaran (Sankaran 1991: 341). The

relationship of remedies is expanded into a ‘situational materia medica’ which

explicates the complementary, acute, chronic and inimical remedies (Sankaran

1991: 343).

According to Winston (2004: 36), the group analysis approach is not new. For

example, Farrington used kingdom analysis in 1880 and Leeser used periodic

table information in 1935.

6
2.1.2 Modern approaches to group analysis

However we have had to wait to the 1990s to see the first concerted modern

applications of group analysis (Scholten 1993: 23). The chief benefit of using

group analysis is the reduction of uncertainty when prescribing from a vast

number of possible homeopathic drugs. Group analysis is by nature a qualitative

and hierarchical process. In order to arrive at the correct remedy it is crucial that

each step of the analysis is corrected done (and corroborated). By way of

analogy, getting the kingdom (mineral, plant, animal) analysis wrong is like firing a

rifle a few degrees off a long range target – a few degrees does not sound like

much – but by the time the bullet has travelled a few hundred metres it translates

into a missing the target altogether. In fact the traditional repertory methods are

preferable to poorly done group analysis. Repertorization of symptoms could

indicate, for instance, Silicea as the remedy, whereas in fact the similimum is the

silica rich plant Bamboo, at least the method has thrown the homeopath into the

correct ballpark. Errors at the kingdom analysis could direct the prescriber to a

animal remedy which has no relationship to Bamboo whatsoever.

The prime movers of group analysis of the modern era are Scholten and

Sankaran. Scholten (1993: 23) defines group analysis as the process of looking

at a group of remedies and extracting what is common from that group. In

Homeopathy and Minerals (Scholten 1993: 39), Scholten creates groups of the

some major elements used in homeopathy and their respective salts. For

example, the Carbonicums, Muriaticums, up to the Fluoratums and Iodatums.

Scholten (1996) takes the process of group analysis forward by using the natural

7
scientific model of the periodic table of elements as his starting point. Scholten

proposed that each row/series corresponded to general theme, and that each

column/group from left to right defined the degree of development of the particular

theme of the series in question. This understanding made it possible to prescribe

the intersecting remedy with a high degree of confidence provided the patient

needed a remedy from the mineral kingdom.

Sankaran (1994: 101), started to address the problem of kingdom analysis in

homeopathy where he writes about a ‘natural classification of drugs’ into mineral

kingdom, plant kingdom, animal kingdom, nosodes, sarcodes, imponderabilia. At

that time he concentrated on the attributes of the mineral kingdom, perhaps

influenced by the work of Scholten and Sherr. In ‘The Soul of the Remedies’ he

takes the ‘natural classification of drugs’ further by actually specifying the

distinguishing features of plant, animal and mineral remedies (Sankaran 1997:

229). Sankaran’s major breakthrough is published as an initial two volume set: An

Insight into Plants (Sankaran 2002). Patients requiring a plant remedy (PRPR)

are seen to have a problem with sensitivity (Sankaran 2002: 20) – as plants due

to their sessile nature need to be sensitive and adaptive to changing

environmental conditions. Sankaran posed the question to himself of whether

there is a relationship between the botanical classified plant families and a

particular form of expressed sensitivity in the homeopathic literature. In general

he found this to be the case, although the he found it necessary to group certain

plant families that are less well represented in the homeopathic literature.

Sankaran described this expression of sensitivity as the ‘vital sensation’. At this

8
point he also proposes a hierarchical approach to case taking and analysis

describes as ‘levels’.

2.2 The concept of ‘Vital Sensation’ and levels in homeopathy

The concept originates from Sankaran’s work which can seen as progression into

the depth of homeopathy – which is the very title of the keynote address at the

2004 Bombay Seminar (Sankaran 2004b: 1). He identifies 6 levels of inquiry in

homeopathic case taking.

1. Name – this is the diagnosis of the disease condition. What is wrong?

2. Fact – these are the actual symptoms the patient experiences. What is

happening?

3. Emotion – this is a description of the patient’s emotional state. What does

it feel like?

4. Delusion – this is analogue description of the patient’s experience. What

do you feel like in these circumstances? A classic example for someone

under rising internal pressure is to say: ‘Like a soda water bottle”

5. Sensation – this could be described as the sensation felt in the body when

patient is been led into the depths of their self. It could be elicited by

asking: “What sensation do you experience in that situation?” or “What is

meant by that hand gesture?” The answer is likely to be non-human

specific because it is related to the substance of the remedy in question.

The kingdom is expressed in terms of: animal: victim-aggressor

relationships; plant: sensitivity; mineral: issues of structure.

9
 6. Energy – this level can only be observed . It is the movement (background

pattern) and the colours, shapes and sounds that are observed or evoked

by the interview experience.

Sankaran argues that the Sensation level is the most accurate in terms of

kingdom analysis, family or group analysis, and source identification (Sankaran

2004b: 5). It generally takes quite a bit of focussed enquiry to get to this level and

by nature of its depth it reflects much more of the person’s nature than the

preceding levels. Sensation level information integrates body and mind aspects

therefore it is provides deeper and better information (more reliable –due to

multiple sources of evidence) than either physical symptoms or mental/emotional

symptoms described on their own.

In the repertory certain rubrics are prefaced as “Sensations; as if”, however in

practice all rubrics describing a felt ‘sensation’ in the body e.g. weight, tight,

loose, caught etc. need to be analysed in terms of been possible candidates for

the central sensation of the particular group.

His next problem was to differentiate between remedies in a botanical family that

essentially shared the same sensitivity. His solution was to draw on his extended

miasm model (Sankaran 1997: 217). Sankaran thus classified members of a

common botanical family into their respective miasmatic tendencies. Thus the

remedy is chosen on the basis of the intersection point between patient’s primary

sensitivity and the patient’s miasmatic classification. Sankaran (2002: 24), now

10
suggested that this method could increases the accuracy and reliability of

prescriptions for plant kingdom remedies.

2.3 Sankaran’s extended miasm model

Hahnemann proposed that underlying the symptoms of all diseases is an all

pervasive miasm or tendency to react in identifiable set of ways (Hahnemann

1996: 190), which he characterizes as the Psora, Sycosis and Syphilis miasms.

Over time additional miasms were added (tuberculosis and cancer) forming the

five miasm model (De Schepper 2001: 355). Sankaran (1997: 217) extended the

model by focussing much more deeply on the responses and reactions evoked by

specific remedy groups. He now proposed a ten miasm model (see diagram

below).

11
Figure 1: A map of Sankaran’s extended miasm model showing explanatory

situations and responses, Remedy examples are drawn from the Compositae

family. After (Sankaran 1997: 228) and (Sankaran 2003)

12
Whereas the three and five miasm models viewed miasms as discrete entities,

Sankaran’s model shows relationship between the miasms as well as a

continuum of responses from the instinctive reactions of the Acute miasm, to the

hopeful struggle of Psora, to the resigned hopelessness and consequent

destructiveness of Syphilis. Application and more detail of the extended miasm

model is covered in the section on Miasmatic analysis in Chapter 4.

2.4 Group analysis in homeopathic software

The development in a group analysis approach to materia medica is mirrored in

the Homeopathic software, e.g. MacRepertory, Hompath and even Radar offering

the Family of Remedies (Taylor 2002). MacRepertory uses 1300 homoeopathic

families comprised of “…miasms of Sankaran and Bjørndal, Vega’s Boxes,

Mangialavori’s families, Morrison’s organic chemicals, Scholten’s minerals,

König’s groups, taxonomy and others…” (Anonymous 2004).

2.5 Group analysis by the family of remedies: the work of Mangialavori

Countering the view of group analysis based on kingdoms and natural scientific

classification systems such as the periodic table and the biological families is the

view of Mangialavori (Koning and Santos 1996). Mangialavori contends the

concept of a biological group sharing common homeopathic characteristics – for

example, in the Solonaceae he sees similarity between Belladonna, Hyoscyamus,

Stramonium and Mandragora but suggests that Dulcamara and Capsicum are

quite different. Instead of a strict natural scientific classification he describes

horizontal relationships between remedies e.g. elements on a series in the

13
periodic table and vertical relationships e.g. between the element Cuprum and

plants that thrive in a high copper environment e.g. Chamomilla. When the

horizontal-vertical concept is extended it tends to form circle or family of remedies

e.g. Sepia –sea remedies- Nat. Mur., and so forth. Mangialavori and others have

also successfully analysed groups that don’t share a strict taxonomical

relationship e.g. spiders and snakes.

2.6 Opposition to group analysis: the fundamentalist critique

In direct opposition to the use of group analysis as a method in homeopathy is the

view of Winston (2004). He contends that kingdom and group analysis are

“…simply mental constructs to help homeopaths understand what they are doing

in their practices…” (Winston 2004: 36). Instead of starting with kingdom analysis

he suggests homeopaths need only ask themselves: “…What are the

characteristic signs and symptoms in this case of disease in front of me?” (Ibid).

In other words, match the case symptoms with those in the materia medica.

Winston describes group and kingdom analysis as the ‘edges’ of homeopathy and

entreats new homeopaths to be fully grounded in the classical basics before

venturing forth. It could be argued that Sankaran, at least in part, agrees with

Winston’s entreaty: Sankaran publicly stated that the Bombay School group

analysis method does not replace proper study of the materia medica, repertory

and organon (Sankaran 2004a).

14
2.7 Working within Sankaran’s new model of group analysis

In contrast to the opposing critique of Winston, is work within the new paradigm

which attempts to extend, find boundaries, refine and generally test the new body

of knowledge. An example is the article on Mimosa pudica by Wanbrough and

Linnane (2003). Although their results show some correspondence between M.

Pudica and the Leguminosae family sensation of ‘splitting apart’, they suggest

that the sub-family Mimosoideae may possess a different picture. Thus they

question the utility of working with a tremendously large and diverse family such

as the Leguminosae. They suggest looking at refinement of the ‘sensation’ by

using ‘sub-families’.

In conclusion this is also the thesis of the writer. At this stage, very much due to

its novelty, the work on the group analysis of plant families is mostly of a very

‘broad brush’ nature - especially in the case of plant families that are poorly

represented in the homeopathic literature. Thus there exists a need to fill in the

gaps and tease out the differences where plant families are large and/or diverse

in nature. Such an example is the Graminae - a vast botanical family that is the

principle source of staple food to humans yet hardly known or used in

homeopathy. A group analysis of the Graminae family is considered important

because relatively few of its members have been proved. As far as can be

ascertained the proven members are: Triticum repens (wheat), Secale cereale

(rye), Avena sativa (oats) (Gaier 1991: 79), Arundo mauritanica (Italian grass),

Anantherum muricatum (Vetiver) and Bambusa arundinacea (bamboo)

(Vermeulen 2002: 205). Despite the lack of homeopathic knowledge of the grass

15
family, it is has a high degree of medical relevance in terms of the widespread

allergic reactions that grasses evoke.

There have been some tentative suggestions made on what may be

homeopathically common to the Graminae family (Koster 2003: 104). On the

basis of a Lolium case Koster speculates that grasses could have ‘a desire to

serve’ yet be kind of invisible, coupled with a sensitivity to others, that perhaps

even borders on the supernatural (Koster 2003: 104). The ‘desire to serve

hypothesis’ is generated via the tremendous usefulness of the Graminae to

humanity (and ecology) yet their presence is kind of homely and non-descript.

The ‘supersensitive hypothesis’ is due to the co-existence of fungus and grass

plants (either overtly in the form of a sexual fruiting body or covertly in the form of

asexual endophytes).

There is very little in the literature in terms of applying group analysis to small

homeopathic families. The afore mentioned work by Wansbrough and Linnane

(2003) is an exception, although their focus is on a single species within the sub-

family as opposed to a group analysis of the subfamily.

2.8 Justification for using Sankaran’s model

Sankaran’s model is especially appealing to the writer because it is based on

using pre-existing homeopathic information viz. the repertory and materia

medicae. Due to the advent of database programs with powerful and intelligent

search engines such as ReferenceWorks, and Encyclopaedia Homeopathica, it is

16
now possible to search through all the documented provings and clinical

information to find the patterns and themes that characterize the group in

question. Once the themes and patterns have been extracted from the

homeopathic information sources we can then corroborate them with information

from the natural sciences. For example, patients requiring a conifer remedy have

the sensation of splitting. Natural science corroborates this information: the wood

of conifers tends to splinter and split easily. Thus the model based in

homeopathic knowledge and experience shows it links with the natural world: the

ultimate source of all homeopathic substances.

2.9 Taxonomy of the Graminae

The more modern family name for the grass plants is the Poaceae however the

homeopathic literature generally refers to the Graminae which is also still

considered botanically as acceptable use. So in order to keep in closer sync with

the homeopathic literature the writer will use the term Graminae when referring to

the grass family throughout this dissertation.

To classify the Graminae within the group of living organism the following system

is used (Keeton 1980: 956):

Kingdom: Plantae (plants)

Subkingdom: Trachedsionta (vascular plants)

Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)

Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)

17
Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons)

Subclass: Commelinidae

Order: Cyperales

Family: Graminae/Poaceae

However the more plant focussed Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) of 1998

classification uses the following system (Archibel 2004):

Division: Angiospermae (flowering plants)

Class: Monocots:

Subclass: Commelinoids:

Order: Poales:

Family: Graminae/Poaceae

The Graminae consist of about 9000 species group into about 650 genera

(Heywood 1978: 285). The genera are grouped into 6 subfamilies (Heywood

1978: 286) which are shown in the Table 1. In turn the subfamilies are divided

into about 50 tribes. The reader will notice repetition of the word ‘about’ reflecting

the uncertain nature of classification of the Graminae. This is because of the

uniform appearance at a gross level of most grasses and thus the current trend is

to use laborious genetic and biochemical methods to classify, versus the external

morphological characteristics.

In the words of Heywood:

“Although not the largest, the family is ecologically the most dominant and
economically by far the most important in the world. It provides all the cereal
crops (including rice), most of the world’s sugar and grazing for domestic

18
 and wild animals, as well as bamboos, canes and reeds [widely used in
building materials]. The grasses also make a major contribution to much of
the world’s landscape.“ (Heywood 1978: 285)

Ecologically grasses are significant because they found worldwide in all biomes

(from the poles to the equator). The adaptability of the grasses has led to their

spread and ubiquitous nature. Grasses have co-evolved with herbivorous

mammals and endophytic fungi, in a prey-predator dance, that at times

encourages use and at times discourages usage (anti-grazing fungal changes)

(Pennisi 2003: 774). Human activity entered the equation at least a hundred

thousand years ago when the pre-agricultural people commenced using fire to

create small fresh green grassed areas to bait wild game (Unknown 2004). Since

then livestock herding, veld burning, and deforestation has led to the spread of

grasslands.

19
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Definition of Graminae remedies

The first step was to properly define the Graminae/Poaceae group of plants in

terms of current botanical taxonomical knowledge. This in order to check the

selection of Graminae currently identified in the homeopathic literature and to

understand the relationships between the Graminae and related botanical families

e.g. the Juncaceae etc. The relationship of botanical families is important to

understand possible 'super family' commonalities in sensation.

Next the Graminae remedies used in homeopathy were listed. The list was

obtained from computer software: Hompath, Radar 9, Encyclopaedia

Homeopathica and from print sources: Koster (2003) and Vermeulen (2002). 27

remedies from the Graminae family were found and are listed in Table 1 in the

next chapter.

3.2 Sample selection

The overall Graminae list of 27 was then narrowed down to 7 remedies. The

actual selection of remedies was done by first extracting rubrics of all the

Graminae remedies in order to select remedies which are at least broadly

covered in the various repertory chapters. Avena sativa - which has 66 rubrics in

Radar 9 - was made the cut off point in considering which remedies to include in

the extraction. Thus remedies that had less than 66 rubrics were excluded from

the comparative extraction exercise.

20
3.3 Data processing

A computer repertory extraction was done with Radar Synthesis 9 to list all

rubrics containing the selected remedies with the proviso to exclude rubrics

containing more than 50 remedies. The rubrics were arranged in order from those

containing the least remedies to the most remedies. This is to rank the

significance of the rubrics.

3.4 Data analysis

3.4.1 Phase One – determination of the group ‘vital sensation’

The selected rubrics were then scanned for commonalities in sensation.

Sensation in this sense is defined as the reported “…consciousness of perceiving

or seeming to perceive some state or condition of one’s body or its parts or

senses or of one’s mind or its emotions…” (Allen 1990: 1102).

To test out the accuracy of the selected set of sensations the writer then

searched the homeopathic literature (via Encyclopaedia Homeopathica) for

examples of remedies which fit the proposed vital sensation of the Graminae

family. This test was done by keyword searches of Archibel’s Encyclopaedia

Homeopathica restricting the set of remedies to the Graminae family.

Once a set of sensation commonalities was clear the writer looked at what

reactions these sensations engender. In other words a person feeling a particular

sensation or set of sensations might be inclined to act or respond in certain ways.

21
The actual reactions were chosen from descriptions of actions and desire to act

or even avoid acting in the repertory, materia medica and provings. In general

terms a reaction could passive, active to varying degrees, or compensatory. A

key set of reactions was selected and then divided into active reactions, passive

reactions or compensatory reactions.

3.4.2 Phase two – miasmatic classification of the group

Now the different remedies of the Graminae were scanned and classified in terms

of their miasmatic tendencies. Sankaran’s extended miasm model was used to

carry out this classification (Sankaran 2002: 53). Miasmatic keyword searches of

the Graminae family were done in Encyclopaedia Homeopathica to give a

indication of the possible miasm of each remedy. Once this was complete each

Graminae remedy was assessed in terms of its coping style or essential attitude

to stress in order to classify it miasmatically. The classification was also guided by

clinical information, for example, if the remedy in question has been used to treat

malaria, it would raise an index of suspicion that the remedy miasmatic

classification is Malaria as well. However due to paucity of information it was not

possible to miasmatically classify each and every Graminae remedy.

22
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Graminae in Homeopathy

As stated earlier the grass family is a large family but very poorly represented

homeopathically. For example it is botanically more than ten times larger than the

Anacardiaciae yet that family has many more common and well understood

remedies e.g. Rhus toxicondendron, Anacardium, Comocladia etc.

The writer has drawn upon three sources that have collated the Graminae

species used in homeopathy. The data is tabulated below.

Table 1: Graminae remedies used in homeopathy

SUBFAMILY SPECIES COMMON INFO SOURCE HOMEOPATHIC

NAME SIGNIFICANCE

Bambusoideae Bambusa Bamboo (Koster 2003) Major – 1918

arundinaceae (Vermeulen symptoms from a
2002) proving plus
(Archibel 2004) numerous case
studies
Oryza sativa Rice (Koster 2003) No symptoms in
(Vermeulen Synthesis 9 or
2002) EH

Arundinoideae Arundo Italian (Koster 2003) Reasonable

mauritanica grass/reed (Vermeulen sized remedy-
2002) 443 symtoms
(Archibel 2004)
Arundo donax Arrowreed (Koster 2003) Very small
(Vermeulen remedy only 3
2002) symptoms in
(Archibel 2004) Synthesis 9

23
SUBFAMILY SPECIES COMMON INFO SOURCE HOMEOPATHIC
NAME SIGNIFICANCE

Chloridoideae Cynodon Bermuda (Koster 2003) Small remedy

dactylon grass (Vermeulen with 43
2002) symptoms in
(Archibel 2004) Synthesis 9
Panicoideae Anantherum Vetiver (Koster 2003) Medium size
muricatum (Vermeulen remedy – 692
(Andropogon) 2002) symptoms in
(Archibel 2004) Synthesis 9–
well established
‘essence’ by
Vithoulkas and
Neesgard
Panicum Plume millet
miliaceum
Saccharum Sugar Cane (Koster 2003) Medium size
officinale (Vermeulen remedy – 329
2002) symptoms in
(Archibel 2004) Synthesis 9
Setaria italica Millet Not in Synthesis
9
Sorghum Sorghum No symptoms in
vulgare millet Synthesis 9
Stigmata Cornsilk 19 Symptoms in
maydis wrapping of Synthesis 9
maize fruit
Cymbopogon Lemongrass (Koster 2003) Only 2 symptoms
citrates (Vermeulen in Synthesis 9
2002)
(Archibel 2004)
Cymbopogon Lemongrass No symptoms in
Martini Synthesis 9
Cymbopogon Lemongrass No symptoms in
nardus Synthesis 9
Zea italica Maize (Koster 2003) Only 5 symptoms
(Vermeulen in Synthesis 9
2002)
(Archibel 2004)
Ustilago Corn smut Large remedy-
maydis (Archibel 2004) 581 symptoms in
Synthesis 9
Pooideae Agrostis alba/ 1 symptom for
Agrostis Agrostis vulgare
vulgare only

24
SUBFAMILY SPECIES COMMON INFO SOURCE HOMEOPATHIC
NAME SIGNIFICANCE

Anthoxanthum Sweet (Koster 2003) 13 symptoms

odoratum vernal grass (Vermeulen
2002)
(Archibel 2004)
Avena sativa Common (Koster 2003) 66 symptoms but
oat (Vermeulen mainly used in
2002) tincture form
(Archibel 2004)
Bromus Hairy (Koster 2003) Not in Synthesis
ramosus brome/wild 9
oat
Elymus Dogsgrass (Koster 2003) Not in Synthesis

repens 9

Hordeum Barley (Koster 2003) No symptoms in

vulgaris (Vermeulen Synthesis 9
2002)
(Archibel 2004)
Lolium English rye (Koster 2003) Not in Synthesis
perenne grass (Vermeulen 9
2002)
(Archibel 2004)
Lolium Bearded (Koster 2003) 121 symptoms in
temulentem darnel (Vermeulen Synthesis 9
2002)
(Archibel 2004)
Phleum Timothy (Koster 2003) 3 symptoms in
pratense (Vermeulen Synthesis 9
2002)
(Archibel 2004)
Secale Rye - ergot (Koster 2003) Large remedy –
cornutum (Vermeulen 2875 symptoms
2002) in Synthesis 9
(Archibel 2004)
Triticum Wheat (Koster 2003) 9 symptoms in
vulgare (Vermeulen Synthesis 9
2002)
(Archibel 2004)

From the above table it can be seen that from the 27 grasses or grass based

remedies only the following have significance in the homeopathic literature:

25
Anantherum muricatum, Arundo mauritanica, Avena sativa, Bambusa

arundinaceae, Lolium temulentem, Saccharum officinale, Secale cornutum and

Ustilago maydis.

4.2 Extraction and analysis of common rubrics

At the time of extraction Ustilago maydis did not feature in writer’s knowledge as

major remedy so it was not used in the comparative extraction. All rubrics were

extracted where there were at least two of the above remedies represented, with

the proviso that only rubrics with less than 50 remedies where considered. The

list of 73 common rubrics is in Appendix 1. From this list the writer selected all the

rubrics that convey sensation (see table 2 below). These 18 rubrics were then

ranked from smallest (least amount of remedies) to largest in order to assess the

relative significance of the rubric..

Table 2: Common sensation rubrics from selected Graminae homeopathic

remedies ranked in order from smallest rubric (=+/- greater significance)

Common sensation radar extraction 18-nov-04 anan arund aven bamb lol sec size score

rubrics <50

1931 BACK - FORMICATION - Cervical region 0 1 0 0 0 2 9 3

1286 ABDOMEN - PAIN - burning - Spleen 1 0 0 0 0 1 13 2

924 MOUTH - CRAWLING - Tongue 0 0 0 1 0 2 14 3

1936 BACK - FORMICATION - Spine 0 1 0 0 0 1 17 2

2303 EXTREMITIES - FORMICATION - Shoulder 0 1 0 0 0 1 17 2

679 EAR - PAIN - burning - Meatus 1 1 0 0 0 0 19 2

1073 THROAT - PAIN - burning - extending to – 1 0 0 0 0 1 22 2

26
Common sensation radar extraction 18-nov-04 anan arund aven bamb lol sec size score

rubrics <50

Stomach

2339 EXTREMITIES - HEAT - Foot - burning 0 0 0 1 0 3 33 4

953 MOUTH - ITCHING - Palate 1 1 0 0 0 0 36 2

FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - PAIN - burning –

1683 Uterus 1 0 0 0 0 2 39 3

3062 GENERALS - ALIVE sensation, internally 0 1 0 0 0 1 39 2

1284 ABDOMEN - PAIN - burning - Liver 1 0 0 0 0 1 42 2

1740 LARYNX AND TRACHEA - PAIN - burning 0 0 0 1 0 1 43 2

2305 EXTREMITIES - FORMICATION - Hands 0 1 0 0 0 3 43 4

2411 EXTREMITIES - NUMBNESS - Fingers - Tips of 0 0 0 1 0 2 44 3

3216 GENERALS - KNOTTED sensation internally 0 0 0 1 0 1 48 2

2302 EXTREMITIES - FORMICATION - Upper limbs 0 1 0 1 0 3 49 5

2517 EXTREMITIES - PAIN - burning 0 1 0 1 0 1 50 3

From the 18 rubrics thus selected the most common were formication and

burning pain. Formication is defined as: n. ‘a sensation of ants crawling over the

skin’ (Allen 1990: 463). The writer then used Roget’s Thesaurus (Roget 1972:

380) to find synonyms for formication which is placed in the section -Sensation of

touch. In this section there are the following words: ‘itching etc. titillation,

formication, aura and itch, tingle, creep, thrill, sting, prick, tickle’. Crawling and

itching are represented in the common sensation rubrics e.g. MOUTH –

CRAWLING – Tongue (Bamb. A (1) and Sec (2)) and MOUTH-ITCHING-Palate

(Anan. (1) and Arund. (1)).

27
The other major common sensation is burning which is defined as: (adj.)

‘…ardent, intense…’ (Allen 1990: 150). Burning as an adjective in the Thesaurus

has two main branches: passion and angry. The passion thread has the following

synonyms: passion, excitement, blood boiling, flush, heat, fever, fire, flame.

Burning pain as a Thesaurus category was not used because it conveys symptom

description vs. sensation description.

At this stage the writer searched the Encyclopaedia Homeopathica - limiting the

search to the Graminae family -using the keywords formication, crawling, itching,

creeping, tingling, prickling, stinging, and burning. In general the writer found fairly

significant hits for the major Graminae remedies. The problems faced now were

whether to how to distil the sensations from the irritant group e.g. formication,

crawling, itching, stinging etc. There are too many separate sensations although

they are related. There is also no single sensation that covers the whole

Graminae family. A further problem was to link up the sensation the afore

mentioned irritant group of sensations with the sensations of been burnt, burning,

consumed by fire.

The writer then conducted searches using other common sensations such as:

alive, numbness, and knotted. At least 5 remedies featured in the ‘alive’ category.

Formication, crawling, stinging and itching could be understood as expressions of

the sensation that something is alive inside me and that in this case it is irritating

me. Burning could be linked to the alive sensation via its dictionary definition of

..ardent and intense… and the passion thread of its thesaurus category e.g.

excitement, blood boiling, flush, heat etc. Burning and fire could be seen as an

28
extreme expression of the life force. On reading through the symptoms and case

reports of the Graminae remedies one more aspect became apparent. That is the

form or nature of many of the symptoms experienced, often of an involuntary,

spasmodic and convulsive nature. Thinking about the irritant

symptoms/sensations e.g. formication, stinging etc plus the burning sensations

e.g. ‘…burning in all parts of the body as if sparks were falling on the patient’ -

Secale, someone who is undergoing these symptoms the writer speculated could

express a lack of control as a central sensation.

Therefore the writer searched on ‘control’ and found 8 Graminae remedies viz.

Ust., Sec., Sacch. , bamb-a., ergot., anan., arund., and cyn-d. Selected rubrics

are:

[(Allen 1910) - Ustilago maydis - Mind] - Partial or complete loss of control over

the function of vision and deglutition (Allen 1910).; [(Dewey 1933) - Climacteric

disoders - Ustilago maydis] Often rivals Lachesis in controlling the flooding

during the climaxis. Vertigo is characteristic.

On an emotional level:

[ (Dack 1991)- Ustilago maydis] I feel so intimidated by my husband. He has so

much control, and I just sit there feeling mad and ready to burst .

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Mind] MIND - DESPAIR - destiny;

everything is controlled by (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Mind] MIND - FEAR - self-control,

of losing (Schroyens 2001)

29
On a curative level:

[ (Chatterjee 1994) - Ustilago maydis] An excellent remedy for uterine

haemorrhages, menstrual, post-partum or climacteric. It also controls bleeding

between periods, more so, if it is accompanied by left inflammatory pain. Potency

: 3x.

[(Varma and Vaid 1995) - Cynodon dactylon] Belonging to the natural order of

'Graminae', it has been proved in India for its masterly control over

haemorrhage; dysentery; dropsy; leucorrhoea.

Allied to ‘out of control’ is the concept of involuntary. Searching on involuntary

produced the following results:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Rectum] RECTUM - DIARRHEA -

involuntary - urination; with simultaneous (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Bladder] BLADDER - URINATION -

involuntary - stool – after (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Mind] MIND - GESTURES, makes -

hands; involuntary motions of the (Schroyens 2001)

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Face] - Spasmodic movements of the

facial muscles, with involuntary grimaces, especially on the left side (Allen

1879).

30
[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Stool and anus] - Involuntary stools.

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Urinary organs] - Incontinence of urine,

with involuntary urination when walking, and even at night in bed, during sleep,

as if caused by paralysis of the neck of the bladder.

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Respiratory apparatus] - Spasmodic

cough, like hooping-cough, with vomiting and involuntary urination.

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Generalities] - Eclamptic convulsions,

and involuntary movements of the limbs as in chorea.

[(Julian Undated) - Cynodon dactylon] Involuntary urination while sneezing .

[(Julian Undated) - Cynodon dactylon] Involuntary passing of stools when

urinating or when expelling wind. (Julian Undated)

[(Murphy 1995) - Cynodon dactylon - Kidneys] Urethral pain after urination with

feeling of not having finished. Involuntary urination while sneezing. Frequent and

copious urination.

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis – Breasts] Breasts - BREAST-milk, general -

involuntary flow

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Ustilago maydis - Bladder] BLADDER - URINATION –

involuntary (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Bladder] BLADDER - URINATION -

involuntary - sneezing, when (Schroyens 2001)

31
[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Eye] EYE - CLOSING the eyes –

involuntary (Schroyens 2001)

[(Murphy 1995) - Saccharum officinale - Male] Enormous swelling of scrotum,

right genitals. Increased sexual desire. Frequent involuntary emissions.

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Triticum repens - Bladder] BLADDER - URINATION -

involuntary – night (Schroyens 2001)

However alive and ‘out of control’/involuntary still do not provide enough coverage

on some of the small to medium sized Graminae remedies e.g. Lolium. Therefore

the writer thought of qualifying and extending the internal ‘alive’ sensation and

searched on ‘move’ with the idea of looking for things that people sense moving

inside them. This way the writer came up with the following symptoms:

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Head] - Sensation as if heavy objects

and balls moved about in the head, especially at night and when he lies on the

right side.

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Throat] - Tickling sensation, as if some

live thing were moving about in oesophagus, with fits of suffocating cough.

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Stomach] - Sensation as of worm

moving about in the oesophagus and stomach.

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Abdomen] ABDOMEN -

FULLNESS, sensation of - Umbilicus - moving around; as if a big bubble was

(Schroyens 2001)

32
Another expression of dynamism or movement was quite strange:

[(Vermeulen 1998) - Lolium temulentum] "Sensation at every step that he is

moving backward the same distance and is therefore making no progress."

[Mezger]

and:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Vertigo] VERTIGO - MOTION -

floor; as from motion of the - waves; floor is moving in (Schroyens 2001)

These two symptoms give the writer the idea of grass plants being blown back

and forth by the wind.

To synthesize: the preliminary sensation in Graminae is that of something alive

within that could be irritating or burning, that breaks one’s self control and can

result in uncontrollable/involuntary actions e.g.: spasmodic (hayfever), excessive

(eg. Uterine bleeding, menorrhagia), convulsive, trembling, chorea, jacitation,

shaking, twitching etc. OR a sense of movement within or movement outside

(objective vertigo like symptoms).

4.3 Evidence of proposed sensation in case study material

In a case of Lolium temulentum (Koster 2003), he describes trembling and

‘…restless feeling in her feet…’ as the main complaint (Koster 2003: 101).

33
However the deeper levels of the cases portray the patient as suffering a conflict

between the desire to lead a proper (if not a little mundane) lifestyle and her

clairvoyant experiences. She does not know what to do with her clairvoyant

‘powers’ which are in conflict with her standard religious community so she

represses the emotional debate which appears to lead to loss of control in other

spheres of her life e.g. trembling and migraines (ibid.) Koster also suggests that

the patient experiences the sensation of something foreign or different within cf.

something alive or moving within sensation. In the Koster’s words: “People hang

around her neck”, which he suggests is analogous to a ‘fungal parasite inhabiting

the plant’ (Koster 2003: 104).

Bambusa case: “Feeling of trembling” starting from the stomach, extends to the

whole body (Schuster 1998: 196) – after Silicea LM18 : “…the trembling is better

but sometimes happens at inopportune times…”(Schuster 1998: 197).

Now given Bambusa Q6 – “Cramplike trembling from inside out is gone” .

(Schuster 1998: 199)

Loss of control is described as a major fear in a Saccharum officinale case of a

43 year woman (Smits 1995).

From the above we can see the limitation of the Irritation – involuntary – sense of

internal dynamism hypothesis. It does appear enough in the case studies and

across the spectrum of Graminae remedies. In particular the writer could not find

enough reference in the Bambusa case studies. This was particularly worrying

because of the in depth methodology of Schuster’s work (Schuster 1998).

34
Reviewing Schuster work again the writer was struck by the need to be

‘supported’. He describes many patients who needed to support their heads

during the interview. The writer thought of support as a sensation but decided that

it is actually a response to some other pre –existing sensation. In reading through

the Graminae the writer had noticed ‘heavy and ‘heaviness’ appearing in many

remedies. At that stage writer placed it in the Passive reaction group of

sensations. What would a person needing support feel physically? The writer then

searched Encylcopaedia Homeopathica for: weight, heavy and heaviness and

was surprised to see a wonderful coverage of the Graminae family viz. sec, anan,

ust, arund, sacch, bamb-a, cyn-d, lol, aven., ergot., and tritic.

In particular the sensation of heaviness was often felt in the head – the image it

brings to mind is that of grass plant with a heavy ‘head’ of seed struggling to

remain upright in the face of rain, wind and trampling.

In general terms:

[(Allen 1879) - Secale cornutum - Generalities] - General heaviness,.

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Arundo mauritanica - Generals] GENERALS - HEAVINESS

– Internally (Schroyens 2001)

(Boericke 1927) - Saccharum officinale] Acts as a nutrient and tonic, in wasting

disorders, anaemia, neurasthenia, etc., increasing weight and power.

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Generals] GENERALS -

HEAVINESS – Internally (Schroyens 2001)

35
In mental terms:

[(Vithoulkas 1992) - Arundo mauritanica] It seems that patients who need Arundo

have difficulty in utilising oxygen, and this fault of their organism is perceived by

the patients who become very anxious that they will suffocate with any small

provocation, such as mucus in the throat or a feeling of swelling there. They may

even feel this anxiety, fearing suffocation, when someone comes too close to

them, embraces them tightly, or if they have a close sexual contact. During fever

they may easily fall into a cyanotic state, indicating again either a fault in the

haemoglobin or in the oxygenisation of the blood. The mind becomes dull and

heavy, and they do not want to talk, or to communicate. There is an absence of

ideas, a dullness of mind and indifference to painful sensations. The patient

exhibits stupid hilarity and laughs easily.

[(Banergee 1992) - Avena sativa] -Lightness, Neurasthenia, headache, irritation

of the vertex, giddiness after intercourse, heaviness.

In dreams:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Dreams] DREAMS – HEAVY (Schroyens

2001)

Head:

[ (Allen 1910) - Secale cornutum - Sensorium] - Vertigo: constantly increasing;

with stupefaction and heaviness of head; reeling, inability to stand erect; peculiar

36
feeling of lightness of head, particularly in occiput; as from intoxication; unsteady

gait.

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Anantherum muricatum - Head] HEAD - HEAVINESS - falls

- side; as if head would fall to ones (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Hering 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Sight and eyes] - Sensation of a great

weight on eyelids which keeps them closed.

[(Hering 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Inner head] - As if heavy objects and

balls moved about in head; agg at night and lying on right side.

[(Allen 1879) - Ustilago maydis - General head] - Head feels heavy (fourth day),

[(Allen 1879) - Ustilago maydis - General head] - Dull, heavy, frontal headache,

while walking in the open air, relieved on staying in the warm room, not from

hunger (seventh day), [a12].

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Head] Head - HEAVINESS, sensation,

[(Murphy 1993) - Arundo mauritanica - Eyes] Eyes - HEAVINESS, sensation -

heaviness, eyelids

[_Hom_links - Bambusa arundinacea] It does her good to lean against something

or to prop up her head, and she feels better when sitting and resting her chin on

her hands. The feeling of heaviness and enlargement makes the propping of the

head necessary. She says that her head feels as though it is the size of a

pumpkin.

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Eye] EYE - HEAVINESS – Lids

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Head] HEAD - HEAVINESS - lean

on something, desires to

[(Julian Undated) - Cynodon dactylon] Forehead hot and heavy.

[(Allen 1879) - Lolium temulentum - Head] - Heaviness of the head, [a14].

37
Sleep:

[(Vermeulen 2002) - Secale cornutum] G Sleep deep, heavy, and long.

[(Julian Undated) - Cynodon dactylon] Sleep heavy.

[(Allen 1879) - Lolium temulentum - Sleep] - Sleep unusually heavy, [a13].

Chest:

[(Vermeulen 2000) - Secale cornutum - Sputum] 5 Haemoptysis, usually of

venous blood, & difficult respiration, heaviness of chest, anxious sighing

respiration. 11 Expectoration of blood during violent efforts to breathe. Spitting of

blood, with or without cough.

[(Hering 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Inner chest and lungs] - Heaviness and

stitches in various parts of chest.

[(Hale 1873) - Anantherum muricatum - Heart] Heat and sensation of weight in

the heart, with mournfulness, anguish and fear of death.

Heaviness of stomach and abdomen was also picked up:

[(Allen 1910) - Secale cornutum - Sensations] - Heaviness: of head; in

epigastrium.

[(Allen 1879) - Secale cornutum - Stomach] - Oppression and heaviness at the

stomach(sixth day), [a155].

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Abdomen] ABDOMEN - HEAVINESS –

Hypogastrium

38
[(Julian Undated) - Cynodon dactylon] Abdominal distension, hot stomach,

heavy, with expulsion of burning, irritating gases.

[(Julian Undated) - Ergotinum] Complaints in the uterus and ovarian region,

heaviness of the lower abdomen.

Pelvic areas:

[(Vermeulen 2000) - Secale cornutum - Female] SE 2 Bearing-down sensation &

coldness. 11 Of weight over pubis as if contents of abdomen would fall forward.

PA

[(Allen 1879) - Arundo mauritanica - Aggravation] - (After urinating), Weight;

burning itching in urethra.

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Female] Female - BALL, ovaries, feels like a

heavy, in right - ball, uterus, in, sensation of a

[(Murphy 1993) - Saccharum officinale - Rectum] Rectum - DRAGGING,

sensation, heaviness, weight

[(Murphy 1995) - Triticum repens] "Frequently in dysuria from an inflamed state

of the urethra, Tritic., ten drops in a little water, frequently repeated of prompt

effect often giving complete relief in a few hours and if the ailment is primarily in

the urethra the relief is an abiding cure, if from a tugging of the heavy womb, it is

only relief."

39
In the back:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Back] BACK - HEAVINESS, weight -

Sacral region (Schroyens 2001)

[(Vermeulen 1998) - Ustilago maydis] After the flow, there is backache of a heavy

dragging character which agg. upon exertion; there is vertigo and constant misery

under the left breast at the rib's margin. [Hurd, Pacific Coast Journal of

Homoeopathy, July 1937]

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Back] BACK - HEAVINESS, weight

Cervical region

(Schroyens 2001) Bambusa arundinacea - Back] BACK - HEAVINESS, weight -

In the extremities:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Extremities] EXTREMITIES –

HEAVINESS

[(Murphy 1993) - Arundo mauritanica - Arms] Arms - HEAVINESS, tired arms

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Extremities] EXTREMITIES -

HEAVINESS - Shoulder - coat is too heavy; as if

On the basis of this compelling evidence the writer would say that the sensation

of heaviness is key to the Graminae family.

40
In similar vein someone who needs support could feel weak – have a sensation of

weakness

[(Murphy 1993) - Secale cornutum - Constitutions] Constitutions - WEAKLY,

sickly, constitutions

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Generals] GENERALS – WEAKNESS

(Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Anantherum muricatum - Generals] GENERALS -

WEAKNESS – paralytic (Schroyens 2001)

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Generals] Generals - WEAKNESS, sensation

of being,

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Saccharum officinale - Generals] GENERALS -

WEAKNESS - eating - amel. (Schroyens 2001)

Weak back:

[(Murphy 1993) - Secale cornutum - Back] Back - WEAK, back - weak, lumbar

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Back] BACK – WEAKNESS

(Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Back] BACK - WEAKNESS -

Lumbar region (Schroyens 2001)

41
[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Back] BACK - WEAKNESS -

Lumbar region - stooping, on (Schroyens 2001)

Pelvis:

[(Murphy 1993) - Anantherum muricatum - Bladder] Bladder - WEAK, bladder

[(Murphy 1993) - Secale cornutum - Bladder] Bladder - WEAK, bladder -

sphincter

Extremities:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Extremities] EXTREMITIES -

WEAKNESS - Upper limbs (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Extremities] EXTREMITIES –

WEAKNESS (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Anantherum muricatum - Extremities] EXTREMITIES -

WEAKNESS - Upper limbs – paralytic (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Arundo mauritanica - Extremities] EXTREMITIES -

WEAKNESS - Upper limbs (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Arundo mauritanica - Extremities] EXTREMITIES -

WEAKNESS – Thigh (Schroyens 2001)

Vision:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Vision] VISION – WEAK (Schroyens

2001)

42
Although weakness is a common symptom of all disease it would interesting to

note how much it comes up as a sensation or component of a sensation in the

levels interview method of Sankaran (Sankaran 2002).

Returning to the ‘desire for support’ theme the writer looked up support in Roget’s

Thesaurus and was directed to ‘aid’ which is in turn counterpointed with

‘hindrance’. A synonym of hindrance that is likely to be expressed at the

Sensation level is ‘constriction’. The point that the writer would like to make is that

if someone desires support and is hindered in getting it, he may feel ‘constricted’.

Constriction is found in virtually all the Graminae as a symptom/sensation.

[(Murphy 1993) - Secale cornutum - Generals] Generals - CONSTRICTION,

sensation, external

[(Julian Undated) - Ergotinum] Nervous, paradoxical instability, anguish, with

feeling of constriction in the throat and the epigastrium.

Especially in the abdomen:

[(Murphy 1993) - Secale cornutum - Abdomen] Abdomen - CONSTRICTION, of

[(Murphy 1993) - Secale cornutum - Abdomen] Abdomen - CONSTRICTION, of -

constriction, hypochondria - bandage, as if

43
Chest:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Chest] CHEST - CONSTRICTION -

accompanied by - respiration – complaints (Schroyens 2001)

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Throat] - Debility and attacks of

constriction of the throat, with danger of suffocation.

[(Allen 1910) - Ustilago maydis - Chest] - Constriction with pain.

Back:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Arundo mauritanica - Back] BACK - PAIN - constricting -

Lumbar region (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Back] BACK - PAIN - constricting -

Dorsal region (Schroyens 2001)

Extremities:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Extremities] EXTREMITIES -

CONSTRICTION - Upper arm (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Secale cornutum - Extremities] EXTREMITIES -

CONSTRICTION - Lower limbs (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Arundo mauritanica - Extremities] EXTREMITIES –

CONSTRICTION (Schroyens 2001)

44
[(Vermeulen 1998) - Lolium temulentum - Extremities] Awkwardness of hands,

drops things [1]. Constriction of legs as with a garter [1]. Trembling, cannot hold

a glass of water [1/1]; cannot write [1/1].

Stomach:

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Stomach] - Sensation of fulness and

constriction on the stomach, with total want of appetite, bitter and salty taste.

[(Allen 1879) - Saccharum officinale - Stomach] - Painful constriction of the

stomach,

Pelvis:

[(Allen 1879) - Arundo mauritanica - Generalities] - In women, painful

constriction of the pubis and loins, which prevents walking.

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Female] Female - CONSTRICTING, pain,

genitalia

45
Table 3: Proposed sensations and reactions of the Graminae family of

homeopathic remedies

SENSATION PASSIVE ACTIVE COMPENSATION

REACTION REACTION

Heaviness Numbness Need for Desire support

support
Weakness Parasthesia Itching Desire cooling
Formication Paralysis Spasmodic Desire uncovering
movements
Constriction Heaviness Convulsion Rubbing
ameliorates
Crawling Staggering Jerking Desire to be naked
Tickling Sleeplessness Mind cheerful,
foolish
Tingling Trembling
Pricking
Itching
Alive/moving
(something within
me)
Burning/burnt by
fire/consumed by fire
‘out of
control’/involuntary

4.4 Suggested image of the sensations of the Graminae family

My structure (literal: skeletal and figurative: social) is weak/inadequate thus there

is a feeling of weakness and heaviness (especially top heaviness – head) which

needs to be supported. At the same time there is this something else inside me

46
that is not congruent, something at odds with me, that is expressed in perhaps

formicatory or burning pain sensations, which in turn could lead to ‘out of

control/involuntary’ actions.

4.5 Graminae expressions of need for support

Bambusa: many examples e.g. “This feeling of being overworked and tense,

often combined with the delusion of “not being able to cope” and the resulting

search for help and support is the central idea of Bamboo at the Mind level.”

(Schuster 1998: 226).

[(Schuster 1997)- Bambusa arundinacea] She lies in bed all day long and cannot

take care of the household. Her husband had to stay home from work, then the

mother-in-law had to move in to support her (repeatedly props her head). 'I

cannot manage it, I cannot stay alone, I keep ringing up my twin sister to come.

I'm afraid to be solely responsible for the child. I imagined the relationship with a

child to be more close. I need someone to help me. I feel drawn to my old family, I

am homesick (weeps). The child is all I think about.'

Lolium:

Koster describes a patient who did well on Lolium as: “What she is really looking

for is confirmation she is on the right track, preferably in the form of consent, from

someone with authority and whom she can trust.” (Koster 2003: 102)

47
Saccharum:

The need for support is expressed in an acute fashion:

[ (Smits 1995) - Saccharum officinale] Case: Ralf, a 3 years old boy…Most

striking was his insatiable desire for sweets and chocolate… After three days he

woke up in the night, weeping sadly and wanted to sleep next to his mother and

held tightly in her arms; every time she released him he woke up…

[_(Smits 1995)- Saccharum officinale] Example 1: Stephan is a three year old boy

with chronic ear problems with diminished hearing… He has still (five months

later) an abnormal need for sweets and cuddling, so I continue Sacch. off XMK

once every two months…

[_(Smits 1995) - Saccharum officinale] In children we see the compensation in the

great need for cuddling, the exaggerated sucking of fingers and the biting of nails

(in adult life transformed in a uncontrollable need to smoke), putting everything in

the mouth and touching everything. I often could verify the relation between the

sucking of fingers and the inveterate habit of smoking, many patients admitting

that they changed the first for the latter. I was amazed to find so many adults who

were still sucking their fingers. Many people smoke to reduce or to control their

weight.

48
[(Smits 1995) - Saccharum officinale] Another mechanism frequently met is

loquacity, most patients being not aware of their secret demand for attention.

[(Smits 1995) - Saccharum officinale] Children still have a lot of possibilities for

asking attention: doing pranks, asking again and again for something or doing

things that are forbidden, asking constantly for attention when the parents talk to

someone else, being jealous of their brother or sister. All means can be used by

the child that needs attention: being restless, shouting, fighting, crying, having

pain, being ill, etc.

[(Smits 1995) - Saccharum officinale] In adults these mechanisms can persist or

change to more adult-like forms such as the exaggerated need to possess

objects or to have new things with an everlasting feeling of dissatisfaction. Also

the incapacity to have a deep and lasting relationship, seeking always for a new

love affair and never finding what he is really seeking. He is like a perforated

bucket which you try to fill with all the water you have. There is a fundamental and

profound frustration from early life that cannot be satisfied at the level of actual

life. Only a deep transformation and cure can help such a person and

homoeopathy can be a very effective tool for it.

[(Smits 1995) - Saccharum officinale] Example 3: Karl is a nine year old boy and

extremely restless; he is constantly asking for attention, talks continuously; he is

jealous about his twin brother; he has fear of new situations, of unknown things;

he is very attached to objects and as a little child he touched everything; fears to

miss something; his mother had diabetes during the pregnancy; he is very

obstinate.

49
An interesting example is the relationship between Sacch. patients and their

mothers:

A 29 year old female with pre-menstrual syndrome describes many problems with

her relationship with her mother. “In reality she tried all her life without success to

get her mother’s love and attention.” (Smits 1995)

The mother’s role in the family can be considered that of the primary support

person.

4.6 Miasmatic classification of the Graminae remedies

The Graminae remedies were then classified into miasmatic groups as outlined

by Sankaran (2002: 53). The specific method used was a keyword search of the

Encyclopaedia Homeopathica restricting the search to the Graminae family

(Sankaran 2002: 60).

50
The following keywords were used for the respective miasms:

Acute

Acute, sudden, violent, panic, danger, reflex, escape, helpless, terror, insanity,

fright, alarm, instinctive

Typhoid

crisis, intense, sinking, recover, typhoid, emergency, homesick, intense struggle,

sub-acute, collapse, demanding, impatience, critical period

Malaria

stuck, persecution, unfortunate, colic, neuralgia, paroxysmal, contemptuous,

disobedient, malaria, worms, migraine, periodicity, harassed, hindered,

obstructed, torture, hampered

Ring worm

trying, giving up, irritation, try, ringworm, tinea, acne, discomfort, herpetic

51
Sycosis

fixed, guilt, hide, secretive, warts, tumours, gonorrhea, neurosis, avoidance,

weakness, accepting, covered

Tubercular

hectic, intense, suffocation, trapped, closing, change, activity, freedom, defiant,

tuberculosis, oppression

Cancer

control, perfection, fastidious , superhuman, cancer, expectation, capacity, chaos,

order

Leprous

disgust, contempt, isolation, mutilation, hopeless, oppression, dirty, hunted, tears,

bites, despair, outcast, sadism, repulsion

Syphilis

destruction, homicide, suicide, ulcers, total, impossible, despair, psychosis,

devastation

52
The searches selected rubrics, case study material and clinical information with

the relevant keywords and the ordered the relevant Graminae remedies in terms

of the most amount of ‘hits’ to the least. However one cannot just take this

quantitative ranking as the final word on miasmatic classification. For instance

relatively larger remedies such as, Secale, are found to score highly on all the

miasmatic groups. This is also due to the re-quotation of original sources by many

subsequent authors leading to high repetition indices. The keyword searches are

also useful in excluding remedies from a specific miasm – if the remedy did not

come up at all in terms of the miasmatic keywords, we can assume that the

remedy is either not of that miasm or that it is perhaps too small to be classified

miasmatically at this stage of our homeopathic knowledge. The keyword searches

thus provided a framework for the more detailed and insightful qualitative

methods.

The following qualitative statements were used to guide the miasmatic

classification:

Acute miasm:

“The feeling is of an acute threat and the reaction is strong and

instinctive”(Sankaran 2002: 53).

53
Typhoid miasm:

“The feeling is that of a critical situation which, if properly handled for a critical

period, will end in total recovery. The reaction is and intense struggle against it.”

(Sankaran 2002: 54).

Ringworm miasm:

“It is characterized by an alternation between periods of struggle with anxiety

about success, and periods of despair and giving up” (Sankaran 2002: 54).

Malarial miasm:

“There is an acute feeling of threat that comes up intermittently, in phases,

between which there is an underlying chronic, fixed feeling of being deficient. This

miasm is characterised by sudden, acute manifestations that come up from time

to time, followed by periods of quiescence.” (Sankaran 2002: 54)

Sycosis:

“The feeling is that there is fixed, irremediable weakness within the self. The

action is to attempt to cope with it and hide it from others; hence he covers it up

egotism, compulsive acts, is very secretive, etc. “ (Sankaran 2002: 54)

54
Tubercular miasm:

“The feeling is of intense oppression and a desire for change. The reaction is

intense, hectic activity in order to break free from this oppression.”(Sankaran

2002: 55)

Cancer miasm:

“There is a feeling of weakness and incapacity within, and the need to perform

exceedingly well and live up to very high expectations. The reaction is a

superhuman effort, stretching himself beyond the limits of his capacity. It is

continuous, prolonged struggle which seems to have no end. His survival

depends on it, for failure would mean, death and destruction.” (Sankaran 2002:

55)

Leprosy miasm:

“The feeling is of intense oppression, intense hopelessness, isolation and intense

desire for change.” (Sankaran 2002: 55)

Syphilitic miasm:

“The feeling is that he is faced with a situation beyond salvage, leading to

complete hopelessness and despair. In a desperate effort, he tries to change the

situation and the result is usually destruction.” (Sankaran 2002: 55)

55
The miasmatic keyword search material and the above ‘miasmatic essence

statements’ were used to determine if a particular remedy expressed the ‘total

miasmatic picture’. Using these criteria the results are given below:

Bambusa arundinacea

Bambusa is classified into the cancer miasm.

Cancer in the family is described in a case study. There is also a fear of cancer:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Mind] MIND - FEAR - cancer; of

(Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Mind] MIND - FEAR - cancer; of -

brain tumor (Schroyens 2001)

Control issue feature as follows:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Mind] MIND - FEAR - self-control,

of losing. (Schroyens 2001)

And: [ (Schuster 1997) - Bambusa arundinacea] The pregnancy, which was not

planned, the childbirth and the care for the baby created an additional burden.

Standing up after sitting causes dizziness from hypotension. She would never

drink so much alcohol that she would lose control.

56
[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Mind] MIND - DESPAIR - destiny;

everything is controlled by (Schroyens 2001)

There is a desire to behave in a fastidious way:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Mind] MIND - FASTIDIOUS

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Bambusa arundinacea - Mind] MIND - FASTIDIOUS -

perfect way; wants to perform in a

The main expression of Bambusa could be: If I pull out all the stops, I will get the

support I need to survive!

Arundo mauritanica

Arundo is small remedy with very little if any case studies available. There is no

mention of any specific miasmatic diseases in terms of clinical information. The

mention of periodicity is quite marked so it has attracted the writer’s attention in

terms of the malarial miasm.

[(Vithoulkas 1992) - Arundo mauritanica] Arundo's symptoms have an annual

periodicity; they start in a mild form and then proceed to become more and more

severe, while at the same time there is a tendency for the inflammation of the

upper respiratory tract to descend towards the bronchii. Arundo patients are

somewhat hysterical about such conditions and they are afraid that, with the first

symptoms of mucus accumulating in the bronchii, they will suffocate, that they

57
cannot take in sufficient air. It is not an actual dyspnea but rather a fear that they

may not be able to breathe. During coughing they may get a feeling of obstruction

in the larynx which makes them feel that they cannot expectorate, that they want

to belch and cannot do so, and end up vomiting. It is more a hysterical type of

reaction than real obstruction.

There is worm connection:

[(Vithoulkas 1992) - Arundo mauritanica - Abdomen] Movements in the bowels as

if caused by something alive. Feeling of a worm crawling in the right side of the

abdomen. Wandering pain through the bowels.

Paroxysmal fever is present:

[(Vermeulen 2000) - Arundo mauritanica - Heat] 11 Excessive heat at night.

Feverish paroxysm & burning pain and formication all over body. Febrile

paroxysm & nausea, coldness, thirst, pain in bowels and salivation.

There are neuralgic pains:

[(Boericke 1927) - Arundo mauritanica - Female] - Neuralgic pains from face to

shoulders and pubis.

58
And some mention of obstruction:

[(Hering 1879) - Arundo mauritanica - Cough] - After coughing, larynx

obstructed, prevents wind and sputa from coming up, causing afterwards

vomiting of frothy, viscid matter.

However there are no clear mental or emotional symptoms that point to malaria

miasm, in fact there is a negative symptom e.g. Mind ideas – a deficiency of. We

expect planning and theorizing in the malarial miasm. Therefore the writer cannot

actually claim that Arundo is of the malarial miasm. At this stage it is a possible

suggestion perhaps also informed by the exclusion of the typhoid, sycotic,

tubercular, and syphilis (see table 4).

Anantherum muricatum

Vithoulkas has pointed out the connections between this remedy and the syphilitic

condition:

[(Vithoulkas 1992) - Anantherum muricatum] I am of the opinion that

homosexuality and sexuality in general, when practiced with such self-destructive

intensity as that described above, is the result of suppressed Syphilis.* The

pathology of Anantherum reflects the effects of primary syphilis as well - chancre-

like ulcers of the penis, sores and glandular swellings. Abcesses and Kaposi's

sarcomata are met with this remedy as well, and it is a remedy which should be

59
considered in AIDS patients when they exhibit behavior such as that described

above.

In terms of the syphilis keyword analysis Anan. Featured prominently primarily on

account of the extensive syphilitic ulceration:

[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Male] - An indurated ulcer, like a

chancre, on the penis.

On the mental emotional level:

**[(Allen 1879) - Anantherum muricatum - Generalities] - Great bodily and mental

debility, with melancholy, accompanied with Suicidal ideas, and copious sweat at

the least movement.

And:

[(Vithoulkas 1992) - Anantherum muricatum] Anantherum is a remedy that

stimulates the lower passions of man, most specifically the sexual passions, to

such excess that an individual so affected may be driven mad by the sheer force

of his desire. It creates an insatiable desire to satisfy the sexual urge, driving the

person to repeated sexual contacts. If this urge cannot be satisfied, he is driven to

masturbation. The desire is pathological, indicative of an organism completely out

of check, impulsively driven to actions which could very well lead to its rapid self-

destruction.

60
[(Vithoulkas 1992) - Anantherum muricatum] The intellect becomes dull and

blunted, the memory weakened. Apathy, depression, and Suicidal ideation

supervene, with a constant inclination to weep. And at this stage many

phantasies, visions and hallucinations begin to occur.

On the basis of the above the writer would like to strongly suggest that Anan. is a

remedy of the syphilis miasm, unfortunately the writer could not find any case

study to confirm or deny the existence of a degree of desperation that one would

expect to see in syphilitic remedies.

The main expression of Anan. could be: Support is useless.

Saccharum officinale

Sacch. has components of the typhoid miasm: e.g. [ (Schroyens 2001) -

Saccharum officinale - Mind] MIND - DELUSIONS - bed - sinking - bed is

sinking

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Saccharum officinale - Mind] MIND – HOMESICKNESS.

However it has more elements of the Acute miasm:

61
Much violence:

[(Allen 1879) - Saccharum officinale - Mind] - Violent temper; irritable temper;

quarrelsomeness, [_a1].

[(Allen 1879) - Saccharum officinale - Eye] - Violent ophthalmia, [_a1].

[(Allen 1879) - Saccharum officinale - Nausea and vomiting] - Violent retching,

[_a1].

[(Allen 1879) - Saccharum officinale - Generalities] - Bad effects from violent

anger, [_a1].

[(Allen 1879) - Saccharum officinale - Aggravation] - (Violent anger), Bad effects.

[ (Clarke 1904) - Saccharum officinale - Mind] - Violent temper; irritable;

quarrelsome.

[(Clarke 1904) - Saccharum officinale - Stomach] - Violent retching.

Issues of panic and escape:

[ (Smits 1995) - Saccharum officinale] In January 1994 I saw a very pale eleven

year old thin girl for sleeping problems. She wakes frequently from nightmares,

dreaming that she is persecuted by people, computers, anything and she cannot

escape. She wakes with icy cold face and sweat on her nose. She goes into her

parents bed. She sleeps with a four foot high teddy-bear. She abhors light in her

bedroom, because she is afraid of the shadows. She has curtains around her bed

that have to be closed carefully so that no light can pass. She has a very strong

need for cuddling. She is very sensitive to pain and faints from shocks. She

62
suffers a lot from anticipation, is easily panicked and is performing much less

than she should.

There are sudden expressions of anger etc.:

[ (Smits 1994)- Hay fever - Saccharum officinale] His behavior becomes difficult

after he eats chocolate or sugar: very aggressive; sudden anger; malicious; tries

to hurt his mother by breaking her favorite objects while looking at her with a

malicious smile; very restless, wild, insolent, and foolish behavior.

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Saccharum officinale - Generals] GENERALS - WEAKNESS

– sudden (Schroyens 2001)

Sankaran puts the descriptive age situation of the Acute miasm as that of infancy

and that of the Typhoid miasm as childhood (1-12 years old) (Sankaran 2002:

67). Interestingly there are 23 ‘children in’ of the 111 mind/dream rubrics

extracted from Radar 9.

The majority of the Sacch. cases in Encyclopaedia Homeopathica are of children.

Adults who did well on the remedy also showed child like sides, e.g. in the case of

a 29 year old mother:

[ (Smits 1995)- Saccharum officinale] A.: Oh yes, definitely I have more space for

others. I always had a difficult contact with my daughter and now our relation is

much easier. In the relation with my husband there is a complete change,

because when I didn't feel well I wanted him to touch me like a child. Now I can

63
give my love to him, instead of only asking for it, as I did with my mother. I feel

free now and every day I am still astonished about myself. I subscribed to a

course for masonry to make alterations in our house, because my husband

doesn't have time. I even didn't discuss this with him, I just did it, simply as if I

was always used to.

Quite a few cases refer to the similarity between the Sacch. and the Acute miasm

remedies Belladona and Stramonium:

[_(Smits 1995)- Saccharum officinale] …Often this is coupled with the fear of

being abandoned (a strong feature in Saccharum). The child has a tremendous

fear of being separated from the mother and is following her constantly, wanting

to stay in physical contact with her by being carried, holding her hand or sitting on

her lap. If he wakes up in the night, anxious, screaming for his parents, he often

can be consoled only when he can lie in close physical contact with his mother,

as several mothers told me 'as if he or she wants to creep into me' (DD Stram.).

Of course this behaviour closely resembles Stramonium.

[_(Smits 1995)- Saccharum officinale] Belladonna has in common with Sacch.

off.: the congestion of the head and flushes, the restlessness, the aversion for

warm food, vegetables and milk, the aggressiveness with striking and kicking; the

waking from fright, the bed wetting, the maliciousness; the irritability on waking,

the impulse to touch everything, the changeable mood and defiance.

Overall the writer feels that placing Sacch. in the Acute miasm is reasonable

choice that can be made with a fair degree of conviction.

64
The main expression of Saccharum could be: I need support immediately!

Stigmata maydis

This is not a remedy that the writer would usually even consider for miasmatic

analysis on the basis of its paucity of symptoms, however the remedy came up in

the miasmatic keyword analysis in two directions:

On the one hand:

[(Boericke 1927) - Stigmata maydis - Urinary] - Renal lithiasis; nephritic colic;

blood and red sand in urine.

[(Boericke 1927) - Stigmata maydis - Urinary] - Shucks (as a decoction used for

chronic malaria, teaspoonful doses freely. Dr .E. C. Lowe, England).

[(Clarke 1904) - Stigmata maydis] - Malaria, chronic (Sh.).

[(Clarke 1904) - Stigmata maydis] - Renal colic (St.).

[(Clarke 1904) - Stigmata maydis] - "Shuck tea" is a popular remedy for chronic

malaria.

[(Clarke 1904) - Stigmata maydis] - Renal colic, Oc. c.

[(Clarke 1904) - Stigmata maydis] - Malaria, Malar.

65
But on the other hand:

[ (Blackwood 1906) - Stigmata maydis] - It is useful in chronic vesical catarrh,

when the urine contains an excess of mucus and is ammoniacal, also in chronic

gonorrhoea, when the prostatic gland is involved and urination is painful.

[(Boericke 1927) - Stigmata maydis] * Uric and phosphatic Gonorrhoea.

[(Boericke 1927) - Stigmata maydis - Urinary] - Gonorrhoea.

[(Clarke 1904) - Stigmata maydis] - Gonorrhoea, chronic (St.).

[(Clarke 1904) - Stigmata maydis] - (6) Chronic gonorrhoea, prostate involved,

painful urination.

There is no further information in terms of generalities or mental/emotional

symptoms to further differentiate the remedy. Vermeulen (Vermeulen 2000: 1474)

states: “Has marked urinary symptoms…”, so perhaps it is more of a Sycotic

miasm remedy. At this point it is an academic exercise of little importance due to

our extremely limited knowledge of this remedy, so the writer thinks it is not

important to classify Stigmata.

Ustilago maydis

Ustilago. has been the most difficult remedy to classify miasmatically. Aspects of

the malarial, ringworm, sycotic, tubercular and cancer miasm were highlighted by

the miasmatic keyword search.

The writer’s main suspect is the ringworm miasm for the following reasons:

66
It is primary choice according to the miasmatic keyword search – 20 out of 29

pages of information. As stated earlier one cannot take the quantitative aspect of

the keyword search as gospel, however it is significant when a ‘small’ remedy is

so prominent.

It is the only Graminae remedy with a mention of Tinea: [(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago

maydis - Diseases] Diseases - TINEA, general - tinea, capitis, favosa.

Still on the physical lesion level there is ringworm:

[(Burt 1883) - Ustilago maydis - Skin] - On face and neck, it came in patches like

ringworm (herpes circinatus), but not vesicular.

There is plenty of irritation and irritability at all levels:

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Ustilago maydis - Female genitalia/sex] FEMALE

GENITALIA/SEX - IRRITATION – Ovaries (Schroyens 2001)

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Ustilago maydis - Throat] THROAT – IRRITATION

(Schroyens 2001)

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Mind] Mind - IRRITABILITY, general -

emission, after

67
[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Mind] Mind - IRRITABILITY, general - fever,

during

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Mind] Mind - IRRITABILITY, general -

pollutions, after

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Mind] Mind - IRRITABILITY, general -

questioned, when

[(Murphy 1993) - Ustilago maydis - Mind] Mind - IRRITABILITY, general - spoken

to, when

More importantly case study information reveals the ‘essence’ of the miasm:

[ (Dack 1991) - Ustilago maydis] But I would like to try to get pregnant. He

(gynecologist) says that it's not very likely.

[ (Dack 1991) - Ustilago maydis] Sometimes the stress is too much. ÄI just want

to blow up - fear and anxiety (2)Ä. He has taken the keys to my car and has

threatened to take the credit cards. I try not to react, but I feel so helpless and

small. ÄI feel terrified of him (2)Ä. I feel like a child, like he has all the control.

[ (Dack 1991) - Ustilago maydis] I don't know why I want to get pregnant. I think

maybe I am trying somehow to connect us again.

Interestingly Ustilago is a fungal infection of the maize seed and ringworm is a

fungal infection as well.

68
There are no other mentions of ‘trying’ amongst the other grass remedies, so on

balance the writer would say that Ustilago is best described as a Ringworm

miasm remedy.

The main expression of Ustilago could be: Trying to get support

Secale cornutum

Due to the prior work on this remedy classified as a ‘keynote or signature’

Leprosy miasm remedy by Sankaran (Sankaran 1997: 225; Sankaran 2002: 55) it

has been difficult to classify under any other miasmatic category.

There is oppression, dirtiness, biting, loathing, despair and disgust:

[(Allen 1910) - Secale cornutum - Characteristics] - The small one would dry up

leaving no cicatrix, but the large ones would fill slowly with a bright yellow pus-like

material, or at times a bloody, watery serum, remaining open for days, having

extremely painful edges and base, and discharging towards its close a thick,

dirty, offensive serum.

[(Allen 1910) - Secale cornutum - Characteristics] - Upon entering a rye mill, had

a sensation of constriction in the throat, great difficulty in breathing; difficult

inspiration; expiration accompanied by soreness all over the chest; oppression

of the chest; soreness of the chest; intercostal pains; pricking of the tongue.

[(Allen 1910) - Secale cornutum - Mind] - Mania: with inclination to bite; with

inclination to drown.

69
(Allen 1879)- Secale cornutum - Mind] - Loathing of life; despair (tenth day),

[(Allen 1910) - Secale cornutum - Appetite, thirst, desires, aversions] - Disgust

for food, especially for meat and fatty things.

And if that is not enough there is contempt as well:

[(Allen 1910) - Secale cornutum - Mind] - Paralytic mental diseases; treats his

relations contemptuously and sarcastically; wandering talk and hallucinations;

apathy and complete disappearance of the senses.

According to Sankaran the contempt expressed towards his relations is a reaction

to his delusion that he is considered contemptible by his relations (Sankaran

2000: 458).

In the writer’s view there is much argument for a different classification other than

the Leprosy miasm for Sec.

The main expression of Secale could be: I am not worthy of support

Other Graminae remedies

Cynodon dactylon: The writer cannot make any positive suggestion for this small

remedy. It did feature in the miasmatic keyword analysis but is generally excluded

from the acute, malaria, and syphilis miasm (see table 4).

70
Lolium temulentum is a small remedy that has been covered in contemporary

literature (Koster 2003), but the writer was unable to classify it miasmatically.

Triticum is an even smaller remedy but could possibly have a sycotic nature on

the basis of the following evidence:

[(Murphy 1993) - Triticum repens - Male] Male - GONORRHEA, infection,

[(Murphy 1995) - Triticum repens] Tritic. is an excellent remedy in excessive

irritability of the bladder, dysuria, cystitis, gonorrhea. Chronic bladder irritability.

Strangury, pyelitis, enlarged prostate. Incontinence, constant desire. Frequent,

difficult and painful urination. (Pop.) Catarrhal and purulent discharges. (Pareira.)

Urine is filled with gravel and sediment which causes irritation of the mucous

surfaces. Always blowing nose.

[(Petersen 1905) - Triticum repens] Use: A mild, nonirritating diuretic. Allays

urinary irritation, increases renal secretion. We think of it in prostatitis, pyelitis,

purulent or catarrhal cystitis, irritable conditions of the bladder, gonorrhoea and

in fevers where a mild diuretic is desirable to increase secretion of urine. Give in

form of an infusion or the tincture, 5 to 60 drops in 1/2 to a tumbler of water 3 to 4

times a day, as the case may demand.

[ (Schroyens 2001) - Triticum repens - Urethra] URETHRA - DISCHARGE –

gonorrhoeal

Avena sativa although widely used – primarily or perhaps almost exclusively, as a

herbal tonic, does not reveal any clear miasmatic tendency.

71
 PSORA ACUTE TYPHOID MALARIA RINGWORM SYCOSIS TUB CANCER LEPROUS SYPHILLIS

REMEDY

BAMB -- -- -- -- ++ -- --

ARUNDO -- ?+ -- -- --

CYNODON -- -- --

ANAN -- -- -- -- +++

SACC ++ -- -- -- --

STIGMATA +? +?

USTILAGO -- + -- --

AVENA -- --

LOL -- -- --

SEC +++ --

TRITICUM -- +?

ERGOT -- -- --

Table 4: Suggested miasmatic classification of selected Graminae remedies used

in homeopathy (+ = positive association & - = negative association)

72
CHAPTER 5: CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE GRAMINAE REMEDIES

5.1 Graminae and the Fungal connection

It appears that nearly all Graminae have some form of fungal relationship either in

a more symbiotic way via root mycorrhiza or via asexually reproducing

endophytes, or in a parasitic way via sexually reproductive fungi.

Fungal endophytes live in a symbiotic relationship (most of the time) with many

Graminae species. The fungus confers greater drought resistance, resistance to

pest attack, overgrazing (causing staggering and collapse in grazing animals).

Overall endophyte infected grass are expected to be more competitive especially

under stressful conditions (Anonymous 1999). In return the grass plant provides

carbon based sustenance for the endophyte. The endophyte survives and

spreads by inhabiting the intercellular spaces of the host plant and invading the

seed as it forms. When this endophyte infested seed germinates the endophyte

spread and existence is guaranteed. This is the asexual mode of reproduction.

However under certain environmental conditions the fungus creates a fruiting

body on the outside of the seed which actually destroys the seed preventing the

grass plant from reproducing (Pennisi 2003: 774). Examples of this parasitic

infestation in the homeopathic world are Secale, Ustilago and Lolium.

At one level it begs the question whether remedies like Secale, Lolium and

Ustilago should be considered as fungal remedies or should they be considered

as Graminae remedies. Encyclopaedia Homeopathica (EH) puts them in the

73
Graminae group. In fact EH suggests Secale and Bambusa as the two archetypal

remedies of the Graminae family. However it also regards Secale as a fungal

remedy and more especially an archetypal fungal remedy!

Given the amount of Grass-fungi remedies the writer would have expected more

fungal sensations to have come up in the common extractions, if indeed Secale,

Ustilago and Lolium are to be considered as primarily fungi. Sankaran (2003: 6)

lists the sensations of fungi as: burrowing, invading, digging, excoriating, eroding,

danger, strength, super human control. In the writer’s view Secale, Ustilago and

Lolium should be primarily considered as Graminae with a fungal influence.

Delirium and staggering could be seen as fungal influences ‘caused’ by fungal

alkaloids such as lysergic acid amide.

The sensation of ‘something alive/moving within me’ and the various formications

and burning pains could also reflect the substantial fact of the fungal endophyte

co-existing within the grass plant.

On more speculative/imaginative level there is a connection between life, fungus

and the grass plants. In bread making it is the addition of the fungal yeast which

gives ‘life’ to the rather stolid and heavy wheat dough. And we say that: “Bread is

the Staff of Life”.

74
5.2 Minerals in Graminae

Bambusa (and perhaps the other reed grasses) is very high in silica (Schuster

1998: 11). Viewing a comparative extraction of Bambusa and Silicea terra –

Radar 9 gave 674 rubrics in common which is significant considering 1233 rubrics

for Bambusa alone. Perhaps many Bambusa patients are mistaken as those

requiring Silicea. Using a group analytic techniques such the ‘levels’ method

described by Sankaran (2004b) can help differentiate between the different

kingdoms and sub-groups.

I am not sure what the comparative mineral makeup is for the other Graminae

remedies and it is beyond the scope of this project to do such a study.

5.3 Clinical aspects to the Graminae remedies

The following clinical conditions were noted:

1) Allergic rhinitis

2) Male Sexual system – especially for the consequences of excessive sex.

3) Urinary system

4) Female sexual system – especially hemorrhagic conditions

We need to ask whether these focal areas are especially prominent in the

Graminae remedies or whether they reflect the general lack of proving seen in the

grass family. In the writer’s view is that there is something specific about the

75
Graminae remedies and the above mentioned conditions, however it is probably

not crucial at this stage of the group analysis project to answer these questions.

5.4 Graminae, vigour and usage

Koster (2003: 104) notices that his Lolium patient wants to be of use to others

and sees herself as less importance. He suggests that this could be a common

theme in the Graminae remedies. Searching on keywords of usage, useful,

service, servile etc. did not yield significant results. Before rejecting his

hypothesis outright we need to consider that this could be because of the dearth

of in depth Graminae cases.

From a Grassland Ecology perspective there are compelling reasons to

investigate the ‘desire to give service/use’ theme further. Virtually all grass plants

require regular defoliation whether in the form of fire, grazing or mowing in order

to survive. In experimental studies natural grasslands were protected from all

forms of defoliation over a period of years. In time it was noticed that the grass

plants lost their vigour, became moribund and died out to be replaced by shrubs

and trees (Tainton 1981: 266). On the other hand excessive ‘use’ in the form of

grazing, mowing and fire will also wear done the natural vigour of grasses leading

to their replacement by initially more hardy grass plants and later on by resistant

forbs (non-grass herbs) and shrubs. So grass plants require a modicum of

usage/defoliation if they are to survive.

76
Mention must also be made of effect of burning on grassland ecology. Many

natural grasslands require burning in order to maintain their species composition

and vigour, Tainton describes the high rainfall, high altitude grasslands of

KwaZulu Natal as being ‘Fire Climax Grasslands’ (Tainton 1981: 366). The co-

evolution of grass plants and fire (initiated by nature- lightning strikes and

prehistoric man) is interesting because we notice burning pain featuring strongly

amongst the Graminae remedies.

77
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

6.1 Information limits on plant family group analysis

It is clear that the Graminae are a small family in terms of homeopathic rubrics. In

the past the response has been to create supergroups e.g. the Liliiflorae as per

Sankaran (Sankaran 2002: 364) which is composed of 10 related plant families.

For research purposes the writer did not go that route and attempted to analyse

the Graminae group alone. The writer could have created a super group of the

Subclass Commelinoids, this would have added 7 botanical families but only

marginally increased the total number of Encyclopaedia Homeopathica listed

remedies from 17 to 27. Furthermore none of the 10 extra remedies are

homeopathically significant.

Strong sensations emerged from the original extractions e.g. the irritant and

burning sensations and by a degree of lateral extrapolations the probable central

sensation of the family –heaviness- has been proposed. However the main

problem is the lack of cured case studies to test out the proposed sensation.

Even when there are many cured cases studies there is generally a lack of depth

in the reporting of the case study. By this the writer means the patients own

words are not available or the salient parts that demonstrate the ‘sensation’ are

not reported on. To advance the cause of refining and testing the proposed

sensation for the Graminae and other plant families, we need to develop a

78
network of information sharing that provides as much verbatim and depth

reporting as possible.

Most small remedies are unlikely to have adequate mental and emotional

symptoms to determine a central theme/essence as done by Sankaran (1997:

intro) and Vithoulkas (1988: i). The Graminae remedies generally exhibit this

limitation except for Bambusa (well proven) and to some extent Anantherum. The

solution is to rely much more heavily on physical generalities in these

circumstances.

The miasmatic classification of the remedies was a more clear cut project except

obviously for the very small remedies.

Overall plant families smaller than the Graminae are perhaps too small for group

analysis unless there are sufficient in-depth cured case studies to corroborate the

findings.

An important question when dealing with a large plant family that is not much

known in homeopathy is: To what extent are the members of the family not used

as remedies because they have no inherent utility or because is because their

properties are not known. The extensive picture produced by the proving of

Bambusa (Schuster 1998) leads me to consider the latter proposition. However

the nature of the Graminae family is that of similarity –difficult to identify and

classify on external features- and perhaps it is the selection of iconic species

such as Bamboo that lead to a well developed and unique remedy picture. The

79
writer therefore suggests that selection of other Graminae candidates for proving

should be on the basis of their iconic status.

Reading the proving and subsequent analysis of Bambusa was crucial to

determining the probable sensation of the Graminae family viz. heaviness leading

to a need for support. Thus the writers suggests that in order to conduct a useful

group analysis of a small family it is important to check if at least one remedy

from the group has been well proven with enough of the patient’s verbatim

dialogue to at least offers clues of the sensation level expressions.

6.2 Evaluation of group analysis method of homeopathic case taking

As cautioned in the literature review group analysis that is incorrectly done could

deliver highly unreliable and misleading results.

To overcome these problems we can look at what social science suggests. Yin

(1994: 90) in his excellent book on ‘Case Study Research’ says we need to use

multiple sources of evidence and that these sources need to be ‘triangulated’ to

create as small as possible ‘triangle of uncertainty’. In practice this means to

corroborate the ‘vital sensation’ from generals, dreams, hobbies, main complaint

etc.

He also requires that we maintain the integrity of case study database. In the

case of homeopathy it means we should keep an unedited and complete

transcript of the case without any comments for further evaluation. A videotape of

80
the case would be even better because it supplies non-verbal information related

to the ‘Sensation’ and ‘Energy’ levels.

6.3 Suggestions for further research

The work on group analysis of the plant families needs to go on. There is a

tremendous backlog. Before undertaking research on plant family the writer would

suggest making sure that there is at least one remedy within the group that is well

proven, and well documented in terms of case studies. What is most useful is the

transcripts of the patient’s actual words. Obviously families with a degree of

homeopathic significance need to be selected. Perhaps super grouping of small

families would also make sense. For example, there is no way that the small extra

10 remedies of the Commelinoids (the sub class of which the Graminae are a part

of) should be analysed alone. It would make sense in this case to test if the

extrapolation of the Graminae family sensations apply to the other Commelinoids.

Corroboration of the proposed sensation of the Graminae family would require

analysis of more cured case depth studies. It is beyond the scope of this project

to launch an intensive world-wide search for such information. However it may

make a good study to actively survey homeopaths to collate unpublished

Graminae cases.

More high quality provings would also help refine the proposed Graminae

sensations. A suggestion is Triticum (wheat) so universally used yet also a

considerable source of allergies and food intolerances.

81
In terms of the extensive fungal involvement of the Graminae it could be

interesting to differentiate between the overt fungal remedies e.g. Secale,

Ustilago and Lolium and between the other grass based remedies e.g. Bambusa,

Anantherum and Arundo.

6.4 Last word

The outcome of the research demonstrates the applicability of Sankaran’s

method of group analysis to unexplored plant families, even a small family like the

Graminae. As a research method it is fairly demanding and time consuming, a fair

amount of lateral investigation is necessary, and it is difficult to predict when and

exactly how adequate results will be obtained. However, the writer wishes to

report that he enjoyed the process – perhaps it could be described as something

akin to code breaking ala ‘The da Vinci Code’.

82
APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Common rubrics from selected Graminae remedies

Common radar extraction 18-nov-04 anan arund aven bamb lol sec size score
rubrics <50
37 MIND - CHEERFUL - foolish, and 1 1 0 0 0 0 16 2
79 MIND - DELIRIUM - wild 0 0 0 0 1 1 35 2
231 MIND - NAKED, wants to be 0 0 0 1 0 2 17 3
439 HEAD - PAIN - vomiting 0 0 0 1 0 1 27 2
615 EYE - WILD look 1 0 0 0 0 1 37 2
616 EYE – WINKING 1 0 0 1 0 0 45 2
679 EAR - PAIN - burning - Meatus 1 1 0 0 0 0 19 2
747 NOSE - OBSTRUCTION - left 0 0 0 1 0 1 41 2
763 NOSE – POINTED 1 0 0 0 0 1 25 2
770 NOSE - SNEEZING - cold - air; in 1 0 0 1 0 0 14 2
838 FACE - EXCORIATION - Mouth; corners of 0 1 0 1 0 0 31 2
859 FACE - PAIN – left 0 1 0 2 0 0 50 3
863 FACE - PAIN – Bones 1 0 0 1 0 0 45 2
911 FACE – ULCERS 1 0 0 1 0 0 26 2
924 MOUTH – CRAWLING - Tongue 0 0 0 1 0 2 14 3
953 MOUTH - ITCHING - Palate 1 1 0 0 0 0 36 2
1009 TEETH - CRUMBLING 1 0 0 0 0 1 23 2
THROAT - PAIN - burning - extending to –
1073 Stomach 1 0 0 0 0 1 22 2
1116 STOMACH - APPETITE - ravenous - night 1 0 0 1 0 0 20 2
1153 STOMACH – NIGHT 0 0 0 0 1 1 45 2
1187 STOMACH - VOMITING - evening 0 0 0 1 0 1 26 2
1284 ABDOMEN - PAIN - burning - Liver 1 0 0 0 0 1 42 2
1286 ABDOMEN - PAIN - burning - Spleen 1 0 0 0 0 1 13 2
RECTUM - DIARRHEA - night - midnight - after -
1339 4 h 0 0 0 1 0 1 10 2
1400 STOOL – SHOOTING out 0 0 0 2 0 2 43 4
1532 FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - CONGESTION 0 0 0 1 0 1 23 2
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - CONGESTION –
1533 Ovaries 0 0 0 1 0 1 41 2
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - CONGESTION –
1535 Uterus 1 0 0 0 0 2 44 3
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - DISPLACEMENT of
1542 uterus 1 0 0 0 0 1 50 2
1559 FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - INFLAMMATION 1 0 0 0 0 2 44 3
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - LEUKORRHEA –
1569 brown 0 0 0 1 0 2 41 3
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - LEUKORRHEA –
1577 greenish 1 0 0 0 0 2 41 3
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - MENSES - clotted -
1603 dark clots 0 1 0 0 0 2 41 3
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - MENSES - ropy,
1624 tenacious, stringy 0 0 0 1 0 1 21 2
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - METRORRHAGIA –
1632 black 0 1 0 0 0 2 32 3
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - METRORRHAGIA –
1636 coagulated 0 1 0 0 0 1 47 2

83
Common radar extraction 18-nov-04 anan arund aven bamb lol sec size score
rubrics <50
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - PAIN - Uterus -
1672 menses – before 0 2 0 0 0 1 28 3
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - PAIN - burning –
1683 Uterus 1 0 0 0 0 2 39 3
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - PAIN - pressing –
1706 Uterus 1 0 0 0 0 2 36 3
1719 FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - SENSITIVENESS 0 0 0 1 0 1 29 2
1740 LARYNX AND TRACHEA - PAIN - burning 0 0 0 1 0 1 43 2
1804 CHEST - ATROPHY - Mammae 1 0 0 0 0 2 29 3
1832 CHEST - MILK - increased 1 1 0 0 0 0 28 2
CHEST - PALPITATION of heart - waking, on –
1893 suddenly 1 0 0 0 0 1 9 2
1931 BACK - FORMICATION - Cervical region 0 1 0 0 0 2 9 3
1936 BACK - FORMICATION - Spine 0 1 0 0 0 1 17 2
EXTREMITIES - ERUPTIONS - Upper limbs –
2254 pustules 0 1 0 0 0 1 41 2
2272 EXTREMITIES - ERUPTIONS - Leg 0 1 0 0 0 2 44 3
2276 EXTREMITIES - ERUPTIONS - Foot 2 0 0 0 0 1 34 3
2302 EXTREMITIES - FORMICATION - Upper limbs 0 1 0 1 0 3 49 5
2303 EXTREMITIES - FORMICATION - Shoulder 0 1 0 0 0 1 17 2
2305 EXTREMITIES - FORMICATION - Hands 0 1 0 0 0 3 43 4
2322 EXTREMITIES - GANGRENE - Foot 0 0 0 0 1 3 10 4
2339 EXTREMITIES - HEAT - Foot - burning 0 0 0 1 0 3 33 4
EXTREMITIES - NAILS; complaints of - brittle
2390 nails 1 0 0 0 0 1 31 2
EXTREMITIES - NAILS; complaints of - distorted
2391 nails 1 0 0 1 0 1 27 3

2396 EXTREMITIES - NAILS; complaints of - thick nails 1 0 0 0 0 1 24 2

2411 EXTREMITIES - NUMBNESS - Fingers - Tips of 0 0 0 1 0 2 44 3
2517 EXTREMITIES – PAIN - burning 0 1 0 1 0 1 50 3
2650 EXTREMITIES - PERSPIRATION - Foot - profuse 0 1 0 0 0 1 37 2
2684 EXTREMITIES - SWELLING - Fingers - morning 0 0 0 1 0 1 8 2
2689 EXTREMITIES - SWELLING - Foot - Sole 0 1 0 1 0 0 18 2
2716 EXTREMITIES - ULCERS - Hand 2 0 0 0 0 2 13 4
2720 EXTREMITIES - ULCERS - Foot 2 0 0 0 0 2 36 4
2721 EXTREMITIES - ULCERS - Foot - Sole 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 2
EXTREMITIES - WEAKNESS - Hand - writing –
2736 while 0 0 0 1 2 0 15 3
2772 SLEEP - SLEEPLESSNESS - drunkards; in 0 0 1 0 0 2 12 3
3002 SKIN - ERUPTIONS - whitish 1 0 0 0 0 1 27 2
3062 GENERALS - ALIVE sensation, internally 0 1 0 0 0 1 39 2
3067 GENERALS - ATROPHY - Glands, of 1 0 0 0 0 2 26 3
3070 GENERALS - BATHING - hot bathing - agg. 0 0 0 1 0 2 18 3
GENERALS - FOOD and DRINKS - meat -
3161 aversion – fat 0 0 0 1 0 1 9 2
GENERALS - FOOD and DRINKS - sour drinks –
3172 desire 1 1 0 0 0 1 34 3
3216 GENERALS - KNOTTED sensation internally 0 0 0 1 0 1 48 2
3246 GENERALS - PARALYSIS - diphtheria - after 0 0 1 0 0 1 41 2

84
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