LANGUAGE CHANGE

The Lecturer: Ayu Indari, S.Pd.I, M.Hum

Subject: Sociolinguistics

Presented by

Group 10 (PBI-1/6th Semester) :

 Ahmad Adjie (0304173152)

 Dinda Dwi Anggraini (0304172146)

 Ulfa Hikmah (0304173176)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHING TRAINING

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

2020
 PREFACE

Firstly we would like to thanks to Allah SWT for helping us and give us

health to finish this assignment, and we would like to thanks to our lecture M’am,

Ayu Indari, S.Pd.I, M.Hum who teach us the knowledge of Sociolinguistics. Also

we are so thankfull for our parent who always support us for our study.

Here, we have finished the assignment to make this paper, from the

Sociolinguistics subject. We are realized this paper so far from perfect and still

need improvements to make it better for the next paper. We hope this paper will

usefull for other people. We need critical and suggestion to make it better.

We really sorry if there’s have some mistakes, and thank you.

Medan, March 2020

PREFACE................................................................................................................. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1

1.1Background of Study ........................................................................ 1

1.2 Formulation of Problem ................................................................... 2

1.3Objectives of Study .......................................................................... 2

CHAPTER II – DISCUSSION................................................................................ 3

2.1Language Change............................................................................... 3

2.2 Language Change Types................................................................... 4

2.3 The Development of Language Change............................................ 6

CHAPTER III – CLOSING.................................................................................... 7

3.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 7

3.2 Suggestion.........................................................................................7

REFERENCES......................................................................................................... 8
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Language is part of linguistic field. Linguistics deals with human language. Human

language is just one way in which people communicate with each other, or gather information

around them. Many linguists have made contributions to this wider field. Campbell says that

early developments in linguistics were considered part of philosophy, rhetoric, logic,

psychology, biology, pedagogy, poetics, and religion, making it difficult to separate the

history of linguistics from intellectual history in general, and, as a consequence, work in the

history of linguistics has contributed also to the general history of ideas.1

Language change as a concept and as a subject of linguistic investigation is often

regarded as something separate from the study of language in general. Recent research into

the topic, however, has strived to highlight the continual nature of change and to emphasize

that the synchronic and diachronic views of change can be unified, providing a panchronic

perspective in which the relevance of small changes observed in the present can be shown to

hold for larger scale changes in the past.

Language change and development national, international or ethnic language cannot be

avoided. They are caused by acculturation of culture. This case can be caused by speaker

moves to other places. If someone or speaker moves to new place, the speaker will influence

of new society, so there are new dialect, find of the new word , even syntactic structure

language also change. Language can change and develop by itself slowly.Language can

change and development because of adaptation of development and pattern change and

system of society life, such as level of education, social, culture and technology mastery.

1
TrisnaDinillahHarya. Language Change and Developmen. Historical Linguistics.Premise
Journal.lampung: 2016. Vol (5)(1). Hlm: 105

1
1.2 Problem of Formulation

1.2.1 What is language change?

1.2.2 What language change types are?

1.2.3 How the development of language change?

1.3 Objectives

To know what is language change, what types of language change types and know about

the development of language change.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Language Change

Language change is a phenomenon studied both by historical linguists and

sociolinguists. Language change is the phenomenon where by phonetic, morphological,

semantic, syntactic, and others features of language vary over time. Historical linguists

study basically the change of languages overtime (diachronic change ) and examine how

languages were used in the past and how they relate to one another.2

Language varies in three major ways which are interestingly interrelated – over

time, in physical space and socially. Language change – variation over time – has its

origins in spatial (or regional) and social variation. The source of change over time is

always current variation. So the regional and social variants described in the previous

three chapters provide the basis for language change over time. 3

The way languages change offers insights into the nature of language itself. The

possible answers to why languages change tell us about the way language is used in

society, about how it is acquired by individuals and may reveal to us information about its

internal organization. There is no simple explanation for why languages change. This is

an area in which there is much speculation and little proof. The area is an interesting and

fruitful one but there are few if any direct answers.4 Language change causes :

a. Economia

The principle of least effort is one of the basic and most used explanations for

many language change.

2
Sholihatul Hamidah.2019. Language and Society. Lembaga Peduli Pendidikan Indonesia: Medan.
Hlm: 96
3
Janet Holmes. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Routletge: New York. Hlm: 315
4
TrisnaDinillahHarya......hlm:106

3
 b. Analogia

A linguistics process that reduces words which are perceived as irregular by

making them similar to other regular forms.

c. Language Contact

Languages come into contact with each other. The most common way that

languages influence each other is the exchange of words especially if there is

lexical a gap in language.

d. Language Acquisition

Language acquisition by childern is concidered the main origin of language

change because the child’s inner grammar may differ from the adult’s.

e. Sociolinguistic Explanation

It is assumed that we can infer how a language will vary over time if we analyze

the linguistic behavior of different age groups at certain point in time.5

2.2 Language Change Types

Language is always changing pronunciations evolve, new words are borrowed or

invented, the meaning of old words drifts, and morphology develops oe decays. There are

three major types of language change: lexical, grammatical and sound level. Lexical level

refers to changes in the meaning of words:

1. Loss lexical items-same phonemic structure but different meaning.

Eg. “refrigerator” fridge

2. Change of meaning semantic change due to historical or psychological factors.

3. Creation of new lexical items.

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Sholihatul Hamidah.......96

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 e.g. External:from French words – “crown”, “power”, Internal: “birds” as “girl” from

“bride”.6

Language change offers evidence for the autonomy, but interconnection, of linguistic

levels. While there is general consensus on the organization of language as an arrangement of

subsystems, there is equal insistence on the fact that these subsystems have definite points of

connection. Although the sound and meaning systems of a language are separate there are

definite links between the two, for instance, if there is phonological attrition in a language

then this may well lead to the opacity of lexical forms which in turn can lead to later

einterpretation as with the many instances of folk etymology. Grammatical level refers to the

change In grammar and vocabulary. In this process, morphs, combinations of morphs or

linguistics patterns are modified.7Grammatical level refers to the change In grammar and

vocabulary. In this process, morphs, combinations of morphs or linguistics patterns are

modified.

1. Morphological change: language as analogy:

Eg. Middle English plural from “cow” was “kine” Modern English cow/cows;

bull/bulls.

2. Syntactic change: lexical words increasing a grammatical function.

Eg. “Will” meant “want”.

3. Phonemic change: affects the pronunciation or sound system structures.

Eg. (as in “meet or read) or /e:/ (as in “meet” or “reed”).8

2.3 The Development of Language Change

There are two factors in language change; they are internal and external factor. These

factors are different in themselves For example, internal factors have very often to do with
6
Sholihatul Hamidah.......hlm: 98
7
TrisnaDinillahHarya......hlm:110
8
Sholihatul Hamidah.......hlm: 99

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the establishment of morphological regularity, External factors have primarily to do with the

symbolic role of language in society. The levels of language first affected are usually

phonetics and phonology, though others may be later embraced by change. They will explain

below :

1. Internal Language Change

Changes internally occurred in the behavior of speakers in their everyday lives to

adjust to each other, and followed by a tendency to innovate in groups of people who are

already familiar, then followed by other changes in sequence, which ultimately makes a

language different each other, although originally derived from a single language family.

Internal language change relates to the language change its self. It correlates with

grammatical system. it exists in phonology system, phrase sequences and sentence.

2. External Language Change

External language change and development will be explored through the study of

sociolinguistics by examining and looking at changes and developments that language is

influenced by socio-cultural factors that occur in society. Changes in the external

language change and language development is caused by the contact of a language with

other languages, where humans as social beings who have been cultured either

interconnected or inter-ethnic nations in the world in a country. They have many purposes

in interaction and activities, for example economy, politic, religion, science, acculturation

of culture, technology and etc. the language as communication tool in many activities.9

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

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TrisnaDinillahHarya......hlm:111

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3.1 Conclusion

Language change is often brought about by contact between speakers of different

languages or dialects, rather than by variation internal to a given speech community. Such

changes are said to be due to external causes. Language change types are; loss lexical,

change of meaning semanti and creation new lexical items.

Internal language change is occurs the behavior of speakers in their everyday lives to

adjust to each other, and followed by a tendency to innovate in groups of people who are

already familiar, then followed by other changes in sequence, which ultimately makes a

language different each other, although originally derived from a single language family.

External language external and development is caused by the contact of a language with

other languages, where humans as social beings who have been cultured either

interconnected or inter-ethnic nations in the world in a country.

3.2 Suggestion

The writer's suggestion to the reader is, this paper was written to increase students'

knowledge and understanding in learning language change in sociolinguistics courses.

with this paper, it is expected to help students make it easier to understand the material. I

hope the contents of this paper can be useful for us all.

REFERENCES

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Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Routletge : Jakarta

Hamidah, Sholihatul. 2019. Language & Society. Lembaga Peduli Pengembangan

Pendidikan Indonesia: Medan

Harya, Trisna Dinillah. 2016. Language Change and Development. Historical

Linguistics. Premise Journal. Vol (5)(1) hlm: 105-111