English Resume (Circumcision)

Resume From the Article “Circumcision Stops HIV”
https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-news/circumcision-stops-hiv
Based on a case study in Zimbabwe on July 19th, 2018, it was confirmed that circumcision could prevent tens of
thousands of HIV cases. The first trial was carried out in 2007, showing that circumcised men had a smaller risk of
contracting HIV. Compared to uncircumcised ones, HIV infection rates are up to 80% lower in individuals who have
removed their foreskins. Circumcision has been considered as a form of surgical vaccine and it has been funded
internationally, which in 2015 reached at least 80% of male-active sexuality living in 14 countries with high rates of
HIV and low circumcision. One of the countries is Zimbabwe, which in 1990 about one third of the population had
been infected and this year around 14%.
Looked from the impact, there's a college scientist named Jessica McGillen, together with her partners they
constructed a series of mathematical models using household survey data on prevalence, risk behaviours and
circumcision coverage data that have been published in PLoS ONE. More than one million men have undergone
circumcision in Zimbabwe, co-author John Stover predicts that half a million cases will be prevented over the next 15
years. However the uptake of circumcision is slower than predicted so that the target date is postponed to 2021.
Nevertheless, Stover explained that if 80% - 90% of male population can be participate in the programme, the
benefits will be huge, and the programme's cost is offset by the money saved on anti-retroviral drugs."What will the
strategy be once the target level is achieved though? Will the focus shift from targeting teenagers and men in their
early twenties to promoting circumcision of newborns? "That's being debated at the moment," says Stover.
Circumsion is a simpler and cheaper way with a fewer side effect. Seen from the result, current research is very
important to determining whether circumcision policies for men are effective and whether funds have been used
properly. Overall, the importance of the anti-AIDS problem is not exaggerated, every day thousands of people have
died from viruses and 80% of them are in sub-Saharan Africa. Alongside with education, safe sex messages, and until
the discovery of effective vaccines, circumcision remains the most effective tool to fight this disease.
Based from the article, there are some studies from WHO showed that countries in West Africa where male
circumcision is common have HIV prevalence levels well below those of countries in eastern and southern Africa,
likewise the countries in the south and southeast Asian where nearly all men are circumcised (Bangladesh,
Indonesia, Pakistan and Philippines). The trial of 4996 HIV-negative men aged 15 to 49 years in Rakai, Uganda,
showed that HIV acquisition was reduced by 51% in circumcised men. Among 47 couples in which the circumcised
male partner was infected with HIV, none of the female partners became infected in two years. By contrast, 26 of
the 147 women who were partners of uncircumcised men with HIV infection became infected with the virus.
Futhermore, there are several biological explanations why male circumcision may reduce the risk of HIV infection for
men which are : first, by removing foreskin, circumcision reduces the ability of HIV to penetrate the skin of the penis.
Second, Ulcers, which are characteristic of some sexually transmitted infections and which can facilitate HIV
transmission, often occur on the foreskin,by removing the foreskin, the likelihood of acquiring these infections is
reduced. Lastly, the foreskin may suffer abrasions or inflammation during sex that could facilitate the passage of HIV.
Male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection, but it only provides partial protection. Circumcised men are not
immune to the virus. Male circumcision must not be promoted alone, but alongside other methods to reduce the
risk of HIV – including avoidance of unsafe sexual practices, reduction in the number of sexual partners, and correct
and consistent condom use.

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Resume From the Article “Circumcision Stops HIV”

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