Chapter 5: Chemical Bonds

1. Chemical Bonds
- Compounds are formed through the - There are two types of chemical bonds:
formation of chemical bonds among atoms. ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
- Noble gases are very stable as they have - Only valence electrons are involved in
achieved the stable duplet or octet electron bonding, electrons in filled shells do not
arrangements. take part in bonding.
- Atoms of other elements tend to achieve
the stable electron arrangement by the
transfer of electron or sharing of electron.
2. Ionic Bonds
- Ionic bonds are usually formed through the - In positive ions, the number of electrons is
transfer of electron between atoms of metal less than the number of proton.
and non-metal. - Non-metal usually form negative ions.
- Metal atoms donate electrons whereas - Negative ions or anions are formed when
non-metal atoms accept electrons to neutral atoms accept electrons.
achieve the stable electron arrangement. - In negative ions, the number of electron is
- Metal usually form positive ions. more than the number of proton.
- Positive ions or cations are formed when
neutral atoms donate electrons.
3. Ionic compound
- Ionic compound are compounds that are - This is due to the existence of a strong
formed through ionic bonds. electrostatic force between the
- Example: NaCl oppositely-charged ions.
- Na (2.8.1)  Na+ (2.8) / Cl (2.8.7)  Cl- - The attractive force between the ions is
(2.8.8) called an ionic bond or electrovalent
- Na+ and Cl- are attracted to one another to bond.
form a solid sodium chloride, NaCl
compound.
4. Covalent bonds
- Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal - Single bond: A pair of electron is shared
atoms share electrons to achieve stable between two atoms. Example H-H
electron arrangements. - Double bonds: Two pairs of electrons are
- Lewis structure is used to show the valence shared between two atoms. C=C
electrons of the atoms involved in the - Triple bonds: Three pairs of electrons are
formation of a covalent bond. shared between two atoms. NN
- Types of covalent bonds include
5. Properties Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
of Ionic Exists as solids at room temperature May exists as solids, liquids or
and gases
Covalent Have high melting and boiling points Have low melting and boiling
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 Compound points
Conduct electricity in aqueous solution or Do not conduct electricity
molten state
Usually dissolve in water Usually do not dissolve in water
Usually do not dissolve in organic solvents Usually dissolve in organic
solvents
Example
Cations:
1. Na  Na+ + e- 2. Mg  Mg2+ + 2e-

+ 2+

Na Mg
Na Mg

Na Na+ Mg Mg2+
2.8.1 2.8 2.8.2 2.8
.

3. Al 

Al

Al
2.8.3

Anions:
1. Cl + e-  Cl- 2. O + 2e-  O2-
- 2-

+ 1e- + 2e-
Cl Cl O O

O O
Cl Cl
2.8.7 2.6 2.8
2.8.8

3. N 
3-

+ 3e-
N N

N N
2.5 2.8

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Ionic Compound:
 Metal + Non-metal  Ionic Compound
 Transfer of electron from metal to non metal
Example 1: Sodium Chloride, NaCl

Example 2: Magnesium Chloride, MgCl2

Example 3: Aluminium Chloride

Example 4: Aluminium Oxide

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Covalent Compound:
 Non-metal + Non-metal  Covalent Compound
 Sharing electron between the two non-metal
Example 1: Chlorine gas, Cl2 Example 2: Oxygen gas, O2

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Example 3: Nitrogen gas, N2

Example 5: Water, H2O

Example 7: Ammonia, NH3

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Example 4: Carbon dioxide, CO2

Example 6: Hydrochloride, HCl

Example 8: Methane, CH4

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Properties of Ionic Compounds

1. Exist as solids at room

2. Have high melting and
temperature.
boiling points.

3. Conduct electricity in
aqueous solution or
molten state.
Ionic
Compounds

4. Non-volatile

6. Usually do not 5. Usually dissolve in

dissolve in organic water.
solvents

1. Ionic compounds are exists as solids at room temperature.

2. Ionic compounds have high melting point and boiling points because the ions in ionic

compounds are held together by strong ionic bonds. A lot of energy is used to overcome the

strong electrostatic forces that are holding the ions together.

3. Ionic compound do not conduct electricity in solid state. Ions in solid ionic compounds are fixed

in positions in the crystal lattice structure and do not move freely. In aqueous solution or molten

state, ions are free to move and ionic compounds can conduct electricity.

4. Ionic compound are not volatile. They do not change to vapour when heated.

5. Most ionic compounds are soluble in water.

6. Most ionic compounds are insoluble in organic solvents.

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 Properties of Covalent Compounds

1. May exist as solids,

2. Have low melting and
liquids or gases.
boiling points.

3. Do not conduct
electricity.

Covalent
Compounds

4. Volatile

6. Usually dissolve in 5. Usually do not dissolve

organic solvents in water.

1. Covalent compounds are exists as solids, liquids or gases.

2. Ionic compounds have low melting point and boiling points because their molecules are held

together by weak intermolecular forces. Less heat energy is required to overcome these forces.

3. Covalent compound do not conduct electricity in all state. A covalent compound consists of

neutral molecules.

4. Covalent compounds are volatile. They can change to vapour when heated.

5. Most covalent compounds are insoluble in water. They cannot form bonds with water.

6. Most covalent compounds can dissolve in organic solvents. They have the same type of

intermolecular forces as the covalent solvents.

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