CULTURE ETHNICITY

- sum of an individual's way of life - expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a
- includes both material or non-material things that distinct ethnic or indigenous group
he or she possesses or acquire - an ethnic group refers to people who collectively
and publicly identify themselves as distinct and
SOCIETY unique based on distinguishable cultural features
- Organized group of people who share a common that set them apart from others, such as language,
territory, language. and culture shared ancestry, and common origin
- bound by a general sense of common identity and RELIGION
pride of place
- organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere
POLITICS or the supernatural along with associated
- theory, art, and practice of government ceremonial or ritualistic practices
- The institution that sets up social norms and values
EXCEPTIONALITY
as to who will possess "the monopoly of legitimate
and use of physical force within a given territory." - People with disability
how the power is acquired and maintained, and - State of being intellectually gifted or having
how that power is organized and exercised, physically / mentally challenged conditions
comprises the state.
- 3Gs - guns, goons, gold NATIONALITY

- gives people a sense of identity or belongingness

GENDER
- the legal relationship that binds a person and a
- socially constructed characteristics of being male or country
female - allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction
- sex enters on biological differences over a person
- gender is culturally learned
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL BEHAVIOR AND
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS PHENOMENA

- category of persons who have more or less the NORMS

same socio-economic privileges in society
- often in form of rules, standard or prescriptions that
Upper Class: consist of elite families: new rich (nouveau are strictly followed by people who adhere on
riche) and traditional upper class certain conventions and perform specific roles
- indicate a society's standards of propriety, morality,
Middle Class: small business and industry operators, ethics, and legality
owners and managers, professionals, office workers,
- not all legal are moral
farm owners and OFW's

Lower Class: skilled and unskilled artisans, service

workers, and unemployed or unemployed people

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 A. Norms of Appropriateness / Decency degrees

- commonly exhibited on the type of clothing a  Material inventions

person wears  Social inventions
- includes manners and behavior that show a
person's refinement and civility B. Discovery
- takes place when people reorganize existing
B. Norms of Conventionality elements of the world we have not noticed before
or learned to see in a new way
- are beliefs and practices that are acceptable to
certain cultures but can be inimical to other - Contributes to the emergence of a new paradigm or
cultures perspective and even reshapes and reinvent
worldviews.
CONFORMITY

- every society has a form of social control, a set of C. Diffusion

means that ensure people behave in expected and - refers to the spread of culture traits from one group
approved ways to another. Through four processes:
- defined as the state of having internalized norms as
part of the social expectation  Enculturation - through education
 Socialization - through exposure and
DEVIANCE experience
 Association - through establishing connection
- or nonconformity are forms of behavior that are
with a culture
relatively or distinctly set away from a norm
 Integration - total assimilation of culture
- also seen as a form of power struggle
POLITICAL CHANGE
 Formal Deviance - actions that violates the laws
 Informal Deviance - violation to norms that are - Changes that occurs in the realm of civil and
not conflicted into law political society and in the structure of relations
among civil society, political society, and the state.
TABOOS
CULTURAL CHANGE
- rules against doing or saying something in a
particular - Refers to all alterations affecting new traits / trait
complexes and changes in a culture.
SOCIAL CHANGE
ANTHROPOLOGY
- Refers to variations or modifications in the pattern
of social organization of sub-groups within a - a discipline of infinite curiosity about human beings
society, or of the entire society itself. - Anthropos means human

CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE Major Proponents:

A. Invention - Claude Levi Strauss

- a new combination or new use of existing - Clifford Geertz
knowledge. It produces mechanical objects, ideas
and social patterns that reshape society to varying
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PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY including socialization, interaction, conflict and
denomination.
- commonly uses fossils and artifacts
- uses natural sciences in studying its major concerns  Rural Sociology
 Urban Sociology
Paleontology - seeks to answer questions on the
 Sociology of Media
emergence of humans
 Gender Studies
Human variation - seeks to answer questions on why  Critical Sociology
and how various humans population vary biologically
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Primatology - seeks to trace the development of human
- the study of power and power relations in a given
from primates
unit, such as the government. It primarily tackles
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY practice of politics, public policies, political
institutions, and political processes.
Archeology - study of past cultures primarily through
natural remains FIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Anthropological Linguistics - the anthropological study Comparative politics - comparing 2 or more countries
of languages
Policy studies - study of specific policy and how
Ethnology - seeks to understand why and how people government responds to them
today and in recent past differ in their customary ways
Political theory - definition of different conceptions in
of thinking and acting
political science such as state, liberty, and equality
SOCIOLOGY
Political Economy - state the rule of bureaucracy
- field of study dealing with the systematic study of
International Relations - the study of the relationship of
patterns of human interaction
two or more countries. It can be realist or liberalist
- Socius meaning companion
Political Ideology - concerns the beliefs, perspectives,
Henri de Saint-Simon - wrote his ideas on the science of
and concerning political phenomena
society based on the law of human behavior
BRANCHES IN THE GOVERNMENT
August Comte - father of sociology, coined the word
sociology. He advocated the ideas of "positivism" of the  Executive
use of empirical investigation to understand society and  Legislative – 24 senate, 250–300 representative
social phenomena.  Judiciary – 15 w/ chief justice
FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY NORMS -guidelines supposed to follow in their relation
General Sociology - deals with the properties and with one another
homogeneity common to all social and cultural  Folkways - everyday habits; customs, traditions,
phenomena, including those characteristics fond among and conventions that people obey
groups and institutions
 Mores - norms that people consider vital to
Special Sociology - focuses on special sociocultural their wellbeing and most cherished values
phenomenon usually selected for further study,  Laws

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IDEAS, BELIEFS, VALUES

 Ideas - are non-material aspects of culture and

embody man's conception of his physical, social
and cultural world
 Beliefs - refers to a person's conviction about a
certain idea
 Values - abstract concepts of what is important
and worthwhile

MATERIAL CULTURE - refers to the concrete and

tangible objects produced and used by man to satisfy
his varied needs and wants

SYMBOLS - refers to an object, gesture, sound or color

that represents something other than itself

ETHNOCENTRISM - a feeling of one's superiority for

one's culture

XENOCENTRISM - a feeling of one's inferiority for one's

culture

CULTURE RELATIVISM - culture differ, so that a cultural

trait, act or idea has no meaning or function by itself but
has a meaning only within a cultural society

CULTURE SHOCK - disruption with an unfamiliar culture

COUNTERCULTURE - against a dominant culture, refers

to subgroups whose standards come in conflict with and
oppose the conventional standards of dominant culture

CULTURE LAG - refers to the gap between the material

and non-material culture, it can also be the gap
between the norm and the backwardness of one to
cope up with this.

 Culture is learned
 Culture socially transmitted through language
 Culture is a social product
 Culture is a source of gratification
 Culture is Adaptive
 Distinctive way of life of group of people
 Culture is material and non-material
 Culture is stable and dynamic
 Culture is established pattern of behavior

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CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION  The domestication of animals and crop production
became a common practice in communities.
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

 Literally means the New Stone Age Revolution  Irrigation contributed to greater food production,
because of the polished stone tools and the ultimately destroyed many fertile lands around the
techniques that produced such tools emerged world, especially flood plains a river valleys.
during this period.
 Competition to fertile lands eventually led to
warfare, with domesticated animals like horses
 More importantly, it was the period when food utilized in combat.
production started.
 Before, humans foraged, hunted, PALEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC ERA NEOLITHIC ERA
and gathered food for survival. Food- ERA
producing habits began to change Circa 10,000 B.C. ca. 9000 B.C. –
about 10,000 years ago. Circa 70,000 B.C. – 8500 B.C. 1800 B.C.
– 12,000 B.C.
 People had also started to settle in
specific areas they called villages so ARTS AND Painted cave Made pottery Made pottery;
they can grow crops and raise CRAFTS walls; usually and cave carved objects
animals which in turn lessened painted animals paintings from wood; built
nomadic practices. shelters and
tombs
 Specialized social roles in the
community may have also started to
develop during this period. OBTAINING Hunted Animals; Hunted; Began farming in
FOOD gathered nuts, gathered plants; permanent
 The efficiency in food production berries, and Stored for later villages raised
allowed more time to develop arts grains use and herded
and sciences through specialized animals
activities geared towards the
advancement of civilization.
ADAPTING Learned to make Settled villages Built mud-brick
 More time in pursuit of arts and TO fire; Developed located near houses and
religion led to the building of SURROUNDI language; rivers and lakes; places of
elaborate temples and granaries, NGS Created simple used bows and worship; had
many of them are still standing tools and shelter arrows and other specialized jobs;
today. simple tools; created more
began taming complex tools
 Since they are now capable of animals out of copper
producing food, they have also and bronze
started to create tools using the
available resources around them,
such as wood, bamboo, and stone.

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EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE In Eurasia and Africa, civilization ushered during the
Bronze Age, a period marked by the production of tools
CIVILIZATION and ornaments made of bronze.
Comes from the Latin word civis, which refers to a Early civilizations also developed extensive trade
person who lives in a city; and civets, which refers to systems to procure the raw materials needed for their
the urban community in which one dwells. technologies.
Civilization refers to societies in which large numbers of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
people live in cities.
The rise of large, economically diversified populations
RISE OF CITIES presided over by centralized governing authorities
brought with it the fourth cultural characteristic of
Four basic changes mark the transition from Neolithic
civilization: social stratification or the emergence of
village life to life in the first urban centers: agricultural
social classes.
innovation, diversification of labor, social stratification,
and central government. As time passed by, the possessions of wealth and the
influence it could buy became in itself a requisite for
AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION
high status, as it is in some contemporary cultures.
The ancient Sumerians built an extensive system like
The existence of social stratification in early societies us
dikes, canals, and reservoirs to irrigate their farmlands.
reflected in their laws and other written documents;
Irrigation was an important factor that increased crop archaeological features, such as dwelling size and
yield. This contributed to the high population densities location; and mortuary evidences that included burial
of ancient civilizations. customs and grave goods.

With the development of irrigation systems, even dry CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

areas were able to participate in food production.
Governments of the past ensured their cities were safe
DIVERSIFICATION OF LABOR from their enemies by constructing fortifications and
raising an army.
In a Neolithic village without irrigation or plow farming,
every family member participated in the planting of They levied taxes and appointed tax collectors so that
crops. construction workers, army, and other public expenses
could be paid.
Increased population permitted a sizable number of
people to pursue nonagricultural activities on a full-time They saw to it that merchants, carpenters, and farmers
basis. who made legal claims received justice.

An early Mesopotamian document from the old They guaranteed safety for the lives and property of
Babylonian city of Lagash listed artisans, craftsmen, and ordinary people.
people who store crops in the temple granaries.
In addition, surplus food and public works had to be
Other workers included were coppersmiths, supervised by competent, fair individuals.
silversmiths, sculptors, merchants, potters, tanners,
engravers, butchers, carpenters, spinners, barbers,
cabinetmakers, bakers, clerks, and brewers.

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HUMAN EVOLUTION PRIMATES

MACROEVOLUTION All primates belong to the class Mammalia and they

share all the common features of Mammals. Except for
Focuses on the formation of new species (speciation) humans, the bodies of primates are covered with dense
and on the evolutionary relationship between groups of hair or fur which provides insulation
species.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATES
The term species is often defined as a population
capable of interbreeding---of producing viable, fertile Physical Features:
offspring. These species are reproductively isolated.
 Most are arboreal (tree-living)
NATURAL SELECTION  Omnivorous
 Prehensile
Speciation through the process of adaptive change to
 Opposite Thumbs
the environment as proposed in Darwin’s Origin of
 Forward-facing eyes
Species (1859) is generally considered to occur at a slow
 Relatively large brain
rate.
 Rotating forearm
In this model speciation happens as organisms become
Social Features:
more adapted to their environment.
 Dependency
If a new body plan is adaptive, an organism will
 Primates at play
maintain its new form during long periods of time
rather than promote change because of natural  Learning from other
selection. HOMINOIDS
Natural selection is a process through which certain The earliest primate-like mammals came into being
environmentally adapted biological features are approximately 65 million years ago when a new, mild
perpetuated at the expense of less adaptive features. climate favored the spread of dense tropical and
Hence, the long evolutionary paths of humans---similar subtropical forests in most land areas around the world.
to mammals and primates---have set the stage for the Approximately 40 million years ago, diurnal anthropoid
cultural beings that we are today. primates appeared. Then, 23 million years after, at the
start of the geological epoch known as the Miocene, the
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
first fossil apes or hominoids began to appear in Asia,
During the past 200 million years, the position of the Africa, and Europe.
continents has shifted through continental drift. This
process resulted to the re-arrangement of adjacent land Hominoids are broad-shouldered tailless primates that
include that include all living and extinct apes and
masses as implied by the theory of plate tectonics.
humans.
According to the theory, the continents moved as edges
The word hominoid comes from the Latin root words
of underlying plates are created or destroyed.
homo and homi (human being) and the suffix oxides
Continental drift is important for understanding the (resembling).
distribution of fossil primate groups as well as climatic
changes in the environment that affected the evolution Some of these ancient primates were relatively small;
of primates and other living things. some, however, were larger than present-day gorillas.

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During the Miocene period, the African and Eurasian HOMO ERECTUS
land masses made direct contact. The climatic changes
set into motion during the Miocene epoch may have With an even larger brain, the Homo erectus was more
played a role in the success of the human line once it able to adapt to the environment and provide solutions
originated. to problems of survival.

Miocene fossil remains of apes from this time period The culture of the Homo erectus is mostly perceived
have been found from the caves of China, forests of through the tools they made.
France, to Eastern Africa where the earliest fossil
PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
remains of bipeds have been found. So varied and
ubiquitous were the fossil apes of this period that some LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
primatologists have labeled the Miocene period as the
“golden age of the hominoids.” Marked the existence of the Homo erectus which
sought efficiency and made tools for specific tasks.
EARLY HUMANS
During this period, the hand ax and other stone tools
Humans and their ancestors are distinct among the were created. Tools during this period were made by
hominoids for bipedalism, a special form of locomotion chipping off flakes from a core of rock, from different
on two feet. Larger brains and bipedal locomotion angles.
constitute the most striking differences between
MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
contemporary people and our closest primate relatives.
The Homo sapiens lived during this epoch.
Tracing the roots of human evolution is done by
determining whether a fossilized hominoid is bipedal. They made more efficient tools, allowing them to do
There are several ways to determine bipedalism such as anatomical labor much easier, such as prying, lifting,
looking at the curves of the spine, shape of the pelvis, holding, and pulling.
and shape of the foot bones, among others.
Further specialization of tools was also done by creating
HOMO HABILIS uniform flakes of rock and detailing each one for a
particular task.
The earliest ancestors of humans hailed from the
australopithecines which were bipedals but had small UPPER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
brain-size in proportion to their bodies. It is theorized
that from one species of Australopithecus, the Homo Lastly, the Homo sapiens sapiens lived during this
habilis evolved. epoch.

Compared to the australopithecines, the Homo habilis The blade, longer than a flake of rock, was the most
had smaller teeth and larger brains. This implies that distinct tool developed during this period. A further
the Homo habilis most probably exercised higher increase in specialized tools was also created.
abilities to learn and were better at processing
The expansion of specialized tools reflected an increase
information than the australopithecines.
in the population of the Homo sapiens sapiens and their
exploration of new economic activities.

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DEMOCRACY

a system of government by the whole population or all

the eligible members of a state, typically through
elected representatives

CAPITALISM

an economic and political system in which a country

trade and industry are controlled by pride owners for
profit, rather than by the state

IMPERIALISM

a policy of extending a country's power and influence

through diplomacy or military force

HISTORY

July 4, 1776 - foundation of US

- originally 13 states

Late 1940s to 1950s - 50 states

1898 - Independence from Spain of Philippines

- Treaty of Paris (December 10)

- Estados Unidos became Imperialist

1914 - World War I

1439 - 1945 - World War II

1991 - Soviet Union dissolved

- New World Order