CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Interaction between patients and physicians through the use of online for health
related purpose has been broadly define as e-Health.
e-health is consider the most appropriate solution to improve the quality and safety of
health care with the use of latest information technology to meet the needs of student,
patients, doctors for the health care providers.
Kogi state polytechnic is facing difficulties for better health care service system in
order to reach out to all the students. Health is one of the most important and valuable
thing to humans life.
Now-a-days, health awareness is not only a growing tread among the student but also
among the individual. The implementation of electronic health system particularly In
the institution is now a challenge shared by the institution clinic and health
authorities.(NGO’s)
Over the past few years health sector have beign using information and
communication technology(ICT) tools on an appropriate platform which holds the
most promising for success.
The purpose of this project is to improve the security and efficiency, access and
accountability of health service. This project also presents research, design and
implementation of e-Health card base solution that can be used to integrate and
coordinate with heterogeneous Information technology environment.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The e-Health card processing and Administration system is not an easy task.
The reason is because it involves absolute carefulness to ascertain a population figure,
prevent forgery and avoid the danger of impersonation, duplication of multiple e-
Health card for one particular student or patient.
Scanning through files with definite information can be a technical and time wasting
due to the large volume of record to be scan or search. Updating particular
information can cause weariesness and loss of dedication to dutied staff.
Finally, the processing and administration system will be capable of restricting to
non-authorized person.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SYSTEM
For the purpose of this project research is aimed at having comprehensive review of
the manual system of operation being carried out in the clinic section of the institution
into a computerized system.
The following will be taken into consideration for subject matters. They are;
Ensure accurate and timely update of holder record
Deprive people who are not student from obtaining the e-Health card.
 To give proper account of the identity card insured.
To provide a better securing access to the clinic sector
Finally, a proper storage system which keeps all vital information ready for
use.
1.4 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
The significant of this project is to find out how ICT facilities can improve the health
care system by using e-health card in the institution. Thus an e-Health card can play a
significant role to save patient data record and decrease the corruptions of health care
system. It will also provide easy to carry access facilities to everyone around the
school and locality.
1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This is limited to the activities involve in electronic health card processing and its
administration system and also report generation on the e-Health card holder
information.
It is on these that the effectiveness and efficiency of the e-Health card section of the
institution
LIMITATION
The limitation is based on the facts which the researcher could not lay hands on
pertaining to the study, which evolve the problem of insufficient analysis.
In addition to these limitations are;
 The implementation only cover the institution
 It only use school clinic
 Limited time and financial insufficiencies.
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
STUDY AREA
The study has been conducted in Kogi state polytechnic Lokoja. It is located in the
north central of Nigeria.
Research work have been conducted in the following stages
 DATA COLLECTION
In this project research, relevant data has been collected in two ways;
Analysis of the existing health card system
Conducting a survey.
In the first stage to identify requirement and environment, several research article,
journals and related works have been studied thoroughly.
Them a survey has been conducted in some selected clinic. The study use
questionnaire to find out the impact of e-Health service to the students.
  DATA ANALYSIS
Collecting data has been further analyzed to resolve the existing problem in the
system. These data has been used to design the proposed e-Health system.
 DESIGNING THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
I perform a feasibility and field survey analysis about the current card of the
institution clinic and how it is been generated. The design issue of the proposed
system is to develop e-Health card to resolve existing problem in the current health
card system of the institution clinic.
 ANALYSING THE PROPOSE e-HEALTH SYSTEM
After the design, I have analyzed the possible pros and cons of the system which will
be fully discuss in the project.
DATA SOURCE
This section identifies the step that were followed to archieve the goal of this project.
Procedure used in data collection and information gathering are outline and analyzed
here. Two major fact finding techniques were used in this work and they are;
Primary
Secondary
 PRIMARY SOURCE
Primary source refer to the source of colleting original data in which the researcher
made use of empirical approach such as personal interview and questionnaire.
Primary source include series of orally conducted interviews with selected areas in
public on the use of e-Health card. Also some medical practitioners were interview
with a view of getting information about their opinion on the e-health card system will
affect them.
 SECONDARY SOURCE
Reading through e-book and online journals as well as visit to relevant website,
medical dictionaries and other research materials increase my knowledge and aided
my comprehension of e-health card system.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
ORAL INTERVIEW
This was done between the researcher and people of the public. Reliable facts were
collected based on the questions posed to the public by the staff of the researcher.
 QUESTIONAIRE
This approach was use to get information from people by preparing questionnaire for
the public based on the use of e-Health card system.
STUDY OF MAUALS
Manual and report based used by researcher were studied and a lot of information
concerning the system in question was obtained.
TOOS USE
When carrying out this research work, the programming tools use to achieve the
implementation of the research work include;
HTML (Hyper text Makeup Language)
CSS (Cascading style Sheet)
PHP (pre Hypertext Processing)
MYSQL (My Structural Quart Language)
The system requirements are;
A computer system with minimum capacity of 120GB hard disk, 2GB RAM,
2.0GHZ processor speed and a power supply Unit.
The use of internet was also employed.
1.7 DEFINATION OF OPERATIONAL TERM
As we go into this work, some words will need precise information to enable the radar
assimilate the entire contents.
Application: as it concerns this subject matter, it is one who applied to the clinic
department of the institution.
Computer: an electronic machine capable of accepting data in form of input,
processes it under set of complete condition, stores information or request for
reference and generate result in the form of output.
Clinic: a medical facility such as hospital that is meant for the treatment and
diagnosing of patients.
e-Precription: to maintain prescription electronically and information flow from
primary care doctor.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTODUCTION
This chapter has formulated as extended background knowledge regarding this
project. It has illustrated the consequence of e-Health card and previous research
related to the topic. I have studied and try to discuss different health card system
which are currently being followed in developed countries such as Germany and
Denmark and developing country like Kenya.
The standard that were followed by developed countries were address and
important fact from previous research were collected. The present health care
condition in Nigeria especially Kogi state polytechnic clinic is discuss,. The basic
needs of health care system and general requirement to establish patient’s
electronic health card record system according to the school clinic condition have
been discussed in the rest paragraph.
2.2 DEFINATION OF E-HEALTH CARD AND SCOPE
Electronic health card system describe the application of ICT across the whole
range of function that affect the health care through the various existing solutions
(S. Denis, 2003). E-Health can also be described as any electronic exchange of
health related data through an electronic connectivity for improving efficiency and
effectiveness of health care delivery(e-Health News,2009). Health application
than become known as “Healthelematics” or Telemedicine and now e-Health.
Telemedicine had made a remarkable progress since25 years and it is a major
component of e-health. It enables administrative data exchange and transfer of
medical image and laboratory results between health care center and physicians.
The development of theses recent technological progress gives high bandwidth
capabilities storage and processing capacity and high level of security. Therefore
it reduces cost and increasingly user friendly features in overall situation.
It is expected that by 2020, every citizen of our planet regardless of location and
time will be able to access the necessary medical information to maintain or to
pursue a treatment for his/her disease. So we can expect that the telemedicine in
future will make a technological revolution for implementing and introducing new
scope in health care sector which would be beneficial for the citizen (ITU, 2008)
2.3 HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN DEVELOPED COUNTRY.
There are several pieces of research being conducted using patients e-Health card
system in developed countries. A literature review was carried out to acquire an
understanding of patients e-health card record in developed countries and to learn
from what had already been researched, how it had been researched and to
understand what are considered to be the key issues, especially the reasons and
importance.
This project have studied and analyzed a well structured and systematic e-Health
care system for Germany and Denmark.
2.3.1 GERMANY
German healthcare system is one of the most expensive of other European union
countries. The German federal ministry for healthcare and social security
launched the “bit4health” (better IT for better health) project in 2003. The project
organized the patients data card as token in prioritized application.
I have observed that german health care system followed some good application,
which are as follows (Sunyaeu A. Kaletsch A. Mauro C and kemar H. ,2009)

Patients centered card to use in kiosks home or any place

No secrecy between patients and doctor.
It also contains obligatory data e.g. health insurrance drug interaction chat.
2.3.2 DENMARK
Denmark has initiated a project named Medcom in 2000 which is the first project
regarding e-health care services. The main idea of developing the Medcom system
was to provide information to all patients and health professional and about all
prescribed medicine related with them. Medcom had targeted o fulfill their goals
in five different steps.
2.4 HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY
Health care deliveries in certain developing countries in Asia and Africa regions
have made considerable progress in e-Health within the context of national health
care system. In this section, I have summarized the experience of e-Health care
system in Kenya.
2.4.1 KENYA
In 2001, the government approved healthcare policy as a blueprint for managing
and developing healthcare services In Kenya. For the rural people and to solve
their health problems. The ministry of health in Kenya decided to decentralize
their healthcare system In the whole country.
The ministry of health(MOH) in Kenya covers public and private sector
healthcare service to the citizen which include facilities for profit and non profit
NGO’S.
The government has ICT policy and framework for healthcare sector which
include train medical professional with computer operation, using the technology
for telemedicine research and training program.
The majority of hospital and clinic still maintained patients diagnosis and
treatment record manually(Dr. Muga R, Dr Kizito P, Mr. Mbayah and etall, 2011).
The ministry of health has a plan to make all the patients records in a database
system in all the hospital and offices very soon.
The main goal is to establish such a system that generates and utilize health
information for different policy formulation, management planning, budgeting
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of service.
But the health information system faced many problems regarding data
information collected from different sources. Some problem are in adequate
reporting tools of ICT, inadequate health records and information personnel, in
adequate competency and capacity for the data analysis and management etc.
It seems therefore imperative for a country health care sector to develop an ICT
based health care policy that addresses the main technical challenges and
opportunities(Dr. Muga R, Kizito P, Mr. Mbayah and et all 2011).
2.5 ELECTRONIC HEALTH ID CARD
The existence of the computerized electronic identity card processing and
administration does not give a full criteria of what is required to process a
particular identity card. Computer as we all know, is used to store and process a
particular identity card and process data and records.
Therefore the existing system has failed to meet up entirely with the expectation
requested of it before the design started. This is a result of the advancement in the
society which has outgrown the prospects of the existing system design.
2.5.1 ADVANTAGE OF ELECTRONIC HEALTH ID CARD SYSTEM.

After evaluating the electronic health ID card, we have found huge possibilities to
rduce healthcare operating cost. Transparency using this system could achieve
trust from the patients in terms of the treatment queue, expense, diagnosis disease
doctor and pharmacists accountability.
The following is the advantage of using electronic health ID card in the proposed
system.
It is more secure to carry from one place to another.
It will reduce the corruption in health sector
It will motivate people to use the e-Health system
It has the ability to store data and process the information.
REFERENCE
 CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
The purpose of the system is to produce specifications, which will enable a complete
accurate and specialized implementation of the new system. The new system designed
after a detailed units of the existing system were included the problem associated with
them were detected and possible solutions in the new system.

3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system was set to achieve the following;
 To reduce a system that will make storage and processing very easy.
 Lack of health professional and medical staff
 Patients have to wait long in queue to visit and have their health card.

3.3 WEAKNESS IN THE EXISTING SYSTEM

With the use of manual existing system for registration many of the set objective has
been fulfilled partially.
Some of the weakness include;
There is always difficulty and delay in information update and report generation, due
to some nature of aids inaccuracy.
The rigidity of the input is a big problem which aids inaccuracy.
Data link medium is not found and as a result cause a lot of delay information relay.
The existing system lack online data entry which leads to inaccuracy and
incomprehensible.
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE
During the course of this project, the researcher applied different mthod of collecting
data. The methods include;
Interview
Reference to written document
INTERVIEW
The researcher visited the school clinic (especially the administrative office) which
was used as a case study of several occasion and interviewed the staff and personnel
available on seat orally.
The persons involved responded to the interviewed question to the best of their
knowledge. The facts and answer incurred from the discussion made it possible for
the researcher to begin the study. Some of the interviews question include;
 What is electronic health card ?
 What is the importance of electronic health card ?
  What are the condition of using e-Health card
 What are the problem in the manual process of getting and verifying
health card.
 What are the benefit of using the e-Health card.
REFERENCE TO WRITTEN DOCUMENT
The researcher addition to this finding visited some libraries and the department of
health and made reference to already written document and more details concerning
this study. To this effects the fact provided by the reference next made it possinle for
the completion of the study.

3.5 ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is to design and e-health card that combines signature along
with barcode image and other relevant information. The card has the capacity to
receive input by the application and able to deliver an output when read by a barcode
scanner.
We will consider the barcode image here that is use to store the student information.
Integrated database management system(IDMS) is the heart of smart card. A smart
electronic health card provide secure service to an hospital or clinic to support identity
based application.
Such as access to service or authorization.
The IDMS has two modules;
Physical access control
Logical access control
Therefore, the proposed system as the following advantages over the existing system.
 It is more secure to carry from one place to another
 Change student habit towards a wider use of electronic card.
 It will reduce the level of corruption and impersonation
 It has the ability to process stored information
3.5.1 ALGORITHM
SYSTEM ALGORITHM
STEP 1: Start
Step 2: login
Step3: Input username and password
Step 4: If username and password is valid goto step 5
Else goto step 3
Step 5: select menu
Step 6: If menu=1 then register else
Step 7: If menu=2 then generate card else
Step 8: If menu=3 then print card else
Step 9: If menu=4 then view record else
Step 10: If menu = 5 exit
Step 11: End.
REGISTER ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input first name
Step 3: Input middlename
Step 4: Input last name
Step 5: Matric number
Step 6: Select date of birth
Step 7: Select school
Step 8: Select department
Step 9: Select genotype
Step 10: Select blood group
Step 11: Select gender
Step 12: Input validity date
Step 13: Upload passport
Step 14: Upload signature
Step 15: Save to database
 Step 16: End.
CARD GENERATION ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Select by matric number
Step 3: Generate card
Step 4: Save card
Step 5: End.
3.5.2 SYSTEM FLOWCHART

Start

Splash Screen

Login

Input username
& password

Is username No
& password
valid ?

Yes

Display Application
Menu

R
R
3.6 DATABASE DESIGN
the database design in the software is acjieved using Microsoft access database.
Effort should be made to remove completely or at best reduce redundancy when
designing any database.
Below is the structure of this program database.
FIELD NAME DATATYPE
Id Auto number
Clinic no Text
Fname Text
Mname Text
Lname Text
Matno Text
Gender Text
Dob Text
Department Text
School Text
Validity Text
Genotype Text
Blood Text
Passport Text
Signature Text

CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4.1 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

Program development is simply concerned with how to provide an efficient and
effective system. Program development is an integral part of software
development which has been done and the project feasibility study undertaken.
The purpose of the design is to meet the user specification of the system. We
introduce the use of modern security system, like generation of bar code image
and the use of android phone device to read the encrypted content in the bar code
image.

4.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

This comprises of hardware, software and the human-ware use in order for the
system to work.

4.2.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

 Software is a program used by computer to facilitate their operation and
utilization.
Below are the software uses to implement this project:
1. Window Operating system (xp, vista, 7, 8, 10)
2. Microsoft Access Database (2007)
3. Ms visual studio dot net 2010
4. Android App (bar code reader)

4.2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

Hardware is the physical component of the computer system. The minimum
hardware required for the
1. A computer system (CPU)
2. A visual display unit (VDU)
3. A memory space of hard disk at least 120gb
4. Keyboard and mouse
5. 2gb of RAM (Random Access Memory)
6. An android phone

4.3 SYSTEM INTERFACE

Every program has input interface as well as output interface. They are mainly
use to achieve specific objective of verifying the processing operation been
performed.
4.3.1 INPUT INTERFACE
The input interface describes the manner in which data enter the system for
processing.
4.3.2 OUTPUT INTERFACE
The output system interface show how the system will display data and message
process by the system.

4.4 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

In general, the system is tested to evaluate the performance as decribed. The
identification and correction of errors in the system is also carried out at this stage.
This is often called debugging which comes from the program who attempt to
eliminate by or errors in computer program or users.

4.5 SYSTEM TRAINING

The system requires human service for the management and maintenance which
calls for the user of this system to b trained on how to use the program for
effective running. The program provides a simple and uiser friendly interface and
also embedded in this program is a help form which trains user and describe how
the system will be used. The help form contains a detailed documentation on how
the program is to be used and how each form of the program operate and works.
4.6 CONVERSION TO THE PROPOSE SYSTEM
As technology change many sector find their seif needing to change over their
computer system. Upgrading this sytem helps them optimize their efficiency and
remain competitive.
Common change over are include security system, datebase security system,
accounting system and managerial information system deciding which change
over techniques will work best for a particular company depending on the type of
change over and degree of risk for the company.
In conversion to the new system, there are basically four types of conversion
which includes:

1. Direct change over

2. Phase change over
3. Parallel change over
4. Pilot change over

1. DIRECT CHANGE OVER: Direct change over which is also known as the
immediate replacement involves the switching to the new system at once.

This type of change over carries the most risk because if something goes wrong
reverting back the old system usually is impossible. Using direct change over
technique tends to work best in situations where a system failure is not critical
enough to result in a disaster for the organization.

2. PHASE CHANGE OVER: The phase changeover is considered a

compromise between parallel and direct. In phase changeover, the new system is
implemented one stage at a time. The advantages of phase changeover are their
low cost and isolated errors. The disadvantage is that the process take a long time
to complete because phase need to be implemented separately

3. PARALLEL CHANGE OVER: In a parallel changeover, the new system

runs simultaneously with the old for a given period of time before switching to the
new system.

4. PILOT CHANGE OVER: Pilot change over involve the method of

conversion which the system is being used by some set of users and later extend to
the entire organization once it has proved it successful.
For the purpose of this project, parallel change over system is used. This is
because the system proposed can still be used. This is because the system
proposed can still be used alongside with the existing system as desired by the
user

4.7 SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION

The procedure for implementing this software is described in this section as
follows:

The newly developed software must be installed on any computer that meets the
system and hardware requirements of the program as stated earlier.

The installation CD contains a setup which is run as an installation package

just like any other installation software.

4.8.1 OPERATION

The program is a window base program that is, the program is running on the
window so, to run this software, the user will need to make sure that the computer
is on window desktop.

1. From the desktop, click on my computer

2. Open the CD ROM

3. Click on (e-Health.exe) to install the software.

4. Follow the necessary instructions to finish the installation to use the software.

5. Go to start button at the taskbar and click it.

6. Click on All Programs to see the list of installed programs or application

where you will see the application.

7. Click on the software to open the application.

4.7.2 USER’S MANUAL

The user manual is a document which serve as a guide to the user on how to use
the e-Health program.

The following steps sre to be taken by the user in other to register student and
generate bar code image.
 1. Run the program
2. Login to the system
3. Register student and save
4. To generate e-Health card, goto the generate menu and seaerch for student
by matric number and click on generate.
5. Click on save to save the generated card as image on the local system
memory.
6. To view encrypted information, scan the bar code image generated with
any working bardcode scanner.
7. Exit the program when through.
4.8 SYSTEM MAINTENACE

Maintenaning a software can be very tricky and difficult. in maintaining the

system, it is advicable that the user perform the following maintening steps to
enable full performance of the system