2013 Fuel Cell Technology Market Report
2013 Fuel Cell Technology Market Report
2013 Fuel Cell Technology Market Report
Technologies
Market Report
Fuel Cell Technologies Office
November 2014
(This page intentionally left blank)
Authors
This report was compiled and written by Sandra Curtin and Jennifer Gangi of the Breakthrough Technologies
Institute, Inc., in Washington, D.C.
Acknowledgement
The authors relied upon the hard work and valuable contributions of many men and women in government and in
the fuel cell industry. The authors especially wish to thank Sunita Satyapal and the staff of the U.S. Department of
Energy’s Fuel Cell Technologies Office for their support and guidance. Also thanks to Rachel Gelman, Jeff Logan,
and Ted James of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the staff at Navigant Research.
Notice
This report is being disseminated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). As such, this document was pre-
pared in compliance with Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal
Year 2001(Public Law 106-554) and information quality guidelines issued by DOE. Though this report does not
constitute “influential” information, as that term is defined in DOE’s information quality guidelines or the Office of
Management and Budget’s Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review, the report was reviewed both internally
and externally prior to publication. This report has benefited from review by DOE’s Fuel Cell Technologies Office,
the Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy, and Small Business Innovation Research.
Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty,
express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness
of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring
by the United States government or any agency thereof.
Cover Image
14.9-MW FuelCell Energy fuel cell system generating power at Dominion’s Bridgeport Fuel Cell Power Park.
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Industry Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Intellectual Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
International Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Stationary Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Prime Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Cost Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Appendix II: Profiles of Public Fuel Cell Manufacturers Highlighted in the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Appendix III: Profiles of Private Fuel Cell Manufacturers Highlighted in the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Figure 2: U.S. Venture Capital (VC), Private Equity (PE), Over-the-Counter (OTC), and Private
Investment in Public Equities (PIPE) Investments in Fuel Cell Companies (2011–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 10: Megawatts of Fuel Cells Shipped by Key Country of Manufacture (2008-2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 11: Fuel Cell Systems Shipped by Application, Manufactured in North America (2008-2013) . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 12: Fuel Cell Systems Shipped by Application, Manufactured in Asia (2008-2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 13: Fuel Cell Systems Shipped by Application, Manufactured in Europe (2008-2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 22: DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office
Transport Fuel Cell System Cost Status and Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
List of Tables
Table 1: Gross Revenue and Cost of Revenue for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 3: Total Assets and Liabilities for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Table 4: Disclosed Venture Capital and Private Equity Investors in Fuel Cells,
By Company and By Country (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 5: Top Ten Venture Capital and Private Equity Investors in Fuel Cells,
By Company and By Country (Cumulative 1/1/2000 – 12/31/2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 14: Examples of Commercially Available Backup and Remote Power Fuel Cells 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 16: FTA National Fuel Cell Bus Program Awards 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Table 19: Commercially Available Fuel Cells for Material Handling 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
In support of FCEV commercialization and refueling infrastructure, California has committed funding for the
development of 100 hydrogen fueling stations to help the state meet its goal of 1.5 million zero-emission vehicles
(ZEVs) by 2025. Japan’s government proposed ¥7.2 billion (US$71 million) to build hydrogen fueling stations
starting in Fiscal Year (FY) 2014. The U.K. announced over £500 million (US$752 million) of new capital invest-
ment between 2015 and 2020 in support of ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs), including FCEVs.
In the wake of severe weather events, stationary fuel cell programs are becoming more active on the East Coast.
New Jersey launched the second round of the Large Scale Combined Heat and Power/Fuel Cell Program to
enhance energy efficiency through on-site power generation, providing up to $3 million per project. Connecticut’s
Microgrid Pilot Program also committed more than $5 million for two fuel cell projects to help increase power
resilience during extreme weather.
Energy Storage
Power-to-Gas projects are on the rise, particularly in Europe, allowing surplus wind or solar energy to be converted
to hydrogen (via an electrolytic process) or synthetic natural gas (SNG, or methane, via an additional step). This
fuel can be stored for later use – to power a fuel cell or hydrogen vehicle – or can be injected into an existing
natural gas pipeline. A number of Power-to-Gas projects are under way, primarily in the U.K and Germany, and
several consortia were formed in 2013 to develop and fund new projects.
PEM fuel cell manufacturer ClearEdge Power completed its acquisition of UTC Power, adding UTC’s 400-kW
PAFC fuel cell system to its portfolio.1
HT-PEM materials company Advent Technologies S.A. of Athens, Greece, relocated its headquarters to East
Hartford, Connecticut, with $1 million of state assistance.2
Key personnel from Wärtsilä Finland Oy’s fuel cell development started up a new company, Convion Oy, to focus
on SOFC fuel cell technology development. Wärtsilä holds a minority interest (around 20%) in the new company.3
Neah Power Systems completed a fuel cell technology asset acquisition of Clean Tech Investors LLC, which the
company claims will bolster its current product lineup and open up opportunities in the renewable energy sector.4
Nevada’s Suja Minerals Corporation acquired Global Energy Innovations, Inc. (GEI), a high-temperature proton
exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cell business that spun out of Kettering University in 2007. The new company
is called GEI Global Energy Corporation.5
Ballard Material Products, which produces gas diffusion layer materials, was purchased by the investor group
AvCarb LLC to form AvCarb Material Solutions.6
SFC Energy signed a contract to acquire Simark Controls Ltd., a Canadian value added (VAR) distributing
company.7
AlumiFuel Power Corporation signed a Term Sheet with Italian company Genport to create a new U.S. corporate
entity, NovoFuel, Inc. and construct a new lab facility in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to develop a 5-kilowatt (kW)
fuel cell backup power system for the telecommunications market.8
Italian company Electro Power Systems S.p.A. (EPS) entered into an exclusive manufacturing, operations and dis-
tribution agreement of its “ElectroSelf” fuel cell system for the United States, Canada and Mexico with VP Energy
LLC of Michigan.9
Tables 1 through 3 provide financial data for select public companies. These companies were chosen because fuel
cells are their primary product, and because they are traded on major stock exchanges and thus must report detailed
data.
Table 1: Gross Revenue and Cost of Revenue for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies
(Thousands US$
2013 2012 2011
except where noted)
Other Companies
1 Year
ends October 31 2 Year ends June 30 3 $AUD Thousands 4 £ Thousands 5 € Thousands 6 Revised 2012 and 2011 gross revenues and cost of revenues from
Hydrogenics’ 2013 Consolidated Financial Statements and Results of Operations
The following discussion offers additional details regarding revenue drivers in 2013.
• FuelCell Energy’s revenue grew by $67.1 million, reaching $187.7 million during FY2013 (year ended October
31). Product sales, service agreements, and license revenues increased by $60.1 million to $173.2 million,
primarily due to revenue recognition for the Bridgeport, Connecticut, fuel cell park project of approximately
$55.1 million, license and royalty income of $4.1 million and service revenue related to a new Master Service
Agreement with POSCO Energy (South Korea). Cost of revenue increased by $60.3 million, to $180.5 million.10
• Ballard Power Systems’ 2013 revenue increased by $17.6 million over 2012, to $61.2 million. Key growth
drivers were a 74% increase in ElectraGen product sales for telecom backup power, with revenue growth to $20.5
million, and by a 24% increase in engineering services revenue, to $21.1 million. Material handling product
sales also grew by 5%, to $6.5 million. Cost of revenue increased by $8.1 million, to $44.4 million.11,12
• Hydrogenics’ 2013 revenue increased by $10.7 million, to $42.4 million, attributed to increased revenue in the
Power Systems business unit, including a propulsion systems contract and a major order of fuel cell modules for
backup power. Power Systems business unit revenue grew by $13.9 million, to $18.3 million, while the Onsite
Generation business revenue declined by $3.2 million, to $24.1 million. Cost of revenue increased by $3.9 mil-
lion, to $30.3 million.13,14
• Plug Power’s revenue grew by $0.49 million to $26.6 million, comprised of $25.1 million in product and service
revenue (up 3% from 2012) and $1.5 million in R&D contract revenue (down 12%). In 2013 three customers
comprised a third of Plug Power’s total consolidated revenue, with Mercedes-Benz, Procter & Gamble, and
Lowe’s representing 11.6%, 11.2%, and 10.4% of revenue, respectively. Cost of revenue decreased by $2.6
million, to $37.8 million.15
• In 2013, Ceres Power implemented its new business strategy based on core technology only, with product
development implemented by OEM partners. Revenue increased by £0.3 million (US$0.45 million), to £0.5 mil-
lion (US$0.75 million). Cost of revenue decreased by £5.2 million (US$7.8 million), to £13.2 million (US$19.8
million).17
• SFC Energy reports that 2013 revenue increased by €1.2 million (US$1.5 million) to €32.4 million (US$41.4
million). Revenue for the Industry segment increased to €25 million (US$32 million), attributed to SFC Energy’s
acquisition of Simark Controls. Consumer segment revenue fell slightly, from €4.838 million (US$6.179
million) to €4.799 million (US$6.129 million), which SFC Energy attributes to a downward trend in the leisure
market. In the Defense & Security segment, 2013 revenue declined from €8.9 million (US$11.4 million) to €2.6
million (US$3.3 million) due to government and contract delays. Cost of revenue increased by €3.3 million
(US$4.2 million) to €21.7 million (US$27.7 million).18
For many companies, R&D expenditures were lower in 2013 (Table 2), continuing a downward trend. Ceramic
Fuel Cells Ltd. offers some detail, reporting that R&D expenses were 32% lower than in 2012 due to the corporate
and board restructuring that took place in FY 2013, as well as from a 34% reduction in expenditure on core R&D
development activities as the company moved into product development, manufacturing and sales.18 Expeditures,
however, increased for SFC Energy and FuelCell Energy. FuelCell Energy reports that R&D expenses increased
slightly due to initiatives to reduce the cost of large scale multi-megawatt installations through consolidation of
certain aspects of balance of plant functions.20
Other Companies
1 Year
ends October 31 2 Year ends June 30 3 $AUD Thousands 4 £ Thousands 5 € Thousands 6 Revised 2012 and 2011 gross revenues and cost of revenues from
Hydrogenics’ 2013 Consolidated Financial Statements and Results of Operations
Source: Annual reports and investor presentations.
Table 3: R&D Total Assets and Liabilities for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies
(Thousands US$, unless footnoted)
(Thousands US$
2013 2012 2011
except where noted)
North American
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Companies
Other Companies
1 Audited financial statements (2011/2012) 2 Period ending October 31 3 Period ending June 30 4 $AUS Thousands 5 £ Thousands 6 € Thousands 7 Revised 2012 assets
and liabilities from Hydrogenics’ 2013 Consolidated Financial Statements and Results of Operations
Figure 2 shows total U.S. investment in fuel cell Figure 1: Worldwide Venture Capital (VC), Private Equity
companies between 2011 and 2013. U.S. investment (PE), Over-the-Counter (OTC), and Private Investment in
totaled $172.7 million in 2013, down from $245.8 Public Equities (PIPE) Investments in Fuel Cell Companies
million in 2012 and $408.7 million in 2011. Global (2011-2013)1,2
investment also has declined from $457.2 million in Chart created by Breakthrough Technologies Institute using
2011, to $307.1 million in 2012 and $224.5 million in data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance and New Zealand
2013. Despite this decline, during 2011 through 2013, Superannuation Fund
the U.S. contribution to global investment remained
steady at 80%, compared to to the 81% reported for 1 Cinven Group’s $1.988 billion purchase of CeramTec is omitted from this chart.
the period 2010 through 2012.21 2 Data provided by Bloomberg New Energy Finance includes only disclosed and
completed deals.
350 Investment Partners LLP (formerly CT Investment 1 Cinven Group’s $1.988 billion purchase of CeramTec is omitted from this chart.
Partners) invested $0.2 million in U.K.-based ACAL 2 All data provided by Bloomberg New Energy Finance and includes only disclosed
and completed deals.
Energy, a developer of PEM fuel cells for station-
ary and automotive applications. In past years, 350
Investment Partners has made investments in ACAL
Energy, CMR Fuel Cell and Ceres Power.26
Table 4: Disclosed Top Venture Capital and Private Equity Investors in Fuel Cells, By
Company and By Country (2013)27
TOTAL $180.2
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance and New Zealand’s Superannuation Fund
Note: In 2013, there was an additional fuel cell investment of more than $117 million, made by unidentified VC and PE investors.
Table 5 lists the top 10 global investors in fuel cells between 2000 and 2013, as well as countries with the high-
est level of investment during that period. The top five firms investing in fuel cell companies in the period is
Switzerland’s Credit Suisse, followed by four U.S. companies: Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers; New Enterprise
Associates Inc.; Mobius Venture Capital Inc.; and GSV Capital Corp. In aggregate, the U.S. made the greatest cu-
mulative investment during the period, at $789.9 million, followed by the U.K. at $243.1 million and Switzerland
at $156.5 million. Overall, the Top 10 investor countries have provided 93% of reported global investment in fuel
cell companies during the period 2000 through 2013.
Table 5: Top Ten Venture Capital and Private Equity Investors in Fuel Cells, By Company and
By Country (Cumulative 1/1/2000-12/31/2013)
Total All
Amount VC and PE
Company (million Country Investment
USD) (million
USD)
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance and the New Zealand Superannuation Fund
In February 2013, Plug Power priced an underwritten public offering of its common stock and after the sale, raised
approximately $2.4 million.28 In September, Plug Power did the same for more than 18 million shares and raised
$9.1 million.29
In that same vein, Acta S.p.A. raised £2.1 million (US$3.2 million) gross though the issue and allotment of 30 mil-
lion ordinary shares with net proceeds used to finance the working capital requirements of the Company’s current
commercial expansion.30
Heliocentris was also successful raising money this way, placing more than 1.7 million new shares in March 2013
equaling gross proceeds of €10.65 million (US$13.6 million).31
Also in March, Protonex Technology Corporation received a $2 million credit facility from WindSail CapitalGroup,
LLC, which will be used for working capital and sales channel expansion.32
In October, Intelligent Energy raised £31.9 million (US$48 million) in capital to finance the next stages of its
development.34
In November, Ceres Power secured £1 million (US$1.5 million) in grant funding from the U.K. Department of
Energy & Climate Change Energy Entrepreneurs Fund to develop its ‘Steel Cell’ technology platform.35 The
company also raised money in March through a stock placement.36
Industry Investment
There was significant investment in several fuel cell companies from the fuel cell/hydrogen/component industry
itself, as well as from other stakeholder companies–totaling $22.5 million during 2013.
• Anglo American Platinum invested $4 million in Ballard Power Systems, through its PGM Development Fund.37
• Azure Hydrogen Energy Science and Technology Corporation, Ballard’s partner in China, acquired a 10%
ownership position in Dantherm Power, Ballard’s telecom backup power subsidiary, for $2 million. Following
the transaction, Ballard’s ownership position in Dantherm Power is 52% and Dantherm A/S holds the remaining
38%.38
• Plug Power Inc. received a $6.5 million strategic investment from its partner and hydrogen provider Air Liquide,
which included a preferred stock purchase, increased ownership of the companies’ HyPulsion joint venture and
an engineering services contract.39
Intellectual Property
The Clean Energy Patent Growth Index report from
the Cleantech Group-Heslin Rothenberg Farley &
Mesiti P.C. tracks the intellectual property of the clean
energy sector and provides detailed coverage on the
Figure 3: Top Ten U.S. Fuel Cell Patent Assignees (2002-2013)
different sectors involved, including fuel cells.41
Source: Heslin Rothenberg Farley & Mesiti P.C.
In 2013, solar patents overtook fuel cells for the first
time since 2002. There were 886 patents awarded to the
fuel cell industry in 2013 (solar had 965), down from
1024 in 2012.
The U.S. won back the title for most fuel cell patents in
2013 with 317 and since 2002, has boasted an impres-
sive 43% of the world’s fuel cell patents.
There have been a growing number of megawatt-scale shipments by three U.S. fuel cell manufacturers, Bloom
Energy, ClearEdge Power and FuelCell Energy. About 150 MW of stationary fuel cells were shipped worldwide in
2013, an increase of about 24% over 2012 and 244% more than in 2008.
There was a 17% year-to-year decrease in the number of U.S. fuel cell shipments during 2013 (Figure 9), but at
the same time megawatts shipped from the U.S. grew by 2% (Figure 10)–meaning that fewer, but larger, fuel cells
were shipped by U.S. fuel cell manufacturers. A marked increase was seen in the number of fuel cell systems
shipped from Japan, in large part attributed to the Japanese Ene-Farm residential fuel cell program. South Korea
also showed significant growth in the number of megawatts shipped during 2013, reflecting the large-scale fuel cell
units manufactured in that country through the partnership of POSCO Energy and FuelCell Energy.
Figure 10: Megawatts of Fuel Cells Shipped By Key Countries of Manufacture (2008-2013)
Source: Navigant Research. 2013P = Projected for 2013
Overall, total North American fuel cell systems shipped declined by 7% (Figure 11), attributed to a roughly 26%
decrease in shipments of fuel cells for transport, which includes both passenger vehicles and material handling
equipment. Hyundai began deliveries of its ix35 fuel cell electric vehicle to European customers in 2013 (U.S.
shipments will start in 2014), but shipments of fuel cell electric vehicles in the U.S. and globally remained low as
major auto manufacturers (Honda, Toyota) prepare for the commercial release of their fuel cell electric vehicles
into global markets, starting with California, Germany and Japan, beginning in 2015-2017.
The end of the federal American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funding likely led to the decline of
fuel cell forklift shipments during 2013, a decline expected to be reversed in 2014. Fuel cell forklift shipments,
which grew in the U.S. after receiving a boost from ARRA, encouraged a number of companies to deploy partial
or total fuel cell fleets during the period 2009-2012. Their experience with fuel cells led a number of companies to
purchase additional units for the same site, or to deploy fuel cells at new warehouse locations. Additional orders,
including a large order from Walmart, and growing international interest in fuel cell-powered forklifts will likely
boost shipments in 2014.
Figure 11: Fuel Cells Shipped – Manufactured in North America, by Application (2008-2013)
Source: Navigant Research. 2013P = Projected for 2013
Note: Shipments are from the U.S. and Canada.
Asian fuel cell shipments grew by 3%, driven by the stationary fuel cell markets in Japan and South Korea (Figure
12). The Japanese government wants to deploy 1.4 million residential Ene-Farm fuel cell units by 2020 and
5.3 million by 2030, and is currently providing financial support to buyers. This has helped to spur sales of 200
watt-700 watt units from several manufacturers—with more than 26,000 units sold during fiscal year 2013. In
addition, South Korean energy provider POSCO Energy is licensed to manufacture FuelCell Energy’s Direct
FuelCell® products in South Korea for sale in Asia, with many megawatts of fuel cells planned in 2014 to generate
electricity for the South Korean power grid, and byproduct heat that will be sourced to district heating systems.
Government Policy,
Standards, and
Regulation
The year 2013 saw a change of leadership at the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).43 Early in
the year, Ernest Moniz was confirmed as Secretary
of Energy. Moniz, a physicist, directed the
Energy Initiative at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT).
In May 2013, DOE and others led the launch of H2USA,44 a public-private partner-
ship consisting of automakers, government agencies, gas suppliers, and the hydrogen
and fuel cell industries to coordinate research and identify cost-effective solutions to
deploy the hydrogen infrastructure in the United States. Through H2USA, industry and
government partners will focus on identifying actions to encourage early adopters of fuel cell electric vehicles, con-
duct coordinated technical and market analysis, and evaluate alternative fueling infrastructure that can enable cost
reductions and economies of scale. After the initial launch, other organizations followed suit and joined in August
2013.45 A full list of H2USA members can be found in Appendix I.
DOE, through its Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Fuel Cell
Technologies Office, also funded numerous projects at fuel cell companies, universities
and other organizations to help further fuel cell and hydrogen research, development
and deployment. This includes funding through Funding Opportunity Announcements
and the Small Business Innovation Research/Small Business Technology Transfer (SBIR/STTR) program. The
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA-E) at DOE also funded several projects in 2013. See Table 6 for a
complete list.
Air Products and Will partner with Structural Composites Industries to develop a $900,000
Chemicals, Inc. cost-effective tube trailer for hydrogen delivery and storage that
can withstand high pressures. Air Products and Chemicals will also
test this new technology under real-world operating conditions at
hydrogen fueling stations in southern California.
Applied Nanotech, Inc. SBIR/STTR - Hydrogen Leak Detector for Hydrogen Dispenser $149,967
Center for Transportation To develop a fuel cell hybrid electric walk-in delivery van with a $3,000,000
and the Environment 150-mile range per fueling. The project will also retrofit 15 UPS
delivery vans with fuel cell hybrid power trains and test these
vehicles at distribution facilities across California. The University of
Texas’s Center for Electromechanics, Electric Vehicles International,
Hydrogenics USA and Valence Technology will also participate in
this project.
Colorado School of Mines To develop advanced hybrid membranes for cutting edge, next- $1,500,000
generation fuel cells that are simpler, more affordable and able to
operate at higher temperatures.
Composite Technology SBIR/STTR - Optimizing the Cost and Performance of Composite $154,991
Development, Inc. Cylinders for H2 Storage using a Graded Construction
FedEx Express To develop a fuel cell delivery truck with a range of up to 150 miles $3,000,000
per hydrogen fueling and test 20 of these trucks at FedEx facilities
in Tennessee and California. Plug Power and Smith Electric
Vehicles will join FedEx in this project.
Gas Technology Institute ARPA-E - Methane to Methanol Fuel: A Low Temperature Process $772,897
Giner, Inc. SBIR - Nanostructured Catalysts for Alkaline PEM Fuel Cells $149,981
LG Fuel Cell Systems, Inc. To advance LG’s SOFC technology and further develop the LGFCS $5,100,000
laboratory
Nuvera Fuel Cells To demonstrate the use of hydrogen fuel cells to power transport $650,000
refrigeration units (TRUs). Nuvera will work with Thermo King to
integrate its Orion™ fuel cells in a refrigerated trailer that will run
for at least 400 hours while supporting two sites, making deliveries
for a Sysco food distribution facility in Riverside, California, and for
H-E-B’s food distribution center in San Antonio, Texas. The Sysco
and H-E-B facilities already have fuel cell forklifts in operation with
hydrogen infrastructure already in place, provided by Nuvera’s
PowerTap™ hydrogen generator and refueling system. PNNL will
also oversee this demonstration.
Plug Power TRU demonstration. Plug Power’s TRU fuel cells, based on its $650,000
GenDrive™ system, will cool Carrier Transicold refrigeration units
on trailers delivering products for a Sysco Corp. distribution center
on Long Island. Each TRU will run for a minimum of 400 hours
over the two-year contract period. Hydrogen will be supplied
by Air Products. Researchers at the Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory (PNNL) will oversee the program.
Proton Energy Systems SBIR - Economical Production of Hydrogen Through Development $1,000,000
of Novel, High Efficiency Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Membrane
Electrolysis
Sprint To deploy fuel cell-powered backup power systems for rooftop $250,000
telecommunications equipment. The project will demonstrate
modular and lightweight fuel cell systems that can be easily
installed without heavy cranes and can be refueled from the
ground, overcoming the need for transporting fuel to rooftops. Air
Products, Altergy Systems, Burns & McDonnell Engineering Inc.,
CommScope Inc., First Element Energy LLC, IGX Group, Inc. and
ReliOn Inc. will also participate in this project.
Strategic Analysis To analyze and evaluate potential cost-competitive pathways for $1,000,000
producing and transporting hydrogen fuel.
Texas A&M University - ARPA-E - Generating Electricity from Waste Heat Using Metal $1,700,000
Engineering Experiment Hydrides
Station
Treadstone Technologies SBIR/STTR- Novel Structured Metal Bipolar Plates for Low Cost $149,831
Manufacturing
TOTAL $34,558,544
Prior to the passage and signing of AB8, in June, the California Energy Commission (CEC) approved $18.69
million in grants to build new and upgrade existing hydrogen fueling stations around the state. The companies
receiving funding include the South Coast Air Quality Management District, Linde LLC, Hydrogen Frontier, Inc.,
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., and Air Liquide Industrial US LP.48
To help pave the way for the commercialization and rollout of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), the governors
of California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont signed a
Memorandum of Understanding49 to coordinate actions to support and ensure the successful implementation of
their state’s ZEV programs that support battery and FCEVs. The initial Signatory States have agreed to a collective
target of having at least 3.3 million zero emission vehicles in their states by 2025 and pledged to work together to
establish a fueling infrastructure that will adequately support this number of vehicles.50
Elsewhere, the New Jersey Economic Development Authority and the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities
launched the second round of the Large Scale CHP/Fuel Cell Program in January 2013, with a goal to enhance
energy efficiency through on-site power generation with recovery and productive use of waste heat, and to reduce
existing and new demands on the electric power grid. The program supports CHP and standalone fuel cell projects
with a generating capacity of greater than 1 MW with up to $3 million available per project.51
In response to power and system outages due to recent hurricanes and storms, Connecticut’s Department of Energy
and Environmental Protection (DEEP) Microgrid Pilot Program awarded $18 million to nine microgrid projects,
including two involving fuel cells. The city of Storrs will receive $2.14 million for a fuel cell and solar power
project for the University of Connecticut, Depot campus, and the city of Woodbridge is slated for $3 million for
a project including a natural gas turbine and a fuel cell for the police station, fire station, Department of Public
Works, town hall and high school.52 Connecticut also released its 2013 Comprehensive Energy Strategy, reporting
that the state will need to increase the amount of class I energy resources (fuel cells, solar, wind) to meet the state’s
renewable portfolio standard (RPS) goal of 20% renewable generation by 2020.
International Activities
Overseas, the European Commission also proposed to renew and strengthen the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint
Undertaking (FCH JU) with a budget of €1.4 billion (US$1.8 billion) until 2024. This is a 27% increase in the
government’s commitment over the last phase of the program.53,54
The European Commission published the first part of its call for 2013 proposals for FCH JU, under the EU’s
Seventh Framework Programme. The call has a budget of €68.5 million (US$87.5 million) and consisted of 27
topics under five areas of research: transportation and refueling infrastructure; hydrogen production and distribu-
tion; stationary power generation and CHP; early markets; and cross-cutting issues such as social acceptance,
education, performance test schemes, and guarantees of origin.55
Japan’s 2013 research, development and deployment (RD&D) budget for fuel cells and hydrogen was ¥36.83 bil-
lion (US$363 million), almost double the 2012 budget.56 In December, Japan’s government allocated ¥7.2 billion
(US$71 million) to build hydrogen fueling stations starting in FY2014.57
The U.K.’s Office of Low Emission Vehicles published Driving the Future Today – A Strategy for Ultra Low
Emission Vehicles in the U.K., which recommends a funding commitment of more than £500 million (US$752
million) of new capital investment between 2015 and 2020 to continue to establish the U.K. as a premier market for
ultra-low emission vehicles.
The U.K. and South Korea entered into a new Memorandum of Understanding in November 2013 to strengthen
cooperation in hydrogen and fuel cell research.
The International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) agreed to continue the partner-
ship beyond the original ten year commitment. Japan took over as Chair with the United States and Germany as
Vice Chairs.
In 2013, fuel cells were the go-to technology of choice for many customers to power large data centers, company
headquarters, material handling equipment, telecommunications towers and networking equipment. The number of
markets for fuel cells continues to grow, and promising demonstrations are under way, financed by DOE, involving
zero-emission trucks at ports, power generation and mobile applications at airports, and power for refrigerated trail-
ers used to transport food and other perishables.
Stationary Power
The stationary fuel cell market includes several sizes and sectors including large-scale systems for prime power,
backup power or CHP, small systems for micro combined heat and power (m-CHP) for residential or commercial
operations, and prime and backup systems for remote or essential applications such as telecommunications towers.
Systems can range from several kilowatts to multiple megawatts in size.
FuelCell Energy increased the annual production rate of its North American manufacturing facility by 25% during
2013, to 100 MW. In addition, total capacity was increased 11% to 100 MW as FuelCell Energy’s team imple-
mented process improvements utilizing lean manufacturing principles and six sigma practices.58
Dominion Fuel Cell 14.9 MW Five 2.8 MW DFC3000® fuel cells. Connecticut Light & Power Co.
Park, Bridgeport, (CL&P) will buy the electricity generated by the Dominion-owned
CT facility under a 15-year, fixed-price energy purchase agreement.
Hartford Hospital, 1 MW Sold to Hartford Steam Company. Excess heat not used by the hospital
Hartford, CT will be supplied to the district heating system in Hartford that serves
the Learning Corridor Corporation, a magnet school system.
Microsoft, 300 kW Data Plant pilot project – fuel cell will run on biogas generated from
Cheyenne, WY local Water Reclamation Facility and will operate grid-independent
to provide continuous power to the data center in the event of a grid
outage. Any excess power will be provided to the water reclamation
facility to offset their electric costs.
NRG Energy, 5.6 MW FCE entered into a co-marketing agreement with NRG Energy for the
Montville, CT marketing and sales of its fuel cell power plants to NRG’s customer
base. NRG is installing 5.6 MW of FCE fuel cells and 2.3 MW of solar to
create a renewable energy park.
Elektrizitaetswerke 300 kW FCE will operate and maintain the power plant in collaboration with ewz
Zurich (ewz), and will supervise the plant from a European-based center staffed 24
Switzerland hours a day.
Federal Ministry 300 kW Installed and manufactured by FCE, the fuel cell will provide
of Education and approximately 40% of the electrical needs and 20% of the thermal
Research (BMBF), needs of the facility.
Germany
Gyeonggi Green 59 MW 21 DFC3000® power plants make up the fuel cell park, delivering power
Energy Fuel Cell to the electric grid and steam to a district heating system.
Park, Hwasung
City, South Korea
TOTAL 81.7 MW
Bloom Energy expanded its list of customers and installations in 2013. Most customers are located in California,
but since opening its new manufacturing facility in Newark, Delaware, the company has seen interest and growth
on the East Coast (Table 9).
AC Transit, 400 kW Fuel cells are fueled by biogas collected from landfills to supply
Oakland, CA electricity to the entire facility as well as to an electrolyzer to produce
hydrogen for the agency’s fuel cell buses.
American Honda, 1 MW Provides 25% of the electricity needs for 1.13 million square feet (sq. ft.)
Torrance, CA of office space, research, design and development operations, and parts
distribution center.
Anaheim Ducks 750 kW The fuel cells will provide 80% of the venue’s base load power and 25%
(Honda Center), during a Ducks game or concert. Financed by new leasing program
Anaheim, CA with Bank of America Merrill Lynch.
CenturyLink, Irvine, 500 kW To power cloud, managed hosting and colocation services housed at
CA data center.
Kellogg’s, San Jose, 1 MW Fuel cell will produce approximately half of the annual electrical
CA consumption at an Eggo® bakery.
Life Technologies, 1 MW The fuel cells were installed in an uninterruptible power configuration
Pleasanton, CA to protect Life Technologies’ labs, freezers, and critical experiments
and provide 60% of the electricity needs for the facility. The company
installed a 1 MW system at its Carlsbad, California, facility in 2012.
New York City Hall, 100 kW Installed as part of former New York Mayor Bloomberg's green initiative
New York City, NY and $148 million multi-phase renovation of city.
Ramar Foods 200 kW The fuel cell will provide 65% of electricity needs of the food-
International, manufacturing plant; the company expects to save at least $15,000 a
Pittsburg, CA month in electricity costs.
Roll Global, Los 200 kW Roll has installed a total of 4.6 MW of Bloom Energy fuel cells at various
Angeles, CA sites around California.
TaylorMade-adidas, 300 kW Fuel cell installed at manufacturing facility is financed by new leasing
Carlsbad, CA program with Bank of America Merrill Lynch.
Verizon, Los 1 MW Two call-switching centers in Los Angeles and San Francisco and a data
Angeles, San Jose, center in San Jose.
CA
Walmart, 3.2 MW Walmart installed its first Bloom Energy Server at its Lancaster,
Numerous sites California store in 2009 and now has 35 installations at stores and
distribution centers in California, totaling 11.4 MW.
SoftBank M-Tower, 200 kW Bloom’s first international installation, from the joint venture between
Fukuoka, Japan Bloom and SoftBank, Bloom Energy Japan.
TOTAL 81.7 MW
*Also includes installations from 2012 made public in 2013 and not included in the 2012 report. Based on publicly available data.
ClearEdge Power, which provided UTC’s PureCell®Model 400 fuel cell systems under its own brand, saw sales in
Korea as well as the U.S. in 2013 (Table 10).
First National Bank 400 kW First National Bank boasts one of the longest running fuel cell
of Omaha, Omaha, installations (since 1999) and was the first data center in the world to
NE generate power via fuel cells. The new fuel cell is installed in the main
floor of the building.
Lewis and Clark 1 MW Sold to Hartford Steam Company. Excess heat not used by the hospital
College will be supplied to the district heating system in Hartford that serves
the Learning Corridor Corporation, a magnet school system.
Verizon, Various 8 MW Verizon is investing $100 million in a solar and fuel cell energy project
sites in CA, NJ & and will install fuel cells at a mix of Verizon buildings, including
NY corporate offices, call centers, data centers, and central offices.
Busan International 400 kW The fuel cell is installed in the basement and marks the fourth project
Finance Center’s on which ClearEdge Power has partnered with Samsung Everland and
Landmark Tower, the first PureCell system installation in the city of Busan.
Busan, South Korea
In Germany, Equinix installed a 100 kW Fuji Electric fuel cell system to generate energy for its data center in
Frankfurt.61 The fuel cell, supplied by N2telligence, is designed to also provide fire suppression by managing
the oxygen level in the room, leaving enough oxygen for staff to breathe comfortably but not enough oxygen to
support a fire.
GEI Global Energy Corp., a new high temperature fuel cell company created when Suja Minerals acquired Global
Energy Innovations, entered into a Letter Of Intent with developer Owl Eco Group, to build a 100 MW (1,000 100
kW units) power plant in the natural gas shale fields of Western Pennsylvania.62
Another new company, Redox Power Systems LLC,63 which spun out of the University of Maryland, has devel-
oped an SOFC system, the PowerSERG 2-80, also called “The Cube,” and plans to release a 25 kW version of the
fuel cell in 2014.
Widmer Brothers Brewing is testing a small-scale fuel cell developed by researchers at Oregon State University at
its Portland brewery, using it to treat about 1,000 gallons of wastewater a day while generating electricity.64 The
project received a $150,000 grant from Oregon Built Environment & Sustainable Technologies (OregonBEST).
Solid Cell won a fourth grant ($200,000) from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
(NYSERDA) to help develop its solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) from prototype to commercialization.65 Solid
Cell will match the grant dollar-for-dollar with help from RocCera, a company specializing in advanced ceramic
component manufacturing, and Alfred University’s NanoMaterials Innovation Center.
Panasonic and Tokyo Gas launched the latest version of their Ene-Farm residential fuel cell unit in April 2013. The
fuel cell has a 60,000 hour lifetime and costs ¥1,995,000 (US$19,650), which is ¥760,000 (US$7,486) lower than
its earlier Ene-Farm model.67 The companies also have developed an Ene-Farm system for condominiums, with
the fuel cell, hot water unit and backup heat source stored in the pipe shaft of the condominium.68
U.K. hospitality company Whitbread installed a Baxi Commercial fuel cell at its Glastonbury Premier Inn, which opened
in early 2013, to provide approximately 20% of the total hot water demand. The Baxi fuel cell is the first U.K.-based trial
under the EU’s ene.field project, which plans to deploy 1,000 fuel cell systems from nine European manufacturers in 12 EU
member countries.
Also part of the ene.field project, German fuel cell company Elcore installed its Elcore2400 unit in a German house. Elcore
also entered into a partnership with the Thüga-Group, a network of municipal energy and water companies, and will
initially install seven Elcore 2400 fuel cell systems around the country.
Another ene.field member, Bosch Thermotechnology, announced plans to launch a residential fuel cell m-CHP unit in 2014
in Germany, France, the U.K. and The Netherlands. It will purchase SOFC technology from Aisin Seiki and initially will be
targeting one- and two-bedroom homes.
In Berlin, a fuel cell was installed at the Federal Ministry of the Environment (Bundesministerium für Umwelt,
BMU) as part of the German Callux program, run by the National Innovation Program for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell
Technology (NIP), and supported by NOW, the National Organization Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology.69 The
Callux program is another field test for fuel cell heating systems for domestic use, launched with partners from
industry and supported by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Up to 500 fuel cell
heating appliances were to be installed by the end of 2013 and operated in some cases until 2015.70
In 2013, Australia’s Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited (CFCL) began offering its BlueGen fuel cell m-CHP unit free to
qualified schools and businesses in the U.K., using feed-in tariff income to allow for the fully funded installation.71
The company also received a number of orders to provide units for installations and field trials across Europe
(Table 11).
Company or
Region Notes
Project
Energy Services U.K. 200 BlueGen units in 2013 and an additional 200 BlueGen units during
Company (ESCo) 2014 for the social housing sector.
iPower Energy
Limited
National Grid U.K. National Grid AWS and CFCL have formed a partnership for the delivery
Affordable Warm of 10 BlueGEN m-CHP systems for installation at social housing partners
Solutions (National in the U.K.
Grid AWS)
Novogaz SA Switzerland Agreement continues the companies’ cooperation that began in 2010
with a BlueGen field testing exercise.
Synergy Baltic States, Minimum of 1,000 BlueGen m-CHP units over two years.
International OÜ Scandinavia
Virtual Power Plant The 45 BlueGEN fuel cell m-CHP appliances will generate electricity on the
(VPP) Project Netherlands island of Ameland.
IE-CHP Ltd., the joint venture between Intelligent Energy (IE) and Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE), received
CE certification for its 10 kW CHP fuel cell system.72
Korea may also present a new market for fuel cell m-CHP. U.K.-based Ceres Power Holdings plc signed a com-
mercial and technical partnership with South Korean boiler manufacturer KD Navien Co. Ltd. to carry out trials
of the Ceres 1-kW natural gas fuel cell at its facility in Seoul and engage in the first stages of design of a m-CHP
product for Korea’s residential market.73
Italian company Acta S.p.A. saw multiple orders from telecommunications companies and distributors in several
countries (Table 12).
Unnamed Africa Acta sold its first fuel cell backup system for a three-month onsite trial
international mobile for base station.
telecommunications
company
Shanghai Sunwise China Distribution partnership for electrolyzers and back-up power systems in
Energy Systems Co. China.
Ltd.
MVS Energy India Acta signed distribution agreement for its electrolyzers in India.
Solutions
Cascadiant Indonesia Acta received its first purchase order from Cascadiant for a rack-
mounted 300 L/hr electrolyzer unit for evaluation for telecom backup in
Indonesia.
Lead Core Philippines Trial of backup power system at telecom base station
Technology Systems
Inc.
SMS Global Philippines Two month trial of backup power system at telecom base station.
Technologies Inc.
Ballard Power Systems completed the commissioning of 796 ElectraGen systems and shipped 500 fuel cell stacks
to customers in 2013. Table 13 summarizes new orders received by Ballard and its subsidiary, Dantherm Power, in
2013.
Acta S.p.A./Isle of 1 Part of EcoIsland energy storage project. Acta is incorporating its
Wight EL500 electrolyzer with Dantherm’s 5-kW fuel cell system to generate
hydrogen directly from the solar panels on a home.
Azure Hydrogen 220 Ballard and Azure signed an Equipment Supply Agreement for the
Energy Science supply of 220 ElectraGen™ fuel cell systems (120 ElectraGen™-H2 and
and Technology 100 ElectraGen™-ME systems) to be deployed in Chinese telecom
Corporation, China networks.
Idea Cellular, India 5+ For a pilot project in Idea Cellular’s India telecom network,
ElectraGen™-ME fuel cell systems will be utilized in combination with
solar technology to generate continuous power at five wireless base
station sites. Funding for a feasibility study as well as the pilot project
made available through a grant from the United States Trade and
Development Agency (USTDA).
Telestra/Australia N/a After several months of testing at base stations, including one in
Tasmania, Telstra will deploy fuel cells as an alternative to back up
battery arrays at mobile base stations and small telephone exchanges.
TOTAL 226+
Other fuel cell companies entered agreements or selected partners to expand networks internationally:
• Heliocentris will supply fuel cells to one of the world’s largest mobile network operators from the Middle East to
upgrade its network, beginning with 240 sites.74
• Intelligent Energy and Microqual Techno Limited established a partnership to provide telecommunications
infrastructure to existing power transmission towers in India.75
• Italian fuel cell company Electro Power Systems SpA (EPS), granted VP Energy, LLC , of Michigan exclusive
rights to manufacture and distribute its ElectroSelf™ fuel cell product line in North America. EPS also selected
Century Yuasa as its authorized distributor and installer for Australian and New Zealand markets.76
A number of other systems were announced or commissioned in 2013. VP Energy, LLC will install an
ElectroSelf™ fuel cell system at the Lansing Board of Water and Light’s new REO Town Headquarters and
Cogeneration Plant in Michigan.77
Belgacom began powering a remote telecommunications antenna in Wemmel, Belgium, with an Axane (Air
Liquide’s subsidiary) fuel cell.78
Spanish fuel cell company Ajusa installed a 1.2 kW fuel cell to power a telecommunications site for Iberdrola and a
5 kW fuel cell uninterruptible power supply (UPS) unit at the offices of an Albacete television channel.
Fuel Cell Systems (FCS), a subsidiary of UPS Systems PLC, joined the ‘Alkammonia’ project funded by a €1.96
million (US$2.5 million) grant79 from the FCH JU to test the efficiency of ammonia-fed, alkaline fuel cell systems
for remote telecommunication base stations.
Canadian fuel cell manufacturer Hydrogenics received an order from its U.S.-based partner CommScope, Inc., for
HyPM™ XR Series fuel cell power modules for an unnamed U.S. wireless operator.80
Diesel gensets are loud and smoky, and the diesel fuel in remote, rural regions is often a target of thieves. Hydrogen
delivered to these areas typically comes as compressed gas in cylinders, in large bulk orders to achieve long run times.
Often these are costly and inconvenient to transport. Methanol is moved more easily, in liquid form, which allows for larger
and less frequent deliveries.
Ballard Power Systems has reaped the most from the international interest in methanol after acquiring fuel cell manu-
facturer IdaTech in August 2012. In January 2013, Ballard assumed management of IdaTech’s 37,000 square foot Tijuana,
Mexico, manufacturing facility where the ElectraGenTM-ME fuel cells are built. Ballard and its partners ship methanol
systems to telecommunications operators in many countries.
In April 2013, Ballard shipped its 500th ElectraGen™-ME since the IdaTech acquisition, including more than 270 deployed
in 16 Caribbean and Latin American (CALA) telecom networks.
In June, Ballard launched its next-generation ElectraGen™-ME backup power system, and by the end of the year, had
commissioned more than 300 in Japan, 100 in China, and is participating in several pilot projects, demonstrations and
commercial deployments in India, Australia, Indonesia and other countries.
Other manufacturers see the potential of expanding their portfolio to include a methanol-fueled system.
Hy9 and Clean Energy Investments (CEI) are integrating Hy9’s HGS liquid methanol on-site hydrogen generators into CEI’s
fuel cells for African markets. Hy9 also entered into an agreement with Sankosha Corporation to do the same for Asian
markets. In 2012, Hy9 began working with ReliOn to add methanol capability to their portfolio.
Direct methanol fuel cell company Oorja Protonics entered into an MoU with HySA/Catalysis, one of the three centers of
competence for Hydrogen South Africa, to sell and distribute Oorja’s products in the African market for telecommunica-
tions towers. Oorja also joined with Genersys Energia Solar Sabre (Genersys ESS) for a 3-year contract to focus on the
Latin American telecom market.
CommScope also installed an 8-kW fuel cell backup system at Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. (CableLabs®), a
non-profit research and development consortium, at its headquarters in Louisville, Colorado, to support the head-
end and cable modem termination system.81
Bing Energy, working with Swedish fuel cell manufacturer PowerCell, unveiled its first product, a hydrogen fuel
cell for telecommunications backup.82
Outside of the telecom industry, there was a lot of activity in portable/backup fuel cell development.
Engine manufacturer Cummins Inc. signed a five-year international supply agreement with fuel cell company
Heliocentris. The company also joined with Ad Astra Rocket Company to power a Cummins-built electrical
generator using mixtures of hydrogen and biogas.
The Colorado School of Mines received the world’s first geothermic fuel cell (GFC), a modified solid oxide fuel
cell, to test in extraction of oil from oil shale.83 The 4.5 kW natural gas-fueled GFC was designed and built by
Delphi for IEP Technology.
SFC Energy had a very busy year in 2013. The company launched new fully integrated outdoor power solutions
for industrial applications–EFOY Pro Energy Solutions, which consists of the EFOY ProCube, EFOY ProCabinet,
and EFOY ProEnergyBox.84 The company also expanded its EFOY COMFORT for recreational applications to
Canada and the U.S.,85 and signed a contract to acquire Simark Controls Ltd.,86 a Canadian value added (VAR)
distributing company. SFC also began selling EFOY fuel cartridges for EFOY COMFORT fuel cell generators in
the Caribbean.
SFC Energy’s fuel cells are now powering surveillance trailers for Canadian oil and gas company Convergint
Technologies87 and were used for undisturbed video observation of a pair of white-tailed eagles by The Royal
Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB).88 SFC’s system integration partner Antares Ltd., U.K., worked with
RSPB, the National Trust for Scotland and SNH to install a fuel cell to power a camera on Shieldaig Island, in
Wester Ross, Scotland, adjacent to the nest of a white-tailed eagle pair.
SFC is also working with Mastervolt International BV to integrate products for marine and RV markets.89 Other
companies now offering SFC’s EFOY products into its catalogs include the Knaus Tabbert Group90 (Eurostar
caravans) and Leonardo Yachts (Eagle 36 and Eagle 44 luxury daysailers).91
Table 14: Examples of Commercially Available Backup and Remote Power Fuel Cells 2013
Altergy Systems (U.S.) Freedom Power™ PEM 500 W, 1 kW, 5 kW & 7.5 kW
Horizon Fuel Cells launched the i-H2GO, its most technologically advanced toy car; it runs on hydrogen and can
be controlled via a Smartphone or tablet.95
Neah Power Systems, Inc. received a $172,000 order for multiple units of its PowerChip® product from the Indian
Government’s Defense Research and Development Organization.96 The company opened an office in India in
October 2013.
Transportation
Light Duty Vehicles
At the end of 2013, the next generation of FCEVs was on
display at the array of international shows.
For its next generation FCEV showcased at the L.A. Auto Show, Honda
improved on its FCX Clarity with a vehicle (as seen in Figure 19) that
can seat five people
comfortably and has a range of more than 300 miles. The concept
car features a next generation, smaller fuel cell stack that provides
more power.101 Honda reaffirmed its intent to launch its FCEV in
the U.S. and Japan in 2015.
Also at the Tokyo Auto Show, Diahatsu showcased its new light
FCEV (as seen in Figure 20) called the “FC DECK”.102 The pro-
prietary fuel cell system runs on a liquid fuel, hydrazine, which
consists of hydrogen and nitrogen. Daihatsu has been working on
fuel cells with Toyota since 1999 and displayed a similar FCEV Figure 19: Honda FCEV Concept
at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show. This new vehicle has a smaller Source: Honda
battery and lower cost.
Spotlight on…
Automaker Collaborations
In 2013, many of the major automakers made headlines for their collaboration on R&D and FCEV commercialization
efforts.
• Daimler AG, Ford Motor Co, and Nissan Motor Co. are developing a “common fuel cell system” with plans to build
100,000 FCEVs between them, to start selling in 2017.
• Honda and General Motors are working to develop a next-generation fuel cell system and hydrogen storage technolo-
gies by 2020.
• Toyota and BMW aim to develop a complete FCEV system by 2020.
• Volkswagen is working with Ballard Power Systems to design and manufacture a next-generation fuel cell for its
HyMotion demonstration cars.
This work is in addition to the RD&D and commercialization plans of the individual companies involved. It is especially
important to note that several of the companies – Nissan, Ford, Volkswagen and BMW – have previously focused primarily
on battery-electric vehicles and other alternative fuels.
SymbioFC (France) ALP® PEM 80 kW-100 kW (full system) Utility vehicles, trucks
**In January 2014, US Hybrid (US FuelCell’s parent company) entered a global licensing agreement with United Technologies Corporation (UTC) for UTC’s PEM fuel
cell technologies for the vehicle market.
Table 16: FTA National Fuel Cell Bus Program Awards 2013
Fuel Cell Bus $1,808,340 Center for Continues operation of existing fuel cell buses
Fleet Extended Transportation and at AC Transit in revenue service. This project
Operation and the Environment provides critical information on long-term
Support (CTE, GA), AC Transit operation, performance and maintenance of fuel
(Oakland, CA) cell buses against technical targets.
American Fuel $2,732,147 CALSTART, Greater Builds a next-generation fuel cell bus with latest
Cell Bus Cleveland Regional fuel cell technology and demonstrates in transit
Transit Authority service in greater Cleveland area for 2 years. This
(Cleveland, OH), project builds on success of the American Fuel
ECA), BAE Systems Cell Bus project, funded under National Fuel Cell
(NY), Ballard Power Bus Program, with a less costly, more reliable
Systems (MA) system.
Central New $3,164,950 CTE, Tompkins Builds and operates a next-generation American
York Fuel Cell Consolidated Transit Fuel Cell Bus in a cold, northeastern climate. This
Transportation Authority (Ithaca, project builds on the success of first American
Program NY), ElDorado Fuel Cell Bus Project with more reliable, less-
National, costly technology.
Birmingham $238,987 CTE, Birmingham- Comprehensive testing of an existing fuel cell bus,
Fuel Cell Bus Jefferson County essential for commercialization of fuel cell electric
Program Transit (AL) buses. This project will help develop consistent
Operational procedures and guidelines for testing all fuel cell
Support buses.
Fuel Cell Bus $554,316 CALSTART, National Develops a best practices guide for transit
Altoona Testing Bus Testing Facility agencies in hydrogen fueling and maintenance
(PA) facilities.
TOTAL $13,009,146
In late November, the FCH JU released its latest call for proposals,
which includes around €15 million (US$19 million) to fund up to 24
fuel cell buses.111
In India, as part of a five-year research project, Tata Motors conducted test runs of the country’s first hydrogen fuel
cell-powered bus at the Liquid Propulsion System Centre of the Indian Space Research Organization.112
Two Mercedes-Benz Citaro FuelCELL Hybrid fuel-cell buses began shuttle service between the Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT) campuses in Germany, fueling at a new hydrogen fueling station on KIT’s North campus.113
Nuvera Fuel Cells supplied Dolomitech Srl with four fuel cell stacks to equip two minibuses that are in service in
Val di Fiemme, Italy. The minibuses were initially used for the 2013 Nordic Skiing championship and have since
been used in the snowy conditions of the Alps. The vehicles have traveled more than 18,000 miles without any
cold weather issues.114
Material Handling
In 2013, the material handling sector continued to be an active market for the fuel cell industry, with a large
majority of sales and deployments occurring in the U.S. Fuel cell manufacturer Plug Power is the major player in
this area, with an estimated 80% of the market share. Other U.S. companies focused in this sector include Nuvera
Fuel Cells and Oorja Protonics, with H2 Logic, a Danish company, leading the small number of deployments in
Germany and Europe.
*In March 2014, Walmart ordered 1,738 fuel cells for more than 1,500 forklift trucks at six distribution centers around the U.S. In July 2014, the company announced
an additional site and 286 additional fuel cells.
Plug Power shipped 918 units and received 1,079 orders for GenDrive products during 2013. Three customers
comprised 33.2% of Plug Power’s 2013 total consolidated revenues, with Mercedes-Benz, Procter & Gamble, and
Lowe’s representing 11.6%, 11.2%, and 10.4% of total consolidated revenues, respectively. Backlog at December
31, 2013, for GenCare and GenFuel products was approximately $25 million.
# of Location of
Customer Notes
Units Deployment
BMW 175+ Spartanburg, With more than 100 vehicles already powered by fuel cells,
SC BMW’s fleet has become the largest fuel cell material handling
fleet at a single location in North America and arguably in the
world.
Mercedes-Benz US 123 Tuscaloosa, Repeat order. Purchased 72 in July 2012 for new $70 million,
International, Inc. AL 900,000 square-foot state-of-the-art warehouse.
• Plug Power’s GenDrive 1900 is its highest power fuel cell designed as a drop-in replacement for lead-acid
batteries on six-ton capacity, four-wheel, class-one counterbalanced forklift trucks. The new fuel cell features
an optional second hydrogen tank. With both tanks installed, the system can store up to 3.4 kilograms (kg) of
hydrogen with an energy capacity of 50 kilowatt-hours (kWh).
• Ballard’s next generation FCgen™-1020ACS air-cooled fuel cell stack features enhancements designed to
increase durability and lifetime of the product. Overall, the company shipped 2,325 stacks for material handling
in 2013, a 15% year-on-year increase from 2012.
• Nuvera Fuel Cells’ new Orion® fuel cell stack is designed for material handling and other industrial vehicle
applications.
Toyota Industries (Toyota Shokki) revealed its new fuel cell powered forklift truck, co-developed with Toyoda
Gosei Co., Ltd., which has a continuous power rating of 8 kW and maximum output of 32 kW. Two have been
deployed at Toyoda Gosei’s Kitakyushu site for testing until March 2014. The hydrogen supplied is a by-product
of a nearby steel plant. Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) funded the project as part of its
“Kitakyushu Smart Community Creation Project.” 115
Table 19: Commercially Available Fuel Cells for Material Handling* 2013
PM400 PEM Up to 30 kW
*For purposes of this chart, material handling includes forklifts, lift trucks and range extenders for battery-electric utility and commercial vehicles
In Texas, DOE awarded $3.4 million to the Houston Galveston Area Council to demonstrate 20 heavy duty
TYRANO™ hydrogen fuel cell-electric trucks from Vision Industries at the Port of Houston. Expected benefits of
the project include displacement of 200,000 gallons of diesel annually and annual emissions reductions of 39 tons
of nitrogen oxides and 0.8 tons of particulate matter. Hydrogen for the fuel cell trucks will be locally sourced from
natural gas.116
Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH unveiled a battery-fuel cell hybrid electric commercial vehicle based on the
battery-powered Newton vehicle built by Smith Electric Vehicles. Proton Motor integrated a HyRange 8-kW fuel
cell system with the battery to increase range and power air conditioning and other equipment. The project was
supported by funding from Germany’s NIP program.117
French fuel cell manufacturer Symbio FCell announced that the French postal service, La Poste, is testing three
Renault Kangoo Z.E. electric mail delivery vehicles fitted with the company’s fuel cells. The vehicles will deliver
mail in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. The fuel cell will act as a battery range extender, doubling the
range of the battery vehicles for the long, cold and sometimes treacherous routes.118
The Nilfisk-Advance Group showed off the first fuel cell-powered industrial combination floor cleaning vehicle at
the ProMat 2013 conference in Chicago, Illinois. The Advance CS7000™ Combination Sweeper-Scrubber uses a
Plug Power fuel cell.119
Two-Wheeled Vehicles
Three French companies, Cycleurope, Pragma Industries and Ventec, developed the ALTER BIKE, a fuel cell
electric bicycle that stores its hydrogen in solid form, in recyclable canisters.120
SMILE FC System Corporation, a joint venture between Intelligent Energy and Suzuki Motor Corporation,
established a ready-to-scale production plant for its fuel cell systems in Yokohama, Japan. The fuel cell stacks will
be integrated into Suzuki vehicles.121
Also in Japan, Atsumitec Co. Ltd. integrated an SOFC and a thermoelectric conversion element onto a motorbike
that is able to run off the exhaust and power onboard systems.122
In Taiwan, a year-long demonstration project of 80 fuel cell scooters was completed (see page 42).
Marine
Nuvera Fuel Cells announced it will deliver eight of its Orion™ fuel cell stacks (total power 260 kW) to be used as
range extenders on Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri’s luxury marine vessels.123
WATT Fuel Cell Corporation entered into a strategic licensing and supply agreement with Parker Hannifin Corp.
to provide propane-fueled SOFC products for the recreational vehicle (RV), marine, over-the-road trucking and
residential markets. The companies worked together to demonstrate the SOFC on a 36-foot sailboat.124,125
EnergyOr Technologies Inc. demonstrated what is believed to be the first fuel cell-powered UAV flights in India,
using EnergyOr’s EPOD EO-310-XLE fuel cell system.126
A Washington State University (WSU) student team has been working a hydrogen-powered UAV, Genii (derived
from the Latin “potentia hydrogenii” or the potential of hydrogen). The UAV is made of fiberglass-laminated plas-
tic foam with a carbon-fiber wing spar, and has a wing span of 19 feet. Test flights of the battery-powered version
were successful, and students are working to integrate a hydrogen fuel cell.127
Fifty-five scooters were placed at 10 hostels along the route with the other 25 placed at local police stations, health
centers and elementary schools. The 360 hydrogen canisters were evenly distributed to seven exchange stations,
including gas stations, 7-11 convenient stores, and police stations.
Over the course of the year, the scooters were ridden more than 10,900 times, accumulating 245,446 kilometers. A total
of 453 kg of hydrogen were consumed during the project.
Each scooter was fitted with a GPS system that monitored and analyzed a variety of data throughout the year, including
driving time, location, direction, altitude, cruising distance, voltage, current and the temperature of fuel cell stack.
In addition to the technical data gathered from the GPS and other testing equipment, riders were encouraged to
complete a questionnaire that asked about performance, ease of use, safety, riding experience and expectations. A total
of 104 users responded to the 15-question survey and a majority of riders were satisfied with the scooter’s speed, range
and handling, as well as the hydrogen canister exchange system.
More than half of the riders had more than 10 years experience riding motorcycles, mostly for general commuting or
commuting to work and 32% said they would purchase a fuel cell-powered scooter in the future (40% said not sure). A
majority (62%) preferred a price below NT40000 (US$1,325) for the scooter and NT30 (US$1) to pay for a hydrogen
canister swap.
APFCT is using the data from these field trials to design a commercial-ready scooter. Focus will be placed on reducing
the cost of fuel cell stacks and hydrogen canisters while increasing the size of the vehicle.
In 2012, the Japanese government changed a regulation that had previously required all hydrogen fueling stations
to be located in industrial areas, to allow hydrogen stations to be placed in residential areas and near gas stations.
This led to Japan’s first public hydrogen station in a non-industrial area, adjacent to a conventional gas station
in Ebina, Kanagawa prefecture. The station was developed through a partnership of JX Nippon Oil & Energy
Corporation and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).132
Brussels, Belgium High capacity To be opened in 2014 as part of the Small 4-Wheel fuel cell
(40 fill-ups per day) passenger vehicle Applications in Regional and Municipal
transport demonstration (SWARM).
Saint-Quentin- 350 bar Located at IKEA’s distribution center to fuel around 20 fuel cell-
Fallavier, France powered forklift trucks.
Rotterdam, 350 and 700 bar First Air Liquide station in Netherlands. Has the financial
Netherlands backing of the European Union as part of the Trans-European
Transport Networks (TEN-T) program. Will be accessible by the
public.
Lesce, Slovenia 20 kg/day Will fuel a hydrogen-powered bus developed by Italian company
Rampini.
In June 2013, CEC awarded more than $18 million in grants for hydrogen fueling station projects in California.134
• Linde – $4.5 million to install hydrogen fueling stations in the cities of Mountain View, Cupertino, and Foster
City. The agreement includes a $3,069,948 match-funding requirement.
• Hydrogen Frontier, Inc. – $3 million to build a 100% renewable hydrogen fueling station at the Hyundai
America Technical Center testing facility in Chino. The award agreement includes a $1,615,385 match-funding
requirement.
• Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. – $2,999,172 to install hydrogen fueling stations in Woodland Hills and
Mission Viejo and to automate two trailer loading operations for transporting hydrogen for fueling from a pro-
duction facility in Southern California. The award agreement includes a $1,614,927 match funding requirement.
• Air Liquide – $1.5 million to build a hydrogen fueling station in Anaheim. The award agreement includes a
$933,996 match-funding requirement.
In addition to the new station awards listed above, the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD)
was awarded $6,690,828 to evaluate, test and upgrade select public hydrogen fueling stations, primarily in the
South Coast Air Basin.
Hydrogen Pressure/
City/Country Notes
Supplier Capacity
Bolzano, Italy Linde Group/ N/a Station is part of the EU's Clean Hydrogen in European Cities
Hydrogenics (CHIC) project, and will provide fuel to both cars and buses.
Flanders/ Ballast 700 bar Part of the cross-border ‘Hydrogen Region Flanders-
Netherlands Nedam Netherlands’ Interreg IVA program.
Helmond, Ballast 350 bar Built on the AutomotiveCampusNL, this station produces
Netherlands Nedam hydrogen renewably and could be upgraded to 700 bar.
Houston, Texas, Air Products N/a Hydrogen will come from an existing pipeline to fuel fuel cell
U.S. electric hybrid trucks the Port of Houston as well as personal
vehicles.
Leuna, Linde Group 500 bar To demonstrate its new storage technology, Linde opened this
Germany fueling station at its Leuna facility.
In 2013, ITM Power joined both Swiss H2Mobility and Mobilité Hydrogène France to help develop the hydro-
gen infrastructure in those countries. ITM received a £1 million (US$1.5 million) grant award from the Welsh
Government to establish a wholly owned subsidiary, ITM Motive, to help develop a hydrogen refueling infra-
structure in Wales.135 The company also launched ITM Power ApS136 in Denmark as a wholly-owned subsidiary
company. ITM also sold its reference plant based on its HPac platform to companies in Japan,137 Russia,138 and a
U.K. government agency.139
After BMW added more than 170 new fuel cell-powered material handling vehicles to its fleet, Linde installed two
new higher-throughput compressors, new storage tubes and distribution piping, and eight new hydrogen dispensers
to the automaker’s Spartanburg, South Carolina, manufacturing facility.140
In 2013, BMW also entered the second phase of its Landfill Gas-to-Hydrogen Pilot Project with the South Carolina
Research Authority (SCRA) to use locally sourced methane fuel for the forklift fleet. In the final phase of this
project, BMW is conducting side-by-side trials of its fuel cell-powered material handling vehicles using the landfill
gas derived hydrogen versus commercially sourced hydrogen.141
Greenlight Innovation delivered three electrolyzer test stations to the Forschungszentrum Jülich energy research
center in Jülich, Germany.142
IGX Group, a specialty distributor of high purity, industrial compressed gases, entered the hydrogen market in
2013 and performed the first on-site hydrogen fueling of a Multiquip fuel cell mobile lighting unit at San Francisco
International Airport.143 The lighting unit was powered by an Altergy Systems’ fuel cell and part of a project led
by Sandia National Laboratories and funded by Boeing and DOE. IGX also launched its hydrogen fueling services
in California focused on the telecommunications industry, with a fleet of composite cylinder equipped trailers that
store and deliver high-pressure hydrogen to fuel cell locations.144
HGS-C 84 Nm3/h
There was advancement in hydrogen production by other new companies as well in 2013:
Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Japan and Russian companies RAO Energy Systems of East and RusHydro entered
an agreement outlining their intention to build a liquid hydrogen plant in Russia’s Magadan Region.145 The hydro-
gen will be sold in Japan and the East Asian markets.
Florida-based Chemergy Inc. partnered with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) on a $1.75 million
project, funded jointly by the California Energy Commission (CEC) and Chemergy, to demonstrate a bioenergy
technology that converts wastewater treatment plant byproducts into hydrogen gas to use in fuel cells at the Delta
Diablo Sanitation District (DDSD) facility in Antioch, California.146 DOE and the Department of Defense (DoD)
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) are also partners on the project.
Western Hydrogen Limited was awarded CAN$1.45 million (US$1.35 million) from Sustainable Development
Technology Canada (SDTC) to continue piloting its “Molten Salt Gasification” hydrogen production
technology.147
On the university side, Researchers at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Technion–Israel Institute of
Technology developed a photoelectrochemical cell that uses water and nano-structured iron oxide to produce low
cost hydrogen.148
Japan’s Kyushu University was the Grand Prize Winner of the 2012-2013 Hydrogen Energy Foundation’s
Hydrogen Student Design Contest,149 developing hydrogen fueling infrastructure plans for the Northeast and mid-
Atlantic for the 2013-2025 timeframe.
Energy Storage/Power-to-Gas
Hydrogen and fuel cells are becoming a viable energy storage option in many countries and regions that are
generating excess energy via renewable resources such as solar and wind. Power-to-Gas projects, where the excess
electrical energy is used to produce hydrogen or methane, which can be injected into existing natural gas pipeline
infrastructure or diverted to a fuel cell, to be stored and used as needed, were on the rise in 2013.
Most of the Power-to-Gas and energy storage projects are occurring in Europe, mainly Germany. ITM Power, Acta
and Hydrogenics are the main companies providing the electrolyzers to generate hydrogen from wind, solar or
other resources.
CommONEnergy ITM Power, European Four year project funded under the EU’s Seventh
project, Europe consortium Framework Program to demonstrate energy efficient
technologies and energy storage solutions for non-
residential buildings such as shopping malls.
EcoIsland House Acta S.p.A, Dantherm Power Three-month trial at residence on Isle of Wight.
trial, Isle of Wight,
U.K.
Hydrogen Mini Grid ITM Power, Homes and Project consists of a 225 kW wind turbine coupled
System (HMGS), Communities Agency (HCA) directly to an electrolyzer, 200 kg of hydrogen storage,
Rotherham, U.K. a hydrogen dispensing unit and a 30-kW fuel cell system
for backup power generation for nearby buildings.
Power-to-Gas, Hydrogenics, E.ON, Swissgas Began operation in August 2013. The 2 MW plant
Falkenhagen, uses wind power and an electrolyzer to convert water
Germany into hydrogen, which is then injected into the existing
regional natural gas transmission system.
Power-to-Gas, ITM Power, Thüga The 360 kW plant will produce 125 kg/day of hydrogen
Frankfurt, Germany Aktiengesellschaft, Mainova gas. Situated at a Mainova AG site in the Schielestraße,
AG, German consortium Frankfurt in the state of Hessen.
Power-to-Gas, Hydrogenics, E.ON Awarded in April 2013. The 1 MW system will use excess
Hamburg, Germany wind and solar to generate hydrogen. Funding was
provided by Germany's NIP program.
Renewable Energy Acta S.p.A, Clean Power Will demonstrate the use of electrolyzers to produce
Storage Project, Solutions, Giacomini S.p.A hydrogen from rainwater, utilizing the excess energy
Chesire, U.K. produced by a domestic wind turbine on a farm.
Several Power-to-Gas consortiums were formed in 2013, joining together government agencies, industry and other
stakeholders (utilities, universities):
• Hydrogen Power Storage & Solutions East Germany (HYPOS): This initiative will select projects to be funded
with up to €45 million ($57 million) from the Germany Federal Ministry of Education and Research.150
• North Sea Power-to-Gas Platform: Eleven companies in Europe–DNV KEMA, Fluxys Belgium, Hydrogenics,
Energinet.dk, Maersk Oil Alliander, Gasunie, TenneT, ITM Power, National Grid, and Open Grid Europe–fo-
cused on utilizing wind power in the North Sea region.151
• Mediterranean Power-to-Gas platform (MP2G): will develop projects based on the integration of wind and solar
PV for Power-to-Gas energy storage across the Mediterranean region. Partners are ITM Power (U.K.) EDP
(Portugal), REN (Portugal), Enagas (Spain), Gas Natural (Spain), GDF Suez (France), TIGF (France), Edison
(Italy), Hydrogenics and SNAM (Italy).152
Also in 2013, McPhy Energy, a French hydrogen storage company, showcased its system coupling an industrial-
scale hydrogen generator with a 100 kg solid hydrogen storage unit, the world’s first it claims.153
Air Liquide made an equity investment in the Australian company HYDREXIA, a spin-off of the University of
Queensland that has developed a magnesium alloy solid hydride hydrogen storage technology.154
Military
Despite publicly announcing only two new funding awards (Table 15), the U.S. military continued to invest in fuel
cell development and testing for a range of applications.
The Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD) Renewable Energy Office in China Lake,
California, received a trailer-mounted regenerative fuel cell system from an unspecified provider, consisting of
a fuel cell and an array of solar panels for testing and evaluation. During the day, the command center will be
powered by solar energy. Excess energy is used to produce hydrogen. At night, the stored hydrogen is used by the
fuel cell to generate electricity.155
SAFCell, Inc. U.S. Army To demonstrate a 50 W wearable power unit for the $1 million
dismounted warrior. SAFCell will integrate its proprietary
solid acid fuel cell (SAFC) stacks into UltraCell Inc.'s micro
fuel cell systems and deliver to the Army for initial alpha
testing in late 2014.
SFC Energy, Inc. U.S. Air Force To further develop a portable 50 W fuel cell. $1 million
The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) with funding from SwampWorks at the Office of Naval Research
(ONR) and the DoD Rapid Reaction Technology Office successfully launched an all-electric, fuel cell-powered,
unmanned aerial system (UAS) from a submerged submarine.156
The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Advanced Power Technology Office is demonstrating small wind
turbines and fuel cells in extreme arctic conditions. The fuel cell manufacturer was not named.157
GM expanded its collaboration with the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development & Engineering
Center (TARDEC) via a new five-year Cooperative Research and Development Agreement. GM and TARDEC
will jointly test new hydrogen fuel cell-related materials and designs to evaluate their performance and durability
before assembling them into full scale fuel cell propulsion systems.158
SFC Energy AG launched its new EMILY 3000 fuel cell generator for vehicle-based defense applications, rede-
signed based on user experience and requests.
UltraCell released the GENiii XX55 portable fuel cell system that can operate using a range of field refillable fuel
cartridges and comes with a targeted lifetime of 2,500 hours. The company also completed evaluation of the XX55
fuel cell and the CliC-It methanol filling station in conjunction with Eylex Pty Ltd, its Australian and New Zealand
regional partner, and the New Zealand military.159
Cost Reduction
DOE’s EERE Fuel Cell Technologies Office, and the fuel cell industry itself, have made significant achievements
in fuel cell cost reduction. DOE reports that its funded research has enabled:160
• PEM fuel cell cost reduction of more than 50% since 2006, and more than 35% since 2008.
• A greater than 80% reduction in electrolyzer stack cost over the past 10 years.
• Reduction in the amount of platinum (Pt) used by a factor of five since 2005.
In Japan, manufacturers have lowered the cost of the Ene-Farm residential fuel cell system, from ¥8.0 million
(US$78,800) in 2005 to less than ¥2 million (US$19,700) in 2013. These numbers factor in the government
subsidy for the fuel cell system, which has helped to support 57,000 sales to consumers. By the time the subsidy
program ends in 2015, sales are expected to grow significantly as the price continues to decline to less than ¥1.0
million (US$9,850) after 2015, and to ¥0.5-0.6 million (US$4,925-5,910) between 2020 and 2030.162
Figure 23 shows the cost reduction attained by FuelCell Energy for the company’s MCFC, stated in terms of cost
per kilowatt, showing a 75% decrease in costs–from almost $10,000/kW in 2003, to about $2,500/kW today. The
company anticipates further cost reduction in the “mid-term.”
Ballard Power Systems has reduced the cost of its FCvelocity-9SSL and FCvelocity-1020ACS fuel cell products,
which power material handling equipment, by roughly 50% since 2008. The company continues to pursue cost
reduction and anticipates that, with increased purchase order commitments, the “scale and cadence” of product
shipments will contribute to increased manufacturing efficiency and further reductions in stack costs.163
Plug Power reports that their cost has been reduced by 25% since 2010 (Figure 24) through design simplification,
changes to scale and sourcing alternative suppliers.
Researchers at DOE’s Brookhaven National Laboratory discovered a low-cost, stable, effective catalyst that could
replace platinum in the production of hydrogen. The catalyst, made from soybeans and molybdenum metal, proved
active and stable in testing.164
Researchers from Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (South Korea), Case Western Reserve
University and University of North Texas report great progress with graphene nanoparticles as a fuel cell catalyst,
Figure 23: FuelCell Energy Product Cost per Kilowatt Figure 24: Plug Power – Product Cost
Source: FuelCell Energy Reduction
Source: Plug Power
performing better than platinum in oxygen-reduction reactions.165 The catalyst material was tested in a wet cell,
lab scale, set-up and not in a membrane electrode assembly.
Supported by DOE’s Basic Energy Sciences program, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have
achieved high performance with a new catalyst made of molybdenum disulfide, which they say could eliminate the
platinum altogether. The group has produced milligram quantities of the catalyst. Plans are to experiment with
scaling up and improving performance as well as exploring related compounds.166
Duke University engineers developed a method for producing clean hydrogen using a new catalytic approach–us-
ing nanoparticle combinations of gold and iron oxide (rust), but not in the traditional sense. Current methods
depend on gold nanoparticles’ ability to drive the process as the sole catalyst; Duke researchers made both the iron
oxide and the gold the focus of the catalytic process.167
TÜV Rheinland completed the construction of a new testing laboratory in Pleasanton, California, to inspect
and certify small- to mid-sized power inverter devices. The new facility joins TÜV Rheinland’s laboratories in
Germany, Italy, Hungary, China, Taiwan and Japan. The company is prepared to open a facility in the eastern U.S.
to accommodate an expected increase in testing and certification demand.168
BASF announced that it is restructuring its fuel cell systems activities. As a result, BASF Fuel Cell, Inc., which
produced membrane electrode assemblies for HT-PEM fuel cell systems, was closed in August 2013. BASF is now
focusing on activities in the field of catalysts and absorbents for fuel cells.169
Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2012 - 12-month status report that includes data collected
from 18 fuel cell electric buses at three transit agencies. The report that shows the fuel economy of fuel cell
electric buses is 1.8 to 2 times higher than conventional diesel buses and compressed natural gas buses.
State of the States: Fuel Cells in America 2013 - provides details on new state policies and funding, recent and
planned U.S. fuel cell and hydrogen installations, and other related areas including university activity and interna-
tional expansion. This report also singles out the Top 5 fuel cell states, three states to watch and spotlights six U.S.
cities.
An Evaluation of the Total Cost Of Ownership of Fuel Cell Powered Material Handling Equipment - assesses the
total cost of ownership of fuel cell materials handling equipment and compares it to traditional battery-powered
equipment.
Vessel Cold-Ironing Using a Barge Mounted PEM Fuel Cell: Project Scoping and Feasibility - examines the feasibil-
ity of a hydrogen-fueled PEM fuel cell barge to provide electrical power to vessels at anchorage or at berth.
Status and Prospects of the Global Automotive Fuel Cell Industry and Plans for Deployment of Fuel Cell Vehicles
and Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure - automobile manufacturers leading the development of mass-market fuel
cell vehicles were interviewed in Japan, Korea, Germany and the U.S.
Transportation Energy Futures - this study that finds the U.S. has the potential to reduce petroleum use and
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector by more than 80% by 2050 with a comprehensive and
inclusive approach.
DOE’s EERE released peer-reviewed documentation detailing the updated well-to-wheels greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and petroleum energy usage as well as the life cycle cost analysis for advanced technology vehicles.
The Breakthrough Technologies Institute released The Business Case for Fuel Cells 2013: Reliability, Resiliency &
Savings, which takes a look at new markets for fuel cells and the benefits they are providing customers. The report
also highlights sales and installations of fuel cells to businesses in the past year.
The California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP) released A Road Map for Fuel Cell Electric Buses in California: A
Zero-Emission Solution for Public Transit, which examines at the progress of fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) in
California and across the world, and offers recommendations to state and federal policy makers about actions they
can take to put FCEBs on the path to full commercial readiness.
The 2011-2012 Annual Report on World Progress in Hydrogen, from the Partnership for Advancing the Transition
to Hydrogen (PATH), the international coalition of national hydrogen associations, projects the global fuel cell and
hydrogen energy market to be worth over $180 billion in 2050. The report also foresees revenues in the fuel cell
sector growing at a rate of 26% annually over the next decade.
Zero emissions trucks: An Overview of State-of-the-Art Technologies and Their Potential, a report by CE Delft in
the Netherlands and the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), commissioned by the International Council on Clean
Transportation (ICCT), assesses zero emission drivetrain technologies for on-road heavy-duty freight vehicles. The
report looks at CO2 reduction potential, the state of these technologies, expected costs in case of a technology shift,
the role of policies to promote these technologies, and greenhouse reduction scenarios for the European Union
(EU).
The New Energy World Industry Grouping (NEW-IG) Annual Report captures the key achievements and highlights
of NEW-IG activities in 2012, including the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking and the Horizon 2020
program. The report presents NEW-IG efforts in securing a European R&D program for fuel cells and hydrogen
and advocating market-deployment at EU policy level.
When the Grid Fails: Fuel Cells Power Critical Infrastructure in Disasters, a case study by Fuel Cells 2000, pro-
files industries that are beginning to adopt fuel cell systems for backup power and examines how the fuel cells
performed in recent catastrophic weather events, including Superstorm Sandy, Hurricane Irene, and Winter Storm
Alfred.
2013, DOE, along with industry partners, launched H2USA - a public-private partnership focused on advancing hydrogen
infrastructure to support more transportation energy options for U.S. consumers, including fuel cell electric vehicles. This
partnership brings together automakers, government agencies, state coalitions, gas suppliers, and the hydrogen and fuel
cell industries to coordinate research and identify cost-effective solutions to deploy infrastructure that can deliver afford-
able, clean hydrogen fuel in the United States.
• Hydrogenics (Canada)
Annual
Head-
Public Manu- # of Fuel Cell
quarters/ Primary Fuels Markets Applications
Companies facturing Employ-ees Type
Facilities
Capability
GEI Global U.S. Unavailable 5 HT-PEM Hydrogen, Stationary, Primary power for
Energy Corp. (Michigan) natural gas, backup, commercial business,
OTCBB: GEIG methane, auxiliary telecom, backup
butane, emergency, APUs
propane,
biofuels
Hydrogenics Canada Up to 90 MW 135 full time PEM Hydrogen Stationary, Telecom, data
NASDAQ: HYGS 30 MW if employees backup, centers, bus, material
Other producing (62 in motive handling, utility
facilities: on one shift Canada, 73 vehicles
Belgium, / 90 MW in Belgium)
Germany, w/ 3 shifts PEM Water Hydrogen fuel Hydrogen production,
Russia - assuming electro- storage, fueling,
1) customer lyzers power-to-gas
orders and
2) supplier
materials are
available
ITM Power U.K. Unavailable 75 PEM Water Hydrogen fuel Hydrogen production,
AIM: ITM electro- storage, fueling,
lyzers power-to-gas
Neah Power U.S. Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Portable Consumer electronics,
Systems (Washington) military, first
OTCBB: NPWZ responders, logistics
Panasonic Japan 10,000 units/ Unavailable PEM Natural gas Stationary Residential
NYSE: PCRFY year
Plug Power U.S. 10,000 units/ 230 PEM Hydrogen Motive Material handling
NYSE: PLUG (New York) year
SFC Energy AG Germany Unavailable 256 DMFC Methanol Off-grid Onboard devices
F3CG.DE stationary, (RVs, boats), remote
Other motive equipment (telecom,
facilities: traffic management,
U.S., weather stations,
Canada, The environmental
Netherlands, recorders,
Romania surveillance, lighting,
pumps), military
Toshiba Japan Unavailable Unavailable PEM Natural gas Stationary Residential
NYSE: TOSBF
Annual
Public Head-quarters/ Manu- # of Fuel Cell
Primary Fuels Markets Applications
Companies Facilities facturing Employ-ees Type
Capability173
ACAL Energy U.K. Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Stationary, Peak shaving,
motive remote power,
commercial scale
CHP, transport
Aisin Seiki174 Japan Unavailable Unavailable SOFC Natural gas Stationary Residential CHP
Altergy Systems U.S. (California) Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen, Backup Telecom
methanol
AquaFairy Japan Unavailable Unavailable PEM Calcium Portable Consumer
hydride/water electronics
Axane175 France Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Backup, Telecom
off-grid
Baxi Innotech Germany Unavailable Unavailable PEM, Natural gas Stationary Residential m-CHP
SOFC
Bing Energy U.S. (Florida) Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Backup Telecom
Bloom Energy U.S. (California) Unavailable Unavailable SOFC Natural gas, Large-scale Buildings
directed stationary (commercial,
Other facilities: biogas universities, arenas),
Delaware data centers,
utilities
Bosch Thermo- Germany Unavailable Unavailable SOFC Natural gas Stationary Residential m-CHP
technology
ClearEdge U.S. (California) Unavailable >250 PAFC Natural gas Large-scale, Buildings
Power176 PEM small-scale (commercial,
Other facilities: stationary government,
Oregon, universities,
Connecticut hospitals),
residential CHP
Dantherm Denmark Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen, Backup Telecom
Power177 methanol
Elcore GmbH Germany Unavailable Unavailable PEM Natural gas Stationary Residential CHP
EnergyOr Canada Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Motive Niche civil, and
military applications
– UAVs, APUs
Hydrogen fueling
Fuel Cell U.K. Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen, Portable Auxiliary power
Systems179 methanol for marine, RV,
industrial
Future E Fuel Germany Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Backup, Telecom, UPS,
Cell Solutions stationary off-grid
H2 Logic Denmark 10 hydrogen 35+ PEM Hydrogen Motive Hydrogen fueling
stations/year
Heliocentris Germany Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Backup Telecom
Other facilities:
Canada, South
Africa, United
Arab Emirates
Horizon Fuel Cell Singapore Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Portable, Educational,
Technologies backup, consumer
Other facilities: motive electronics, off-
U.S. (Illinois), grid, military,
Czech Republic, vehicles, aerospace
Australia, Brazil,
China, India,
Japan, South
Korea, Thailand,
Taiwan, U.K.
Infintium Fuel U.S. (Texas) Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Motive Material handling
Cell Systems
Intelligent U.K. Unavailable 300+ PEM Hydrogen Portable, Consumer
Energy motive, electronics, vehicles,
Other facilities: backup telecom
USA
(California),
India, Japan
LG Fuel Cell U.S. (Ohio) Unavailable Unavailable SOFC Natural gas, Stationary Large-scale utilities
Systems180 coal syngas
Lilliputian U.S. Unavailable Unavailable SOFC Butane Portable Consumer
Systems (Massachusetts) chargers electronics
Novofuel81 U.S. (Indiana) Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Portable, Military, telecom,
auxiliary, off-grid, emergency
Other facilities: backup response,
Italy electro-medical
devices, nautical
APUs, industrial
automation
Oorja Protonics U.S. (California) Unavailable Unavailable DMFC Methanol Motive & Range extension for
backup, onsite material handling &
Other facilities: hydrogen refrigerated trucks,
China generation telecom
PowerCell182 Sweden 10 MW 25+ PEM Diesel, CNG, Stationary, Telecom, truck
(2,000 hydrogen auxiliary APUs
units/year)
Proton Motor Germany Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Motive, Telecom, data
GmbH stationary, center, hospitals,
backup office buildings,
boats, range
extender for buses
and commercial
vehicles
Proton OnSite U.S. 2 MW Unavailable PEM Water Onsite Military, aerospace,
(Connecticut) electro- hydrogen fueling, renewable
lyzers generation energy industries
Other facilities:
Saudi Arabia183
ReliOn U.S. Scalable 45 PEM Hydrogen, Backup Telecom
(Washington) as needed methanol
through
contract
manu-
facturers
SAFCell U.S. (California) 20-30 kW 11 SAFC184 Methanol, Portable, APUs, military
propane, backup,
diesel remote
Solid Cell U.S. (New York) Unavailable Unavailable SOFC Hydrogen, Stationary, Off-grid residential
natural gas, portable, & light commercial,
Other facilities: propane, backup small scale CHP,
Ireland butane, remote continuous
ethanol, power, backup,
87 octane mobile power
gasoline, generators, APUs
diesel for trucks, RV’s,
marine vessels,
aircraft
Symbio FCell France Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Motive Range extender for
electric vehicles
UltraCell185 U.S. (California) 100 kW Unavailable RMFC186 Methanol, Portable Military, off-grid
propane
Other facilities:
New York
VP Energy187 U.S. (Michigan) Unavailable Unavailable PEM Hydrogen Stationary, Telecom, federal
backup agencies, industry
(buildings),
emergency
communications for
state and local
Watt Fuel Cell U.S. (New York) Unavailable Unavailable SOFC Natural gas, Portable, Military, emergency
Corp. propane, backup backup for
JP-8, diesel, municipal & first aid,
renewable battery charging
fuels for RVs & marine,
remote sensor
power, residential
29 http://www.plugpower.com/news/pressreleases/13-09-11/PLUG_POWER_INC_PRICES_10_0_MILLION_
PUBLIC_OFFERING_OF_COMMON_STOCK.aspx
30 http://www.actaspa.com/successful-2-1-million-institutional-fundraising-2/
31 http://www.heliocentris.com/en/our-company/press/press-releases/new-details/article/heliocentris-energy-solu-
tions-ag-raises-fresh-capital-of-1065-mio-eur.html
32 http://www.protonex.com/press-releases/protonex-announces-new-credit-facility-to-accelerate-growth-in-military-
power-energy-equipment
33 http://www.cfcl.com.au/Assets/Files/20130506%20-%20CFCL%20Fund%20Raising%20GBP%205m%20-%20
FINAL.pdf
34 http://www.intelligent-energy.com/about-us/media-room/news/company-news/2013/10/17/
intelligent-energy-holdings-plc-completes-51-million-capital-raising
35 http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-archive/2013/november/
ceres-power-awarded-%C2%A31-million-in-funding-from-uk-department-of-energy-climate-change
36 http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-archive/2013/march/further-investment-for-ceres-power-as-it-repositions-its-
business-strategy
37 http://www.ballard.com/about-ballard/newsroom/news-releases/news03031301.aspx
38 http://www.ballard.com/about-ballard/newsroom/news-releases/news03211302.aspx
39 http://www.plugpower.com/news/pressreleases/13-05-08/PLUG_POWER_SECURES_6_5_MILLION_
STRATEGIC_INVESTMENT_FROM_AIR_LIQUIDE.aspx
40 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/business/global/softbank-forms-fuel-cell-venture-with-silicon-valley-start-up.
html?_r=0
41 http://www.cepgi.com/2014/04/clean-energy-patent-growth-index-2012-year-in-review.html#sthash.abBRRpbe.
dpuf
42 Portable fuel cells include fuel cells for electronics, portable generator units (excluding vehicle auxiliary power
units), remote monitoring systems, and military units (such as skid mounted generators or soldier portable power).
43 http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/03/04/president-obama-announces-three-nominees-help-tackle-our-most-
important-challenges
44 http://energy.gov/articles/energy-department-launches-public-private-partnership-deploy-hydrogen-infrastructure
45 http://www.itm-power.com/news-item/h2usa-update/
46 http://www.nrel.gov/esi/esif.html
47 http://cafcp.org/press/governor_signs_ab8
48 http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2013_releases/2013-06-12_award_expand_CA_hydrogen_fueling_stations_
nr.html
49 http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/2013/8s_zev_mou.pdf
50 http://www.oregon.gov/deq/docs/MOUzev.pdf
51 http://www.njeda.com/web/Aspx_pg/Templates/Press_Rls.aspx?topid=721&Doc_Id=1921&ParentDocID=163
52 http://www.governor.ct.gov/malloy/cwp/view.asp?A=4010&Q=528770
53 http://www.fch-ju.eu/sites/default/files/P.R.%20FCH%20JU%202_0.pdf
54 http://ec.europa.eu/research/press/2013/pdf/jti/fch_2_factsheet.pdf
55 http://cordis.europa.eu/fetch?CALLER=EN_NEWS&ACTION=D&SESSION=&RCN=35445
56 http://www.iphe.net/docs/Meetings/SC19/Country_Reports/Japan_Country%20Update_19SC.pdf
57 http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2013/12/26/aiming-to-repeat-hybrid-success-japan-funds-fuel-cell-stations/
58 Six Sigma is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement.
89 http://www.sfc.com/en/SFC-Energy-and-Mastervolt-combine-forces-for-integrated-energy-solutions
90 http://www.sfc.com/en/more-flexibility-Knaus-%20installs-EFOY-in-caravans
91 http://www.sfc.com/en/node/1431
92 http://www.nectarpower.com/media/launch-nectar-mobile-power-system-at-ces/
93 http://www.intelligent-energy.com/about-us/media-room/news/company-news/2013/11/12/
intelligent-energy-launches-upptm-portable-power-for-your-connected-devices
94 http://japandailypress.com/japanese-start-up-says-commercial-grade-fuel-cells-ready-by-2014-0237034/
95 http://www.horizonfuelcell.com/#!i-h2go-toy-car/c1ebm
96 http://www.neahpower.com/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?ResLibraryID=66346&BzID=2189&t=1449&g=
637&Nav=0&LangID=1&s=0
97 http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/13/11/1105.html
98 http://www.jsonline.com/business/toyota-to-launch-hydrogen-powered-car-next-year-b99250180z1-255928311.
html
99 http://www.hyundainews.com/us/en-us/Media/Topic.aspx?mediaid=39958&mediakitid=39957
100 http://worldwide.hyundai.com/WW/Corporate/News/News/DF_WW_GLOBALNEWSVIEW_130226_02.
html?testValue=DF_WW_RD_GLOBALNEWS&title=DF_WW_GLOBALNEWSVIEW_130226_02&Row=410&total
Row=&selx2
101 http://automobiles.honda.com/honda-fcev/
102 http://www.carscoops.com/2013/10/tokyo-motor-show-preview-daihatsu.html
103 http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/fuel-cell-powered-audi-a7-development
104 http://www.udreview.com/news/university-adds-two-fuel-cell-buses-to-fleet-1.3038358#.UYAjwaLIWy6
105 http://goldengate.org/news/transit/zeb2013.php
106 http://www.cte.tv/pr/CTE_CTTransit_FC_Bus.pdf
107 http://www.ballard.com/about-ballard/newsroom/news-releases/news02151301.aspx
108 http://www.ballard.com/about-ballard/newsroom/news-releases/news03131301.aspx
119 http://www.ballard.com/about-ballard/newsroom/news-releases/news05281301.aspx
110 http://www.ballard.com/about-ballard/newsroom/news-releases/news09261301.aspx
111 http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/fp7/calls/fch-ju-2013-2.html
112 http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/india/40894097_1_hydrogen-fuel-tata-motors-bus
113 http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1136865-1-1605979-1-0-0-0-0-0-11700-0-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html
114 http://energy.gov/eere/articles/fuel-cells-providing-power-despite-winter-s-chill
115 http://www.toyota-shokki.co.jp/news/2013/130207fc_lift/
116 http://www.edf.org/news/zero-emission-technology-coming-houston
117 http://www.onlinepresse.info/node/2844250
118 http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20131210005828/en/La-Poste-UTBM-Testing-Hydrogen-Range-
Extender#.Uys-DqhdVTI
119 http://www.advance-us.com/aboutus/pressrelease/2011/fuelcell.aspx
120 http://www.pragma-industries.com/about-us/press-releases/alter-bike/
121 http://www.intelligent-energy.com/about-us/media-room/news/company-news/2013/02/20/intelligent-energy-and-
suzuki-motor-corporation-announce-completion-of-ready-to-scale-fuel-cell-production-line-in-japan
122 http://www.geek.com/science/motorbike-generates-200w-of-power-from-its-own-exhaust-fumes-1569379/
154 http://www.airliquide.com/en/rss/air-liquide-invests-in-innovative-hydrogen-storage-technology.html
155 http://www.navair.navy.mil/nawcwd/nawcwd/news/2013/130304_RE-NewFuelCell.htm
156 http://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2013/navy-launches-uav-from-submerged-submarine#sthash.
pzmHVHhw.dpuf
157 http://science.dodlive.mil/2013/10/29/the-air-force-catches-the-wind/
158 http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2013/Sep/0930-fuel-
cell.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
159 http://www.ultracell-llc.com/assets/UltraCell_BT-press-release-19th-July-2013-FINAL.pdf
160 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/fy14_budget_request_rollout.pdf
161 http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress13/i_introduction_2013.pdf
162 http://www.iphe.net/docs/Meetings/SC20/4.1.10japanUpdate2013NovSC_draft_r3-hara.pdf
163 http://www.ballard.com/files/PDF/Investors/AIF_26-Feb-2014.pdf
164 http://www.tgdaily.com/sustainability-features/71267-a-low-cost-recipe-for-hydrogen-production
165 http://phys.org/news/2013-06-metal-free-catalyst-outperforms-platinum-fuel.html
166 http://www.news.wisc.edu/21929
167 http://today.duke.edu/2013/05/cleanhydrogen
168 http://www.tuv.com/news/en/usa/about_us/press_1/press_releases/newscontent_usa_161920.html/TUV%20
Rheinland%20New%20Power%20Inverter%20Testing%20Laboratory?fromSearch=true
169 http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/news-releases/news-releases-usa/P-13-380
170 In 2012, Ballard acquired key assets from IdaTech, including fuel cell product lines for backup power applica-
tions, distributor and customer relationships, and a license to intellectual property, in return for $7.7 million of
Ballard common shares at a price of $1.08 per share (transferred to IdaTech’s principal funder, Investec, a South
African specialist bank and asset management company). Ballard had supplied IdaTech with fuel cell stacks for its
methanol-fueled ElectraGen systems for several years.
171 In 2012, Fuel Cell Energy acquired Versa Power Systems, Inc., a global developer of solid oxide fuel cell tech-
nology (SOFC). Prior to this action, Fuel Cell Energy owned approximately 39% of Versa and partnered with Versa
under the U.S. Department of Energy Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) coal-based systems program.
172 Global Energy Innovations, Inc., was acquired by Suja Minerals Corp. in 2013, and changed name to GEI
Global Energy Corp.
173 Unless otherwise specified. Some numbers are provided in kilowatts (kW) and are noted as such in the entries.
174 Aisin Seiki and Toyota worked jointly to develop the stationary SOFC fuel cell cogeneration system.
175 Axane is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Air Liquide group.
176 ClearEdge Power acquired fuel cell manufacturer, UTC Power, in 2013.
177 Dantherm Power is a subsidiary of Ballard Power Systems Inc. Dantherm Power’s fuel cells incorporate Ballard
Power Systems’ FCgen®-1020ACS fuel cell stack. Dantherm A/S and Azure Hydrogen hold non-controlling interests
in Dantherm Power.
178 JX Nippon Oil and Sanyo Electric Company established Eneos Celltech as a joint company for stationary fuel
cells.
179 Fuel Cell Systems Limited was formed as a subsidiary of UPS Systems plc.
180 In 2012, Rolls Royce sold 51% of its SOFC company, Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems, Inc., to South Korean
multi-national corporation, LG. The company was re-named LG Fuel Cell Systems.
181 In November 2013, AlumiFuel Power Corporation announced that its wholly owned subsidiary, NovoFuel, Inc.,
signed an agreement with Genport, srl of Italy to combine and integrate their technologies, assets and operations into
NovoFuel.