1.

ABUTMENT – abutment refers to the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam whereon the structure's
superstructure rests or contacts.

2. BAR LIST –

3. BAR NUMBER – Bar size directly refers to diameter of steel bar. Steel bars are used in civil structures to act as a
supporting agent like columns, beams, slabs and foundation. The reinforced concrete element resists the loads from the
joint action of steel bar and concrete.

4. BAR SUPPORT - Devices of formed wire, plastic or precast concrete, to support, hold, and space reinforcing bars. ...
BEAM AND SLAB FLOOR CONSTRUCTION—A reinforced concrete floor system in which a solid slab is supported by
beams or girders of reinforced concrete.

5. BEAM BOLSTER - Continuous bar support used to support the reinforcing bars in the bottom of beams.

6. BOX CULVERT - Culvert is a tunnel carrying a stream under a road or railway. A culvert may act as a
bridge for traffic to pass on it. They are typically found in a natural flow of water and serves the purpose of a
bridge or a current flow controller.
7. BUILDING CODE - Building codes specify minimum standards for the construction of buildings. ... The main
purpose of building codes are to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to
the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures.

8. BUNDLED BARS - A group of parallel reinforcing bars (not exceeding four in number) in contact with each
other, enclosed in stirrups or ties; used as reinforcement in reinforced concrete.

9. CANTILEVER BEAMS - is a beam supported only at one end, with load carried over the overhanging

10. CHAFFER –

11. COLUMNS - Column is a vertical structural member that carry loads mainly in compression. It
might transfer loads from a ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.

12. CONCRETE COVER - in reinforced concrete, is the least distance between the surface of embedded
reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete.
13. CONSTRUCTION JOINT - is a separation provided in a building that allows its component parts to move with
respect to each other; a joint where two placements of concrete meet.

14. CONTRACTION JOINT - is a sawed, formed, or tooled groove in a concrete slab that creates a weakened
vertical plane. It regulates the location of the cracking caused by dimensional changes in the slab.

15. CULVERT - is a tunnel carrying a stream under a road or railway. A culvert may act as a bridge for traffic to
pass on it. They are typically found in a natural flow of water and serves the purpose of a bridge or a current
flow controller. ... The culvert is ideally suited for a road to limit water flow in a controlled way.

16. CUT – OFF SAW - is a circular saw (a kind of power tool) which is typically used to cut hard materials,
such as metals, tile, and concrete. ... The free hand designs are typically used to cut concrete, asphalt, and
pipe on construction sites.

17. DEFORMED BARS - are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar,
these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
18. DOWEL - dowel is a solid cylindrical rod, usually made from wood, plastic, or metal. ... In civil construction,
“dowels” mostly means a round steel bar which is used to provide a mechanical connection between slabs
without restricting horizontal joint movement.

19. FOOTING - is defined as a structure constructed in brickwork, masonry or concrete under the base of a
wall or column for the purpose of distributing the load over a larger area. "Foundation" is that part of a structure
which is in direct contact with soil and transmits load into it.

20. FORMS –

21. GIRDER - is a support beam used in construction. It is the main horizontal support of a structure which
supports smaller beams. ... Larger girders (1 m/3 feet deep or more) are made as plate girders, welded or
bolted together from separate pieces of steel plate.

22. HONEYCOMB - Honey combs can be simply be defined as a rough, pitted surface or voids in concrete
resulting from incomplete filling of the concrete against the formwork, often caused by using concrete that is
too stiff or by not vibrating it sufficiently after it has been poured.
23. JACKROD –

24. JOIST -is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space, often between beams
that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members. ... The invention of the circular saw for use in modern
sawmills has made it possible to fabricate wood joists as dimensional lumber.

25. LAP SPLICE - is when two pieces of reinforcing bar (rebar) are overlapped to create a continuous line
of rebar. The length of the lap varies depend on concrete strength, the rebar grade, size, and spacing.

26. LATERAL/TRANSVERSE - is defined as the ratio of the change in diameter of a circular bar of a material
to its diameter due to deformation in the longitudinal direction. ... It is a dimensionless quantity, as it is a ratio
between two quantities of the same dimension.

27. LINTEL - is a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports. It
can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. It is often found over
portals, doors, windows and fireplaces.

28. LONGITUDINAL BAR -are the vertical bars, which are in the vertical alignment within the column and
horizontal alignment in the slab and beam. They resist bending forces in beam, axial compression in the
column and bending stress in slab.
29. MAT (FOUNDATION) - A raft foundation, also called a mat foundation, is essentially a continuous slab
resting on the soil that extends over the entire footprint of the building, thereby supporting the building and
transferring its weight to the ground. ... A raft foundation is also very good for basements.

30. MESH - mesh (also known as "re-bar") has been used as a reinforcement for concrete slabs that are
designed to experience some form of loading, whether that loading would be carrying traffic, spanning a void or
bearing another structure such as a wall.

31. MONOLITHIC - architecture describes buildings which are carved, cast or excavated from a single piece of
material, historically from rock. ... Buildings with a structural material that is poured into place, most commonly
concrete, can also be described as monolithic.

32. ONE- WAY SLAB - is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the load
along one direction.The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater than 2, considered
as One way slab because this slab will bend in one direction i.e in the direction along its shorter span.
33. PARAPET - is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway
or other structure. ... Parapets were originally used to defend buildings from military attack, but today they are
primarily used as guard rails and to prevent the spread of fires.

34. PEDESTAL - is a compression element provided to carry the loads from supported elements like columns,
statues etc. to footing below the ground. It is generally provided below the metal columns. In
general pedestal width is greater than its height.

35. PIER - in building construction, vertical loadbearing member such as an intermediate support for adjacent
ends of two bridge spans. In foundations for large buildings, piers are usually cylindrical concrete shafts, cast
in prepared holes, while in bridges they take the form of caissons, which are sunk into position.

36. PILE - in building construction, a postlike foundation member used from prehistoric times. In modern civil
engineering, piles of timber, steel, or concrete are driven into the ground to support a structure; bridge piers
may be supported on groups of large-diameter piles.
37. PILE CAP - is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into soft or
unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building,
typically a multi-story building, structure or support base for heavy equipment.

38. PITCH - The distance between regularly spaced objects such as the distance between two regular
thread. Pitch is defined as the axial distance between adjacent threads on a helix or ... Gear.

39. POST – TENSIONING - is a technique for reinforcing concrete. ... Afterwards, once the concrete has
gained strength but before the service loads are applied, the cables are pulled tight, or tensioned, and
anchored against the outer edges of the concrete. Post-tensioning is a form of prestressing.

40. PRECAST CONCRETE - is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or
"form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place
("tilt up"). In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site.
41. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE - is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses
to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are subject to loading. It combines
the high strength compressive properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel.

42. RACKS - is commonly used to describe the assembly of compressors, valves and mechanical systems
necessary for the functioning of a major refrigeration system.

43. REBAR -also known as reinforcement steel and reinforcing steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used
in reinforced concrete and masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. ... External steel
tie bars to constrain and reinforce masonry structures, sometimes as a means of building conservation.

44. REINFORCEMENTS - Strengthening concrete, plaster, or mortar by embedding steel rods or wire mesh in
it. (materials) A strong inert material bonded to a plastic to enhance its strength, stiffness, and resistance to
impact.

45. RETAINING WALL - is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil, when
there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil. A basement wall is
thus one kind of retaining wall. ... This reduction lowers the pressure on the retaining wall.
46. SCAFFOLDING - also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and
materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man made
structures.

47. SHEAR REINFORCEMENT - is designed to resist shear or diagonal tension stresses. Shear
reinforcement is usually provided in the form of stirrups to hold the longitudinal reinforcement and also to take
the shear to which the structure is subjected to.

48. SLAB - is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces such as
floors, roof decks and ceilings. ... If reinforcement is required, slabs can be pre-stressed or the concrete can be
poured over rebar positioned within the formwork.

49. SPAN - is the distance between two intermediate supports for a structure, e.g. a beam or a bridge.
A span can be closed by a solid beam or by a rope. The first kind is used for bridges, the second one for power
lines, overhead telecommunication lines, some type of antennas or for aerial tramways.

50. SPIRAL COLUMN - is also construction from reinforced concrete. In this type of column, longitudinal bars
are confined within closely spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement. Spiral reinforcement provide
lateral restrains (Poisson's effect) and delays axial load failure (ductile).
51. SPREAD FOOTING - is a type of the shallow foundation. It is defined as the structural members used to
support the column and walls as well as transmit and distribute the load coming on the structure to the soil
beneath it.

52. TENDON - is a complete assembly of a prestressing element, comprising one or more tensioned elements
(bar, strand, wire, etc) used to apply compression to the surrounding concrete, along with any associated
components such as ducting, anchorages, etc required to enclose and anchor these tensioned elements.

53. TIE BAR - are deformed rebars or connectors used for holding faces of rigid slabs in contact to maintain
aggregate interlock. Tie bars are not load transferring device. For instance, tie bars are used in longitudinal
joints in concrete pavement.

54. VIBRATORS - is a construction tool typically used on concrete pouring sites. These machines and an
assortment of attachments are designed for multiple applications built by a variety of manufacturers.
The vibrators are used to ensure that the pour is free of air bubbles and are even.

55. WALL - is a structure that defines an area, carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or is
decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including: Walls in buildings that form a fundamental part of the
superstructure or separate interior rooms, sometimes for fire safety.
56. WEEP HOLE - is a small opening that allows water to drain from within an assembly. Weeps are located at
the bottom of the object to allow for drainage; the weep hole must be sized adequately to overcome surface
tension.

57. WING WALL - Wing walls are essentially retaining walls adjacent to the abutment. The walls can be
independent or integral with the abutment wall.

58. YIELD STRENGTH - Yield of a material is explained as the stress at which a material begins to deform
irreversibly. Preceding the yield point, the material will deform elastically, meaning that it will return to its
original shape when the applied stress is removed (i.e. no permanent, visible change in the shape of the
material).

59. Can you fully commit yourself in giving MOST OF YOUR TIME for your diploma? Explain your opinion.
(Minimum of 30 words)

60. Have your efforts been enough for the degree of civil engineering or have you just come this far because of
cheating and pitiful mercy of your teachers? Explain your opinion. (Minimum of 30 words)