Cable Selection Part-2

Par t 2:
C ab le S ele ct io n

Cable Selection Part 2 Outline:

 Selection of Cable
 Why do the Calculation?
 When to do the calculation?
 General Methodology

Selection of Cables

This article examines the sizing of electrical cables (i.e. cross-

sectional area) and its implementation in various international
standards. Cable sizing methods do differ across international
standards (e.g. IEC, NEC, BS, etc) and some standards emphasise
certain things over others. However the general principles underlying
any cable sizing calculation do not change. In this article, a general
methodology for sizing cables is first presented and then the specific
international standards are introduced.

Why do the calculation?

The proper sizing of an electrical (load bearing) cable is important to ensure that the cable
can:

 Operate continuously under full load without being damaged

 Withstand the worst short circuits currents flowing through the cable
 Provide the load with a suitable voltage (and avoid excessive voltage drops)
 (optional) Ensure operation of protective devices during an earth fault

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When to do the calculation?

This calculation can be done individually for each power cable that needs to be sized, or
alternatively, it can be used to produce cable sizing waterfall charts for groups of cables
with similar characteristics (e.g. cables installed on ladder feeding induction motors).

General Methodology
All cable sizing methods more or less follow the same basic six step process:

1) Gathering data about the cable, its installation conditions, the load that it will carry,
etc
2) Determine the minimum cable size based on continuous current carrying capacity
3) Determine the minimum cable size based on voltage drop considerations
4) Determine the minimum cable size based on short circuit temperature rise
5) Determine the minimum cable size based on earth fault loop impedance
6) Select the cable based on the highest of the sizes calculated in step 2, 3, 4 and 5

Step 1: Data Gathering

The first step is to collate the relevant information that is required to perform the sizing
calculation. Typically, you will need to obtain the following data:

Load Details
The characteristics of the load that the cable will supply, which includes:

1. Load type: motor or feeder

2. Three phase, single phase or DC
3. System / source voltage
4. Full load current (A) - or calculate this if the load is defined in terms of power (kW)
5. Full load power factor (pu)
6. Locked rotor or load starting current (A)
7. Starting power factor (pu)
8. Distance / length of cable run from source to load - this length should be as close
as possible to the actual route of the cable and include enough contingency for
vertical drops / rises and termination of the cable tails

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Cable Construction
The basic characteristics of the cable's physical construction, which includes:

1. Conductor material - normally copper or aluminium

2. Conductor shape - e.g. circular or shaped
3. Conductor type - e.g. stranded or solid
4. Conductor surface coating - e.g. plain (no coating), tinned, silver or nickel
5. Insulation type - e.g. PVC, XLPE, EPR
6. Number of cores - single core or multicore (e.g. 2C, 3C or 4C)

Installation Conditions
How the cable will be installed, which includes:

1. Above ground or underground

2. Installation / arrangement - e.g. for underground cables, is it directly buried or buried
in conduit? for above ground cables, is it installed on cable tray / ladder, against a wall,
in air, etc.
3. Ambient or soil temperature of the installation site
4. Cable bunching, i.e. the number of cables that are bunched together
5. Cable spacing, i.e. whether cables are installed touching or spaced
6. Soil thermal resistivity (for underground cables)
7. Depth of laying (for underground cables)
8. For single core three-phase cables, are the cables installed in trefoil or laid flat?

Step 2: Cable Selection Based on Current Rating

Current flowing through a cable generates heat through the resistive losses in the
conductors, dielectric losses through the insulation and resistive losses from current
flowing through any cable screens / shields and armouring.
The component parts that make up the cable (e.g. conductors, insulation, bedding, sheath,
armour, etc) must be capable of withstanding the temperature rise and heat emanating
from the cable. The current carrying capacity of a cable is the maximum current that can
flow continuously through a cable without damaging the cable's insulation and other
components (e.g. bedding, sheath, etc). It is sometimes also referred to as the continuous
current rating or ampacity of a cable.

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Cables with larger conductor cross-sectional areas (i.e. more copper or aluminium) have
lower resistive losses and are able to dissipate the heat better than smaller cables.
Therefore a 16 mm2 cable will have a higher current carrying capacity than a 4 mm2 cable.

Base Current Ratings

Example of base current rating table (Excerpt from IEC 60364-5-52)

International standards and manufacturers of cables will quote base current ratings of
different types of cables in tables such as the one shown on the right. Each of these tables

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pertain to a specific type of cable construction (e.g. copper conductor, PVC insulated,
0.6/1kV voltage grade, etc) and a base set of installation conditions (e.g. ambient
temperature, installation method, etc). It is important to note that the current ratings are
only valid for the quoted types of cables and base installation conditions.

Installed Current Ratings

When the proposed installation conditions differ from the base conditions, derating (or
correction) factors can be applied to the base current ratings to obtain the actual installed
current ratings.

International standards and cable manufacturers will provide derating factors for a range
of installation conditions, for example ambient / soil temperature, grouping or bunching of
cables, soil thermal resistivity, etc. The installed current rating is calculated by multiplying
the base current rating with each of the derating factors, i.e.

where is the installed current rating (A)

is the base current rating (A)

are the product of all the derating factors

For example, suppose a cable had an ambient temperature derating factor of kamb = 0.94 and
a grouping derating factor of kg = 0.85, then the overall derating factor kd = 0.94x0.85 = 0.799.
For a cable with a base current rating of 42A, the installed current rating would be Ic =
0.799x42 = 33.6A.

Cable Selection and Coordination with Protective Devices

Feeders
When sizing cables for non-motor loads, the upstream protective device (fuse or circuit
breaker) is typically selected to also protect the cable against damage from thermal
overload. The protective device must therefore be selected to exceed the full load current,
but not exceed the cable's installed current rating, i.e. this inequality must be met:

Where is the full load current (A)

is the protective device rating (A)

is the installed cable current rating (A)

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Motors
Motors are normally protected by a separate thermal overload (TOL) relay and therefore
the upstream protective device (e.g. fuse or circuit breaker) is not required to protect the
cable against overloads. As a result, cables need only to be sized to cater for the full load
current of the motor, i.e.

Where is the full load current (A)

is the installed cable current rating (A)

Of course, if there is no separate thermal overload protection on the motor, then the
protective device needs to be taken into account as per the case for feeders above.

Step 3: Voltage Drop

A cable's conductor can be seen as an impedance and therefore whenever current flows
through a cable, there will be a voltage drop across it, which can be derived by Ohm’s Law
(i.e. V = IZ). The voltage drop will depend on two things:

 Current flow through the cable – the higher the current flow, the higher the
voltage drop
 Impedance of the conductor – the larger the impedance, the higher the voltage
drop

Cable Impedances
The impedance of the cable is a function of the cable size (cross-sectional area) and the
length of the cable. Most cable manufacturers will quote a cable’s resistance and reactance
in Ω/km. The following typical cable impedances for low voltage AC and DC single core and
multicore cables can be used in the absence of any other data.

Calculating Voltage Drop

For AC systems, the method of calculating voltage drops based on load power factor is
commonly used. Full load currents are normally used, but if the load has high startup
currents (e.g. motors), then voltage drops based on starting current (and power factor if
applicable) should also be calculated.
For a three phase system:

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Where is the three phase voltage drop (V)

is the nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)

is the ac resistance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the ac reactance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the load power factor (pu)

is the length of the cable (m)

For a single phase system:

Where is the single phase voltage drop (V)

is the nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)

is the ac resistance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the ac reactance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the load power factor (pu)

is the length of the cable (m)

For a DC system:

Where is the dc voltage drop (V)

is the nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)

is the dc resistance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the length of the cable (m)

Maximum Permissible Voltage Drop

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It is customary for standards (or clients) to specify maximum permissible voltage drops,
which is the highest voltage drop that is allowed across a cable. Should your cable exceed
this voltage drop, then a larger cable size should be selected.

Maximum voltage drops across a cable are specified because load consumers (e.g.
appliances) will have an input voltage tolerance range. This means that if the voltage at
the appliance is lower than its rated minimum voltage, then the appliance may not operate
correctly.

In general, most electrical equipment will operate normally at a voltage as low as 80%
nominal voltage. For example, if the nominal voltage is 230VAC, then most appliances will
run at >184VAC. Cables are typically sized for a more conservative maximum voltage
drop, in the range of 5 – 10% at full load.

Calculating Maximum Cable Length due to Voltage Drop

It may be more convenient to calculate the maximum length of a cable for a particular
conductor size given a maximum permissible voltage drop (e.g. 5% of nominal voltage at
full load) rather than the voltage drop itself. For example, by doing this it is possible to
construct tables showing the maximum lengths corresponding to different cable sizes in
order to speed up the selection of similar type cables.
The maximum cable length that will achieve this can be calculated by re-arranging the
voltage drop equations and substituting the maximum permissible voltage drop (e.g. 5%
of 415V nominal voltage = 20.75V). For a three phase system:

Where is the maximum length of the cable (m)

is the maximum permissible three phase voltage drop (V)

is the nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)

is the ac resistance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the ac reactance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the load power factor (pu)

For a single phase system:

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Where is the maximum length of the cable (m)

is the maximum permissible single phase voltage drop (V)

is the nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)

is the ac resistance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the ac reactance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the load power factor (pu)

For a DC system:

Where is the maximum length of the cable (m)

is the maximum permissible dc voltage drop (V)

is the nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)

is the dc resistance of the cable (Ω/km)

is the length of the cable (m)

Step 4: Short Circuit Temperature Rise

During a short circuit, a high amount of current can flow through a cable for a short time.
This surge in current flow causes a temperature rise within the cable. High temperatures
can trigger unwanted reactions in the cable insulation, sheath materials and other
components, which can prematurely degrade the condition of the cable. As the cross-
sectional area of the cable increases, it can dissipate higher fault currents for a given
temperature rise. Therefore, cables should be sized to withstand the largest short circuit
that it is expected to see.

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Minimum Cable Size Due to Short Circuit Temperature Rise

The minimum cable size due to short circuit temperature rise is typically calculated with an
equation of the form:

Where is the minimum cross-sectional area of the cable (mm2)

is the prospective short circuit current (A)

is the duration of the short circuit (s)

is a short circuit temperature rise constant

The temperature rise constant is calculated based on the material properties of
the conductor and the initial and final conductor temperatures (see the derivation
here). Different international standards have different treatments of the
temperature rise constant, but by way of example, IEC 60364-5-54 calculates it
as follows:

(for copper conductors)

(for aluminium conductors)

Where is the initial conductor temperature (deg C)

is the final conductor temperature (deg C)

Initial and Final Conductor Temperatures

The initial conductor temperature is typically chosen to be the maximum operating
temperature of the cable. The final conductor temperature is typically chosen to be the
limiting temperature of the insulation. In general, the cable's insulation will determine the
maximum operating temperature and limiting temperatures.

As a rough guide, the following temperatures are common for the different insulation
materials:

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Material Max Operating TemperatureoC Limiting TemperatureoC

PVC 75 160

EPR 90 250

XLPE 90 250

Short Circuit Energy

The short circuit energy is normally chosen as the maximum short circuit that the
cable could potentially experience. However for circuits with current limiting devices (such
as HRC fuses), then the short circuit energy chosen should be the maximum prospective
let-through energy of the protective device, which can be found from manufacturer data.

Step 5: Earth Fault Loop Impedance

Sometimes it is desirable (or necessary) to consider the earth fault loop impedance of a
circuit in the sizing of a cable. Suppose a bolted earth fault occurs between an active
conductor and earth. During such an earth fault, it is desirable that the upstream
protective device acts to interrupt the fault within a maximum disconnection time so as to
protect against any inadvertent contact to exposed live parts.

Ideally the circuit will have earth fault protection, in which case the protection will be fast
acting and well within the maximum disconnection time. The maximum disconnection time
is chosen so that a dangerous touch voltage does not persist for long enough to cause
injury or death. For most circuits, a maximum disconnection time of 5s is sufficient,
though for portable equipment and socket outlets, a faster disconnection time is desirable
(i.e. <1s and will definitely require earth fault protection).

However for circuits that do not have earth fault protection, the upstream protective
device (i.e. fuse or circuit breaker) must trip within the maximum disconnection time. In
order for the protective device to trip, the fault current due to a bolted short circuit must
exceed the value that will cause the protective device to act within the maximum
disconnection time. For example, suppose a circuit is protected by a fuse and the
maximum disconnection time is 5s, then the fault current must exceed the fuse melting
current at 5s (which can be found by cross-referencing the fuse time-current curves).

By simple application of Ohm's law:

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Where is the earth fault current required to trip the protective device within the
minimum disconnection time (A)

is the phase to earth voltage at the protective device (V)

is the impedance of the earth fault loop (Ω)

It can be seen from the equation above that the impedance of the earth fault loop must be
sufficiently low to ensure that the earth fault current can trip the upstream protection.

The Earth Fault Loop

The earth fault loop can consist of various return paths other than the earth conductor,
including the cable armour and the static earthing connection of the facility. However for
practical reasons, the earth fault loop in this calculation consists only of the active
conductor and the earth conductor.
The earth fault loop impedance can be found by:

Where is the earth fault loop impedance (Ω)

is the impedance of the active conductor (Ω)

is the impedance of the earth conductor (Ω)

Assuming that the active and earth conductors have identical lengths, the earth fault loop
impedance can be calculated as follows:

Where is the length of the cable (m)

and are the ac resistances of the active and earth conductors respectively
(Ω/km)

and are the reactances of the active and earth conductors respectively
(Ω/km)

Maximum Cable Length

The maximum earth fault loop impedance can be found by re-arranging the equation
above:

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Where is the maximum earth fault loop impedance (Ω)

is the phase to earth voltage at the protective device (V)

is the earth fault current required to trip the protective device within the
minimum disconnection time (A)
The maximum cable length can therefore be calculated by the following:

Where is the maximum cable length (m)

is the phase to earth voltage at the protective device (V)

is the earth fault current required to trip the protective device within the
minimum disconnection time (A)

and are the ac resistances of the active and earth conductors respectively
(Ω/km)

and are the reactances of the active and earth conductors respectively
(Ω/km)
Note that the voltage V0 at the protective device is not necessarily the nominal phase to
earth voltage, but usually a lower value as it can be downstream of the main busbars. This
voltage is commonly represented by applying some factor to the nominal voltage. A
conservative value of = 0.8 can be used so that:

Where Vn is the nominal phase to earth voltage (V)

Worked Example

In this example, we will size a cable for a 415V, 30kW three-phase motor from the MCC to
the field.

Step 1: Data Gathering

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The following data was collected for the cable to be sized:

 Cable type: Cu/PVC/GSWB/PVC, 3C+E, 0.6/1kV

 Operating temperature: 75C
 Cable installation: above ground on cable ladder bunched together with 3 other
cables on a single layer and at 30C ambient temperature
 Cable run: 90m (including tails)
 Motor load: 30kW, 415V three phase, full load current = 58A, power factor =
0.87
 Protection: aM fuse of rating = 80A, max prospective fault I2t = 90 A2s , 5s melt
time = 550A

Step 2: Cable Selection Based on Current Rating

Suppose the ambient temperature derating is 0.89 and the grouping derating for 3
bunched cables on a single layer is 0.82. The overall derating factor is 0.89 0.82 =
2 2
0.7298. Given that a 25 mm and 35 mm have base current ratings of 78A and 96A
respectively, which cable should be selected based on current rating considerations?

The installed current ratings for 25 mm2 and 35 mm2 is 0.7298 78A = 56.92A and
0.7298 96A = 70.06A respectively. Given that the full load current of the motor is
58A, then the installed current rating of the 25 mm2 cable is lower than the full load current
and is not suitable for continuous use with the motor. The 35 mm2 cable on the other hand
has an installed current rating that exceeds the motor full load current, and is therefore
the cable that should be selected.

Step 3: Voltage Drop

Suppose a 35 mm2 cable is selected. If the maximum permissible voltage drop is 5%, is the
cable suitable for a run length of 90m?
A 35 mm2 cable has an ac resistance of 0.638 Ω/km and a reactance of 0.0826 Ω/km. The
voltage drop across the cable is:

A voltage drop of 5.388V is equivalent to , which is lower than the

maximum permissible voltage dorp of 5%. Therefore the cable is suitable for the motor
based on voltage drop considerations.

Step 4: Short Circuit Temperature Rise

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The cable is operating normally at 75C and has a prospective fault capacity (I2t) of 90 kA2s.
What is the minimum size of the cable based on short circuit temperature rise?

XLPE has a limiting temperature of 160C. Using the IEC formula, the short circuit
temperature rise constant is 111.329. The minimum cable size due to short circuit
temperature rise is therefore:

In this example, we also use the fuse for earth fault protection and it needs to trip within
5s, which is at the upper end of the adiabatic period where the short circuit temperature
rise equation is still valid. Therefore, it's a good idea to also check that the cable can
withstand the short circuit temperature rise for for a 5s fault. The 80A motor fuse has a 5s
melting current of 550A. The short circuit temperature rise is thus:

Therefore, our 35 mm2 cable is still suitable for this application.

Step 5: Earth Fault Loop Impedance

Suppose there is no special earth fault protection for the motor and a bolted single phase
to earth fault occurs at the motor terminals. The earth conductor for our 35 mm2cable is
10 mm2. If the maximum disconnection time is 5s, is our 90m long cable suitable based on
earth fault loop impedance?
The 80A motor fuse has a 5s melting current of 550A. The ac resistances of the active and
earth conductors are 0.638 Ω/km and 2.33 Ω/km) respectively. The reactances of the
active and earth conductors are 0.0826 Ω/km and 0.0967 Ω/km) respectively.

The maximum length of the cable allowed is calculated as:

The cable run is 90m and the maximum length allowed is 117m, therefore our cable is
suitable based on earth fault loop impedance. In fact, our 35 mm2 cable has passed all the
tests and is the size that should be selected.

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Waterfall Charts

Example of a cable waterfall

chart

Sometimes it is convenient to group together similar types of cables (for example, 415V PVC
motor cables installed on cable ladder) so that instead of having to go through the laborious
exercise of sizing each cable separately, one can select a cable from a pre-calculated chart.

These charts are often called "waterfall charts" and typically show a list of load ratings and the
maximum of length of cable permissible for each cable size. Where a particular cable size fails
to meet the requirements for current carrying capacity or short circuit temperature rise, it is
blacked out on the chart (i.e. meaning that you can't choose it).

Preparing a waterfall chart is common practice when having to size many like cables and
substantially cuts down the time required for cable selection.

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