Abandonment of wells

It is the final activity in the operation of a well when it is permanently closed under conditions of
safety and preservation of the environment.

Oil

Portion of oil that exists in the liquid phase in deposits and thus remains in original conditions of
pressure and temperature. It can include small amounts of substances that are not hydrocarbons.
It has a viscosity less than or equal to 10,000 centipoise, at the original temperature of the
reservoir, at atmospheric and gas-free pressure (stabilized).

Area tested

Plan projection of a known part of the deposit corresponding to the volume tested

Assignment

The administrative legal act through which the Federal Executive grants exclusively to an Assignee
the right to carry out Hydrocarbon Exploration and Extraction activities in the Assignment Area, for
a specific duration.

Barrel

Volume unit for oil and derived hydrocarbons; equivalent to 42 gallons (US) or 158,987304 liters.
One cubic meter equals 6.28981041 barrels.

Bitumen

Portion of oil that exists in the semi-solid or solid phase deposits. In its natural state it usually
contains sulfur, metals and other compounds that are not hydrocarbons. The natural bItumen has
a viscosity greater than 10,000 centipoise, measured at the original temperature of the reservoir,
at atmospheric and gas-free pressure.

Mechanical pumping

Artificial production system in which a bottom pump located at or near the bottom of the well, is
connected to a string of suction rods to raise its fluids to the surface.
Field

Consistent area of one or multiple deposits, all grouped or related according to the same structural
geological aspects and / or stratigraphic conditions. There may be two or more deposits in a field
vertically separated by a layer of impermeable rock or laterally by geological barriers, or by both

Complex

Series of fields that share surface facilities in common use, in addition to presenting deposits with
similar lithological, structural, petrophysical, sedimentological and fluid conditions.

Condensed

Natural gas liquids consisting mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbon components.

Terms standard
They are the quantities to which the pressure and temperature should be referred. For the English
system it is 14.73 pounds per square inch for pressure and 60 degrees Fahrenheit for temperature.

Fluid contact

The surface or interface in a reservoir that separates two regions characterized by predominant
differences in fluid saturations. Due to capillarity and other phenomena, the change in fluid
saturation is not necessarily abrupt, nor is the surface necessarily horizontal

Cracking

Heat and pressure processes that transform high molecular weight and high boiling hydrocarbons
into lower molecular weight and boiling hydrocarbons.

Cryogenesis

It is the study, production and use of low temperatures

Basin

Receptacle where a sedimentary column is deposited, and that shares a common tectonic history
on several stratigraphic levels

Delimitation

Exploration activity that increases, or reduces, reserves by drilling boundary wells.

Intensive property of matter that relates the mass of a substance and its volume through the
quotient between these two quantities. It is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter, or in pounds
per gallon.

Developing

Activity that increases, or reduces, reserves through the drilling of exploitation wells.

Discovery

Incorporation of reserves attributable to the drilling of exploratory wells that test hydrocarbon-
producing formations.

Saline Dome

Dome-shaped structure formed of strata whose central part or core consists of rock salt. It is found
in the oil fields of the Gulf of Mexico coast and often forms oil deposits.

Sweetener

Industrial plant whose objective is to provide a treatment that is applied to gas mixtures and light
oil fractions to eliminate undesirable or corrosive sulfur compounds, and to improve their color,
smell and stability.

Spacing

Optimum distance between hydrocarbon producing wells of a field or reservoir

Pumping stations

Stations where the pressure in the pipelines is increased, so that the product flows until it reaches
its final destination in a homogeneous way.

Stimulation

Acidification or fracturing process carried out to enlarge existing ducts or create new ones in the
production formation of a well

Evaporites
Sedimentary rocks composed mainly of salt, anhydrite or plaster, the result of evaporation in lake
or marine areas near the coast.

Gas compressibility factor (Z)

Dimensional relationship between the volume of a real gas and the volume of an ideal gas. Its
value usually fluctuates between 0.7 and 1.2.

Failure

Discontinuity in the earth's crust that occurs naturally when subjected to great efforts, causing
displacement between the blocks

Phase

It is the part of a system that differs, in its intensive properties, from the other part of the system.
Hydrocarbon systems generally occur in two phases: gas and liquid

Bitter gas

Natural gas containing hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide (the latter in
concentrations greater than 50 ppm).

Associated gas

Natural Gas dissolved in the oil of a reservoir, under the original pressure and temperature
conditions;

Hydrocarbon

Oil, Natural Gas, condensates, Natural Gas liquids and methane hydrates

Hydrocarbon index

Measurement of the amount of hydrocarbons that the reservoir contains per unit area.

Kelogen

Insoluble organic matter dispersed in sedimentary rocks that produce hydrocarbons when
subjected to a distillation process
Conventional limit

Limit of the deposit that is established according to the degree of knowledge, or investigation, of
the geological, geophysical or engineering information that is had of the same.

Plant liquids

Natural gas liquids recovered in complex gas processors, consisting of ethane, propane and butane,
mainly

Metamorphic
~
Group of rocks resulting from the transformation that occurs, generally at great depths, by
pressure and temperature. The original rocks can be sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic.

Migration

Term used in exploration to name the movement that suffers the oil, from the place where it was
formed to the storage rock or trap.

Structural nose

Term used in structural geology to define a geometric shape in the form of a projection from a
main body.

Core

Cylindrical sample of rock taken from a formation during drilling, to determine its permeability,
porosity, saturation of hydrocarbons, and other properties associated with productivity.

Permeability

Ease of a rock to allow the passage of fluids through it. It is a factor that indicates whether or not a
site is of good producing characteristics.
Petroleum

Mixture of hydrogen carbides that exists in the liquid phase in the deposits and thus remains in
original conditions of pressure and temperature. It may include small amounts of substances that
are not hydrogen carbides;

Calorific value

It is the amount of heat released per unit mass, or per unit volume, when a substance is
completely burned. The calorific powers of solid and liquid fuels are expressed in calories per gram
or BTU per pound. For gases, this parameter is usually expressed in kilocalories per cubic meter or
in BTU per cubic foot.

Porosity

Relationship between the volume of existing pores in a rock with respect to its total volume. It is a
measure of the storage capacity of the rock

Water well

Drilling for the search process or production of crude oil natural gas or to provide related services.
The wells are classified according to their objective and result as: oil and associated gas wells, dry
gas wells and injector wells

Dropout Pressure

It is a direct function of the economic premises and corresponds to the static bottom pressure at
which the income obtained from the sale of the hydrocarbons produced is equal to the operating
costs of the well.

Hot production

It is the optimal production of heavy oils through the use of improved thermal recovery methods.

Geological province

Large region characterized by a geological history and similar developments

Pilot project

It is that project that is carried out in a small sector representative of a field, where tests similar to
those that would be carried out throughout the area of the site are carried out. The objective is to
gather information and / or obtain results that can be used as a basis for conventional studies or
mathematical simulation of the entire site

Training test

Procedure that uses the drill string to determine the productive capacity, pressure, permeability or
extension of a reservoir, or a combination of the above, isolating the area of interest with
temporary packers.

Drain radius

Distance from which there is fluid flow to the well, that is, to which the influence of the
disturbances caused by the pressure drop reaches.

Surface Recognition and Exploration

All those evaluation studies that use only activities on the surface of the land or the sea to consider
the possible existence of hydrocarbons in a given area; These include work for the acquisition,
processing, reprocessing or interpretation of information

Enhanced Recovery

It is the recovery of oil through the injection of materials that are not normally present in the
reservoir and that modify the dynamic behavior of resident fluids. Improved recovery is not
restricted to any particular stage of the life of the site (primary, secondary or tertiary).

Resource

Total volume of hydrocarbons in the subsoil rocks. Also known as original volume in situ.

Well Registration

It represents the information on the subsoil formations obtained by means of tools that are
introduced into the wells, and are of an electric, acoustic and radioactive type. The record also
includes information on drilling and analysis of sludge and cuttings, cores and formation tests

Regression

Geological term used to define the rise of a part of the continent above sea level, as a result of a
rise in the continent or a decrease in sea level.
Reservation

The volume of hydrocarbons in the subsoil, calculated at a given date at atmospheric conditions,
which is estimated to be produced technically and economically, under the applicable tax regime,

Revision

It is the reserve resulting from comparing the evaluation of the previous year with the new one, in
which new geological, geophysical, operational information, reservoir behavior, as well as the
variation in hydrocarbon prices and extraction costs were considered. It does not include drilling
wells.

Rock storage

Sedimentary rock (limestones, sands or shales) with a high degree of permeability that allows oil to
migrate towards them, and given, its structural or stratigraphic characteristics form a trap that is
surrounded by a seal layer that will prevent the escape of hydrocarbons

Fluid saturation

Portion of the porous space occupied by a particular fluid, oil, gas and water may exist.
Gravitational segregation

Mechanism of thrust in the deposit, in which the tendency of the fluids to separate according to
their respective densities is presented. For example, being water heavier than oil, in a water
injection project, this fluid will tend to move towards the bottom of the reservoir.

Artificial production system

Any of the techniques used to extract oil from the production formation to the surface, when the
reservoir pressure is insufficient to raise the oil naturally to the surface.

Reservation refund fee

Indicates the amount of hydrocarbons that are replenished or incorporated by new discoveries
with respect to what occurred in a given period. It is the quotient that results from dividing new
discoveries by production during a period of analysis, and is generally referred to annually and
expressed in percentage terms

Trap

Geological structure that allows the accumulation of hydrocarbons, preventing the

Transgression

Geological term used to define submersion below sea level of a part of the continent, as a
result of a decrease in it, or a rise in sea level.

Original gas volume

Amount of gas that is estimated to exist originally in the reservoir, and is confined by
geological and fluid limits, being able to express both reservoir conditions and surface
conditions.

Deposit

Underground unit consisting of permeable rock containing oil, gas and water, which make
up a single system

Zone of Safeguard

Reserve area in which the State prohibits the activities of Exploration and Extraction of
Hydrocarbons