ELAIZA P. TOBIAS Nov.

12,2018
BSBA 4B

SOCIETY AND CULTURE

1. People live during Spanish period and American period.

The Spanish period

Spanish colonial motives were not, however, strictly commercial. The Spanish at first
viewed the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice
Islands), but, even after the Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility,
the Spanish still maintained their presence in the archipelago.The Portuguese
navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to the
Philippines when he made landfall on Cebu in March 1521; a short time later he met
an untimely death on the nearby island of Mactan. After King Philip II(for whom the
islands are named) had dispatched three further expeditions that ended in disaster,
he sent out Miguel López de Legazpi, who established the first permanent Spanish
settlement, in Cebu, in 1565. The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571, and
by the end of the 16th century most of the coastal and lowland areas from Luzon to
northern Mindanao were under Spanish control. Friars marched with soldiers and
soon accomplished the nominal conversion to Roman Catholicism of all the local
people under Spanish administration. But the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu, whom
the Spanish called Moros, were never completely subdued by Spain. Spanish rule
for the first 100 years was exercised in most areas through a type of tax farming
imported from the Americas and known as the encomienda. But abusive treatment
of the local tribute payers and neglect of religious instruction
by encomenderos (collectors of the tribute), as well as frequent withholding of
revenues from the crown, caused the Spanish to abandon the system by the end of
the 17th century. The governor-general, himself appointed by the king, began to
appoint his own civil and military governors to rule directly.Central government in
Manila retained a medieval cast until the 19th century, and the governor-general was
so powerful that he was often likened to an independent monarch. He dominated
the Audiencia, or high court, was captain-general of the armed forces, and enjoyed
the privilege of engaging in commerce for private profit.Manila dominated the islands
not only as the political capital. The galleon trade with Acapulco, Mex., assured
Manila’s commercial primacy as well. The exchange of Chinese silks for Mexican
silver not only kept in Manila those Spanish who were seeking quick profit, but it also
attracted alarge Chinese community. The Chinese, despite being the victims of
periodic massacres at the hands of suspicious Spanish, persisted and soon
established a dominance of commerce that survived through the centuries.Manila
was also the ecclesiastical capital of the Philippines. The governor-general was civil
head of the church in the islands, but the archbishop vied with him for political
supremacy. In the late 17th and 18th centuries the archbishop, who also had the
legal status of lieutenant governor, frequently won. Augmenting their political power,
religious orders, Roman Catholic hospitals and schools, and bishops acquired great

[Type text]
ELAIZA P. TOBIAS Nov.12,2018
BSBA 4B

wealth, mostly in land. Royal grants and devises formed the core of their holdings,
but many arbitrary extensions were made beyond the boundaries of the original
grants.The power of the church derived not simply from wealth and official status.
The priests and friars had a command of local languages rare among the lay
Spanish, and in the provinces they outnumbered civil officials. Thus, they were an
invaluable source of information to the colonial government. The cultural goal of the
Spanish clergy was nothing less than the full Christianization and Hispanization of
the Filipino. In the first decades of missionary work, local religions were vigorously
suppressed; old practices were not tolerated. But as the Christian laity grew in
number and the zeal of the clergy waned, it became increasingly difficult to prevent
the preservation of ancient beliefs and customs under Roman Catholic garb. Thus,
even in the area of religion, pre-Spanish Filipino culture was not entirely
destroyed.Economic and political institutions were also altered under Spanish impact
but perhaps less thoroughly than in the religious realm. The priests tried to move all
the people into pueblos, or villages, surrounding the great stone churches. But the
dispersed demographic patterns of the old barangays largely persisted.
Nevertheless, the datu’s once hereditary position became subject to Spanish
appointment.Agricultural technology changed very slowly until the late 18th century,
as shifting cultivation gradually gave way to more intensive sedentary farming, partly
under the guidance of the friars. The socioeconomic consequences of the Spanish
policies that accompanied this shift reinforced class differences. The datus and other
representatives of the old noble class took advantage of the introduction of the
Western concept of absolute ownership of land to claim as their own
fields cultivated by their various retainers, even though traditional land rights had
been limited to usufruct. These heirs of pre-Spanish nobility were known as
the principalia and played an important role in the friar-dominated local government.

*The American Colonial Period

The first phase was from 1898 to 1935, during which time Washington defined its
colonial mission as one of tutelage and preparing the Philippines for eventual
independence. Political organizations developed quickly, and the popularly elected
Philippine Assembly (lower house) and the U.S.-appointed Philippine Commission
(upper house) served as a bicameral legislature. The ilustrados formed the
Federalista Party, but their statehood platform had limited appeal. In 1905 the party
was renamed the National Progressive Party and took up a platform of
independence. The Nacionalista Party was formed in 1907 and dominated Filipino
politics until after World War II. Its leaders were notilustrados. Despite their
“immediate independence” platform, the party leaders participated in a collaborative
leadership with the United States. A major development emerging in the post-World
War I period was resistance to elite control of the land by tenant farmers, who were
supported by the Socialist Party and the Communist Party of the Philippines. Tenant
strikes and occasional violence occurred as the Great Depression wore on and
cash-crop prices collapsed.

[Type text]
ELAIZA P. TOBIAS Nov.12,2018
BSBA 4B

The second period of United States rule—from 1936 to 1946—was characterized by

the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and occupation by Japan
during World War II. Legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1934 provided for a
10-year period of transition to independence. The country’s first constitution was
framed in 1934 and overwhelmingly approved by plebiscite in 1935, and Manuel
Quezon was elected president of the commonwealth. Quezon later died in exile in
1944 and was succeeded by Vice President Sergio Osmeña.

Japan attacked the Philippines on December 8, 1941, and occupied Manila on

January 2, 1942. Tokyo set up an ostensibly independent republic, which was
opposed by underground and guerrilla activity that eventually reached large-scale
proportions. A major element of the resistance in the Central Luzon area was
furnished by the Huks (short for Hukbalahap, or People’s Anti-Japanese Army).
Allied forces invaded the Philippines in October 1944, and the Japanese
surrendered on September 2, 1945.

World War II was demoralizing for the Philippines, and the islands suffered from
rampant inflation and shortages of food and other goods. Various trade and security
issues with the United States also remained to be settled before Independence Day.
The Allied leaders wanted to purge officials who collaborated with the Japanese
during the war and to deny them the right to vote in the first postwar elections.
Commonwealth President Osmeña, however, countered that each case should be
tried on its own merits. The successful Liberal Party presidential candidate, Manual
Roxas, was among those collaborationists. Independence from the United States
came on July 4, 1946, and Roxas was sworn in as the first president. The economy
remained highly dependent on U.S. markets, and the United States also continued
to maintain control of 23 military installations. A bilateral treaty was signed in March
1947 by which the United States continued to provide military aid, training, and
matériel.

2. Way of living of the Filipino during past and present.

Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancient Filipinos were living in scattered
barangays and ruled by different chieftains. Although, they were living separately,
they were similar in many ways, their religion, mode of dressing, houses, system o
of government and marriage practices and economic activities, in short, they wee
refined and civilized; they possessed a distinct culture that distinguish them from
other race.Pre-Spanish Period Houses were made of light materials like wood,
bamboo and nipa palm. A ladder was placed to prevent strangers from intruding
when the owner was not around. Strong post at the lower part of the house was
enclosed. A jar of heart was placed in a gallery called“batalan”.House• Some of
them built tree houses to protect themselves against their enemies or from being
attacked by wild animals. Dress• Male clothing- consisted of the upper and lower
[Type text]
ELAIZA P. TOBIAS Nov.12,2018
BSBA 4B

parts. The upper part was a jacket with short sleeves called “kangan” while the lower
part was a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between the legs called
“bahag”. Males used a piece of cloth or a headgear called “putong”.- Putong
symbolized the number of persons the wearer had killed.• Female clothing- they
wore “baro or camisa”, a jacket with levees. The lower part was called “saya”. Social
Classes Nobles – who were composed of ruler sand their families, occupied the
highest class. They were usually addressed as Gat, Lakan, Raja or Datu. Freemen –
were the working class Slaves – were classified into two;* Aliping namamahay –
were not full pledge slave. They had their own respective families and their own
houses. They were required to serve their masters only during planting and
harveting period.* Aliping sagigilid – were the real slaves, they were homeless,
forbidden to form their own families, required to stay in their masters dwelling and
they could be used as a payment for debt. Government• The government was called
“barangay”.• There was no national government. There were many independent
barangays and datus. But there was no datu strong enough to unite the archipelago
into one nation. Some barangays, however, united to form a confederation.• It was
headed by a ruler called datu or raja. Power and Functions of Datu• Implementing
laws.• Maintaining peace and order.• Giving protection to his subjects.•He also made
the law, with the assistance of group of elders who gave advice.•(a newly enacted
law was made known to the public through town crier called “umalokohan”)•He acted
also as a judge during trial.•(it was easy for the datu to run for the barangay since
the population was very small. •Ancient Filipinos started the practice of payingtaxes.
The purpose of paying taxes was simple, it was for the protection they received from
the datu. The collected tax was called buwis. The chief tain’s family members were
enjoying exemption from paying taxes. Non-payment of taxes was already
punishable during this period.

Taxation Alliances• Like community of nations, alliances among barangay were

formed. The purpose of forming alliances was for trade, peace and mutual
protection.• An alliances was sealed through blood compact(sanduguan), to ensure
conformity, sincerity and commitment of the chieftains.

Trial and Determination of Guilt• Judicial process was influenced by religion. The
manner of determining guilt of the accused showed the religiosity of the natives.•
They waited for the intervention of the deities.• Their judicial process was called trial
by ordeal, example;- Holding lighted candles by the suspected offenders. The man
whole candle died out first would be declared as the culprit.- Another form of this trial
was ordering the suspects to plunge into deep river with their lances. The first come
to the surface would bead judged as the guilty party.•Datu served as chief judge who
was assisted by group of elders in the barangay that acted as members of the jury.
Courtship and Marriage• The man was required to give a dowry.“Bigay-kaya” – was

[Type text]
ELAIZA P. TOBIAS Nov.12,2018
BSBA 4B

the type of dowry consisted of a piece of land or gold. The groom’s parent gave a gift
called “panghimuyat”.“himaraw” – was another payment for raising the future bride
during her infancy period, to be paid by the groom’s parent also.

Including the bride’s wet nurse received a share of dowry; it was called “bigay-
suso”.•Mixed marriage, that was marriage between couples belonging to different
social classes were not common. Early Filipinos practiced divorce. Several grounds
of divorce were

1. Adultery
2. Abandonment on the part of the husband
3. Cruelty4. And insanity
• Before Roman Catholism and Islam were introduced, natives worshipped many
gods and goddesses.Bathala – supreme being Idiyanale – god of agriculture
Sidapa – god of death Agni – god of fire Balangaw – god of rainbow
Mandarangan – god of warLalahon – god of harvest Siginarugan – god of hell
• They also believed in the immortality of souls and life after death.
• There were sacred animals, which they venerate like white monkey (manaul)
and crocodiles.
• There were also sacred place and sacred trees, which nobody was allowed to
cut down.
• They also worshipped the sun and the moon.
• Regular sacrifices and prayers were offered to placate deities and spirits.
Reward and punishment after death was dependent upon behavior in this
life.Religious Beliefs Natives believed in;
• aswang (witch)• dwende (tiny creatures like humans)
• kapre (tall and apelike creatures smoking cigarettes, usuallyfound on trees.
• mangkukulam (an old lady capable of harming others usinga doll and a pin)
• tikbalang (half-man and half-horse creature)
• tiyanak (a baby that sucks blood on human.
They also believed in magical power of amulets and charmssuch as anting-
anting, kulam and the use of gayuma or love potion.
Superstitious Beliefs Aswang,Dwende,KapreMang,kukulam,Tikbalang, Tiyanak,
Ornaments.
• The natives wore ornament made of gold and precious stones.
Women including men wore arm let, leg lets, bracelets, gold rings and earring.
Putting tattoos in their body was practiced.
• Males having many tattoos were admired because it signified bravery in war.
They also inserted gold between their teeth as an ornament.
•To transmit knowledge, it was acquired through observation, imitation and
practice.

[Type text]
ELAIZA P. TOBIAS Nov.12,2018
BSBA 4B

There was no formal education during pre-Spanish period. Children were taught
to read and write by their parents. It was fair to say that they were literate.
•The purpose of education during their time was for survival.
Their father on hunting animals taught males, fishing, agriculture and other
economic activities while their mothers in managing the household taught
females.Education
•Domestic trade of different barangays from
different regions and islands were made possible using boats.
•Foreign trade was carried on with countries like Borneo, China, Japan,
Cambodia, Java and Siam(Thailand).•Other means of livelihood were ship
building, weaving, poultry raising, mining, weaving and lumbering.
Economic life• Natives were without a doubt, music lovers. Each community
had their own sets of musical instrument. In the account of Pigafetta, the official
historian of Magellan expedition, women from Cebu were harmoniously playing-
cymbals (plantiles)- nose flutes, bamboo mouth organs (aphiw)- brass gong
(gansa)- flute (bansic)- long drum (colibao)- bamboo harp (subing)- water whistle
(paiyak)- guitar (bugtot)- xylophone (agong)- drum (tugo)Music•The most ancient
dances could be traced to the wardance in order to incite the “warlike”
enthusiasm of thenatives.
•They danced primarily to please their gods, anito sad the spirit who it was
believed, were always jealous of the action of the natives.
•Their dance could be described as the pantomimes today.
•They also danced during festivals and other merry-making occasions. Dances
• Eight are considered major languages, namely:-Tagalog-Ilocos-Pangasinan-
Pampangan-Sugbuhanon-Hiligaynon-Magindanaw-Samarnon• They also had
their system of writing. The ancient Filipinos alphabet consisted of three vowels
and fourteen consonants.
Natives wrote on many different materials; leaves, palm fronds, tree bark and
fruit rinds, but the most common material wasbamboo.Language and System of
Writing Alibata –ancient Philippineal phabet. • The early form of literature during
pre-Spanish period was aclassified into written or oral. Examples of oral literature
consisted of;-maxims (sabi)-Bugtong (riddles)-Boat song (talindaw)-Victory songs
(tagumpay)-Lullaby (uyayi)-Wedding song (ihiman)-War song (kumintang) etc.
• examples of written literature are;-Biag ni Lam-Ang (Ilocano epic)-Indarapatra at
Sulayman and Bidasari (Muslim Epics)-Handiong (Bicolanos)Literature

3. The Filipino family ways of living evolve

The evolving Filipino family value system.

This rising trend in the dissolution of marital unions may lead to changes in the
Filipino family value system.

[Type text]
ELAIZA P. TOBIAS Nov.12,2018
BSBA 4B

There is a dearth in the nationwide statistics on annulment and on married people,

who, because of the high cost of the process of annulment, have just chosen to part
ways and later on build a new set of family via “live-in” relationships. There are also
now same-sex, live-in relationships. How will these changes affect the Filipino child’s
value system development and future relationships?

Trends on divorce and separations in the Philippines were researched by Jeofrey B.

Abalos in 2008 and 2013. His research showed that education, type of the first
union, and childhood place of residence were significantly associated with being
divorced or separated among women in our country.

According to Abalos’ study, “Filipino women with higher levels of education, those
who were cohabiting without ever marrying in the first union, those who were raised
in urban settings have higher risks of experiencing union dissolution than their
counterparts. Religion and ethnicity are also associated with union breakdown
among Filipino women.” His findings were based on data from the Philippine
National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). He further said, “This paper
demonstrated that the rise in union dissolution in the Philippines has not happened
in isolation. It has to some extent been influenced by the changing character of
union formation in the country, the prevailing legal system, a growing acceptance of
divorce, increasing education for women, and increasing urbanization.”

The Alteration of Filipino Family Values by Hans Fadol, published in 2014, said,
“Based on the survey that we have conducted, we have encountered many Filipinos
who have a nuclear type of family and most of them have siblings. They also still call
their elders with respect. Now in the case of having dinner with family, there is a big
percentage in the negative part. Why? It’s because some us do not value the
importance of being together in a round table...To be particular, teens nowadays
prefer to be with their friends rather than having a peaceful pray day with their
family.”

The research also disclosed, however, that there are still those who still have and
hold the quality and attributes of a true Filipino. It is recommended that we must step
up and lead this country away from the extinction of its tradition and culture.

Yes, there currently is an evolving Filipino family value system because of a diversity
of influencing factors due to the modernization of our society. Perhaps, the
education system can help in teaching the core Filipino values to the youth to instill
in their minds of the positive effects in their character development and in their future
relationships. These values need, of course, to be nurtured by the family and its
social environment.

In my clinical practice as a child and adolescent psychiatrist, with the families I had
the chance to interview, it was indeed heartening to learn that majority of these
families still possess the core Filipino family values. Such values had been nurtured
and passed on from one generation to the next.

[Type text]
ELAIZA P. TOBIAS Nov.12,2018
BSBA 4B

The role of the school system, religion/spirituality and the immediate social
environment cannot be discounted. The identified patient is usually accompanied by
one or both parents and quite frequently by siblings and or extended family
members. With the recent technology, the parent or family member who cannot be
physically present during the family conference will communicate with me via social
media or video calls as a show of their emotional support system for the patient.

4. The differents between culture beliefs, norms and principles.

Culture: The set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features
of a society or a social group.
Culture encompasses art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value
systems, traditions, behaviors, and beliefs while
Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or
without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with
factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of
an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true.[1] In the
context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards
to the concept of belief: pistis and doxa. Simplified, we may say that pistis refers to
"trust" and "confidence", while doxa refers to "opinion" and "acceptance". The
English word "orthodoxy" derives from doxa. Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief
has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth.
Norms are social expectations that guide behavior. Norms explain why people do
what they do in given situations. For example, in the United States, it is a norm that
people shake hands when they are formally introduced. This expectation accounts
for why a job candidate extends a hand toward the interviewer upon meeting — as
opposed, say, to giving the interviewer a hug. Some norms are enforced by legal
sanctions; for example, walking nude in public is often a legal offence that could
result in arrest. Mores are norms it is considered very serious to violate, such as the
norm not to murder. Folkways are norms that are less strict. People typically feel
strong pressure to conform to norms.
A principle is a concept or value that is a guide for behavior or evaluation. In law, it
is a rule that has to be or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is
an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the
way that a system is constructed. The principles of such a system are understood by
its users as the essential characteristics of the system, or reflecting system's
designed purpose, and the effective operation or use of which would be impossible if
any one of the principles was to be ignored.

[Type text]