STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

Class XII
Physics

Session 2017-18

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan

New Delhi
 PHYSICS

A WORD TO MY DEAR STUDENTS

It gives me great pleasure in presenting the Students' Support Material to all
KV students of class XII.
The material has been prepared keeping in mind your needs when you are
preparing for final exams and wish to revise and practice questions or when
you want to test your ability to complete the question paper in the time allotted
or when you come across a question while studying that needs an immediate
answer but going through the text book will take time or when you want to
revise the complete concept or idea in just a minute or try your hand at a
question from a previous CBSE Board exam paper or the Competitive exam to
check your understanding of the chapter or unit you have just finished. This
material will support you in any way you want to use it.
A team of dedicated and experienced teachers with expertise in their subjects
has prepared this material after a lot of exercise. Care has been taken to
include only those items that are relevant and are in addition to or in support of
the text book. This material should not be taken as a substitute to the NCERT
text book but it is designed to supplement it.
The Students' Support Material has all the important aspects required by you; a
design of the question paper, syllabus, all the units/chapters or concepts in
points, mind maps and information in tables for easy reference, sample test
items from every chapter and question papers for practice along with previous
years Board exam question papers.
I am sure that the Support Material will be used by both students and teachers
and I am confident that the material will help you perform well in your exams.
Happy learning!

Santosh Kumar Mall

Commissioner, KVS
 PHYSICS

FOREWORD

The Students' Support Material is a product of an in-house academic exercise

undertaken by our subject teachers under the supervision of subject expert at
different levels to provide the students a comprehensive, yet concise, learning
support tool for consolidation of your studies. It consists of lessons in capsule
form, mind maps, concepts with flow charts, pictorial representation of
chapters wherever possible, crossword puzzles, question bank of short and long
answer type questions with previous years' CBSE question papers.
The material has been developed keeping in mind latest CBSE curriculum and
question paper design. This material provides the students a valuable window
on precise information and it covers all essential components that are required
for effective revision of the subject.
In order to ensure uniformity in terms of content, design, standard and
presentation of the material, it has been fine tuned at KVS Hqrs level.
I hope this material will prove to be a good tool for quick revision and will
serve the purpose of enhancing students' confidence level to help them perform
better. Planned study blended with hard work, good time management and
sincerity will help the students reach the pinnacle of success.
Best of Luck.

U.N. Khaware
Additional Commissioner (Acad.)
 PHYSICS

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

ADVISORS
• Shri Santosh Kumar Mall, IAS, Commissioner, KVS (HQ) New Delhi
• Shri. U.N. Khaware, Addl. Commissioner (Academics), KVS (HQ)
CO-ORDINATION TEAM AT KVS (HQ)
• Dr. V. Vijayalakshmi, Joint Commissioner (Acad), KVS (HQ)
• Mr. P.V. Sai Ranga Rao, Deputy Commissioner (Acad), KVS (HQ)
• Ms. Aprajita, AEO (Acad), KVS (HQ)

CONTENT TEAM
• Mr. N.R. Murali, Deputy Commissioner, Kolkata Region
• Mr. Jaideep Das, Deputy Commissioner, Jaipur Region
• Mr. Mohit Pareek, PGT (Physics), KV No-1 Alwar
• Mr. Anil Kumar Sharma, PGT (Physics), KV Suratgarh Cantt.
• Mr. B S Rathore, PGT (Physics), KVAvika Nagar
• Mr. Laxman Singh, PGT (Physics), KV No-2 Jodhpur
• Mr. Anil Kumar, PGT (Physics), KV Deogarh
• Mr. G K Joshi, PGT (Physics), KV Eklinggarh
• Mr. Dipankar Senapati, PGT (Physics), KV Santraganchi
• Mr. Md. Alam, PGT (Physics), KV Dum Dum O.F.
• Mr. C.N. Jha, PGT (Physics), KV Kharagpur No.2
• Mr. A. Anand, PGT (Physics), KV Barrackpore-AFS
• Mr. N. Sen, PGT (Physics), KV Barrackpore (Army)
• Mr. Goutam Rakshit, PGT (Physics), KV Barrackpore-Army
• Mr. J.P. Nayak, PGT (Physics), KV Kharangpur IIT

REVIEW TEAM
1. Mr. D. S. Negi, Principal, KV ONGC, Dehradun
2. Mr. Vikas Prabhakar, PGT (Physics), KV ONGC, Dehradun
3. Mrs. Nirupama Singh, PGT (Physics), KV ONGC, Dehradun
4. Mr. A.C. Malasi, PGT (Physics), KV ONGC, Dehradun
 PHYSICS

INDEX

Sr. Contents Page

No. No.

1 IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1 – 13

2 IMPORTANT CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS/GRAPHS/ RAY DIAGRAM 14 – 30

3 ELECTROSTATICS 31 – 47

4 CURRENT ELECTRICITY 48 – 60

5 MAGANETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM 61 – 84

6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION & ALTERNATING CURRENT 85 – 92

7 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 93 – 96

8 RAY OPTICS & WAVE OPTICS 97 – 114

9 DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION 115–122

10 ATOMS & NUCLEI 123-129

11 SOLIDS AND SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES 130-158

12 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 159-170

13 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS CHAPTER WISE 171-196

14 CBSE BOARD QUESTION PAPER ALL INDIA 2017 197-203

15 REFERENCES 204
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IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. ELECTROSTATICS GIST
S. No. FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATION

1. Q=+Ne Q = Charge, N = Number of Quantization of charges

Charge particle
2. Q2Q1 Q1, Q2 are point charges F= To find force between tow
F=k
Force point charges
r2
3. F=QE E = Electric field Relation between F and E

Q k = 41 , r= distance Electric field due to a

E=k r2
4. point charge.
= Absolute permittivity
5. ds = small area To find electric flux

q
6. = = Electric Flux Gauss Theorem

7. V = potential difference To find the potential

VA=Electric potentail at A difference using Work
WAB VB=Electric potentail at B
V = VA - VB = done from a point A to a
q q=charge point B
q
8. V=k Electric potential due
r to a point charge
r = distance
9. p = dipole moment Electric potential due
dipole

10. dV / dr=potential gradient Relation between electric

Ε field and potential

11. U = Potential Energy Potential energy of a

W = Work done system of two point
Charges
12. = linear charge density Filed intensity due to
infinitely long straight
R uniformly charged wire
13. a) outside the shell: r = radius of Gaussian Filed intensity du to
surface (outside the shell) uniformly charged
R=radius of shell spherical shell
b) on the shell: σ =surface charge
permittivity
σ

d) inside the shell : E=0

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14. σ E = Electric field Field intensity due to thin

E= = electric permittivity infinite plane sheet of
2 charge

15. C=capacitance Capacity of isolated

r=radius of conductor spherical conductor
16. A = area of plates Capacitance of a parallel
d = distance between the plate capacitor
plates

17. Grouped capacitors: Cs= equivalent capacitance To calculate equivalent

a) In series. in series capacitance of a circuit
Cp=equivalent capacitance
in parallel
b) In parallel:
Cp=C1+C2+C3

18. U = Electrostatic energy Energy stored in a

v2 stored in capacitor capacitor

19. E = electric field strength Energy density of a

ε0 parallel plate capacitor

20. V = Common potential Tofind Common

potential due to sharing of
charge

21. E1 - E2 Loss of energy Loss of energy due sharin g

charges

22. K=1+χ K = dielectric constant Relation between

χ = electric susceptibility dielectric constant &
electric susceptibility

23. t =thickness of slab Capacitance of parallel

C=
d=distance between the plate capacitor with
plates conducting slab in
C0=capacitance between

24. K=dielectric constant Capacitance of parallel

C= plate capacitor with
dielectric slab in between

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25. l Values of Different quantities after Introducing dielectric slab between the plates
of the charged capacitor :

Description When Battery connected When Battery disconnected

Charge K Q0 Q0
Potential V0 V0/K
difference
Electric E0 E0/K
field
Capacitance KC0 KC0
Energy K times [Energy 1/K time
is supplied By battery [Energy used for
Polarization

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Unit-2 : CURRENT ELECTRICITY

S. No. FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATION

I=current, Q=charged, t=time, To find the current in a
1. I= = e=charge of electron current carrying wire.
2. V=Potential difference, Relation between V
V = IR (Ohms law)
R=resistance and I
3. Ι= neAVd Vd=Drift Velocity Relation between
(n = number density of A=area of cross section current and drift velocity
free electron)
4. R = Resistance , = Resistivity Relation between
R= = relaxation time, m= mass of (i) R and (ii) R and
electron relaxation time
5. e=charge of electron Relation for resistivity
= =conductance, and relaxation time

6. C=conducatine, =conductivity To find C and

C=

7. I j = current density, Relation between j with

J = A = neVd = conductivity Vd and j with E
j= E
8. Vd = mobility of electron To find from Vd
= Ε

9. = temperature coefficient of Variation of P with

resistance temperature
10. T1 - T2 = temperature difference Formula for

11. Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + .... Rs = equivalent resistance in Series combination

series combination

12. 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +... Rp = equivalent resistance in Parallel combination
series combination
13. 2
P = VI = I R=V /R
2
P = electrical power Relation for P with V, I and R

14. E = V +Ir = I (R + r) E = emf of cell, Relation for E and V

15. (I) V = E - lr r = internal resistance (I) Current is drawn

(ii) V = E + lr V = Potential difference (ii) cell is being charged

16. r = internal resistance To find internal resistance

R = External resistance by potentiometer

17. n = number of cells in series Current drawn when n cells

R = External resistance are connected in series

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18. m = number of cells in parallel Current drawn when n cells

are connected in parallel
19. m = number of rows For max. current the
n = number of cells in each row. external resistance must be
equal to the total internal
resistance
20. = 0 (loop rule) algebraic sum of charge Kirchhoff' s law
= 0 (junction rule) algebraic sum of potential
difference

21. P, Q, R, S are resistences in four Balanced condition of

arms of Wheatstone Bridge Wheatstone Bridge

22. S = Unknown resistance Working condition for

S=
R = Known resistance Wheatstone Bridge

23. V=KL V= Potential drop a wire Principle of Potentiometer

L= Balancing length Cell.
24. E1 and E2, emf of two cells Comparison of emf's of two
I1 and I2 balancing length cell.

Unit-3 : MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

SL. No. FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATIONS
1. Biot - Savart Law dB = magnetic field at a point at To find magnetic field at a
distance r due to a current element. point due to current element.
= permeability of free space To find magnetic field due to
I = current through wire
= angle between current element a straight conductor.
IdI and position vector r.

B= magnetic field due to a circular Magnetic field at centre, x = 0

2. B= coilof N turns at distance X from its
center.
a = Radius of coil

3. B = magnetic field magnetic field due to a

B= r = perpendicular straight conductor of infinite
distance from wire to length
point of observation.
4. Ampere's circuital magnetic field due to a
law = Line integral of solenoid B =
magnetic field in a closed path.

F = Force o
5. v Force acting on a charge
V= velocity of charge particle particle in magnetic field.
q = charge of the particle

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6. v Force on charged particle in Lorentz force

simultaneous Electric and
magnetic fields
7. F = Magnetic force on a current To find force acting on a
L carrying conductor of length I current carrying conductor
B = magnetic field. in a magnetic field.

8. = Force per unit length between Force per unit length

two parallel current carrying I1 between two parallel
and I2 r = distance between the current carrying
conductors. conductors.

9. = BINA Sin = torque experienced by a magnetic field due to a

current loop of area A in straight conductor of
magnetic field B infinite length
N = Number of turns of coil.
I = current

10. S= G S = shunt required, Conversion fo

G = Galvanometer Resistance, Galvanometer
= maximum current through into Ammeter.
galvanometer
(0-i) = range of ammeter
11. R = high resistance in series Conversion fo
R= -G Galvanometer
into Voltmeter.
v
12. r= r = radius of circular path in To find the radius of
magnetic field circular path of charged
particle moving
perpendicular to the
magnetic field.

13. υ= ν = Cyclotron frequency To find the frequency

of cyclotron.

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Unit-4 : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

S. No. FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATION

1. ε= ε = induced emf. Faraday's law of

electromagnetic
induction :
2. B = magnetic field Motional emf
v = velocity
I = metal rod of length
3. V = emf developed To find emf developed
between the ends of the rod. between the end of the rod
= angular velocity rotating in the magnetic field.
I = length of the rod
4. =LI = Magnetic flux Relation between and L
L = Self-inductance of the coil.
5. L = Self-inductance of the coil. To find self-induced emf
in a coil.
6. M12 =Coefficient of mutual Self-induced of a solenoid
inductance
dl2/dt=Rate of charge of
current in th secondary coil
7. = Realtive permeability Equation of a.c generator
= permeability of free space
n = no of turns of the solenoid
A = area of the solenoid
L = length of the solenoid

8. n = no of turns of the solenoid Equation of a. c generator

B = magnetic field
A = area of the solenoid
v = frequency of AC
9. U = Energy stored in inductor To find energy stored in the
inductor in its magnetic field.

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Unit-5 : ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

S. No. FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATION

c is the speed of To find speed of e.m.

1. electromagnetic wave in vacuum
wave in vacuum
permeability constant and
is the permittivity constant
2. ν is the speed of To find speed of
ν electromagnetic wave in electromagnetic wave in
material medium material medium

Laws at a glance :
1. (Gauss's Law for electricity)

2. (Gauss's Law for magnetism)

3. (Faraday's Law)

4. (Ampere - Maxwell Law)

Unit-6 : RAY OPTICS

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATIONS

1. u - object distance To find focal length of
v - image distance, mirror
f - focal length of the mirror
2. m = magnification To find magnification
m=
m is negative for real images
and +ve for virtual images
3. A = Angle of prism To find refractive index
n2 = refractive index of prism
n1 = refractive index of medium
Dm = angle of minimum deviation.

4. R = Radius of curvature To find Rad. of

V = image distance, curvature of lens
u = object distance

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S. No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATION

5. 1 n2 - n1 1 1 R1, R2 = Radius of curvature Lens makers formula

f
=( n1 ) (R 1 R2 ) f = focal length of the lens
n1, n2 = Refractive index of
To find focal length of
lens
medium 1 and respectively
6. f = effective focal legnth of To find effective focal
combination length of combination
f1, f2, f3 = focal length of each lens in of lenses
contact.
7. m: magnifying power of a compound To find magnifying
microscope power of a compound
f0 = focal length of objective
fe = focal length of eyepiece
L= Distance between objective
lens and eye lens

8. m: magnifying power of a telescope To find magnifying

f0 f0 = focal length of objective power of a telescope
m fe fe = focal length of eyepiece
β = angle subtended at the
eye by the image
α = angle subtended at the
eye by the object

WAVE OPTICS

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS

1. ip = relative refractive index of To find refractive index

the denser medium of the material
ip = polarizing angle.
2. I0 = intensity of light passing To find intensity of light
through the polarizer,
= angle between polarizer
and analyzer.

3. β = fringe width To find fringe width for

= wavelength of light interference fringes
D = distance between the slits
and the screen
d = distance between the lists

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4. = wavelength of light used, To find width of central

D = distance between the slits maxima for diffraction
and the screen fringes
w= width of central maxima in
diffraction
Ιmax (a + b)
2

5. Ιmax = Max. intensity To find ratio of max. and

=
Ιmin (a - b)2 Ιmin = Min. intensity min. intensity
a, b = respective amplitudes

UNIT 7 : DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS

1. c E = energy of photon, To find the energy of photon

E=hv=h
λ h = Plank's
constant, v = frequency
2. W0 = work function Relation between work
W0 = hv0 = hc/ λ0 v0 = threshold frequency function and V0, λ0
λ0 = threshold wavelength
3. Kmax = 1
mv max
2
Kmax = Maximum kinetic energy Einstein's photoelectric
2
= hv - w0 of emitted electrons equation.
= h (v - v0) Vmax = maximum velocity
4. Kmax = 1
mv2 e = charge of electron Relation between maximum
= eV V0 = stopping potential kinetic energy and stopping
2 max 0
potential.

5. λ = wave length of matter De Broglie wavelength for

wave h = Plank's constant matter wave.

6. E= kinetic energy Relation between and E, V

V = accelerating potential

7. V = accelerating potential De Broglie wavelegth for

electron

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UNIT 8 : ATOMS AND NUCLEI

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS

1. , z = Atomic number of To find the distance of closest

element. m = mass of electron, approach r0.
v = velocity of electron.

2. b = impact parameter To find the impact parameter

= scattering angle

th
3. = Radius of n orbit Bohr's radius (Z =1, n =1) r0 =
0.53A0
4. V = speed of an electron in nth , c = speed of light
orbit
5. En = Total energy of electron in En = - Total energy
nth orbit. of electron in nth orbit
for hydrogen.

6. k= , Z = Atomic number Kinetic energy of electron

of element Relation between K. E. and total
energy
En = Total Energy
7. Potential energy of electron
Relation between P.E. and total
energy
8. = Wavelength of = Wave number
emitted radiation. Lyman series : n1 = 1, n2 = 2,3,4..
R = Rydberg's constant Balmer series: n1 = 2, n2 = 3,4,5..
9. R = R0A1/3 R0 = 1.2 x 10-15 m Relation between Radius of
nucleus and mass number
10. = Nuclear density, Relation between binding
m = average energy and mass defect.
mass of a nucleon.
11. EB = Binding Energy Relation between binding
m = mass defect energy and mass defect.
1 a.m.u. = 931.5 Mev
12. = Rate of dacay of Relation active decay law
radio active substances
= decay constant
13. N0 = Number of radioactive N = Number of active nuclei left
nuclei present initially after time t.
14. T1/2 = half life of a radioctive To find half life period
substance

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15. N0 = Number of radioactive Number of radioactive nuclei left

nuclei present initially in a sample after n half - lives.

16. R = activity of a radioactive Relation between R and

sample

17. = Mean life.

UNIT 9 : ELECTRONIC DEVICES

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS
1. ne = free electron density Intrinsic semiconductors
2. nh. = hole density p - type semiconductors
3. n - type semiconductors
4. ni = density of Intrinsic carriers Relation between charge
carriers
5. Ie = current through electrons Current through a
Ih = current though holes semiconductor
Vd = Derift velocity of electrons
Vh = Drift velocity of holes
6. Le = emitter current Relation between currents
Ib = Base current through the transistor
Ic = Collector current
7. Vce = Output Voltage Output voltage through
Vcc = Collector voltage transistor amplifier
IcRl = Potential drp through
load resistance

8. α= ( ∆∆ ) v
Ic

Ie ce
Ie = Emitter current
Ib = Base current
Current gain of a CB transistor

Ic = Collector current
Vce Constant

9. β= ( ∆∆ ) v
Ic

Ib ce
Current gain of a CE transistor
Vce Constant
10. = CB current gain Relation between and
= CE current gain
11. Ri = Load resistance (Output) AC Voltage Gain
Ri = input resistance
12. AC Power Gain

( ∆v
∆ )
13. be
Vbe = Base emitter Voltage Input Resistance
Ib
Vce Constant

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 PHYSICS

r = ∆vce
14. 0 ( ∆ )Ι
Ic
b
Vce = Collector Emitter voltage Output Resistance

Ιb Constant

UNIT 10 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS
1. Αm = Modulation To find modulation index
µ= factor Am =
Αc Amplitude of
modulating signal
Ac= Amplitude of carrier
Amax - Amin Amax = Maximum To find modulation index
2. µ= x 100% amplitude
Amax + Amin
Amin = Minimum
amplitude

3. m (t) = AmSinωmt m (t) = modulating signal Equation of modulating

signal

4. c (t) = AcSinωct C (t) = carrier signal Equation of carrier signal

5. Cm (t) = Ac Cm (t) = AM wave Equation of AM wave

USB = Fc + fm USB = Upper side band To find upper and lower

6.
LSB = fc - fm LSB = Lower side band side frequencies

7. = band width To find band width

Length of dipole antenna To measure the lengthh of

8. dipole antenna

9. d = The range of TV To find range of antenna

transmission
R = Radius of earth

10. dm = Maximum line of LOS To find maximum line of

distance LOS distance

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GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS

ELECTROSTATIC

DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS

ELECTROSTATIC

2
(i) Graph for electric force (F) (ii) Graph for E or E verses 1/r
or electric field (E) verses distance r

E or F

E or F

(i) Electric field lines due to a + Q charge. (ii) Electric field due to a -q charge

+Q -Q

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(iii) Electric field lines due to two positive charge. (iv) Electric field lines due to a electric
dipole.

(v) Electric field lines due to a point charges and metal plate

3. Equipotential surfaces
(i) due to a isolated positive charge. (ii) due to two positive point charge

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(iii) due to uniform electric field (iv) due to two positive point charge

4 (i) Postential verses charge graph for capacitor

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CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. Variation of current with potential difference

(i) For conductor (ii) For Ga As

Negative
resistance
Non-Itnear region
region

Current / (mA)
V

Voltage v (V)
I

2. Variation of resistivity with temperature

(i) For conductor (ii) For Ga As (iii) for nichrome (alloy)
Resistivity P(10 cm)

cm
0.4 )
P (0 .20
/
Resistivity

0.2 1.10

1.00 200 400 500 800

0 50 100 150 T Temperature T (K)
Temperature T (K)

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2. (i) Cricuit diagram to find balanced condition

for Wheatstone bridge

B (ii) Cricuit diagram to find the unknown

I4 resistance using Metre Bridge.

R1 R4
I1
A C
G
R2 R3

+ -

4 (i)Circuitdiagramtomeasuretheinternal (ii) V verses L graph for the potentiometer

resistanceofacellusingpotentiometer

K
+ - R.B

A B

+ - G

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MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

1. Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop.

dB cos θ y C
dB
I θ
dB sin θ
X θ
θ x
θ
dB sin θ
dB
Y
dB cos θ D

2. Magnetic field line

(I) Due to circular current carrying conductor (ii) Due to a current carrying solenoid

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3. (i) Schematic diagram of a Cyclotron (ii) Schematic diagram of a Moving Coil

Galvanometer

H.F.O.
XX X X X X X

XX X X X X X

XX X X X X X

XX X X X X X

XX X X X X X
XX X X X X X

XX X X X X X
D2 D2

4. Conversion of Galvanometer (ii) into voltmeter

(i) Into ammeter

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

1. Graph Showing Variation of Impedance of LCR Circut, inductive and capacitive

reactance Versus Frequency of A.C respectively

z x
Xc

r f f X

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2. (i) Phasor diagram for L-C-R series ciruit (ii) A.C. Generator

Q
v and I
N S
P

t X
B
A
X

3. (i) Transformer (ii) L-C Oscillation

Soft iron core

input
voltage
primary
coil secondary
A step-dwon transformer coil

Soft iron core

input
voltage
primary
coil secondary
A step-dwon transformer coil

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

Type Wavelength

Radio > 0.1 m

Microwave 0.1m to mm
THE ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Infra-red 1mm to 700nm
Light 700 nm to 400 nm

Utravolet 400 nm to 1 nm
3
X-rays 1 nm to 10 nm
-3
Gamma rays < 10 nm

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RAY OPTICS

(i) Prisms designed to bend rays by 900 or to invert image without changing it size
make use of total internal reflection

(iii) Simple microscope (iv) Compound microscope

(v) Ray diagram for refracting telescope. (iv) A reflecting telescope.

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WAVE OPTICS

(i) Shapes of wave front

Point Source Line Source Source at infinity

(ii) Youngs double slit experiment (iii) Single slit diffraction

(v) Intensity distribution in single slit diffraction

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7. DUAL NATURE OF MATTER & RADIATION

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Photoelectric Stopping
V3 > V2 > V1 current potential Metal A
V1 (VO)
V1
V1 Saturation current Metal B
V3 V > VO
V2
V > VO
-Vo3 -Vo2 -Vo1 O Collector plate potential VO VO
O Frequency of incident radiation (V)
Variation of photoelectric current
with collector plate potential for different
frequencics of incident radiaton.

ATOM & NUCLEI

Radioactive sample
d

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Binding Energy per Nucleon Curve

Hydrogen Atom Spectral Lines

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SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

1. Energy band diagram : (a) fro metal (b) for Semiconductor (c) for Insulator
(d) N type Semiconductor (e) P Type Semiconductor

Conduction band

Valence band

Conduction band

Valence band

Conduction band

Valence band

(d) (e)

26
 PHYSICS

2. (i) Circuit for half wave rectifier (ii) Circuit diagram full wave rectifier

Current Flows
When D1
Conducts

Current Flows
When D2
Conducts

Resultant Output Waveform

3. (i) Diode characteristic curve (ii) Input and Output characteristics

curve for NPN Transistor (CE)

27
 PHYSICS

4. (i) NPN transistor characteristics (ii) NPN transistor amplifier in CE mode

Ic
C
IB Rn B
mA
R2 B
VBB E Vout
RCE R CC E RL
E RI VN
VSE
IE

VEE VCE

Special type of diodes

Solar cell It is a diode with either p or n To produce solar power in Open Circut Voltage
side made thin to allow light satellites, space vehicles ,
energy falling on it to convert Small Electronic Devices
in to electrical energy. Material (External biasing Not
used for preparing are si and Required) Short Circut Current
GaAs

Photo It is made from photosensitive Used ad fire alarm,

diode material with provision to allow detector circuit
light of suitable frequency to
fall at the junction (Reverse
biased)
Zener It is specially designed to work Used as voltage regulator
diode on reverse bias breakdown
region

Light It has two leads longer lead is p Used as voltage regulator

side and shorter is n side; due I0
emitting LED curve
diode (LED) to recombination of holes and
electr ons at the junc tion I0
energy is released at the Rd
junction in the form of light.
(Forward biased)
VF V0

28
 PHYSICS

Logic Gates
Name NOT AND NAND OR NOR
Alg. Expr. A A.B A.B A+B A+B
Symbol A
B
X

A X B A X B A X B A X B A X
Truth 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Table 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

Communication System

Block Diagrams

Communication System

Information Message Transmitted User of

Source Signal Transmitter Channel Received
Signal
Receiver
Message Information
Signal
Signal

Noise

Production of amplitude modulated wave

m (t) BANDPASS AM Wave

x(t) SQUARE y(t)
+ FILTER
LAW DEVICE CENTRED
Amsinωm t ATWC
(Modulating Bx(t)+Cx(t)
2
c (t)
Signal)
Ac
sinωc t
(carrier)
Transmission of Electromagnetic wave

TRANSMITTING
ANTENNA
m(t)
AMPLITUDE POWER
MODULATOR AMPLIFIER
Message Signal

CARRIER

29
 PHYSICS

Receiver for an A.M. wave

RECEIV ING
ANTEN NA

OUTPUT
AMPLIFIER IF STAGE DETECTOR AMPLIFIER
Received signal

Detector for A.M wave

AM Wave
ENVELOPE
RECTIFIER OUTPUT
DETECTOR
(a) (b) (c)

Time Time Time

AM input wave Rectified wave Output (without RF component)

30
 PHYSICS

1.ELECTRO STATICS
GIST
l Electrostatics is the study of charges at rest.
l Charging a body can be done by friction, induction and conduction.
l Properties of charges:

Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

n
Charges are additive in nature i.e., Σ Qi
i
Charges are quantized. i.e., Q= ± ne *n=1,2,3,… & e=1.602 X10 C]
-19


Charge on a body is independent of its velocity.

Charge is conserved.
l To measure charge electroscopes are used.
kq q2 1
l Coulomb’s law: F r
r2 4 0

Where, permittivity of free space, r is the separation between centre of masses of

charges

n
l Principle of superposition: Ftotal = i [vector sum of individual forces]
i

1
r2

31
 PHYSICS

Note: In the above triangle the quantity shown at the vertex, could be arrived by multiplying the
quantities shown at the base, ie F=E X Q. Any one of the quantity shown at the base is given by
the ratio of the quantities shown at vertex & the other quantity shown at the base, ie E=F/Q or
Q= F/E

l Electric field: Force experienced by a test charge. It is a vector. SI unitNC-1.

kQ ^
l E r
r2

l Field due to a point charge: E kQ ^

r
2
n
r
l Principle of superposition: total =
r [vector sum of individual fields]
i =1

l Dipole moment: Product of magnitude of either charge and separation between them.
It is a vector. SI unit : C-m P = Q.2a direction of P is negative to positive charge.

l Dipole in a uniform electric field experiences no net force and instead experiences
a torque

τ p E τ p E sin
l If =00 A stable equilibrium; If =1800 A unstable equilibrium

l Electric field due to a dipole

2kp
at a point on the axial line: along the direction of dipole moment
r3 kp
at a point on the equatorial line: E = 3 opposite to the direction of dipole moment.
r
lElectric flux: E S E S cos It is a scalar; SI unit: NC m or Vm
-1 2

qtotal
l Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics: total ε0

Q=
=
q
and
q is in independent of dimension

32
 PHYSICS

l Uniform Charge distribution:

Linear charge distribution: l

linear charge density Unit Cm-1]

Surface charge distribution: surface charge density Unit Cm-2]

s

Volume charge distribution: ρ Volume charge density Unit Cm-3]

v

l Properties of electric field lines:

3 Arbitrarily starts from +ve charge and end at –ve charge

3 Continuous, but never form closed loops

3 Never intersect

3 Relative closeness of the field lines represents the magnitude of the field

strength.

3 For a set of two like charges – lateral pressure in between

3 For a set of two unlike charges – longitudinal contraction in between.

l Electrostatic Potential: Work done per unit positive Test charge to move it from infinity to

that point in an electric field. It is a scalar. SI unit: J/C or V

W
V= q
0

Electric potential for a point charge: V = kq

r

33
 PHYSICS

E
V or E 1/r

V
V
r
l Electric field is conservative. This means that the work done is independent of the path
followed and the total work done in a closed path is zero.
n
l Potential due to a system of charges: V kqi
ri
i=1

l Potential due to a dipole at any point

k|p| k|p|
l on its axial line: Vaxial 2 cos
2 [or] V r
r

l on its equatorial line: Veq 0

l Potential difference
l Potential energy of two charges: 1 1
VA VB = kq
rA rB
l Potential energy of a dipole : kq1q2
U=
r

l Electrostatics of conductors U = p . E = p E [cos 0 - cos ]

1

(i) Inside a conductor Electrostatic field is zero

(ii) On the surface E is always Normal to ds.
(iii) No charge inside the conductor but gets distributed on the surface

(iv) Charge distribution on the surface is uniform if the surface is smooth

(v) Charge distribution is inversely proportional to ‘r’ if the surface is uneven

(vi) Potential is constant inside and on the surface

34
 PHYSICS

l Equiptential surfaces: The surfaces on which the potential is same everywhere.

3 Work done in moving a charge over an equipotential surface is zero.

3 No two equipotential surfaces intersect.

3 Electric field lines are always perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces.

As E= - dV If Vis constant, E 1
and if E is constant, V r
dr r
l Capacitor: A device to store charges and electrostatic potential energy.

l Capacitance, C = Q , Ratio of charge and potential difference. Scalar

V
l SI unit: farad [F]

Q
Q

C V
V
Q
Q = CV, C = Q/V, V =
C
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor: C = Є 0 A
d
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric medium in between:
3 Є 0A
C =
m
(d- t+ kt)

A
3 if t=0 C = Є0
0
(d)

3 if t=d
C = Є 0A C =kC
0
(d) M 0

Cm = kc
K = Cm
Co
Cm
Co =
k

35
 PHYSICS

l Combination of capacitors:
n
Capacitors in series: 1
cs = c
i=1 i

n
Capacitors in parallel: CP = ci
i=1

l Energy stored in capacitors

l Area shaded in the graph = U = QV

2

l Energy density : Ud = Є0 Ε2
2

l On connecting two charged capacitors:

C1V1+C2V2
Common Potential: V =
C1 +C2
1 C1 x C2 2
Loss of energy: U= (V - V )
1 2
2 C1 + C2

36
 PHYSICS

QUESTIONS (VSA)

1 What is the work done in moving a test charge ‘q’ through a distance of 1 cm along

the equatorial axis of an electric dipole? [ Hint : on equatorial line V=0 ] 1

2 What is meant by electrostatic shielding? 1

Ans: Process of protecting certain region of space from electrical hazards

3 Why an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field does not undergoes

acceleration? 1

Ans: Because the net force on the dipole is zero. Fnet = 0 as F = +qE

4 Why electric field lines 1

(i) Can never intersect one another?

(ii) Cannot form closed loops sometimes?

(iii) Cannot have break in between?

Ans : Because

(i) Electric field has an unique direction at any given point

(ii) Monopoles or single isolated charges exist unlike magnetism

(iii) Start from +ve charges and terminate at –ve charges

5 Show that at a point where the electric field intensity is zero, electric potential need not

be zero.

Ans: E = -dV/dr If E = 0 V = Constant

6 What is the electric flux through the surface S in Vacuum?

S
+2q

-q
+3q
Ans Electric Flux = q / Є0

37
 PHYSICS

7 Is it possible that the potential at a point is zero, while there is finite electric field 1
intensity at that point? Give an example.

Ans: Yes, at equatorial point

8 Can two equipotential surfaces intersect? Justify your answer. 1

Ans: No. Otherwise it would mean two directions for force at a point.

9 Is potential gradient a vector or a scalar quantity? 1

Ans: Scalar quantity

( S A Q - 1) 2
o
1.Two free protons are separated by a distance of 1 A . if they are released, what
is the kinetic energy of each proton when at infinite separation.
e2
[ Hint : at inifinte distance K.E = 4 Є r o

38
 PHYSICS

2 Write the expression for the electric field in the regions I, II, III shown in the above figure.
2

Ans: EI = EIII = 0 EII = ε

0

3 Write the expression for the electric field, charge density for a uniformly charged 2
thin spherical shell
Q
Ans: E = kQ ; =
2
2
r 4 r

4 An electric dipole ±4μC is kept at co-ordinate points(1,0,4) are kept at(2,-1,5), the
electric field is given by E = 20 i^ NC-1 Calculate the torque on the dipole. 2
Ans: Calculate first dipole moment using = p = q . 2 a

Then calculate torque X using and hence find | | =13.4 N m

39
 PHYSICS

5 Show diagrammatically the configuration of stable and unstable equilibrium of an

electric dipole 2

( p ) placed in a uniform electric field ( E ).

Ans: p p

E E

Stable
0
Unstable
0
=0 =180

9 A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having charge density is enclosed by
a cylindrical surface of radius r and length l, its axis coinciding with the length of the
wire. Find the expression for electric flux through the surface of the cylinder 2
.l
Ans: Using Gauss’s Law obtain: Φ =
Є0

10 Calculate the force between two alpha particles kept at a distance

of 0.02mm in air. 2
Ans:
2

40
 PHYSICS

(S A Q - ΙΙ)
1 Two electric charges 3μC, -4μC are placed at thea two corners of an isosceles right

angled triangle of side 1 m as shown in the figure. What is the direction and
magnitude of electric field at A due to the two charges? 3

3 -1
Ans: E=45×10 NC B C
θ=36.9° from line AB -4μC 1m 3μC

2 A charge +Q fixed on the Y axis at a distance of 1m from the origin and another
charge +2Q is fixed on the X axis at a distance of √2 m from the origin. A third
charge – Q is placed at the origin. What is the angle at which it moves?
2
Ans: Force due to both the charges are equal = KQ to each other so the
o 2
resultant force will make 45 with X-axis. r

41
 PHYSICS

3 Two charges 5μC, -3μC are separated by a distance of 40 cm in air. Find the
location of a point on the line joining the two charges where the electric field is
zero. 3

Ans: Solve for x from the equation:

-6 -6
5 X 10 3 X 10
k =k
2
x2 (40 - x)

4 State Gauss’s law and use this law to derive the electric filed at a point from an
infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire. 3
q
Ans: Ans: Statement Derivation for E =
E .ds = 2 r

5 27 small drops of mercury having the same radius collage to form one big drop. Find
the ratio of the capacitance of the big drop to small drop. 3

Ans: [3:1]

6 A uniformly charged rod with linear charge density λ of length L is inserted into a
hollow cubical structure of side ’L’ with constant velocity and moves out from the
opposite face. Draw the graph between flux and time. 3

o time
7 Draw a graph showing the variation of potential with distance from the positive 3
charge to negative charge of a dipole, by choosing the mid-point of the dipole as the
origin.

42
 PHYSICS

8 If = E = 3i +4j-5k, calculate the electric flux through a surface of area 50 units

in z-x plane 3
Ans: 200 unit

-1
9 Name the physical quantities whose SI units are Vm, Vm . Which of these are
vectors? 3

Ans: Vm → electric flux, scalar ; Vm →electric field, vector

-1

5
10 A proton moves with a speed of 7.45 x 10 m/s directly towards a free proton initially at
rest. Find the distance of the closest approach for the two protons.

Ans: 5.56 x 10-23m 3

11 Three point charges of 1C, 2C & 3C are placed at the corners of an equilateral
triangle of side 1m. Calculate the work done to move these charges to the corners of
a smaller equilateral triangle of sides 3
10
Ans: 9.9 x 10 J

43
 PHYSICS

12 Suggest an arrangement of three point charges, +q, +q, -q separated by finite

distance that has zero electric potential energy 2
-q

2r 2r

+q +q

13 A point charge Q is placed at point O as shown. Is the potential difference ( VA-VB)

positive, negative or zero if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative 3
Ans: VA-VB= q [ -1r - R-1 ]
4πє
o

14 What happens to the capacitance of a capacitor when a copper plate of thickness

one third of the separation between the plates is introduced in the capacitor? 3

Ans: 1.5 times Co

15 A parallel plate capacitor is charged and the charging battery is then disconnected.
What happens to the potential difference and the energy of the capacitor, if the
plates are moved further apart using an insulating handle? 3

Ans: Both Increases

44
 PHYSICS

16. Find the equivalence capacitance between X and Y. 3

Ans: 9 μf

17.Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series is 1μf. What will be their net
capacitance if connected in parallel? 3

Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations, if they are both connected to the
same source.

Ans: 9μf, 1 : 9

Find the capacitance of a system of three parallel plates each of area A m2 separated by
d1 and d2 m respectively. The space between them is filled with dielectrics of relative
dielectric constant є1 and є2.

18.What is an equivalent capacitance of the arrangement the shown below 3

2μF 4μF
2μF 2μF
5μF
A B C D
4μF 8μF

45
 PHYSICS

If 6V cell is connected across AD. Calculate the potential difference between B & C.

Ans –1.2 V

46
 PHYSICS

(VALUE BASED QUESTIONS)

1. Arun had to repaint his car when he was reminded by the car company for his regular car
service. He told them to do spray painting of mountain dew colour. The company also
replied that they usually perform spray painting only as wastage is minimized and even
painting achieved
Qs. a) What values did the car service company have?
b) If spray painting is done by electrostatic induction, how is even painting
achieved?
Ans. a) Customer care, commitment, concern and truthfulness.
b) Droplets of paint are charged particles which get attracted to any metallic
objects by electrostatic forces.

2) In Akash's classroom the fan above the teacher was running very slowly. Due to
which his teacher was sweating and was restless and tired. All his classmates
wanted to rectify this. They called for an electrician who came and changed the
capacitor only after which the fan started running fast.
Qs a) What values did Akash and his classmates have?
b) What energy is stored in the capacitor and where?
Ans. a) Team work, concern, respect to teacher and responsibility.
b) Electrical energy in the dielectric of the capacitor.

3) Aswin asked his Physics teacher why are voltmeter, galvanometer and ammeter kept in
a cavity inspite of its outer covering being made of an insulator..
Qs a) What values did Aswin have?
b) Explain Faraday's cage or electrostatic shielding
Ans. a) inquisitiveness, to improve his knowledge in Physics, willingness to gain
knowledge.
b) These sensitive instruments should not be disturbed by external electric
field.

47
 PHYSICS

2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
GIST

l Current carriers – The charge particles which flow in a definite direction constitutes
the electric current are called current carriers. E.g.: Electrons in conductors, Ions in
electrolytes, Electrons and holes in semiconductors.

l Electric current is defined as the amount of charge flowing through any cross section
of the conductor in unit time. I = Q/t.

l Current density

l Ohm’s law: Current through a conductor is proportional to the potential difference

across the ends of the conductor provided the physical conditions such as
temperature, pressure etc. Remain constant. V α I i.e. V = IR, Where R is the
resistance of the conductor. Resistance R is the ratio of V & I

l Resistance is the opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of current.

l Resistance R = ρl/A where ρ is the resistivity of the material of the conductor- length
and A area of cross section of the conductor. If l is increased n times, new resistance
2
becomes If n R. A is increased n times, new resistance becomes

l Resistivity ρ = m/ne2τ, Where m, n, e are mass, number density and charge of

electron respectively, τ-relaxation time of electrons. ρ is independent of geometric
dimensions.

l Relaxation time is the average time interval between two successive collisions

l Conductance of the material G =1/R and conductivity

l Drift velocity is the average velocity of all electrons in the conductor under the
influence of applied electric field. Drift velocity

l Mobility (μ) of a current carrier is the ratio of its drift velocity to the applied field

l Effect of temperature on resistance: Resistance of a conductor increase with

the increase of temperature of

48
 PHYSICS

l conductor RT = Ro (1 + α T ) , where α is the temperature coefficient of resistance of

the conductor. α is slightly positive for metal and conductor, negative for

semiconductors and insulators and nearly zero for alloys like tungsten, eureka,
constantan.

l Combination of resistors:

l Cells: E.M.F of a cell is defined as the potential difference between its terminals in
an open circuit. Terminal potential difference of a cell is defined as the p.d between
its ends in a closed circuit.

l Internal resistance r of a cell is defined as the opposition offered by the electrolyte of

cell to the flow of current. r where R is external resistances.

l Grouping of cells :

i) In series grouping of identical cells, circuit current is given by

ii) In parallel grouping of identical cells circuit current is given by where

n, m are number of cells in series and parallel connection respectively.

l Kirchhoff’s Rule:

i) Junction Rule:-The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point is

zero

ii) Loop rule:-The algebraic sum of potential difference around a closed

loop is zero

l Wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of four resistors arranged in four arms of the

bridge and is used to determine the unknown resistance in terms of other three
P R
resistances. For balanced Wheatstone Bridge Q =
S

49
 PHYSICS

l Slide Wire Bridge or Metre Bridge is based on Wheatstone bridge and is used to
measure unknown resistance. If unknown resistance S is in the right gap

l Potentiometer is considered as an ideal voltmeter of infinite resistance.

l Principle of potentiometer: The potential drop across any portion of the uniform wire
is proportional to the length of that portion of the wire provided steady current is
maintained in
it i.e. v α l

l Potentiometer is used to (i) compare the e.m.f.s of two cells (ii) determine the internal
resistance of a cell and (iii) measure small potential differences.

l Expression for comparison of e.m.f of two cells by using potentiometer, where I1,
I2 are the balancing lengths of potentiometer wire for e.m.fs and of two cells.
l Expression for the determination of internal resistance of a cell I is given by

Where I1 is the balancing length of potentiometer wire corresponding to e.m.f of the cell,
Ι2 that of terminal potential difference of the cell when a resistance R is connected
in series with the cell whose internal resistance is to be determined

l Expression for determination of potential difference Where L is the length

of the potentiometer wire, l is balancing length, r is the resistance of potentiometer
wire, R is the resistance included in the primary circuit.

l Joule’s law of heating states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor is
proportional to (i) square of the current flowing through the conductor,(ii) resistance of
the conductor and (iii) time for which the current is passed. Heat produced is given by
2
the relation H=Ι Rt
l Electric power: It is defined `as the rate at which work is done in maintaining the current
2

in electric circuit. P =VΙ =Ι R = RV . Power P is the product of V & I

2

l Electrical energy: The electrical energy consumed in a circuit is defined as the total work
done in maintaining the current in an electrical circuit for a given time. Electrical energy
= VIt = Ι Rt =(V /R)t = Pt
2 2

l Commercial unit of energy 1KWh= 3.6×106J

50
 PHYSICS

l Colour coding :

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tolerance (i) Gold 5% (ii) Silver 10% (iii) No Color 20%
Example: if colour code on carbon resister is Red Yellow and Orange with tolerance
colour as silver, the resistance of the give resister is (24×10 ± 10%)Ω
3

51
 PHYSICS

QUESTIONS( CURRENT ELECTRICITY)

DRIFT VELOCITY, CURRENT, POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, OHM’S LAW AND
RESISTANCE

1. How does the drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor vary with increase in
temperature? (1)
Ans. Decrease

2. Two different wires X and Y of same diameter but of different materials are joined in
series and connected acrossa battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice
that of Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two wires. (1)
V ny 1
Ans: dx = =
Vdy nx 2

3. * A 4Ω non insulated wire is bent in the middle by 1800 and both the halves are
twisted with each other. Find its new resistance? (1)
Ans: 1Ω

4. Can the terminal potential difference of a cell exceed its emf ? Give reason for your
answer (1)
Ans: Yes, during the charging of cell.

5. Two wires of equal length one of copper and the other of manganin have the same
resistance. Which wire is thicker? (1)
Ans: Manganin.

6. The V-I graph for a conductor makes angle Ѳ with V- axis, what is the resistance of
the conductor? (1)
Ans: R = Cot Ѳ

Ѳ
v
52
 PHYSICS

20
7. It is found that 10 electrons pass from point X towards another point Y in 0.1s. How
much is the current & what is its direction? (1)
Ans: 160A; from Y to X

8. Two square metal plates A and B are of the same thickness and material.
The side of B is twice that of side of A. If the resistance of A and B are
RA
denoted by RA and RB, find . (1)
RB
Ans: 1

9.* The V-I graph of two resistors in their series combination is shown. Which one of
these graphs shows the series combinations of the other two? Give reason for
your answer. (2)
Ans: 1

10. Plot a graph showing the variation of conductivity with the temperature T in a
metallic conductor.

(Ans: see fig1)

fig (1) fig (2)

53
 PHYSICS

11. Draw a graph to show the variation of resistance R of the metallic wire as a function
of its diameter D keeping the other factor constant. (Ans: see fig2) (2)

13. A P.D of 30V is applied across a colour coded carbon resistor with rings of blue,
black and yellow colours. What is the current through the resistor?
Ans: R = 60 × 104 Ω , I= 5× 10-5A (2)

14. A non-conducting ring of radius r has charge q distribute over it. What will be the
equivalent current if it rotates with an angular velocity ω? Ans: I= q/t = qω/2π (2)

15.* Two cells each of emf Є and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in series to an
external resistance R. Can a value of R be selected such that the potential difference of
the first cell is 0.

Ans: I = 2Ɛ/(R + r1 + r2) Potential diff. for first cell V1 = Ɛ – I r1 = 0

Ɛ = (2 Ɛ r1)/(R + r1 + r2 ) Solving these we get, R = r1 - r2

16. Why does Resistance increase in series combination and decrease in parallel
combination (2)

Ans: Effective length increases in series combination (R αl).

In parallel combination area of cross section increases (R α1/A)

17. A piece of silver wire has a resistance of 1Ω. What will be the resistance of the
constantan wire of one third of its length and one half of its diameter if the specific
resistance of the constantan wire is 30 times than that of the silver?
Ans: 40Ω

54
 PHYSICS

18. Calculate the current shown by the ammeter in the circuit in fig 1 (2)

t(s)

Fig 1. Fig 2.

Ans: R = 2Ωand I = 5A

19. The plot in fig 2 given above shows the variation of current I through the cross
section of a wire over a time interval of 10s. Find the amount of charge that flows
through the wire over this time period. (2)

Ans: Area under the I-t graph, q = 7.5C

20. Find the resistance between the points (i) A and B and (ii) A and C in the following network

Ans: (i) RAB = 27.5Ω (ii) RAC = 30Ω

55
 PHYSICS

II. KIRCHHOFF’S RULE AND APPLICATIONS

1. Using Kirchhoff’s laws, calculate Ι1, Ι2 and Ι3 (3)

Ans: Ι1 = 48/31A Ι2 = 18/31A Ι3 =

66/31A

2. In the circuit, find the current through the 4Ω resistor. (3)

Ans: Ι3 = 1A

III.WHEATSTONE BRIDGE AND POTENTIOMETER

1. The emf of a cell used in the main circuit of the potentiometer should be more than
the potential difference to be measured. Why? (1)

2. The resistance in the left gap of a metre bridge is 10Ω and the balance point is 45cm
from the left end. Calculate the value of the unknown resistance. (1)

Ans S = 12.2Ω

3. How can we improve the sensitivity of a potentiometer? (1)

4. Why is potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter? (1)

5. Write the principle of (2)

(i) A meter bridge.

(ii) A potentiometer.
6. How does the balancing point of a Wheatstone bridge get affected when (2)

i) Position of cell and Galvanometer are interchanged?

ii) Position of the known and unknown resistances is interchanged?

56
 PHYSICS

7. Explain with a neat circuit diagram, how will you compare emf of two cells using a
potentiometer?

8. With the help of a circuit diagram, describe the method of finding the internal
resistance of the Primary Cell using a potentiometer. (3)

9. With the help of a neat circuit diagram describe the method to determine the
potential difference across the conductor using a potentiometer. (3)

10. Calculate the current drawn from the battery in the given network.

Ans: I = 2A

11. Find the value of X and current drawn from the battery of emf 6V of negligible
internal resistance (3)

if current through 10Ω is zero

Ans: X = 6Ω and I = 1A

12. Find the value of the unknown resistance X and the current drawn by the circuit from
the battery if no current flows through the galvanometer. Assume the resistance per
-1
unit length of the wire is 0.01Ωcm . (3)

Ans: X = 3Ω

57
 PHYSICS

13. In the circuit shown, AB is a resistance wire of uniform cross section in which a
potential gradient of 0.01V cm-1 exists.

(a) If the galvanometer G shows zero deflection, what is the emf Ɛ1 of the cell used?

(b) If the internal resistance of the driver cell increases on some

account, how will it affect the balance point in the experiment? E1

Ans: (a) PD VAB = 1.8 V (b) Balance pt. will shift towards A
180 cm B
B since V/l decreases. E2

14.* In a potentiometer circuit, a battery of negligible internal resistance is set up as

shown to develop a constant potential gradient along the wire AB. Two cells of emfs

Ɛ1 and Ɛ2 are connected in series as shown in he combination (1) and (2). The
balance points are obtained respectively at 400cm and 240cm from
the point A. Find (3)

(i) Ɛ1/ Ɛ2 and (ii) balancing length for the cell Ɛ1 only. battery

Ans : Ɛ1 + Ɛ2 α400, Ɛ1- Ɛ2 α240,Solving Ɛ1/ Ɛ2 = 4, Ɛ1 αI1,

(Ɛ1 + Ɛ2)/ Ɛ1= 400/I1 , l1 = 320cm

15.* A potentiometer wire of length 100cm having a resistance of 10Ω is connected in

series with a resistance and cell of emf 2V of negligible internal resistance. A source
emf of 10mV is balanced against a length of 40cm of potentiometer wire. What is the
value of the external resistance? (3)

Ans: Ι = E/® + 10) = (2/R + 10) Resistance of 40cm

\wire is 4Ω. At J, (2/R +10) x 4 = 10 x 10 R = 790Ω

-3

58
 (VALUE BASED QUESTION)

Q1. That night Vaikunth was preparing for his physics exam. Suddenly the light in his room
went off and he could not continue his studies. His cousin brother Vasu who had come to
visit him was quick to react. Vasu using the torch (an android application) installed in his
mobile phone found that the fuse had blown out. He checked the wiring and located a
short circuit. He rectified it and put a fuse wire. The light came to life again.Vaikuth had a
sigh of relief, He thanked Vasu and continued his studies.

Ans: (1) What are the values projected by Vaikunth and Vasu? (Any two)

(2) Why did Vasu have to check the wiring?

(3) What is an electric fuse? What characteristics you would prefer for a fuse wire?

(1) Vaikunth: acknowledging the help from others with gratitude.

(2) Vasu: awareness of the technology, helping tendency, practical knowledge of the
subject.

(3) n electric fuse is a wire used as a safety device which melts when current exceeds
the limit.Low melting point, high resistivity

59
 PHYSICS

Q2 Kumaran wanted to pay electricity bill that day. He realized that the consumption
shown by the meter was unbelievably low. He thought that the meter must have
been faulty. He wanted to check the meter. But unfortunately he did not have any
idea as to how to do this. There came his friend Subhash to help him. He told
Kumaran to run only the electric heater rated 1kW in his house for some time
keeping other appliances switched off. He also calculated the power consumed in
kilowatt hour and compared the value with the meter. Kumaran was happy and
thanked Subash for his timely help and the knowledge.

(1) What are6 the values displayed by the friends?

(2) Express kWh in joules. Find the resistance of the heater.

Ans: (1) Honesty, sharing of knowledge, willingness to help

(2) 1kWh= 3.6x106 J. , R = V2 /p = 48.40 Ω

60
 PHYSICS

3.MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

GIST

1. Magnetic field:

It is a region around a magnet or current carrying conductor in which its magnetic

influence an be felt by a magnetic needle.

2. Biot-Savart Law

dB =μ0 ΙdlSinθ/4πr2
μ0=4π x 10-7 Tm/A

*Direction of dB can be found by using Maxwell’s Right hand thumb rule.+

3. Applications :

Magnetic field at a centre of a current carrying circular coil B= μ0Ι/2a

Magnetic field at a point on the axis of current carrying coil. B= μ0Nia2/2(a2+x2)3/2

(N=no.of turns in the coil)

4. Ampere’s circuital law

It states that the line integral of magnetic field around any closed path in vacuum/air is μ0
times the total current threading the closed path.
→→
∫B. dI= μ0 I

5. Applications

i) Magnetic field due to straight infinitely long current carrying straight conductor.
B= μ0 I/2πr
ii) Magnetic field due to a straight solenoid carrying current B= μ0n In= no. of turns
per unit length

iii) Magnetic field due to toroidal solenoid carrying current.

B= μ0N I / 2πr
N= Total no. of turns.

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 PHYSICS

6. Force on a moving charge [ Lorentz Force]

→ →→
(i) In magnetic field F=q(V x B)
→ →→
(ii) [ ]
In magnetic and electric field F=q E+(νx B) Lorentz force

7. Cyclotron

(I) Principle
(a) When a charged particle moves at right angle to a uniform magnetic field it
describes circular path.

(b) An ion can acquire sufficiently large energy with a low ac voltage making it to
cross the same electric field repeatedly under a strong magnetic field.

(ii) Cyclotron frequency or magnetic resonance frequency

ν=qB/2πm, T=2πm/Bq; ω=Bq/m

(iii) Maximum velocity and maximum kinetic energy of charged particle.

Vm=Bqrm/m
2 2 2
Em=B q rm / 2m
8. Force on a current carrying conductor in uniform

F= (Ιl x B)
→ → →
l = length of conductor.

Direction of force can be found out using Fleming’s left hand rule.
9. Force per unit length between parallel infinitely long current carrying straight
conductors.

F/l= μ0 I1 I2/2πd

(a) If currents are in same direction the wires will attract each other.

(b) If currents are in opposite directions they will repel each other.

10. 1 Ampere – One ampere is that current, which when flowing through each of the two

parallel straight conductors of infinite length and placed in free space at a distance of
-7
1m from each other, produces between them a force of 2x10 N/m of their length.

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 PHYSICS

11. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform B.

→
τ = NIBA Sinθ
→ →→
τ = MXB
Where M=NIA

12. Motion of a charged particle in

→ →→
(a) Perpendicular magnetic field, then F=q(vxB), F=qvB Sin90 = qvB (circular
path)
(b) Parallel or antiparallel field ,then F=qvBSin0 (or) qvBSin180 = 0 (Straight-line
path)

If 0 < θ < 90, the path is helix

v Cosθ is responsible for linear motion v, v Sinθ is responsible for circular
motion Hence trajectory is a helical path

13. Moving coil galvanometer

It is a sensitive instrument used for detecting small electric Currents.
Principle: When a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
torque.

I α θ and I = K θ where K= GNBA, G→Galvanometer’s constant

Current sensitivity, Is = θ / I=NBA/K

voltage sensitivity, Vs= θ /V=NBA/KR

(a) Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter

A small resistance S is connected in parallel to the galvanometer coil
S=Ig G/(I- Ig) ; RA=GS/(G+S)
(b) Conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter.
A high resistance R is connected in series with the galvanometer coil.
R=( V/Ig) –G ; Rv=G+R

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 PHYSICS

(C) Current loop as a magnetic dipole

Magnetic dipole moment

14. Representation of uniform magnetic field.

x x x x x x
x x x x x x

x x x x x x m= pole strength.

15. Magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic dipole.

M = m (2l) SI unit of M -> Am2

16. Work done in rotating a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field.

W= MB (Cos θ1 - Cos
θ2) W= - M. B Torque experienced by a
magnetic dipole in uniform
magnetic →
field →
17. Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole. τ=MXB
a) at any point on di pole Line

µ02M
B=
4π (r2 - I2)2

b) at any point on equatorial line

µ0M
B=
4π (r2 + I3/2)2

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 PHYSICS

Geographic Meridian C0
B θ C
BH δ
Magnetic Meridian
BV
B

O
A D

18. Elements of earth's magnetic field

a) Declination ( θ )
it is the angle between the magnetic meridian and geographic meridian

b) Inclination (or) Dip ( )

it is the angle between the direction of total intensity of earth's
magnetic field and its horizontal component.

c) horizontal component of earth's magnetic field (BH)

It is the component of total intensity of earth's magnetic field along the

horizontal.
2 2
tan = BV and B- Bv + BH
BH
19. a) Intensity of monetisation I

M = Magnetic moment
I=
V Volume

M = m.2l, where m is pole strength

b) Magnetic induction B

B = µ0(H+I)
H = strength of the magnetising field
c) Permeability

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 PHYSICS

The magnetic permeability of a material may be defined as the ratio of magnetic

induction B to the magnetic intensity H
µ = B/H
d) Susceptibility

χ= Ι
H
20. a) Electromagnet - It is a magnet whose magnetism is due to current flowing through a
coil wound over a soft iron. It magnetic strength till the current is on in the coil.(eg) Soft
iron.
b) permanent magnet - It is magnet which owes its strength due to the alignment of its
molecules.(eg) steel. Properties to make

1) Electro magnet High retentivity and low coercivity

2) Permanent magnet High retentivity and high coercivity.

21. Properties of magnetic substances

DIA PARA FERRO

1. Diamagnetic substances Paramagnetic substances are Ferromagnetic substances are
are those substances which are those substances which are those substances which are
feebly repelled by a magnet. feebly attracted by a magnet. strongly attracted by a magnet.
Eg. Antimony, Bismuth, Eg. Aluminium, Chromium, Eg. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel,
Copper, Gold, Silver, Quartz, Alkali and Alkaline earth Gadolinium, Dysprosium, etc.
Mercury, Alcohol, water, metals, Platinum, Oxygen, etc.
Hydrogen, Air, Argon, etc

2. When placed in magnetic The lines of force prefer to The lines of force tend to crowd
field, the lines of force tend to pass through the substance into the specimen
avoid the substance rather than air.

S N S N

3. When placed in non-uniform When placed in non-uniform When placed in non-uniform

magnetic field, it moves from magnetic field, it moves from magnetic field, it moves from
stronger to weaker field (feeble weaker to stronger field weaker to stronger field
repulsion). (strong attraction (feeble attraction).

66
 PHYSICS

4. When a diamagnetic rod is When a paramagnetic rod is When a paramagnetic rod is freely
freely suspended in a uniform freely suspended in a uniform suspended in a uniform magnetic
magnetic field, it aligns itself in magnetic field, it aligns itself in field, it aligns itself in a direction
a direction perpendicular to a direction parallel to the field. parallel to the field very quickly
the field.

5. If diamagnetic liquid taken in If paramagnetic liquid taken in If ferromagnetic liquid taken in a

a watch glass is placed in a watch glass is placed in watch glass is placed in uniform
uniform magnetic field, it uniform magnetic field, it magnetic field, it collects at the
collects away from the centre collects at the centre when centre when the magnetic poles are
when the magnetic poles are the magnetic poles are closer closer and collects away from the
closer and collects at the and collects away from the centre when the magnetic poles are
centre when the magnetic farther.
poles are farther.
centre when the magnetic
poles are farther.

6. Induced Dipole Moment Induced Dipole Moment (M) is Induced Dipole Moment (M) is a
(M) is a small – ve value. a small + ve value. large + ve value.

7. Intensity of Magnetisation Intensity of Magnetisation (I) Intensity of Magnetisation (I) has a

(I) has a small – ve value. has a small + ve value. large + ve value.

8. Intensity of Magnetisation Intensity of Magnetisation (I) Intensity of Magnetisation (I) has a

(I) has a small – ve value. has a small + ve value. large + ve value.

9. Magnetic permeability μ is Magnetic permeability μ is Magnetic permeability μ is large i.e .

always less than unity. more than unity. much more than unity.

10. Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic susceptibility χm Magnetic susceptibility χm has

χm has a small + ve value. a large + ve value.
has a small – ve value.

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 PHYSICS

11. They do not obey Curie’s They obey Curie’s Law. They They obey Curie’s Law. At a certain
Law. i.e. their properties do lose their magnetic properties temperature called Curie Point, they
not change with temperature. with rise in temperature. lose ferromagnetic properties and
behave like paramagnetic
substances.

Graph between H and I

B A = Paramagnet
B = Ferro magnet
A C = Diamagnet
Ι
H

Graph betweenχm and Temperature

χm χm χm

Diamagnet T Paramagnet T Ferro magnet T

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 PHYSICS

QUESTIONS( MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM)

1 In a certain arrangement, a proton does not get deflected while passing through a
magnetic field region. State the condition under which it is possible 1

Ans: v is parallel or antiparallel to B

2 An electron beam is moving vertically upwards. If it passes through a magnetic field

directed from South to North in a horizontal plane, in what direction will the beam be
deflected? 1
Ans:-Towards geographical East in the horizontal plane

3 What is the work done by the magnetic force on a charged particle moving
perpendicular to the magnetic field? 1

Ans: Zero

4 A current is set up in a long copper pipe. What is the magnetic field inside the pipe? 1
Ans: Zero

5 How the value of angle of dip varies on moving from equator to Poles? 1
0 0
Varies from 0 to 90
6 A compass needle in a horizontal plane is taken to geographic north / south poles. In
what direction does the needle align? 1

7 The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is 0.2 G and total magnetic field is

0.4 G. Find the angle of Dip. 1

0
Ans: 60. 25

8 An iron bar magnet is heated to 10000c and then cooled in a magnetic field free
space. Will it retain its magnetism? 1

9 What is the net magnetic moment of an atom of a diamagnetic material? 1

Ans : Zero

10 Which materials have negative value of magnetic susceptibility? 1

Ans : Diamagnetic materials.

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 PHYSICS

11 Why permanent magnets are made of steel while the core of the transformer is

made of soft iron? 1

12 What is the net magnetic moment of an atom of a diamagnetic material? 1

Ans : Zero

13 Which materials have negative value of magnetic susceptibility? 1

Ans : Diamagnetic materials.

14 Why permanent magnets are made of steel while the core of the transformer is

made of soft iron? 1

15 Why is radial magnetic field used in a galvanometer? 1

A. Radial magnetic field is used to make the deflection directly proportional to current.

This provides a linear current scale.

16 A particle of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ moving with velocity ‘v’ enters the region of

uniform magnetic field at right angle to the direction of its motion. How does its

kinetic energy get affected? 1

A. Kinetic energy will not be affected.

17 What can be the cause of helical motion of a charged particle ? 1

A. Charged particle moves inclined to the magnetic field

18 An electron is moving with velocity v along the axis of a long straight solenoid carrying

current I. What will be the force acting on the electron due to the magnetic field of the

solenoid? 1

A. Zero, because

19 Write condition under which an electron does not experience a force in a magnetic

field. 1

A: (i) When electron is stationary (ii) when

V II B

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 PHYSICS

20 Write the S.I. units of (i) magnetic pole strength (ii) magnetic dipole moment 1
2
A: (i) Am (ii) Am
21 A given rectangular coil OLMN of area A, carrying a given current I, is placed in a uniform
magnetic field = B = B k , in two different orientations (a) and (b) as

Shown. What is the magnitude of torque experienced by this coil in the two cases?

A. (a) = mB sin 900 = IAB (b) = mB sin 00 = 0

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 PHYSICS

22 Two circular loops, of radii r and 2r, have currents I and I/2 flowing through them in
clockwise and anticlockwise sense respectively. If their equivalent magnetic
moments are M1 and M2 respectively, state the relation between and
A. M1 = ΙA = - r Ik and M2 = 4
2 Ι
k=2
r
2
r2Ik 2

23 Which criterion is used to select a suitable Ferro magnet for transformer cores?
Ans. The ferromagnetic must have small area of hysteresis loop to minimise
energy loss in cycles of magnetisation and demagnetisation.

24 In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic material different from that of a

paramagnetic, when kept in an external magnetic field?

A. A diamagnetic specimen would move towards the weaker region of the field while
a paramagnetic specimen would move towards the stronger region.

A diamagnetic specimen is repelled by a magnet while a paramagnetic specimen

moves towards the magnet.

The paramagnetic get aligned along field and the diamagnetic perpendicular to the
field.

25 In what direction will a compass needle point when kept at the (i) poles and (ii) equator ?

A. The compass needle can point in any direction at poles and is parallel to the earth’s
surface at equator.

26 The vertical component of earth's magnetic field at a place is times the horizontal
component. What is the value of angle of dip?

A: v

27 What is the value of the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field at magnetic
poles?

A: BH = 0
28 What should be the orientation of a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field so that
its potential energy is maximum?

A: When M and B are antiparallel, Umax = 2MB.

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 PHYSICS

29 Explain how Biot – Savart law enables one to express the Ampere’s circuital law in the
integral form, viz..

A: Biot-Savart law can be expressed as Ampere’s circuital law by considering the

surface to be made up a large number of loops. The sum of the tangential
components of the magnetic field multiplied by the length of all such elements, gives the
result

30 A wire of length 0.04m carrying a current of 12 A is placed inside a solenoid, making

an angle of 300 with its axis. The field due to the solenoid is 0.25 T. Find the force on
the wire. 2

Ans: 0.06N

31 A circular loop of radius 0.1 m carries a current of 1A and is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of 0.5T. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. What is the
force experienced by the loop?
Ans: The magnetic dipole does not experience any force in a uniform magnetic field.

Hence, the current carrying loop (dipole) does not experience any net force.

32 A proton, alpha particle and deuteron are moving in circular paths with same kinetic
energies in the same magnetic fields. Find the ratio of their radii and time periods.
2
Ans:

33 An electron moving with Kinetic Energy 25 keV moves perpendicular to a uniform

magnetic field of 0.2 mT. Calculate the time period of rotation of electron in the
magnetic field. 2
-7
Ans: T = 1.79 x 10 sec

34 A wire placed along north south direction carries a current of 5 A from South to North.
Find the magnetic field due to a 1 cm piece of wire at a point 200 cm North East from the
piece.
Ans: 8.8 x 10 -10 T, acting vertically downwards.

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 PHYSICS

35 How will the magnetic field intensity at the centre of a circular coil carrying current
change if the current through the coil is doubled and the radius of the coil is halved.
2
µ0
Ans: B = μ0n x 2I / 2 x (R/2) = 4B, B =
nΙ
2r
36 A circular coil of 500 turns has a radius of 2 m, and carries a current of 2 A. What is
themagnetic field at a point on the axis of the coil at a distance equal to radius of the coil
from the center?

Ans: B = 1. 11 x 10 -4 T

37 The strength of magnetic induction at the center of a current carrying circular coil is
B1 and at a point on its axis at a distance equal to its radius from the center is B2.
Find B1/B2 2

Ans: 2 √2

38 A current is flowing in a circular coil of radius ‘r’ and magnetic field at its center is B0.
At what distance from the center on the axis of the coil, the magnetic field will be B0
2
8
Ans: x = √3r

39 A long straight solid metal wire of radius ‘R’ carries a current ‘I’, uniformly distributed
over its circular cross section. Find the magnetic field at a distance ‘r’ from the axis
of the wire (a) inside and (b) outside the wire 2
μ0μrΙ.r
Ans: (a) μ02Ι
(b)
2π 4πr
R2
40 Find the value of magnetic field inside a hollow straight current carrying conductor at
a distance r from axis of the loop. 2

Ans : B=0

41 A rectangular loop of size 25 cm x 10 cm carrying a current of 15A is placed 2 cm away

from a long, straight conductor carrying a current of 25 A. What is the direction and
magnitude of the net Force acting on the loop?

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 PHYSICS

2m

Ans: F =7.8175 x 10-4 N

42 A long straight conductor PQ , carrying a current of 60 A, is fixed horizontally.

Another long conductor XY is kept parallel to PQ at a distance of 4 mm, in air.
Conductor XY is free to move and carries a current ‘I’ .Calculate the magnitude and
direction of current ‘I’ for which the magnetic repulsion just balances the weight of
the conductor XY. 2

Ans: I = 32. 67 A, The current in XY must flow opposite to that in PQ, because only then
the force will be repulsive.

43 A circular coil of 200 turns, radius 5 cm carries a current of 2.5 A. It is suspended

vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.25 T, with the plane of the coil
0
making an angle of 60 with the field lines. Calculate the magnitude of the torque
that must be applied on it to prevent it from turning. 2

Ans: 0.49Nm
2
44 A short bar magnet has magnetic moment of 50 Am . Calculate the magnetic field
intensity at a distance of 0.2 m from its centre on (1) its axial line (2) its equitorial line.

Ans: B1 = 1.25 x 10-3 T , B2 = 0.625 x 10-3 T.

-5
45 Calculate the torque acting on a magnet of length 20 cm and pole strength 2 x 10 T
placed in the earth’s magnetic field of flux density 2 x 10-5 T, when (a) magnet is
parallel to the field (b) magnet is perpendicular to the field. 2

Ans: (a) Zero (b) 0.8 x 10 -10 Nm

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 PHYSICS

46 A long straight horizontal table carries a current of 2.5 A in the direction 100 south of
0 0
west to 10 north of east. The ,magnetic meridian of the place happens to be 10 west of the
geographic meridian. The earth’s magnetic field at the locations 0.33G and the angle of dip
is zero. Ignoring the thickness of the cable, locate the line of neutral points. 2

Ans: r = 1.5 cm ( BH = B cos δ, BH = μ0 I/ 2πr)

47 The vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is √3 times the horizontal
component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place? 2
0
Ans: 60

48 A ship is sailing due west according to mariner’s compass. If the declination of the place is
150east, what is the true direction of the ship?
0
Ans: 75 west of north.
49 The susceptibility of a magntic mateial is 0.9853. Identify the type of the magnetic
material.Draw the modification of the field pattern on keeping a piece of this material in
a uniform magnetic field.
Ans : paramagnetic

50 A long wire is first bent into a circular coil of one turn and then into a circular coil of
smaller radius having n turns. If the same current passes in both the cases, find the
ratio of the magnetic fields produced at the centers in the two cases?

A: Let r be the radius of the coil formed, when the given wire is bent into a circular coil of
one turn. Then, magnetic field produced at the centre of the coil,

Let r′ be the radius of the coil formed, when the given wire is bent into a smaller circular
coil of n turns. Then, magnetic field produced at the centre of the coil,

Now, n (2πr′) = 2πr or r′= r/n

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 PHYSICS

51 A beam of α-particles and of protons, of the same velocity v, enters a uniform magnetic
field at right angles to the field lines. The particles describe circular paths. Calculate the
ratio of radii the two paths.

A.

52 To increase the current sensitivity of a MCG by 50% its resistance is increased so that
the new resistance becomes twice its initial resistance. By what factor does its voltage-
sensitivity change?

Ιv Ι Ι
Ι1s 1.5 Ι 1
Vs Vs

53 Find the magnitude of the force on each segment of the wire shown below, if a magnetic
field of 0.30T is applied parallel to AB and DE. Take the value of the current, flowing in
the wire, as 1ampere.

F = ΙL B sinθ

a. Segments AB and DE are parallel to the magnetic field, therefore force on

BC BC, F = ΙL
segments AB and DE is zero. Force on segment
BC sin 900 = 0.024N

Force on segment CD, FCD= FCD = ΙLCD B sin 300 = 0.015N

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 PHYSICS

54 Write the relation for current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a moving coil
galvanometer. Using these relations, explain the fact that increasing the current
sensitivity may not necessary increase the voltage sensitivity.

a. Current sensitivity (deflection per unit current)

Voltage sensitivity (deflection per unit voltage)

If we double the number of turns in coil, then the current sensitivity doubles. But the
resistance of the galvanometer is also double, since it is proportional to the length
of the wire. Thus the voltage sensitivity remains unchanged.

55 Why do two wires carrying current in the same direction attract each other? Show
diagrammatically.

a. Each current carrying conductor produces

magnetic field around it. So each

conductor experiences a force due to the

magnetic field of the other. According to

Fleming’s left hand rule, the direction of

the force is perpendicular to the two wires

and is inwards. Hence the two wires

attract each other.

A galvanometer coil of 50Ω resistance shows full scale deflection for a current of 5mA.
How will you convert this galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0 to 15 V?

A. he galvanometer can be converted in to a voltmeter by connecting a resistance, R

in series with its coil. The value of R is,

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 PHYSICS

56 An element of length 1 cm along x – axis is placed at origin and carries a large

current I = 10A in positive x -direction. What is the magnitude and direction of
magnetic field on +ve y – axis at 0.5m from origin?

57 A current ‘I’ enters a uniform circular loop of radius ‘R’ at point M and flows out at N as
shown in the figure. Obtain the net magnetic field at the centre of the loop.

a. Let current I be divided at point M into two parts Ι1 and Ι2 ; in bigger and smaller parts
of the loop respectively.
µ0Ι2 1
Magnetic field of current Ι1 at point O, B1
2R 4
x x
=

µ0Ι2 3
Magnetic field of current Ι2 at point O, B2 2R
x
4
x
=

Net magnetic field at point O, B = B1 + B2

µ0Ι1 µ Ι
B1 = 8R - 0
:.

B=0
1

8R

But Ι1 = 3Ι2 (As resistance of bigger part is three times that of the smaller part of the
loop.)

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 PHYSICS

58 A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.45 m and mass 60 g is suspended by

two vertical wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in the rod through the wires. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field which should be set up in order that the
tension in the wire is zero.

A. As per the given figure, magnetic field

must be vertically inwards to make

tension zero.

For tension to be zero, IiB = mg

mg 60 x 10-3 x 9.8
= B= =
Ii = 0.26T
5 x 0.45

59 Two long coaxial insulated solenoids, S1 and S2 of equal lengths are wound one overthe
other as shown in the figure. A steady current I flow through the inner solenoidS1 to the
other end B, which is connected to the outer solenoid S2 through which the same current
I flows in the opposite direction so as to come out at end A. If n1 and n2 are the number of
turns per unit length, find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at a point
(i) inside on the axis and (ii) outside the combined system.

A. Magnetic field on the axis of solenoid is given by, B = µ0nI

(i) Magnitude of net magnetic field inside the combined system on the axis,
B = B1 - B2

= µ0n1I - µ0n2I = µ0I (n1 - n2)

(ii) Outside the combined system, net magnetic field is zero.

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 PHYSICS

60 Show diagrammatically the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the presence of

(i) paramagnetic and (ii) diamagnetic substances. How does one explain this
distinguishing feature?

A.

A paramagnetic material tends to move from weaker to stronger regions of

the magnetic field and hence increases the number of lines of magnetic field
passing through it.

[Alternatively: A paramagnetic material, dipole moments are induced in the

direction of the field.]

A diamagnetic material tends to move from stronger to weaker regions of the

magnetic field and hence, decreases the number of lines of magnetic field
passing through it

[Alternatively: A diamagnetic material, dipole moments are induced in the

opposite direction of the field.]

61 To which of the two - a polar dielectric or a non-polar dielectric - does a

paramagnetic material correspond? Justify your answer.

a. The atoms/molecules of a polar dielectric material have a non-zero dipolemoment

and of a non-polar dielectric have zero dipole moment. Thereforeparamagnetic
material corresponds to a polar dielectric. This is because theatoms/molecules of
such a material have non-zero magnetic moment.

62 A square shaped plane coil of area 100 cm2 of 200 turns carries a steady current of
5A. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T acting perpendicular to the plane
of the coil. Calculate the torque on the coil when its plane makes an angle of 600 with
the direction of the field. In which orientation will the coil be in stable equilibrium?

a. Magnetic moment of the coil,

81
 PHYSICS

-4 2
m = NIA= 200 x 5 x 100 x 10 = 10Am
Torque on the coil,

= mB sin 0 = 10 x 0.2 x sin (900 - 600) = 2sin 300 = 1 Nm

63 A diamagnetic material and a paramagnetic material of the same shape and size
arein turn kept in an external uniform magnetic field. Draw the modification of
themagnetic lines of force in the two cases. How does the intensity of magnetisation
ofa paramagnetic material vary with temperature

a. See diagrams in question no. 33.

The intensity of magnetisation of a paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to

its absolute temperature.

(i) Name the three elements of Earth’s magnetic field. (ii) Where on the surface of the
Earth is the vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field is zero?

A. (i) Angle of declination, Angle of inclination (or dip), Horizontal component of

Earth’s magnetic field (ii) At equator.

64 Using the relation for potential energy of a current carrying planar loop, in auniform
magnetic field, obtain the expression for the work done in moving the planar loop from
its unstable (equilibrium) position to its stable (equilibrium) position.

a. ,U = MB cos0, where is the angle between and .

For unstable (equilibrium) position, θ = 1800

For stable (equilibrium) position, θ =

0 Work done M M

65 (a) If the magnetic monopoles were to exist, how would the Gauss’s law of magnetism

get modified? (b) How will the angle of dip vary when one goes from a place, where the
acceleration due to gravity is maximum, to a place where it is minimum, on the surface
of earth?

a. (a) Gauss’s law of magnetism, B .da = µ0qm, where is net pole strength
enclosed by surface. (b) From 900 (at poles) to 00 (at equator).

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 PHYSICS

66 Two magnets of magnetic moments M and M are joined to form a cross. The
combination is suspended in a uniform magnetic field B. The magnetic moment M

now makes an angle of with the field direction Find the value of angle

a. Net torque on combination is zero, M M

M M M M
What is the basic difference between the atom or molecule of a diamagnetic and a

67 Paramagnetic material? Why are elements with even atomic number more likely to be
diamagnetic?

a. The atom/molecule of a diamagnetic material has zero net magnetic moment. For
a paramagnetic material it is not so. With an even atomic number, the electrons in
an atom of an element can ‘pair off’, which can makes the net magnetic moment of
each pair as zero. This makes the element more likely to be diamagnetic.
-5
68 A magnetising field of 1500 A/m produces a flux of 2.4 x 10 weber in a bar of iron of
cross-sectional area 0.5 cm2. Calculate the permeability and susceptibility of the
iron-bar used.

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 PHYSICS

69 A wire AB is carrying a current of 12A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD, carrying
a current of 5A, is arranged just above AB at a height of 1mm. What should be the
weight, per unit length of this wire so that CD remains suspended at its position?
Indicate the direction of current in CD and the nature of force between the two wires.

a. As magnetic force is balanced by the weight of wire.

Direction of current in CD is opposite to that of in AB and Nature of force is repulsive.

70 A small magnet, of magnetic moment M, is placed at a distance' r' from the origin O
with its axis parallel to x-axis as shown. A small coil, of one turn, is placed on the x

axis, at the same distance from the origin, with the axis of the coil coinciding with xaxis.
For what value of current in the coil does a small magnetic needle, kept at origin,
remains un deflected? What is the direction of current in the coil?

a. This happens when magnetic field of bar magnet is equal and opposite to the
magnetic field of coil at origin

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 PHYSICS

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

GIST
1 The phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying magnetic fields is

called electromagnetic induction.

2 Magnetic flux through a surface of area A placed in a uniform magnetic field B is defined as
B = B.A = BA cosθ where θ is the angle between B and A.
3 Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is weber (Wb). Its dimensional formula is
= [ML2T-2A-1].
4 Faraday’s laws of induction states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f in a circuit is
equal to the time rate of change of magnitude flux through the circuit.

= -dφ/dt According to Lenz law, the direction of induced current or the polarity of the

induced e.m.f is such that it tends to oppose the change in magnetic flux that produces it.
5 Lenz law obeys the principle of energy conservation.

6 The induced e.m.f can be produced by changing the (i) magnitude of B (ii) area A (iii)
angle θ between the direction of B and normal to the surface area A.
7 When a metal rod of length l is placed normal to a uniform magnetic field B and moved
with a velocity v perpendicular to the field, the induced e.m.f is called motional e.m.f

is given by ε= Blv.
PHYSICS
produced across the ends of the rod which

8 Changing magnetic fields can setup current loops in nearby metal bodies (any
conductor). Such currents are called eddy currents. They dissipate energy as heat
which can be minimized by laminating the conductor.

9 Inductance is the ratio of the flux linkage to current.

10 When a current in a coil changes it induces a back e.m.f in the same coil. The self-
induced e.m.f is given by e= -L dI/dt where L is the self-inductance of the coil. It is a
measure of inertia of the coil against the change of current through it. Its S.I unit is
henry (H).
11 A changing current in a coil can induce an e.m.f in a nearby coil. This relation,
shows that Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2 (M12) is due to change
of current in coil 2. (M12 = M21).

12 The self-inductance of a long solenoid is given by L = μ0n2Al where A is the area

of cross section of the solenoid, l is its length and n is the number of turns per unit
length.

85
13 The mutual inductance of two co-axial coils is given by M12 = M21 = μ0 n1 n2 Al
where n1& n2 are the number of turns per unit length of coils 1 & 2. A is the area
of cross- section and l is the length of the solenoids
14 Energy stored in an inductor in the form of magnetic field
1 2
is UB= Li and
2
Magnetic energy density B2
ub=
2µ0

15 In an A.C. generator, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy by virtue of

electromagnetic induction. Rotation of rectangular coil in a magnetic field causes
change in flux (Φ = NBA cosωt).
* Change in flux induces e.m.f in the coil, which is given by
ε= -dΦ/dt = NBAω sinωt ε = ε0 sinωt
* Current induced in the coil I= ε/R = ε0 sinωt/R = I0 sin ωt
16 An alternating voltage ε=ε0 sin ωt, applied to a resistor R drives a current I= I0 sin ωt
in the
resistor, I0 = ε0 /R where ε0 & , I0 are the peak values of voltage and
current.

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 PHYSICS

17 The root mean square value of a.c. may be defined as that value of steady current which
would generate the same amount of heat in a given resistance in a given time as is done
by the a.c. when passed through the same resistance during the same time.
Irms = I0/√2 = 0.707 I0
Similarly, Vrms = V0/√2 = 0.707V0.
For an a.c. ε = εm Sin ωt applied to a resistor, current and voltage are in phase.
18 In case of an a.c. circuit having pure inductance current lags behind e.m.f by a phase
angle 90°.

19 In case of an a.c. circuit having pure capacitance, current leads e.m.f by a phase angle of
90°.

20 In case of an a.c. circuit having R, L and C, the total or effective

VR VL VC
resistance of the circuit is called impedance (Z).
R C
VL I
I I
VR VC

tanΦ where φ is the phase difference

between current and voltage.

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 PHYSICS

21 Average power loss over a complete cycle in an LCR circuit is

P = εrms Irms CosΦ
* In a purely resistive circuit Φ = 0; P = Vrms
Irms.
* In a purely inductive circuit Φ = π/2; P = 0.
* In a purely capacitive circuit Φ = π /2; P =
0.
22 In an LCR circuit, the circuit admits maximum current if XC = XL, so that Z = R
and resonant frequency
1 1
r = LC and νr2 = LC

23 Q factor of series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of voltage developed across
the inductance or capacitance at resonance to the applied voltage across 'R'

is bandwidth.

24 for a transformer,

In an ideal transformer,

EPIP=ESIS

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 PHYSICS
PHYSICS

QUESTIONS

1 Two concentric circular coils are perpendicular to each other. Coil I carries a 1
current i. If this current is changed, will this induce a current in the coil II?

[No- Field due to one coil is parallel to the plane of the second coil. So flux does not change.]
2 A conducting wire is kept along the E→W direction and is allowed to fall freely. Will an 1
e.m.f be induced in the wire?
(Yes)
3 A vertical bar magnet falls down through the plane of magnetic meridian. Will any 1
e.m.f be induced between its ends?
Ans: No, because the pole intercepts neither Bv or BH
4 A wheel with a certain number of spokes is rotated in a plane normal to earth’s magnetic field 1
so that an emf is induced between the axle and rim of the wheel. keeping all other things
same, number of spokes is changed. How is the e.m.f affected?
(Hint: Number of spokes does not affect the net emf)
5 The instantaneous value of e.m.f is given by ε= 300sin 314t. What is the rms value and 1
peak value of emf ?

6 Why a 220 V AC is considered to be more dangerous than 220 V DC? 1

Ans: peak value of AC is more than DC .Its value which is 311V.

7 A capacitor blocks DC. Why? 1

8 What is the phase relationship between e.m.f across L and C in a series LCR circuit 1
connected to an A.C source?
Ans:-The phase difference between VL and VC = 1800
9 Sketch a graph showing the variation of impedance of LCR circuit with the 1
frequency of applied voltage
1
10 What is meant by wattless current?
11 Define: Q factor in LCR series circuit 1

12 Why is choke coil preferred over resistor to control a.c? 1

13 Why is the core of a transformer laminated? 1

PHYSICS
14 Why can’t a transformer be used to step up dc voltages? 1
15 If the speed of rotation of armature is increased twice how would it affect the (a) 1
maximum e.m.f produced (b) frequency of the e.m.f?
16 Explain any two applications of eddy current. 2

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17 Two coils P and S are arranged as shown in the figure. 2
(i) What will be the direction of induced current in S when the switch is closed?
(ii) What will be the direction of induced current in S when the switch is opened?

Ans: (i) anticlockwise (ii) clockwise

A conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field B = 0.020T with its plane 2
18
perpendicular to the field. Somehow, the radius of the loop starts shrinking at a constant
rate of 1mm/s. Find the induced current in the loop at an instant when the radius is 2cm.
19 A 12V battery is connected to a 6Ω; 10 H coil through a switch drives a constant current in 2
the circuit. The switch is suddenly opened. Assuming that it took 1ms to open the switch
calculate the average e.m.f induced across the coil.
20 2
A coil of mean area 500 cm2 having 1000 turns is held perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field of 0.4 G. The coil is turned through 180 o in 1/10 seconds. Calculate the average
induced e.m.f. Ans. (0.04 V)
2
21 A conducting rod of length l with one end pivoted is rotatedPHYSICS
with a uniform angular speed
ω in a Vertical plane normal to uniform magnetic field B. Deduce an expression for e.m.f
induced in this rod.

2
22 Two conducting circular loops of radii R1 and R2 are placed in the same plane with
their centres coinciding. Find the mutual inductance between them assuming R2<<
23 A coil of wire of certain radius has 600 turns and inductance of 108mH. What will be the 2
inductance of another similar coil with 500 turns? Ans. (75mH)
24 An alternating current is given by i=i1Cosωt+i2Sin ωt. Find the rms current in the circuit. 2

25 An alternating current having a peak value of 14A is used to heat a metal wire. What is the value 2
of steady current which can produce the same heating effect as produced by AC? Why?
Ans: Irms=10A
26 An LCR series circuit is connected to an AC source. Which of itsPHYSICS
components dissipates power 2
L or C or R? Justify your answer.
Ans: Resistance, Power in L and C = 0
27 An electric lamp connected in series with a capacitor and an AC source is glowing with certain 2
brightness. How does the brightness of the lamp change on reducing the capacitance?
Ans: Brightness decreases. (As C decreases, XC increases. Hence Z increases and I decreases.)

28 The peak value of an AC is 5A and its frequency is 60Hz. Find its rms value. How long will 2
the current take to reach the peak value starting from zero?
Ans: Irms= 3.5A. Time period T= (1/60)s . The current takes one fourth of the time period to
reach the peak value starting from zero. t =T/4 = (1/240)s.

90
 29 Can peak voltage across an inductor be greater than the peak voltage supplied to an LCR? 2
Ans: Yes, at the time of break of a circuit, a large back e.m.f is set up across the circuit.

30 Write any two differences between impedance and reactance. 2

31 An inductor of inductance 100mH is connected in series with a resistance, a variable capacitance
and an AC source of frequency 2 kHz. What should be the value of the capacitance so
that maximum current may be drawn into the circuit?
Ans: 1/ωC=ωL ; C=1/ω2L=63nF.

32 PHYSICS
In the circuit shown below R represents an electric bulb. If the frequency of the supply is doubled,
how the values of C and L should be changed so that the glow in the bulb remains unchanged?

33 Draw phasor diagram for an LCR circuit for the cases (i) the voltage across the capacitor is greater 2
than that across the inductor (ii) voltage across inductor is greater than that across the capacitor.
34 11kw of electric power can be transmitted to a distant station at (i) 220V and (ii) 22kV. Which 3
of the two modes of transmission should be preferred and why?
35 In an AC circuit V and I are given by V=100Sin100t volts and I= 100 Sin(100t+π/3)mA 3
respectively. What is the power dissipated in the circuit?
Ans: V0=100V I0 =100A Ф= π/3 P=Vrms Irms Cos Ф=2500W
36 The potential across a generator is 125V when it is suppling10A. When it supplies 30A, the 3
potential is 120V. What is the resistance of the armature and induced e.m.f?
Ans: E=127.5V

37 How do R, XL and XC get affected when the frequency of applied AC is doubled? 3

Ans: a) R remains unaffected
b) XL=2πfL, so doubled
c) XC=1/2πfC, so halved
38 In an LCR circuit the potential difference between terminals of inductance 60V, between terminals 3
of capacitor 30V and between the terminals of resistor is 40V. Find the supply voltage.
Ans: In series LCR circuit voltage across capacitor and inductor are in opposite phase, so net voltage
across the combination of L and C becomes 60-30=30V. Total voltage across R and L = 50V
39 Obtain the resonant frequency and Q factor of a series LCR circuit with L= 3H, C= 27μF and R=
7.4 Ώ. Write two different ways to improve quality factor of a series LCR circuit
Ans: Q=45,ω0=111rad/s
40 1. The turn ratio of a transformer is 10. What is the e.m.f in the secondary if 2V is
supplied to primary?
2. A transformer has an efficiency of 80% It works at 4kW and 100V. If the secondary voltage
is 240V find the primary current.
Ans: (40 A )

91
 40 An ac generator consists of a coil of 50 turns and an area of 2.5m2 rotating at an angular speed of
60 rad/s in a uniform magnetic field of B= 0.3T between two fixed pole pieces. The resistance of the
circuit including that of the coil is 500Ώ
(i) What is the maximum current drawn from the generator?
(ii)What is the flux through the coil when current is zero?
(iii)What is the flux when current is maximum?
(4.5A, 375Wb, zero)

41 The magnetic flux linked with a coil passing perpendicular to the plane of the coil changes with time
Φ = 4t2 + 2t + 3, where “t” is the time in seconds. What is magnitude of e.m.f induced at t = 1

second?
PHYSICS
42
Two coils have a mutual inductance of 0.005H. The current changes in the first coil according to the
equation I=I0 Sin ωt where I0 =10A and ω=100Π rad/s. Calculate the maximum value of e.m.f in
the second coil.

43 A small town with a demand of 800 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 15 km

away from an electric plant generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the two wire line
carrying power is 0.5Ω per km. The town gets power from the line through a 4000-220 V
step-down transformer at a sub-station in the town.
(a) Estimate the line power loss in the form of heat.
PHYSICS
(b) How much power must the plant supply. Assuming there is negligible power
loss due to leakage?

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Krishnan a retired science teacher was walking with his grandson Munna by the side
of a paddy field. Munna noticed power grids carrying thick wires. He was curious to
know what the structure was and what the wires were for. So he asked his
grandfather about it. He also wanted to know if the tower could be removed so that
there would be more space for crops. Krishnan explained in detail about the tower
and the need for the wires.
a) Why is the voltage stepped up for long distance transmission?
b) What are the values exhibited by Krishnan and Munna?

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 PHYSICS
PHYSICS

5. ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

GIST

1. Conduction current and displacement current together have the property of continuity.

2. Conduction current & displacement current are equal.

3. Conduction current arises due to flow of electrons in the conductor. Displacement

current arises due to electric flux changing

4 Electromagnetic Wave :- The wave in which there are sinusoidal variation of electric and

magnetic field at right angles to each others as well as right angles to the direction of wave
propagation.
5. Velocity of EM waves in free space:

6. EM wave is a transverse wave because of which it undergoes polarization effect.

7. Only electric vectors are responsible for optical effects of EM waves.

E=BC
8. The ratio of electric & magnetic fields are related by
9. Oscillating or accelerating charged particle produces EM wave
10. EM waves also carry energy, momentum and information.

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 PHYSICS

ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM, ITS PRODUCTION, DETECTION AND USES IN GENERAL

Type Wave length Range Production Detection Uses

Frequency Range

Radio >0.1m Rapid acceleration Receiver’s aerials Radio, TV

109 to 105Hz / deceleration of Communication
electrons in aerials

Microwave 0.1mm Klystron valve or Point contact Radar, TV

1011 to109 Hz magnetron valve diodes communication

Infrared 1mm to 700nm Vibration of atom Thermopiles, Green House

1011 to1014 Hz or molecules Bolometer effect, looking
Infrared through haze,
Photographic fog and mist,
Film Ariel mapping

Light 700nm to 400nm Electron in an atom Eye, Photocell, Photography,

8x1014 Hz during transition Photographic Illuminations,
Film Emit & reflect by
the objects.

Ultraviolet 400nm to 1nm Inner Shell electron Photocell & Preservation of

5x1014 to 8x1014 in atom moving photographic food items,
from one energy film Detection of
level to a lower invisible writing,
energy level finger print in
forensic
laboratory.
Determination of
Structure of
molecules &
atoms.
-3
X-rays 1nm to 10 nm X-ray tube or inner Photographic Study of crystal
16 21
10 to 10 Hz shell Electrons film, Geiger structure & atom,
tube, ionization fracture of bones.
chamber.

Gamma <10-3nm Radioactive decay Photographic Nuclear reaction

ray 1018 to 1022 Hz of the nucleus film, Geiger & structure of
tube, ionization atoms & Nuclei.
chamber To destroy cance r
cells.

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 PHYSICS

QUESTION

1. If E, B represent electric and magnetic field vectors of the electromagnetic waves, then
what is the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave? 1

2. Calculate the wavelength of e.m waves emitted by the oscillator antenna system, if
L=0.253 μH & C = 25Pf ?

3. The magnetic component of polarized wave of light is 3

B x = (4 x 10-6T) Sin [(1.57 x 107m-1)y + (4.5 x 1011t)]
(a) Find the direction of propagation of light
(b) Find the frequency
(c) and wavelength write the expressions for electric field.

4. Which physical quantity is same for X-rays, red light and radio wave? 1

Ans Velocity

5. Suppose E0 =120 N/C and its frequency 

= 50Hz. Find B0, ω,k and and write
expression for E and B ? 2

Ans.
E = 120 Sin [ 1.05x - 3.14 x 108t] jNC-1 B
= 400 Sin [ 1.05x - 3.14 x 108t] knT
y

B 0= 400 n T ; 
= 3.14 x 108 rad/s, k= 1.05 rad/m, = 6m

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 PHYSICS

9. The charging current for a capacitor PHYSICS

is 0.25 A. what is the displacement current across its
plates? Ans 0.25 A

10. A variable frequency a.c source is connected to a capacitor. Will the displacement current
increase or decrease with increasing frequency? Ans Increases 1

11. Electromagnetic waves with wavelength 3

(i) are used to treat muscular strain.
(ii) are used by a FM radio station for broadcasting..
(iii) are produced by bombarding metal target by high speed electrons. (iv)
are observed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
Identify and name the part of electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiation belong.
Arrange these wave lengths, in decreasing order of magnitude.
Ans. Infra-red radiation.
VHF / Radio waves.
X –rays
UV
12. a) Which of the following if any, can act as a source of electromagnetic waves? 3
(i) A charge moving with constant velocity.
(ii) A charge moving in circular orbit.
(iii)A charge at rest. Give reason
(b) Identify the part of electromagnetic spectrum to which the waves of frequency

(i) 1020 Hz (ii) 109 Hz belong.

Ans a) Can’t produce em waves because no accelration.
(ii) It is accelrated motion - can produce em waves.
(iii) Can’t produce em waves because no accelration.
b) (i) Gamma rays.
(ii) Micro waves

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 PHYSICS

6. RAY OPTICS & WAVE OPTICS

GIST

1. REFLECTION BY CONVEX AND CONCAVE MIRRORS.

a. Mirror formula v where u is the object distance, v is the image distance

and f is the focal length.
v v
b. Magnification m is -ve for real images and +ve for virtual
images.

2.REFRACTION

c. Ray of light bends when it enters from one medium to the other, having

different optical densities.

d. Sun can be seen before actual sunrise and after actual sunset due to Atmospheric
refraction e. An object under water ( any medium ) appears to be raised due to refraction when
observed inclined

and

Where the refractive index of medium shift in the position (apparent) of object is
X = t {1 –1/n) where t is the actual depth of the medium

f. Snell’ s law states that for a given colour of light, the ratio of sine of the angle of
incidence to sine of angle of refraction is a constant, when light travels from rarer to
denser,

g. Absolute refractive index is the ratio between the velocities of light in vacuum to the
velocity of light in medium. For air n=1.

n= C
v

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 PHYSICS

3. h. When a ray of light travels from denser to rarer medium and if the angle of incidence is
greater than critical angle, the ray of light is reflected back to the denser medium. This
phenomenon is called Total internal reflection.

i. Diamond has a high refractive index, resulting with a low critical angle (C=24.40). This
promotes a multiple total internal reflection causing its brilliance and luster. Some
examples of total internal reflection are formation of mirage and working of an optical
fiber.

4. When light falls on a convex refracting surface, it bends and the relation between U, V and R
is given by
5. Lens maker’s formula or thin lens formula is given by

For Convex Lens R1 +ve ;R2 –ve Concave lens R1-ve; R2 +ve
The way in which a lens behaves as converging or diverging depends upon the values of n1 and
n2.
6. When two lenses are kept in contact the equivalent focal length is given by

7. The lens formula is given by

V
8. When light passes through a glass prism it undergoes refraction.

The expression for refractive index is

As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of deviation decreases, reaches a

minimum value and then increases. This minimum value is called angle of minimum

deviation “Dm”.

98
 d

PHYSICS

Dm
i

when d is minimum, i=e, refracted ray lies parallel to the base. For a small angled prism d= (n-
1)A
10. When white light is passed through a glass prism, it splits up into its component colours. This
phenomenon is called Dispersion.
11. Rainbow is formed due to a combined effect of refraction and total internal reflection of
sunlight by spherical water droplets of rain.
12. Scattering of light takes place when size of the particle is very small when compared to the
wavelength of light Intensity of scattered light is

The following properties or phenomena can be explained by scattering.

(i) Sky is blue.
(ii) Sky is reddish at the time of sunrise and sunset
(iii) Infra-red photography used in foggy days.
(iv) Orange colour of black Box
(v) Yellow light used in vehicles on foggy days.
(vi) Red light used in signals.

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 PHYSICS

Optical Instruments
1. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Objective : The converging lens nearer to the object.

Eyepiece : The converging lens through which the final image is seen.

Both are of short focal length. Focal length of eyepieces is slightly greater than that or the
objective .

2. ANGULAR MAGNIFICATION OR MAGNIFYING POWER (M)

Normal adjustment
i.e. image at infinity

3. Astronomical Telecscope : (Image formed at infinity - Normal Adjustment

Focal length of the objective is much greater than that of the eyepiece. Aperture of
the objective is also large to allow more light to pass through it.

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 PHYSICS

4. Angular magnification or Magnifying power of a telescope in normal adjustment

(f0 + fe = L is called the length of the telescope in normal adjustment).

5. Cassagrain Telescope : (Reflecting Type)

6. Resolving Power of a microscope-----

Resolving power =

Resolving power depends on i) wavelength ii) refractive index of the medium

between the object and the objective and iii) half angle of the
7 Resolving Power of a Telescope:

Resolving Power

Resolving power depends on i) wavelength , ii) diameter of the objective

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 PHYSICS

QUESTION BANK OF RAY OPTICS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Write the value of angle of reflection for a ray of light falling normally on a mirror.
Ans. Zero.
2. How does the dispersive power of glass prism change when it is dipped in water?
Ans. Decreases.
3. Light falls from glass to air. Find the angle of incidence for which the angle of
deviation Is 90° if refractive index of glass is √2

4. Name the phenomenon due to which one cannot see through fog .
Ans. Scattering
5. A biconcave lens of focal length -15 cm is cut into two equal halves to make identical
planoconcave lenses. What will be new focal length of each half
Ans. -30 cm.
6. For the same angle of the incidence the angle of refraction in three media A, B and C are

15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium would the velocity of light be minimum?
Ans. A

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7. What is the ‘power’ of plane glass plate. Ans. Zero.

8. How does focal length of lens change when red light incident on it is replaced by violet

light? Ans. Decreases

9. Lower half of the concave mirror is painted black. What effect will this have on the

image of an object placed in front of the mirror?

Ans. The intensity of the image will be reduced (in this case half) but no change in size of the

image.

10. An air bubble is formed inside water. Does it act as converging lens or a

diverging lens? Ans. Diverging lens

11. A water tank is 4 meter deep. A candle flame is kept 6 meter above the level. μ for

water is 4/3. Where will the image of the candle be formed?

Ans. 6 m. below the water level.

12. A convex lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive index
1.65. What is the nature of the lens in the medium? Ans. Converging

14. Why does the bluish colour predominate in a clear sky?

15. A converging lens is kept coaxially in contact with a diverging lens both the lenses being
of equal focal lengths. What is the focal length of the combination? Ans. infinity
16. A convex lens is placed in contact with a plane mirror. A point object at a distance of 20
cm on the axis of this combination has its image coinciding with itself. What is the focal
length of the lens? Ans. 20 cm

TWO AND THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

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3. Write the necessary conditions for total internal reflection. Write the relation between
1
refractive index and critical angle. μ=
sin ic
Ans. Light should travel from optically denser to optically rarer medium. The angle of
incidence must exceed the critical angle.

4. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a concave lens of focal
length 20 cm. Determine the power of the combination. Will the system be converging or
diverging? Ans. Power of combination=-1D. The combination is diverging.

5. A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism μg=√3 moves parallel to the base of

the prism inside it. Find the angle of incidence for this ray
-1 0
Ans. Sin i=√3 sin r=√3 sin 30=√3/2 i=sin (√3/2)=60
6. The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If focal
length of the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of the lens. Ans :
μ=1.5

7. Which two main considerations are kept in mind while designing the objective of an
astronomical telescope? Obtain the expression for the magnifying power of an

astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position.

8. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with convex mirror of radius of
curvature 20 cm. The two are kept 15 cm from each other. A point object lies 60 cm in front of
the convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image by the

combination. Determine the nature and position of the image formed.

Hint. For the lens 1/v=1/f + 1/u, V = 30 cm
For the mirror 1/v=1/f - 1/u, V=+30 cm
Virtual,erect,30 cm from the pole on right side of the mirror

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11. Draw a schematic labelled ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. Write two
advantages over refracting telescopes.

Hint. Advantages: produces brighter image, larger focal length larger magnifying Power, larger
aperture ensures larger light gathering power.

12. Use mirror equation to show that an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror

produces a real image beyond 2f.

13. With the help of a suitable diagram, derive the mirror formula for a concave mirror.

14. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in
a. (I) a medium of refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33. Will it behave as
a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?

b. How will its focal length change in the two media?

15. Use the mirror equation to show that

(a) A convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the

object.

(b) An object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and
enlarged image.

16. A point object O is kept in a medium of refractive index n1 in front of a convex spherical
surface of radius of curvature R which separates the second medium of refractive index

n2 from the first one. Draw the ray diagram showing the formation of image and deduce the
relationship between the object distance and the image distance in terms of n1, n2 and R.
Hence obtain the expression for lens makers’ formula.

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FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Derive the mirror formula. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a
concave mirror when the object is kept between the focus and the pole. Using this
diagram derive the magnification formula.

3. Derive the lens formula for concave lens.

4. Two thin convex lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are placed coaxially in contact. An object is
placed at a point beyond the focus of first lens. Draw a ray diagram to show image formation
by the combination and hence derive the expression for the focal length of the combined
system.

5. a) Draw a labeled diagram for the formation of image by a compound

microscope.

b) Derive an expression for magnifying power.

c) Why objective and eyepiece of a compound microscope must have short focal length?

6. a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation of astronomical telescope.

b) Deduce the expression for magnifying power.
c) Write two limitations.
7. Draw a graph to show the variation of angle of deviation with angle of incidence for a
PHYSICS
prism. Deduce the expression for refractive index of the material of the prism.
Wave Optics

Wavefront:
A wavefront is the locus points having the same phase of oscillations. A line perpendicular to
a wavefront is called a ‘ray’.

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Ratio of intensities of maxima and minima in

Interference Pattern :

Relation between Intensity (I) Amplitude (a) of the wave and Width (w) of the slit:

PHYSICS

Condition for sustained interference.

1. The two sources producing interference Must be coherent.
2. The two interfering wave trains must have the same plane of polarisation.
3. The two sources must be vary close to each other and the pattern must be observed at a larger
distance to have sufficient width of the fringe.
4. The sources must be monochromatic. Otherwise. the fringes of different colours will overlap.
5. The two waves must be having same amplitude for better contrast between bright and dark
fringes.

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Malus’ Law: When a beam of plane polarised light is incident on an analyser, the intensity I of light
transmitted from the analyser varies directly as the square of the cosine of the angle θ between the
planes of transmission of analyser and polariser.

Polarisation by Reflection and Brewster’s Law : 2

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QUESTIONS

1. Draw a diagram to show the refraction of a plane wave front incident on a convex lens. Draw
the refracted wave front.

2. What type of wave front will emerge from a (i) point source, and (ii) distance light
source?

3. Define the term wave front? Using Huygen’s construction prove the laws of reflection.

4. Draw the wave front and corresponding rays in the case of a (I) diverging spherical wave (ii)
plane wave. Using Huygen’s construction of a wave front, explain the refraction of a plane
wave front at a plane surface and hence deduce Snell’s law.

Interference

1. How does the angular separation of interference fringes change, in Young’s

experiment, when the distance between the slits is increased?

Ans- when separation between slits (d) is increased, fringe width β decreases.

2. How does the angular separation of interference fringes in Young double slit experiment
change when the distance of separation between the slits and the screen is doubled?
Ans-No effect (or the angular separation remains the same)

3. In Double-Slit experiment using light of wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of a fringe
formed on a distant screen is 0.1º.Whatis the spacing between the two slits?

Ans- The spacing between the slits is 3.44x10-4 m

4. If the path difference produced due to interference of light coming out of two slits for
yellow colour of light at a point on the screen be 3λ/2, what will be the colour of the fringe
at that point? Give reasons.

Ans. The given path difference satisfies the condition for the minimum of intensity for
PHYSICS
yellow light, Hence when yellow light is used, a dark fringe will be formed at the given point.

5. State two conditions to obtain sustained interference of light. In Young’s double slit
Experiment, using light of wavelength 400 nm, interference fringes of width ‘X’ are obtained.
The wavelength of light is increased to 600 nm and the separation between the slits is halved.
In order to maintain same fringe with, by what distance the screen is to be moved? Find the
ration of the distance of the screen in the above two cases.

Ans-Ratio-3:1

6. Two narrow slits are illuminated by a single monochromatic source. Name the pattern
obtained on the screen. One of the slits is now completely covered. What is the name of the

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 pattern now obtained on the screen? Draw intensity pattern obtained in the two cases. Also
write two differences between the patterns obtained in the above two cases.

*7. In Young’s double-slit experiment a monochromatic light of wavelength λ, is used.

The Intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ is estimated as K
units. What is the intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3?

Ans-K/4

8. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain
Interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit experiment.(a)Find the distance of the third bright
fringe on the screen from the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm.(b)What
is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the
wavelengths coincide? 3
Ans-a)

For third bright fringe. n = 3

11 In a two slit experiment with monochromatic light, fringes are obtained on a screen
-2
placed at some distance D from the slits. If the screen is moved 5 x 10 m towards the
-5 -3
slits, the change in fringe width is 3 x 10 m. If the distance between the slit is 10 m,
Calculate the wavelength of the light used.
Ans. The fringe width in the two cases will be β = Dλ/d;β ‘= D’λ/d

β- β’= (D-D’)λ/d; or wavelength λ= (β- β’)d / (D-D’) But D-D’= 5 x 10-2m

-5 -3 -5 -3 -2 -7 0
β- β’= 3 x 10 m , d= 10 m ;λ= 3 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 6 x 10 m= 6000A
5

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12. (a) Two Sources of Intensity I and 4I are used in an interference experiment. Find the
intensity at points where the waves from two sources superimpose with a phase

difference (i) zero (ii) π/2 (iii) π.

(b) Obtain the condition for getting dark and bright fringes in Young’s experiment. Hence write
the expression for the fringe width.

(c) If S is the size of the source and its distance from the plane of the two slits, what
should be the criterion for the interference fringes to be seen?

13. What are coherent sources? Why are coherent sources required to produce
interference of light? Give an example of interference of light in everyday life. In
Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are 0.03 cm apart and the screen is
placed at a distance of 1.5 m away from the slits. The distance between the central bright
fringe and fourth bright fringe is 1 cm. Calculate the wavelength of light used.

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14. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity versus the position on the screen in
Young’s experiment when
(a) both the slits are opened and (b) one of the slit is closed. What is the effect on the
interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment when: (i) Screen is moved
closer to the plane of slits? (ii)Separation between two slits is increased. Explain your
answer in each case. 5

Diffraction

1. Why a coloured spectrum is seen, when we look through a muslin cloth and not in other
clothes? 2

Ans. Muslin cloth is made of very fine threads and as such fine slits are formed. White light
passing through these silts gets diffracted giving rise to colored spectrum. The central
maximum is white while the secondary maxima are coloured. This is because the positions
of secondary maxima (except central maximum) depend on the wavelength of light. In a
coarse cloth, the slits formed between the threads are wider and the diffraction is not so
pronounced. Hence no such spectrum is seen.

2. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a slit of width

‘a’ If the distance between the slits and the screen is 0.8 m and the distance of 2nd order
:.

maximum from the centre of the screen is 15 mm, calculate the width of the slit.

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3. Answer the following questions:

(a) How does the size and intensity of the central maximum changes when the width of the slit
is doubled in a single slit diffraction experiment?

(b) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a
double- slit experiment?

(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright
spot is seen at the Centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?

(d) Two students are separated by a 7 m partition wall in a room 10 m high. If both light
and sound waves can bend around obstacles, how is it that the students are unable to
see each other even though they can converse easily?
Ans-

(a) if the width of the slit is doubled, then the size of the central diffraction band
reduces to half and the intensity of the central diffraction band becomes four times.

(b) The interference pattern in a double-slit experiment is modulated by diffraction from

each slit. The pattern is the result of the interference of the diffracted wave from each slit.

(c) This is because light waves are diffracted from the edge of the circular obstacle, which
interferes constructively at the centre of the shadow.
(d) Bending of waves by obstacles by a large angle is possible when the size of the obstacle
is comparable to the wavelength of the waves. The wavelength of the light waves is too
small in comparison to the size of the obstacle.

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Polarisation

1. At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive index
√3, so that the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?
PHYSICS
Ans-i=600
2 Explain with the help of suitable ray diagram how an unpolarized light can be polarized by reflection
from a transparent medium. Write the expression for Brewster angle in terms of the refractive index of
denser medium.
3. The critical angle between a given transparent medium and air is denoted by ic, A ray of light in
medium enters this transparent medium at an angle of incidence equal to the polarizing angle (ip)
Deduce a relation for the angle of refraction (rp) in terms of ic.
4. What is meant by ‘polarization’ of a wave? How does this phenomenon help us to

decide Whether a given wave is transverse or longitudinal in nature?

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7. DUAL NATURE OF MATTER & RADIATION

GIST

ELECTRON EMISSION
1. There are three types of electron emission, namely, Thermionic Emission,
Photoelectric Emission and Field Emission.
2. The minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface is called
work function.
3. Work function is conveniently expressed in electron volts ( e V )
4. One electron volt is the energy gained or lost by an electron while passing through a
potential difference of one volt.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
1. The minimum energy required by an electron to come out from metal surface is called
the work function of a metal.
2. Photo electric effect is the phenomenon of electrons by metals when illuminated by light
of suitable frequency
3. Photo electric current depends on
i) The intensity of incident light
ii) he potential difference applied between two electrodes
iii) he nature of the emitter material
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Photoelectric Stopping
V3 > V2 > V1 current potential Metal A
V1 (VO)
V1
V1
V3 Saturation current V > VO Metal B
V2
V > VO
-Vo3 -Vo2 -Vo1 O Collector plate potential VO VO
O Frequency of incident radiation (V)
Variation of photoelectric current
with collector plate potential for different
frequencics of incident radiaton.

1. The minimum negative potential given to the anode plate for which the photo electric
currentbecomes zero is called stopping potential.
2. The stopping potential Vo depends on i) The frequency of incident light and ii) the nature
of emitter material. For a given frequency of incident light, the stopping potential is
independent of its intensity.

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=
V2

3. Below a certain frequency (threshold frequency) ν0 , characteristics of the metal ,

no photo electric emission takes place, no matter how large the intensity may be.

EINSTEINS PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY QUANTUM OF RADIATION

1. Light is composed of discrete packets of energy called quanta or photons.
2. The energy carried by each photon is E = hν, where ν is the frequency and momentum

p= h/λ. The energy of the photon depends on the frequency γof the incident light and not
on its intensity.
3. Photo electric emission from the metal surface occurs due to absorption of a photon by
an electron
4. Einstein’s photo electric equation: Kmax = hν –φ0 or eV0 = hν - φ0.
PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT: THE PHOTON
1. Radiation has dual nature: wave and particle. The wave nature is revealed in
phenomenon like interference, diffraction and polarization. The particle nature is
revealed by the phenomenon photo electric effect.
2. By symmetry, matter also should have dual nature: wave and particle. The
waves associated with the moving material particle are called matter waves or De
Broglie waves.
3. The De Broglie wave length (λ) associated with the moving particle is related
to its moment p as: λ =h/p = h/mv
4. An equation for the De Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through
a potential V. Consider an electron with mass ‘m’ and charge ‘e’ accelerated from
rest through a potentialV.
K = eV
1 mv2 = p2
K= 2m
2
2
P = 2mK
P = √2mK = √2meV
λ= h/ √2meV

Substituting numerical values of h, m and e

λ= (12.27/√V) A0.

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QUESTION BANK
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

*1. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie
wavelength and why?

*2. Define the term 'stopping potential' in relation to photoelectric effect.

*3. The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1 .5 V. What is the

maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?

*4. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 3eV.What is its stopping potential?

*5. With what purpose was famous Davisson-Germer experiment with electrons
performed.

6. If the intensity of incident radiation in a photoelectric experiment is doubled what,

happens to kinetic energy of emitted photo electrons?
-10
7. Calculate the frequency associated with photon of energy 3.3 x 10 J?
Ans: ν = 5 x 10 Hz.
23

8. What is the momentum of a photon of energy 1 MeV?

Energy E = 1 MeV = 1.6 x 10 -13J, p = E/c= 5.33x 10-22 Kgm/s

9. What happens to the velocity of emitted electrons when the wave length of incident light
is decreased?

10 . Which of the two photons is more energetic: red light or violet light?

11. What will be the stopping potential when a photon of 25eV is incident of metal surface of
work function 6eV? Ans : 19 volt

12. Why is alkali metal surface better suited as photosensitive surface?

13. Blue light can eject electrons from a photo-sensitive surface while orange light cannot.
Will violet and red light eject electrons from the same surface?

14. Matter waves associated with electrons could be verified by crystal diffraction
experiments. Why?

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Ans: The wave length of the matter waves associated with electrons has wavelength
comparable to the spacing between the atomic planes of their crystals.

15. How do matter waves differ from light waves as regards to the velocity of the particle and
the wave?

Ans: In case of matter waves, the wave velocity is different from the particle velocity. But
in case of light, particle velocity and wave velocity are same.

16. An electron and an alpha particle have same kinetic energy. Which of these particles
has the shortest de- Broglie wavelength Ans: Alpha particle

*17. An electron, an alpha-particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which one of
these particles has the largest de-Broglie wave length?

*18. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the following graphs were obtained between
the photoelectric

current (I) and the anode potential (V). Name the characteristic of the incident radiation
that was kept constant in this experiment. (1)

Ι3
photo electric Ι2
current
Ι1

−V0 V Cacc Potential

*19. Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle
having charge 'q' and mass 'm', when it is accelerated by a potential V.

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 PHYSICS

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1*. How is the photoelectric current affected on increasing the (i) frequency (ii) intensity of
the incident radiations and why?

*2. The graph shows variation of stopping potential V0 versus frequency of incident
radiation v for two photosensitive metals A and B. Which of the two metals has
higher threshold frequency and why?

*3. The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation
for two photosensitive metals A and B. Which one of the two has higher value of
work-function? Justify your answer.

AB
Motal Motal
B A

Stopping
potential
(V0)

O ν0 ν
1
0

Frequency of incident
W radation (ν)
- t 0
e
W0
et

*4. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential. Find the ratio
of their de-Broglie wavelengths.

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5. Name the element with highest work function and also the element with lowest work
function.
Ans: Highest work function – Platinum (5.65eV) Lowest work function – Cesium
(2.14eV)

6. Calculate the work function of a metal in eV if its threshold wavelength is 6800Å.

7*. Work function of aluminum is 4.2eV. If two photons each of energy 2.5eV are incident on
its surface, will the emission of electrons take place?

8. A radio transmitter at a frequency of 880 kHz and a power of 10kW. Find the number of
photons emitted per second.

Ans: n = energy emitted per second/energy of one photon = 1.716 x 1031.

9*. A parallel beam of light is incident normally on a plane surface absorbing 40% of the light
and reflecting the rest. If the incident beam carries 10W of power, find the force exerted
by it on the surface

Ans : 5.33 x 10-8 N

10. Find the ratio of wavelength of a 10 k eV photon to that of a 10 Kev electron.

Ans: (Hint: λphoton = 1.24 A , λelectron = 0.1227 A )

0 0

11. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential difference.
Find the ratio of the wavelengths associated with the two.

Ans: (Hint λ = h/ √2meV), λp : λα = 2 √2 : 1

12. Why macroscopic objects in our daily life do not show wave like properties?

OR

Why wave nature of particles is significant in the sub-atomic domain only?

Ans. Macroscopic objects in our daily life do not show wave like properties because the
wave length associated with them is very small and beyond the scope of any

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measurement. In the sub- atomic world, masses of the particles are extremely small
leading to a wave length that is measurable.

13. Show that Bohr's second postulate 'the electron revolves around the nucleus only in
certain fixed orbits without radiating energy can be explained on the basis of de Broglie
hypothesis of wave nature of electron.

Ans. The de Broglie wavelength for electron in orbit mvr = nh/ 2π

This is Bohr's second postulate. As complete de-Broglie wavelength may be in certain

fixed orbits, non-radiating electrons can be only in certain fixed orbits.
14. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated through a potential
difference V is What will be the de-Broglie Wavelength? When the accelerating p.d. is
increased to 4V?
Hint.

15 Determine the accelerating potential required for an electron to have a de-Broglie

wavelength of 1 Å 2
Ans: V = 150.6 V
16 An electron, an alpha particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy, which one
of these particles has (i) the shortest and (ii) the largest, de, Broglie wavelength? 2
Ans:

*17. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the slope of the cut-of voltage versus
-15
frequency of incident light is found to be 4.13 x 10 V s. Calculate the value of
Plank's constant.
*18. The work function for a certain metal is 4.2 eV. Will this metal give photoelectric
emission for incident radiation of wavelength 330 nm ?

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. An electron and a photon each have a wavelength of 1.00 nm. Find (a) their momenta,
(b) The energy of the photon, and(c) the kinetic energy of electron.

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 PHYSICS

2. Calculate the (a) momentum, and (b) de Broglie wavelength of the

electrons accelerated through a potential difference of 56 V.
3. The work function of cesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6 ×1014Hz is
incident on the metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. What is the
(a) maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons?
(b) Stopping potential, and
(c) Maximum speed of the emitted photoelectron.
*4. Set up Einstein's photoelectric equation using the photon picture of electromagnetic
radiation.Explain briefly how this equation accounts for all the observations in the
photoelectric effect.
*5. In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential, how does (i) the saturation
current vary with anode potential for incident radiations of different frequencies but
same intensity? (ii) The stopping potential vary for incident radiations of different
intensities but same frequency.(iii) Photo electric current vary for different intensities
but same frequency of incident radiations? Justify your answer in each case.
*6. Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate
potential for two different frequencies, v1 > v2 , of incident radiation having the same
intensity. In which case will the stopping potential be higher? Justify your answer.
*7. Define threshold frequency in connection with photoelectric effect. The two lines A
and B shown in the graph plot the de-Broglie wavelength λ as function of 1/√v (v is
the accelerating potential) for two particles having the same charge. Which of the
two represents the particle of heavier mass?

A
B

Ans: Slope of the graph is h/√(2me).

A Slope of A is smaller, so A represents heavier particle.

1/ V

8. Draw Graph between kinetic energy and frequency and find

a) Threshold frequency.
b) Work function from intercept
c) Plank's constant by slope of graph (3)

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8. ATOMS & NUCLEI

GIST

Thomson’ s model of atom- Every atom consists of Its drawbacks: couldn’t explain large angle
fuels charged sphere in which electrons are embedded scattering & the origin of spectral series.
like seeds in water melon.

Rutherford’s model of atom- i) Every atom consists of a Limitations: couldn’t explain the stability
of the nucleus & the emission of line
tiny central core, called the atomic nucleus, in which
spectra of fixed frequencies.
the entire positive charge and almost entire mass of the
atom are concentrated.
-15
ii) The size of nucleus is of the order of 10 m , which is
very small as compared to the size of the atom which is
-10
of the order of 10 m.

iii)e atomic nucleus is surrounded by certain number of

electrons. As atom on the whole is electrically neutral,
the total negative charge of electrons surrounding the
nucleus is equal to total positive charge on the nucleus.

iv)These electrons revolve around the nucleus in

various circular orbits as do the planets around the aun.
The centripetal force required by electron for
revolution is provided by the electrostatic force of
attraction between the electrons and the nucleus.

2
Distance of closest approach of the alpha particle in the 2kZe
r0=
α particle scattering experiment 1/2mv2

Impact parameter of the alpha particle kZe 2cotθ/2

b=
1/2mv2

Bohr’s model of atom Limitation applicable only for hydrogen like

atoms & couldn’t explain the splitting of
spectral lines. (not consider electro static
force among the electrons)
2 2
r=e2/4πЄ mν2, v=2πke2 / nh, nh
Orbit radius of the electron around the nucleus 0 r= 2 2
4π mke

Energy of the electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen En = -2π2mk2e4/n2h2 = -13.6/n2 eV

Atom -18 2
E= -2.18 x 0 /n joule

1 1 1
Wave Number ν
λ =R[n 2
1
n22 ]

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UNIT - 8 : ATOMS AND NUCLEI

ONE MARK QUESTION

1. In Bohr's theory of model of a Hydrogen atom, name the physical quantity which
h
equals to an integral multiple of ?
2π

2. What is the relation between 'n' & radius 'r' of the orbit of electron in a Hydrogen
atom according to Bohr's theory / Ans: r α n2

3. What is Bohr's quantization condition ?

4. How is a B particle different from an electron ?

5. Draw graph between no. of nuclei undecayed with time for a radioactive substance
6. Among the alpha, beta & gamma radiations, with are the radiations affected by a
magnetic field ?
Ans : alpha & beta

7. Why do a particles have high ionizing power ?

8. Write the relationship between the half life & the average life of a radioactive
substance.

9. Why heavy water is often used in nuclear reactor as a moderator ?

10. Why is neutron very effective as a bombarding particle in a nuclear reaction?
11. Why are the control rods made of cadmium ?
12. Name the phenomenon by which the energy si produced in stars.

13. Define atomic unit. Write its energy equivalent in MeV.

14. What was the drawback of Rutherford's model of atom ?

15. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum which has least wavelength. Ans : Lyman
series

16. Any tow protons repel each other, then how is this possible for them to remain
together in a nucleus.
Ans : Nucler force between two proton is 100 times stronger than the electrostatic
force.
17. Define radioactive decay constant.

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 PHYSICS

18. Write two important inferences drawn from Geiger-Marsden's experiment.

19. What is the distance of closest approach when a 5 Mev proton approaches a gold
nucleus (Z = 79)
20. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ration 1 : 8. What is the ratio of their nuclear
radii ?
21. What is the relation between the radius of the atom & mass number ?
Ans: size a A1/3
22. What is the ratio of the nuclear densities of two nuclei having mass numbers in the ration
1:4 ?

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

*1. Define the activity of a given radioactive substance. Write its S. I. unit.
*2 (a) The mass of a nucleus in its ground state is always less than the total mass of its
constituents-neutrouns and protons. Explain.
*3 The radioactive isotope D decays according to the sequence
β-Particle α-Particle
D------------------------------D1-------------------------D2
If the mass number and atomic number of d2 are 176 and 71 respectively, What is (i)
the mas number (ii) atomic number of D?
*4 Why is it found experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos in nuclear B-decay ?
*5 Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation.
What is thhe significance of negative potentail energy in the graph drawn ?

6. If 70% of a given radioactive sample is left un-decayed after 20 days, what is the % of

original sample will get decayed in 60 days?

7. How does the neutron to proton ratio affected during (i) decay ii) α decay
8. A radioactive sample having N nuclei has activity R. Write an expression for its
half-life in terms of R & N.
Ans: R=Nλ, t1/2=0.693/λ =0.693N/R
9. Tritium has a half-life of 12.5 years against beta decay. What fraction of a sample of
pure tritium will remain un-decayed after 25 years?
Ans: N0/4

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 PHYSICS

10. What percentage of a given mass of a radioactive substance will be left un-decayed

after 5 half-life periods? Ans: N/N0 =1/2n =1/32 =3.125%

11. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ decays as given below:

If the mass number & atomic number of A1 are 180 & 73 respectively, find the mass

number & atomic number of A & A2.

12. Two nuclei P & Q have equal no: of atoms at t=0.Their half-lives are 3 & 9 hours
espectively. Compare the rates of disintegration after 18 hours from the start.
Ans: 3:16
13. What is neutron multiplication factor? For what value of this, a nuclear reactor is said to

be critical? Ans: K=1

14. 4 nuclei of an element fuse together to form a heavier nucleus .If the process is
accompanied by release of energy, which of the two: the parent or the daughter nuclei
would have higher binding energy per nucleon. Justify your answer.
*15. Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an electron of
hydrogen atom from its: (i) second permitted energy level to the first level, and (ii) the
highest permitted energy level to the first permitted level.
*16. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and

potential energies of electron in this state?

*17. Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model derive the expression for radius of n th
electron orbit. Hence obtain the expression for Bohr’s radius.
*18. Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total energy of the
electron in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total negative energy possessed

by the electron?

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 PHYSICS

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 56Fe26 &209Bi83 in MeV from the following data:
mH=1.007825amu,mn=1.008665amu,m(56Fe26)=55.934939amu,
209
m( Bi83)=208.980388amu,1a.m.u=931.5MeV
2. Plot a graph of the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large
number of nuclei. Explain the energy release in the process of nuclear fission from the
above plot. Write a typical nuclear reaction in which a large amount of energy is
released in the process of nuclear fission.
3. Define the activity of a radionuclide. Write its S.I. units. Plot a graph of activity of a
radioactive species versus time. How long will a radioactive isotope, whose half-life is T
years, take for its activity to reduce to 1/8th of its initial value?
4*. Plot a graph of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separations.
Mark the regions where the nuclear force is (i) attractive and (ii) repulsive. Write any two
characteristic features of nuclear forces.
5. Plot a graph of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation.
Write two important conclusions which you can draw regarding the nature of nuclear
forces.
6. Using the curve for the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A,
state clearly how the release in energy in the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion can be explained.
7. Two radioactive materials X1& X2 have decay constants 10λ & λ respectively. If initially
they have the same no: of nuclei, find the time after which the ratio of the nuclei of X1 to
that of X2 will be 1/e? Ans: N=N0e-λt, t=1/9λ
8* . At a given instant there are 25% un-decayed radioactive nuclei in a sample. After 10
seconds the number of un-decayed nuclei reduces to 12.5 %.calculate the i) mean life
of the nuclei ii) the time in which the number of the un-decayed nuclei will further reduce
to 6.25 % of the reduced number.
Ans: t1/2 =10s, λ=.0693/s, τ=1/λ=14.43s, N/No =(1/2)n →t=4x10=40s
9. (a) Draw the energy level diagram showing the emission of β-particles followed by
γ-rays by a 2760 nucleus.(b) Plot the distribution of kinetic energy of β- particles and
state why the energy spectrum is continuous.
10*.Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the frequency of radiation emitted
when electron in hydrogen atom undergoes transition from higher energy state
(quantum number ni) to the lower state, (nf ). When electron in hydrogen atom jumps
from energy state ni=4 to nf =3, 2,1, identify the spectral series to which the emission
lines belong.

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 PHYSICS

11*.Given the value of the ground state energy of hydrogen atom as –13·6 eV, find out its

kinetic and potential energy in the ground and second excited states.

12*.State the law of radioactive decay. If N0 is the number of radioactive nuclei in the

sample at some initial time, t0 , find out the relation to determine the number N present

at a subsequent time. Plot a graph of N as a function of time.

13*. Distinguish between isotopes and isobars. Give one example for each of the species. A

radioactive isotope has a half-life of 5 years. How long will it take the activity to reduce

to 3.125%?
14*.(a) Write symbolically the β - decay process of 15P32.

(b) Derive an expression for the average life of a radionuclide. Give its relationship with

the half- life.

15*. The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. a) Which of them will result in the

transition of a photon of wavelength 275 nm? b) Which transition corresponds to the

emission of radiation maximum wavelength?

Ans: E=hc/λ=4.5eV, transition B Eα1/λ, transition A

- 10 eV

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 PHYSICS

VALUE BASED QUESTION

1a) A farmer in a village was worried about the poor yield of the soil. Rohan, during his visit
to his native place happened to meet this farmer and suggested him to use a phosphate
fertilizer incorporated with Radio Phosphorous. He also explained that Phosphorous
will be taken by the plant for its growth and radio phosphorous will increase the yield.
The farmer thanked him for his valuable suggestion.
a) Suggest the moral value that you derive out of Rohan
b) A radioactive isotope has a half-life of T years. How long will it take, the activity to
reduce to i) 3.125% ii)1% of its original value?
Ans: a) Concern for the society/locality., awareness, presence of mind.
b) NCERT exercise 13.7
2a) Akil and Nikhil are arguing about the estimation of age of specimen by any scientific
method. Akil said that there is no way of finding the age of a specimen scientifically. But
Nikhil argued that there should be one method to find the age of specimen, but he is not
aware of that method. Tarun, who is witnessing this argument, convinced them not to
proceed with the argument. He said that the age of the specimen can be estimated by
14
noting the drop in the activity of carbon C when the organism is dead. Listening to the
explanation given by Tarun, both of them were convinced and also felt happy as they
have learnt a new concept.
a) What moral value do you observe in Tarun?
b) Obtain the amount of Co60 necessary to provide a radioactive source of 8mci strength.
The half-life of Co60 is 5.3 years.
Ans : a) Readiness to teach his juniors, concern of juniors towards learning.
b) NCERT exercise 13.9
3)a) Shyam saw his younger brother wondering with a question which deals with emission of
light from a vapour lamp. He was anxious to know how different colors were being
emitted by different light. He also saw mercury and sodium vapour lamps in the physics
lab and was curious to know what is inside the lamps. On seeing his anxiety to know
more about it Shyam explained about absorption of energy and reemission of photons
in the visible region. He also advised him not to touch or break any items in the lab for
the thirst of knowledge.
a) What is the moral you derive from Shyam?
Ans: Concern for his brother/ care about the school property.
b) Which series in the hydrogen spectrum is in the visible region?
Ans. Balmer.

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 PHYSICS

9. ELECTRONIC DEVICES

GIST
ENERGY BAND DIAGRAMS

● Metals, the conduction band and valence band partly overlap each other and there is no
forbidden energy gap.

● In insulators, the conduction band is empty and valence band is completely filled and
forbidden gap is quite large = 6 eV. No electron from valence band can cross over to
conduction band at room temperature, even if electric field is applied. Hence there is no
conductivity of the insulators.

● In semiconductors, the conduction band is empty and valence band is totally filled. But
the forbidden gap between conduction band and valence band is quite small, which is
about 1 eV. No electron from valence band can cross over to conduction band.
Therefore, the semiconductor behaves as insulator. At room temperature, some
electrons in the valence band acquire thermal energy, greater than energy gap of 1 eV
and jump over to the conduction band where they are free to move under the influence
of even a small electric field. Due to which, the semiconductor acquires small
conductivity at room

Metals Insulators Semiconductors

Differences
Distinction between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor

Intrinsic Extrinsic
1 It is pure semiconducting material 1 It is prepared by doping a small quantity of
and no impurity atoms are impurity atoms to the pure semiconducting
added to it material.

2 Examples are crystalline forms 2 Examples are silicon and germanium

of pure silicon and germanium. crystals with impurity atoms of arsenic,
antimony, phosphorousetc. or indium, boron,
aluminum etc.

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 PHYSICS

3 The number of free electron in 3 The number of free electrons and holes
conduction band and the number of is never equal. There is excess of
holes in valence band is exactly equal electrons in n-type semiconductors
and very small indeed. and excess of holes in p-type
semiconductors.
4 Its electrical conductivity is low 4 Its electrical conductivity is high.
5 Its electrical conductivity is a function 5 Its electrical conductivity depends upon
of temperature alone the temperature as well as on the
quantity of impurity
atoms doped in the structure.

Distinction between n-type and p-type semiconductors

n-type semiconductors p-type semiconductors

1 It is an extrinsic semiconductors 1 It is an intrinsic semiconductors which is
which is obtained by doping the obtained by doping the impurity atoms of III
impurity atoms of Vth group of group of periodic table to the pure
periodic table to the pure germanium germanium or silicon semiconductor.
or silicon semiconductor.

2 The impurity atoms added, provide 2 The impurity atoms added, create vacancies
extra electrons in the structure, and of electrons (i.e. holes) in the structure and
are called donor atoms. are called acceptor atoms.

3 The electrons are majority carriers 3 The holes are majority carriers and electrons
and holes are minority carriers. are minority carriers.

4 The electron density (ne) is much 4 The hole density (ne) is much greater
greater than the hole density (nh)i.e. than the electron density (nh)i.e. nh>> ne
ne>>(nh)

5 The donor energy level is close to the 5 The acceptor energy level is close to
conduction band and far away from valence band and is far away from the
valence band. conduction band.

6 The Fermi energy level lies in 6 The Fermi energy level lies in between the
between the donor energy level and acceptor energy level and valence band.
conduction band.

P N junction:- A p-n junction consists of wafers of p-type and n-type semiconductors fused
together of grown on each other. At the time of junction formation, the free electrons from
n-type semiconductor and holes from p-type semiconductor diffuse into each other and their
recombination creates a depletion region (of few μm thickness). It results in development of
a potential barrier VB. Potential barrier depends on the material of semiconductor.

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 PHYSICS

The barrier potential sets up a field across the junction directed from n-type to p-type
semiconductor. Under the influence of this field, minority charge carriers drift across the
junction in a direction opposite to the direction of diffusion current till the two currents
equalize and equilibrium is reached. This whole process is complete as soon as the junction
is formed.

Depletion region:- It is the region near the p-n junction that is depleted of any mobile
charge carrier. It only consists of immobile charge carriers. The width of depletion layer
depends on (i) extent of doping – more doping means thinner depletion layer, (ii) type of
biasing – forward biasing decreasing the thickness of depletion layer Potential barrier:- the
potential difference across the p-n junction under equilibrium is called potential barrier.
Potential barrier depends on the nature of semiconductor material.

w
p n

E
(a)

(b)
Figure:- (a) Diode under equilibrium (b) Barrier potential under no bias (V = 0)
Semiconductor diode:- A semiconductor diode is basically a p-n junction with metallic contacts
provided at the ends for the application of an external voltage. It is a two terminal device.

p n

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 PHYSICS

Biasing of p-n junction diode:- The application of external voltage to the junction diode in a
certain direction is known as biasing of p-n junction diode.

It can be done in two ways –(i) forward biasing and (ii) reverse biasing (i) Forward biasing of p-n
junction:- A p-n junction is said to be in forward bias when p region of diode is maintained at a
higher potential with respect to the n region. In forward bias, majority charge carriers in both the
regions are pushed through the junction. The depletion region’s width decreases and junction
offers low resistance.

(ii) Reverse biasing of p-n junction:- A p-n junction is said to be in reverse bias when n
region of diode is maintained at a higher potential with respect to the p region. In reverse
bias, majority charge carriers are pushed away from the junction. The depletion region’s
width increases. The minority charge carriers are pushed through the junction thereby
causing a little current.

characteristics of a p-n junction diode:- The graphs plotted to show the

variation of current flowing through the junction Vs the Potential difference
applied are known as I-V characteristics of junction diode. (a) Forward

characteristics of p-n junction diode:-

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 PHYSICS

Voltmeter (V)

Microammeter
(µA)
Switch

(a)

(a) Circuit diagram to draw the forward characteristics

I (mA)

100
80
60
40
20
20
V(V)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.8

b) Forward I-V characteristics of Junction diode

In forward bias, the current first increases very slowly, almost negligibly, till the voltage across
the diode crosses threshold value. After the threshold voltage, the diode current increases
exponentially. The dynamic resistance of diode rd = V is small in forward bias.
I

(a) Reverse characteristics of p-n junction diode:-

(a) Circuit diagram to draw the
Voltmeter (V) reverse characteristics
100 80 60 40 20

O
pn Vbe
10
Microammeter
(µA) 20
- + Switch
30

I (mA)

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 PHYSICS

(b) Reverse I-V characteristics of Junction diode

In reverse bias, the current is very small ( of the order of μA) and almost remains constant
with change in bias voltage. It is called reverse saturation current. However at very high
reverse bias (breakdown volta ge), the current suddenly increases. In reverse bias, for
voltage below the breakdown voltage, the dynamic resistance of diode is very high.
Junction diode as a rectifier:- Rectifier is the electronic circuit which convert AC voltage into
DC voltage. The working of a rectifier is based on the principle that a junction diode allows
current to pass only when it is forward biased.
The rectifier circuit is basically of two different types-
(a) Half wave rectifier (b) Full wave rectifier

(a) Half wave rectifier:- If an alternating voltage is applied across a diode in series with a
load, a pulsating voltage will appear across the load only during the half cycles of the ac
input during which the diode is forward biased. Such rectifier circuit, as shown in figure, is
known as half wave rectifier circuit. The secondary of a transformer supplies the desired ac
voltage across terminals A and B. When the voltage at A is positive, the diode is forward
biased and it conducts. When A is negative, the diode is reverse-biased and it does not
conduct. Therefore in positive half cycle of ac there is a current through the load resistor RL
and we get an output voltage whereas there is no current in the negative half cycle. Thus,
the output voltage is restricted to only one direction is said to be rectified. Since the rectified
output of this circuit is only for half of the input ac wave it is called half wave rectifier.

Transformer A X

Primary Secondary RL

B Y

Circuit diagram of Half wave rectifier Input

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 PHYSICS

Voltage across KL Voltage at A

INPUT ac

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

(b) t

Input and Output waveforms of half wave rectifier

(b) Full wave rectifier:- The circuit using two diodes as shown in circuit diagram gives rectified
output for both positive as well as negative half of ac cycle. Hence, it is called full wave rectifier.
In this type of rectifier, each diode rectifies only one half of the ac cycle turn by turn. In one half
cycle, diode D1 conducts whereas in the next half cycle, diode D2 conducts, but through the
load resistor current flows for both half of ac cycles in the same direction. Hence, rectified output
is obtained for the full cycle of input ac voltage.

Centre -Tap Transformer

Circuit diagram for full wave rectifier

Diode 1 (D1)

Centre A
Tap B
Diode 2(D2) RL Output

Input and output waveform for full wave rectifier

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 PHYSICS

Zener diode:- Zener diode is a special purpose junction diode designed to operated under
reverse bias in reverse breakdown voltage. It is used as a voltage regulator for the output of

rectifiers. It is a heavily doped p-n junction having a very thin depletion layer ( < 10 V/m). When
6

small reverse bias voltage is applied across zener diode junction fields increases very rapidly
causing internal field emission and hence, a reverse breakdown at relatively low voltage. The

reverse bias current (known as Zener current) increases abruptly for negligible increase in

reverse bias voltage in breakdown region as shown below.

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 PHYSICS

Symbol of Zener diode I-V characteristics of Zener diode

Zener diode as a voltage regulator:- Zener diode is used to stablise the output voltage of a
rectifier by absorbing the fluctuations of rectified output voltage of a rectifier. The
unregulated dc voltage (filtered output of a rectifier) is connected to the Zener diode through
a series resistance Rs such that the Zener diode is reverse biased. If the input voltage
increases, the current through Rs and Zener diode also increases. This increases the
voltage drop across Rs without any change in the voltage across the Zener diode. This is
because in the breakdown region, Zener voltage remains constant even though the current
through the Zener diode changes. Similarly, if the input voltage decreases, the current
through Rs and Zener diode also decreases. The voltage drop across Rs decreases without
any change in the voltage across the Zener diode. Thus any increase/ decrease in the input
voltage results in, increase/ decrease of the voltage drop across Rs without any change in
voltage across the Zener diode. Thus the Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator.

Optoelectronic junction devices:- The semiconductor diodes in which the charge carriers are

generated by photons are known as optoelectronic devices. They are photo diode, LED and
Solar cell
(I) Photo diode:- it is used for detecting optical signals.
A Photodiode is a p-n junction diode fabricated with a transparent window to allow light to
fall on the diode. It is operated under reverse bias. When the photodiode is illuminated with
light

138
 PHYSICS

(photons) with energy (hν) greater than the energy gap (Eg) of the semiconductor, then
electronhole pairs are generated due to the absorption of photons. The diode is fabricated such
that the generation of e-h pairs takes place in or near the depletion region of the diode. Due to
electric field of the junction, electrons and holes are separated before they recombine. The
direction of the electric field is such that electrons reach n-side and holes reach p-side.
Electrons are collected on nside and holes are collected on p-side giving rise to an emf. When
an external load is connected, current flows. The magnitude of the photocurrent depends on the
intensity of incident light. (Photocurrent is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light.)

(ii ) Light Emitting Diode (LED):-

(a) Biasing of LED (b) I –V characteristics of LED

It is a heavily doped p-n junction which under forward bias emits spontaneous radiation. The
diode is encapsulated with a transparent cover so that emitted light can come out.
When the diode is forward biased, electrons are sent from n → p (where they are minority
carriers) and holes are sent from p → n (where they are minority carriers). At the junction
boundary the concentration of minority carriers increases compared to the equilibrium
concentration (i.e., when there is no bias). Thus at the junction boundary on either side of

the junction, excess minority carriers are there which recombine with majority carriers near

the junction. On recombination, the energy is released in the form of photons. Photons with
energy equal to or slightly less than the band gap are emitted.

139
 (a) The intensity of emitted light depends on the forward current flowing through LED.
When the forward current of the diode is small, the intensity of light emitted is small. As
the forward current increases, intensity of light increases and reaches a maximum.
(b) The colour of the light emitted by an LED depends on the composition of material of
v
LED (wavelength of emitted light =
g

LEDs have the following advantages over conventional incandescent low power lamps:
(i) Low operational voltage and less power.
(ii) Fast action and no warm-up time required.
(iii) The bandwidth of emitted light is 100 Å to 500 Å or in other words it is nearly (but not
exactly) monochromatic.
(iv) Long life and ruggedness.
(v) Fast on-off switching capability.
( C ) Solar Cell :-
A solar cell is basically a p-n junction which generates emf when solar radiation falls on the
p-n junction. It is very lightly doped in which the depletion layer is very wide and n & p
regions are very thin. The generation of emf by a solar cell, when light falls on, it is due to
the following three basic processes: generation, separation and collection—
(i) generation of e-h pairs due to light (with hν > Eg ) close to the junction;
(ii) separation of electrons and holes due to electric field of the depletion region. Electrons
are swept to n – side and holes to p – side;
(iii) the electrons reaching the n – side are collected by the front contact and holes reaching
p – side are collected by the back contact. Thus p – side becomes positive and n – side
becomes negative giving rise to photo-voltage.

When an external load is connected as shown in figure, a photocurrent IL flows through the load. A
typical I –V characteristics of a solar cell is drawn in forth quadrant.

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 PHYSICS

IL

p n

Depletion
region
(a)
I

Voc (open circuit voltage)

Isc
Short circuit current
(b)

Junction Transistor:-
A transistor has three doped regions forming two p-n junctions between them. Obviously,
there are two types of transistors. There are two types of transistor-

(i) n-p-n transistor : Here two segments of n-type semiconductor (emitter and collector) are
separated by a segment of p-type semiconductor (base).

(ii) p-n-p transistor: Here two segments of p-type semiconductor (termed as emitter and
collector) are separated by a segment of n-type semiconductor (termed as base).

Emitter Collector
Emitter Collector

Base
Base

n-p-n transistor p-n-p transistor

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 PHYSICS

l Emitter: This is the segment on one side of the transistor. It is of moderate size and
heavily doped. It supplies a large number of majority carriers for the current flow
through the transistor. ase:

l Base This is the central segment. It is very thin and lightly doped.

l Collector: This segment collects a major portion of the majority carriers supplied by
the emitter. The collector side is moderately doped and larger in size as compared
to the emitter.

Transistor Action:- PNP Transistor :- The emitter-base junction of the transistor is forward
biased whereas the collector-base junction is reverse bias in its active state. The heavily
doped emitter has a high concentration of majority carriers. These majority carriers enter
the base region in large numbers. The base is thin and lightly doped. So the majority
carriers there would be few. In a p-n-p transistor the majority carriers in the base are
electrons since base is of n-type semiconductor. The large number of holes entering the
base from the emitter swamps the small number of electrons there. As the base collector-
junction is reverse biased, these holes, which appear as minority carriers at the junction,
can easily cross the junction and enter the collector. The holes in the base could move
either towards the base terminal to combine with the electrons entering from outside or
cross the junction to enter into the collector and reach the collector terminal. The base is
made thin so that most of the holes find themselves near the reverse-biased base-collector
junction and so cross the junction instead of moving to the base terminal. The current
entering into the emitter from outside is equal to the emitter current IE. Similarly the current
emerging from the base terminal is IB and that from collector terminal is IC. It is obvious from
the above description that the emitter current is the sum of collector current and base
current:

IE = IC + IB

n - Base
P-Emitter region p-Collector

Holes Electrons
VES VCB Ic
IB

VEE Voc

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 PHYSICS

Common emitter transistor characteristics:-

When a transistor is used in CE configuration, the input is between the base and the emitter
and the output is between the collector and the emitter.

Input Characteristics:-
The variation of the base current IB with the base-emitter voltage VBE at constant output
voltage VCE is called the input characteristic.

Output Characteristics:-
The variation of the collector current IC with the collector-emitter
Ic
- +
IB mA
C RL
B +
Ri µA E VCE - VOC
IE
VBB VBE

Circuit diagram to draw the n-p-n transistor characteristics in CE configuration

Collector current (IC) in mA

Base current (IB)

60µA

50µA

40µA
30µA

20µA
10µA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Collector to emitter voltage (VCE) in volts

Input Characteristic Output characteristics

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 PHYSICS

Input characteristic of transistor is identical for different output voltage. These characteristics
are like forward characteristics of a junction diode.

Output characteristics shows that when IB increases IC also increases. The plot of IC versus
VCE for different fixed values of IB gives one output characteristic. So there will be different
output characteristics corresponding to different values of IB as shown.

Saturation State:-
The output characteristics show that initially for very small values of VCE , IC increases almost
linearly. This happens because the base-collector junction is not reverse biased and the
transistor is not in active state. In fact, the transistor is in the saturation state and the current
is controlled by the supply voltage VCC (=VCE) in this part of the characteristic.

Active State:-
When VCE is more than that required to reverse bias the base-collector junction, IC increases
very little with VCE. The reciprocal of the slope of the linear part of the output characteristic
gives the values of output resistance ro. The output resistance of the transistor is mainly
controlled by the bias of the base-collector junction. The high magnitude of the output
resistance (of the order of 100 kΩ) is due to the reverse-biased state of this diode. In this
state for a small change in base current, a large change is observed in collector current

Output resistance r0 = and

Current gain/ amplification factor

Cut-off state:-
when the base-emitter voltage is negligible such that IB = 0, then IC is almost zero. This state
of transistor is said to be cut-off state.

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 PHYSICS

Transistor as an amplifier in common emitter configuration:- An amplifier is an

electronic circuit that increases the amplitude of the ac voltage using dc energy. For using
the transistor as an amplifier we will use the active region of the Vo versus Vi curve.

Phase reversal:-
The slope of the linear part of the curve represents the rate of change of the output with the
input. It is negative because the output is VCC – ICRL.
That is why as input voltage of the CE amplifier increases its output voltage decreases and the
output is said to be out of phase with the input.

Voltage amplification by the amplifier is defined as

Av = ΔVo/ΔVi

Where ΔVo and ΔVi are small changes in the output and input voltages

If the VBB voltage has a fixed value corresponding to the mid-point of the active region, the circuit
will behave as a CE amplifier.

C
IC
RB C RC
C B
VO
IB E VCC
Vi IE
VBB

If we first assume that vi = 0 then applying Kirchoff’s law to the output and input loop,

When vi is not zero we get V

If the input junction resistance is R

The change in IB causes a change in IC

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 PHYSICS

Which is also know as the ac current gain

The change in IC due to a change in IB causes a change in VCE and the voltage drop across the resistor RL
because VCCfixed.

V
V

Analog and Digital Signals:-

A signal in the form of continuous, time varying voltage or current is called an analogue
signal.

A pulse waveform in which only discrete values of voltage or current is possible is called a
digital signal.

Logic Gates:-
It is a digital circuit that follows certain logical relationship between one or more than one
input and the output are voltages which are always in two states only.

Basic Logic gates are

OR gate:- The output of OR gate is 1 if at least one of the inputs are at 1 state.

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 PHYSICS

AND gate:- The output of AND gate is 1 only when all the inputs are at 1 state.

NOT gate:- It is one input gate. The output of NOT gate is inverse of input.

A Y

Apart from the above basic gates, there are two universal gates-

NOR gate:- The output of NOR gate is 0 if at least one of the inputs are at 1 state.

NAND gate:- The output of NAND gate is 0 only when all the inputs are at 1 state.

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 PHYSICS

QUESTIONS

SEMICONDUCTORS
1. What is the order of energy gap in an intrinsic semiconductor? (1)

2. How does the energy gap vary in a semiconductor when doped with penta -valent
element? (1)

3. How does the conductivity change with temperature in semiconductor? (1)

4. What type of semiconductor we get when: Ge is doped with Indium? Si is doped with
Bismuth? (1)

5. In a semiconductor concentration of electron is 8 x 1013cm-3 and holes 5 x 1012 cm-2 :

is it p or n type semiconductor? (1)

6. Draw energy gap diagram of a p Type semiconductor? (1)

7. What is Fermi energy level? (1)

8. Energy gap of a conductor, semiconductor, insulator are E1, E2, E3 respectively.

Arrange them inincreasing order. (1)

9. Name the factor that determines the element as a conductor or semiconductor? (1)

10. Why semiconductors are opaque to visible light but transparent to infrared
radiations? (2)

Ans: The photons of infrared radiation have smaller energies, so they fall to excite
the electrons in the valence band. Hence infrared radiations pass through the
semiconductors as such; i.e. a semiconductor is transparent to infrared radiation
ne
11. The ratio of number of free electrons to holes = 1 for two different materials A
nh
and B are 1 and <1respectively. Name the type of semiconductor to which A and B
belongs. (2)
ne ne
Ans: If = 1. Hence A is intrinsic semiconductor. If <1 ,ne<nh hence B is P-
nh nh
type.

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 PHYSICS

P-N JUNCTION DIODE

1. How does the width of depletion layer change, in reverse bias of a p-n
junction diode? (1)

2. Draw VI characteristic graph for a Zener diode? (1)

3. In a given diagram, is the diode reverse (or) forward biased? (1)

10V

R D
Ans: Reverse biased.

4. Why Photo diode usually operated at reverse bias? (2)

5. State the factor which controls wave length and intensity of light emitted by LED. (2)

Ans: (i) Nature of semi-conductor

(ii) Forward Current

6. With the help of a diagram show the biasing of light emitting diode. Give two
advantages over conventional incandescent Lamp. (2)

Ans: Monochromatic, Consume less power.

8. Draw a circuit diagram to show, how is a photo diode biased? (2)

9. Pure SI at 300K has equal electron and holes concentration 1.5 x 1016 per m3.
22 3
Doping by Indium Increases hole concentration to 4.5 x 10 per m . Calculate new
electron concentration. (2)

Ans: nenh = ni2

10. In the following diagram, identify the diodes which are in forward biased and which are
in reversed biased.

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 PHYSICS

*11. A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentrations of 6x108/m3. On doping
with a certain impurity, the electron concentration increases to 9x1012/ m3. (2)

(i) Identify the new semiconductor obtained after doping.

(ii) Calculate the new hole concentrations.

Ans: (i) n-type semiconductor.

(ii) nenh =ni 2 => nh= 6x108 x6x108 = 4x104 /m3

9 x 1012
*12. Determine the current through resistance “R” in each circuit. Diodes D1 and D2 are
identical and ideal. (2)

D D D D

I I
R =15 R =15
3V 3V
(I) (ii)

Ans: In circuit (i) Both D1 and D2 are forward biased hence both will conduct current and
resistance of each diode is “0”.Therefore I = 3/15 = 0.2 A

(ii) Diode D1 is forward bias and D2 is reverse bias, therefore resistance of diode D1
is “0”

and resistance of D2 is infinite. Hence D1 will conduct and D2 do not conduct. No

current flows in the circuit.

13. From the given graph identify the knee voltage and breakdown voltage. Explain? (2)

Break Down
Voltage
Vr
Knee Voltage

(µ

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 PHYSICS

14. Which special type of diode acts as voltage regulator? Give the symbol. Draw its V-I
characteristics. (3)

TRANSISTORS
1. How does the dc current gain of a transistor change, when the width of the base
region is increased? (1)

*2. In only one of the circuits given below, the lamp “L” glows. Identify the circuit? Give
reason for your answer? (2)

L L

R R
6V 6V
R CV

(I) (II) (II)

Ans: In fig (i) emitter –base junction has no source of emf. Therefore Ic =0, bulb will not
glow. In fig (ii) emitter – base junction is forward biased; therefore lamp “L” will glow.

(iii) Emitter – base junction is received biased so the bulb will not glow.

*3. Why do we prefer NPN transistor to PNP for faster action? (2)

Ans: For faster action NPN Transistor is used. In an NPN transistor, current
conduction is mainly by free electron, whereas in PNP type transistor, it is mainly
holes. Mobility of electrons is greater than that of holes.

4. In which mode, the cut off, active or saturation, the transistor is used as a switch?
Why? (2)

Ans: Cut off & saturation

5. In NPN transistor circuit, the collector current is 5mA. If 95% of the electrons emitted
reach the collector region, what is the base current? (2)

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 PHYSICS

Ib = 0.25 mA

Ic=95% of Ie = (95 / 100 ) Ie

Ie = (100 / 95) × 5 mA = 5.26mA,

Ie=Ic+ Ib

6. Which of input and output circuits of a transistor has a higher resistance and why?(3)

Ans: The output circuit of a transistor has a higher resistance. Hint: The ratio of
resistance of output circuit (r0) is 104 times that of input circuit ie ro =104ri;

7. The base current of a transistor is 105 μA and collector current is 2.05 mA. (3)

a) Determine the value of β, Ie ,

b) A change of 27 μA in the base current produces a change of 0.65 mA in the

collector current. Find βa.c

Ib

Ib

Ib
Ib
β Ib

8. Explain through a labeled circuit diagram, working of a transistor, as an amplifier in

common emitter configuration. Obtain the expression for current gain, voltage gain
and power gain.

9. Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristic of an NPN
transistor in common emitter configuration. Draw the graphs for input and output
characteristics. (3)

10. Define trans conductance of a transistor. (2)

ΔΙC
Ans: gm =
ΔVB

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 PHYSICS

11. How does the collector current change in junction transistor if the base region has
larger width? Ans: Current decreases. (2)

12. The input of common emitter amplifier is 2kΏ. Current gain is 20. If the load
resistances is 5kΏ. Calculate voltage gain trans conductance. (3)
β RL
Ans: gm = , Av = β
Ri Ri
13. Define input, output resistance, current amplification factor, voltage amplification
factor, for common emitter configuration of transistor. (3)

14. A change 0.2 mA in base current causes a change of 5mA in collector current in a
common emitter amplifier.

(i) Find A.C current gain of Transistor.

(ii) If input resistance 2kΏ and voltage gain is 75. Calculate load resistance used in
circuit.

βac current gain = ΔIc / Δ Ib (3)

15. In a transistor the base current is changed by 20μA. This results in a change of
0.02V in base emitter Voltage and a change of 2mA in collector current. (3)

(i) Find input resistance,

(ii) Trans conductance.

16. With the help of circuit diagram explain the action of a transistor. (3)

17. Draw the transfer characteristics of a transistor in common emitter configuration.

Explain briefly the meaning of the term active region and cut off region in this
characteristic. (3)

18. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram the working of N-P-N transistor as a
common emitter amplifier. Draw input and output wave form. (3)

19. Draw a labeled circuit diagram of common emitter amplifier using P-N-P transistor.
Define voltage gain and write expression. Explain how the input and output voltage
are out of phase 180o for common emitter transistor amplifier. (3)

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 PHYSICS

LOGIC GATES
*1. Modern technology use poly silicon instead of metal to form the gate. Why? (1)

Ans: Poly silicon has high conductivity compared to metal.

2. Identify the logic gate; Give its truth table and output wave form? (2)

Ans: NAND GATE.

*3. Draw the logic circuit and the output wave form for given output Y=0, 0, 1, 1 (2)

B Y

Ans: The output of the AND gate is Y = A.B consequently the input of the OR gate are A
and A.B. Then the final Y` = A + A.B

A
Y`

Y
B
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 PHYSICS

Input for AND gate Output of Input of Output of

AND gate OR gate OR gate

A B Y = A.B A Y Y` = A +Y

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1

*4. Construct the truth table for the Boolean equation Y=(A+B).C and represent by
logic circuit. (2)

C Y`

Y
B

Ans: The output of OR gate is A+B. Consequently, the inputs of AND gate are A+B & C Hence
the Boolean equation for the given circuit is

A B C Y = A +B Y` = (A+B) C = Y C
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1

Y=(A+B).

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 PHYSICS

*5. Construct AND gate using NAND GATE and give its truth table? (2)

Ans: AND Gate using NAND GATE:-

A
Y
B

A B Y = A. B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

6. Identify which basic gate OR, AND and NOT is represented by the circuits in the
dotted lines boxes 1,2 and 3. Give the truth table for the entire circuit for all possible
values of A and B? (3)

Y
B

Ans: The dotted line box 1 represents a NOT gate. The dotted line box 2 represents an OR
gate. Here we use de Morgan’s theorem. The dotted line 3 represents AND gate.

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 PHYSICS

7. Two input waveforms A and B shown in figure (a) and (b) are applied to an AND gate.
Write the Output

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6
Interval

Input A 0 1 1 0 0 1

Input B 0 0 1 1 0 0

Output 0 0 1 0 0 0
Y = A. B

Input waverform.

1 2 3 4 5 6

A
B

B
Y

(a) (b)

8. A circuit symbol of a logic gate and two input wave forms Aand B are shown.
a) Name the logic gate
b) Give the output wave form

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 PHYSICS

a. Name the logic gate

b. Give the output wave form

Ans: Current amplifier = ΔIc / Δ Ib = (9.5 – 2.5) / 50 x 10

-6

1. Identify the Logic gate.

Ans : OR gate

2. dentify the Logic gate (3)

A
P Y
B

Ans: P = OR gate, Q = AND gate, R= NAND gate

4. Identify the gate:

AA
Y=

BB

Ans: AND Gate

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 PHYSICS

UNIT 10

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

GIST:

1. Basic terminology used in Communication:

• Signal: - Electrical form of message suitable for transmission and reception.

• Transducer: - A device which converts one form of energy into another form. e.g.,
Microphone, Loud speaker, Photo detector etc.

• Noise: - Unwanted signals that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of
message signals in a communication system.

• Attenuation: - The loss of strength of a signal while propagation through a

medium.

• Amplification: - It is the process of increasing the amplitude of a signal using an

electronic circuit.

• Bandwidth: - It refers to the range of frequencies over which equipment operates

or portion of the spectrum occupied by the signal.

• Transmitter: - The function of the transmitter is to transmit the modulated signal.

• Receiver: - The function of the receiver is to receive the transmitted signal.

• Demodulator: - It separates the base band signal from the modulated wave.

• Repeater: - It receives the modulated wave and amplify it ,then retransmit so as to

increase the range of communication.

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 PHYSICS

2. Block diagram of a generalized communication system.

Communication System

Message Transmitted Received Use of

Information Transmitter Channel Receiver
Source Signal Signal Signal Message Information
Signal

Noise

3. Bandwidth of signals
• For Speech signals: 2800 Hz.
• For Music: 20 KHz.
• For Video signals: 4.2 MHz

• For T.V. signals: 6 MHz

4. Bandwidth of transmission medium

• Coaxial cable 750 MHz and are operated below 18 GHz.
• Optical fiber 100 GHz.
• Free space. Table 15.2 page no 519 NCERT Book

5. Propagation of electromagnetic waves

• Ground wave:- The waves are of frequency range of 500 kHz-

1510 kHz. And propagate along surface of the earth. As the wave
glides along the surfac of the earth it induces charges on the surface
and is attenuated as a result of absorption of energy by the earth.

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 PHYSICS

Drawbacks: -
1. Cannot be transmitted over long distances due to attenuation.

2. High frequencies cannot be transmitted due to increased attenuation.

• Sky wave: - This mode of communication is used for frequency range 30 to 40

MHz.Long distance communication can be achieved by ionospheric reflection of
radio waves back towards the earth. The sky wave communication cannot be used
for the frequency more than 30 MHz because frequencies higher than 30 MHz
penetrate the ionosphere and escape.

• Space wave communication: - Communication along a straight line from

transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. This is also called LOS
communication. Microwaves are used in this mode due to their directional property.
Diagram 15.5 page no 521

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 PHYSICS

Total coverage distance

d = √(2RhT) + √(2RhR)

For given value of transmitting and receiving antenna height, To have maximum range
the height of both antenna should be equal.

6. Various modes of communication

Refer Figure 15.6.Page No. 522 of NCERT Gist.Book.

7. Necessityof modulation

a. Size of the antenna = λ or at least = λ/4

=> Before transmission λ should be small or high frequency i. e. there is need for
modulation.

b. Effective power radiated by an antenna

P α ( 1 )2
λ
· For effective radiation of power,λ should be small.

· Should be mixed with high frequency carrier wave.

c. Mixing up of signals: - Due to overlapping / intermixing of signals will not be able

to distinguish between them.

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 PHYSICS

8. Amplitude modulation: - If amplitude of carrier wave is changed in accordance with

the amplitude of base band signal (modulating signal) keeping the frequency
constant, the type of modulation is called amplitude modulation.
Refer Figure 15.8.Page No. 524 of NCERT Book.

• High frequency carrier wave is represented by

ec = Eccoswct

• Base band signal is represented by

em = Emcoswmt

AM Wave is represented as

e = (Ec+ Emcoswmt) coswct

e = Ec(1 + mccoswmt)coswct

Here Em/Ec = ma = Modulation index which is defined as the ratio of amplitude of base
band signal to the amplitude of carrier wave.

¢ e = Eccoswct + maEccoswmtcoswct

⇒e= Eccoswct + ½ maEc(2 coswmtcoswct)

¢ e = Eccoswct + ½ maEccos(wm+wc)t + ½ maEccos(wm-wc)t

This is the equation of A M wave. It consists of three terms –

1. Carrier wave of amplitude Ecand frequency wc .

2. Upper side band (USB) of amplitude maEc/2 and frequency (wc+wm).

3. Lower side band (LSB) of amplitude maEc/2 and frequency (wc-wm).

4. The frequency spectrum of A. M. wave shown.

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 PHYSICS

From the above frequency spectrum we note that –

1. If modulation is 100% even then amplitude of side bands is half of the carrier
amplitude.

2. Band width = (wc+wm) - (wc-wm).

= 2 wm = Twice the frequency of modulation signal.

Production of AM waves

Block diagram Fig 15.10 page no 525 NCERTGist.Book.

Band pass filter: - The function of band pass filter is to reject D. C. components,
low frequencies and high frequencies. This allows to pass only those frequencies
which are centered around wc i.e. (wc +wm) and (wc-wm).

Block diagram of a transmitter

Fig 15.11, page no 526 NCERT Gist. Book

Frequency modulator: - If the frequency of carrier wave is changed in accordance

with base band signal, keeping the amplitude constant, then the type of modulation
is called frequency modulation.

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 PHYSICS

1. What should be the length of dipole antenna for a carrier wave of 5 x 108 Hz? 1

Ans: L = λ\2 = c\v x 2 = 3 x 10 / 5 x 10 x 2 = 0.3m

8 8

2. *A device X can convert one form of energy into another. Another device Y
can be regarded as a combination of a transmitter and a receiver. Name the
devices X and Y.

Ans. (a) Transducer (b) Repeater

3. Name the types of communication that uses carrier waves having frequencies
in the range 1012 to 1016 Hz.

Ans. Optical communication

4. Write the expression for band width in FM.

Ans. width = 2 times frequency of modulating signal

5. What is attenuation? 1

6. What is the role of band pass filter in modulation circuit? 1

Ans. If filters out low and high frequencies and only allow band of frequencies
(wc – wm) to (wc+wm)

7. Distinguish between analog and digital communication 1

8. State the facts by which the range of transmission of signals by a TV tower

can be increased? 1

Ans. by increasing height of transmitting antenna & by increasing height

of receiving antenna

9. What % of AM wave power is carried by side bands for m=1? 1

10. Why moon cannot be used as a communicate satellite? 1

11. Explain why medium waves are better parries of signals than radio waves?
Hint: Uni-directional propagation. 1

12. What is the requirement of transmitting microwaves from one to another on the
earth? 1

Ans: The transmitting and receiving antennas must be in line of sight

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 PHYSICS

13. Name the type of radio waves propagation involved when TV signals broadcast
by a tall antenna are intercepted directly by the receiver antenna. 1

14. Why sky waves are not used for the transmission of TV signals? 1

15. A TV tower has a height of 300m. What is the maximum distance upto which
this TV transmission can be received?

Ans: d = √2Rh = √ 2 x 6400 x 1000 x 300 = 62km

16. How does the effective power radiated by an antenna vary with wavelength? 1

17. Why ground wave propagation is not suitable for high frequency? (OR)Why is
ground wave propagation restricted to frequency up to 1500 kHz? 1

Hint: It is because radio waves having frequency greater than 1500MHz are
strongly absorbed by the ground

18. Why are signals not significantly absorbed by ionosphere in satellite

communication? 1

Hint: It is because satellite communication employs HF carrier i.e. microwaves

19. How many geostationary satellites are required to provide communication link over
the entire globe and how should they be parked? 1

20. * Why is the orbit of a remote sensing satellite called sun synchronous? 1

Hint: it is because when ever such a satellites passes over a particular area of the
Earth, the position of the sun with respect to that area remains the same.

21. At a particular place at a distance of 10km from a transmission station a person can
receive signals but not able to receive signals at 100km, suggest a method how he
can receive signal at 11 km By using antenna. 1

22. Mention the functions of the transponder? 1

Ans: A device fitted on the satellite which receives the signal and retransmits it after
amplification.

23. What type of modulation is used for commercial broadcast of voice signal? 1

24. Over modulation result in distortion of the signal in amplitude modulation. Why? 1

Ans: When carrier wave is over modulated (i.e. ma>1), the modulated wave will be
absent at negative peak of modulating signal. This results in distortion of the signal

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 PHYSICS

25. What would be the modulation index for an amplitude modulated wave for which the
maximum amplitude is ‘a’ while the minimum amplitude is 'b' ?

Ans. Modulation index,

am = Em/Ec ... (1)

Maximum amplitude of modulated wave a=Ec + Em ....(2)

Minimum amplitude of modulated wave b = Ec - Em .... (3)

From (2) and (3), Ec = a+b/2,

Em = a-b/2

From (1), modulation index, am = Em/Ec = (a-b)/2 / (a+b)/2 = a-b/ a+b

26. A carrier wave of peak voltage 20 V is used to transmit a message signal. What
should be the peak voltage of the modulating signal, in order to have a modulation
index of 80% 3

Hint: odulation index, ma = Em / Ec

27. How does the effective power radiated from a linear antenna depend on the
wavelength of the signal to be transmitted? 3

28. Draw a block diagram of a transmitter used in communication system. 2

29. What does the term ‘demodulation’ in communication system mean? 2

30. Distinguish between ‘point-to-point’ and ‘broadcast’ modes of communication. 2

31. Why are repeaters used in communication system? 2

32. Write the function of a transducer in communication system 2

33. Distinguish between ‘sky wave’ and ‘space wave’ modes of propagation. Why is the
sky wave mode of propagation restricted to frequencies upto 40 MHZ 2

34. Draw a block diagram of a detector for AM signal and show, using necessary
processes and the waveforms, how the original message signal is detected from the
input AM wave. 2

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 PHYSICS

35. Why is the frequency of outgoing and incoming signals different in a mobile
phone. 2

36. Suppose you wish to transmit an electronic signal in the audio frequency range over
a long distance directly. Write briefly the three important factors which prevent you
from doing so and explain how you overcome these factors 2

37. What is ground wave communication ? Explain why this mode cannot be used for long
distance communication using high frequencies.

38. What are the three basic units in communication systems ? Write briefly the function of
each of these. Write any three applications of the internet used in communication
systems.

39. For an amplitude modulated wave, the maximum amplitude is found to be 10 V while
the minimum amplitude is 2 V. Determine the value of modulation index µ. What
would be the value of µ if the minimum amplitude is zero volt? Why i generally kept
less than 1 .

Suppose you wish to transmit an electronic signal in the audio frequency range over
a long distance directly. Write briefly the three important factors which prevent you
from doing so and explain how you overcome these factors 2

40. What is ground wave communication? Explain why this mode cannot be used for
long distance communication using high frequencies. 2

41. Write two basic modes of communication. Explain the process of amplitude
modulation. Draw a schematic sketch showing how amplitude modulated signal is
obtained by superposing a modulating signal over a sinusoidal carrier wave 2

42. Write the functions of the following in communication systems: (i) Transmitter
(ii) Modulator 2

43. Write the functions of the following in communication systems: (i) Receiver (ii)
Demodulator 2

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 PHYSICS

44. The carrier wave is given by C(t) = 2 sin (8µ t) volt. The modulating signal is a
square wave as shown. Find modulation index

1
m (t) in volt
1 2
t in second

45. The figure given below shows the block diagram of a generalised communication
system. Identify the element labelled ‘X’ and write its function.

User

Information Transmitter Receiver

Source
Massage Massage
Signal Signal

46. Write three important factors which justify the need of modulating a message signal.
Show diagrammatically how an amplitude modulated wave is obtained when a
modulating signal is superimposed on a carrier wave

47. Block diagram of a receiver is shown in the figure: (a) Identity ‘X’ and ‘Y’. (b) Write
Their functions.

Receiving
Antenna

Amplifier X Detector Y Output

Received
Signal

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 PHYSICS

48. Distinguish between ‘sky waves’ and ‘space waves’ modes of propagation in
communication system. (a) Why is sky wave mode propagation restricted to
frequencies upto 40 MHz? (b) Give two examples where space wave mode of
propagation is used.

49. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 45 m and the height of
the receiving antenna is 80 m. Calculate the maximum distance between them
for satisfactory communication in LOS mode. (Radius of the Earth = 6.4 × 106 m).

50. Name the type of waves which are used for line of sight (LOS) communication. What is
the range of their frequencies?

A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 20 m and the height of
the receiving antenna is 45 m. Calculate the maximum distance between them for
satisfactory communication in LOS mode. (Radius of the Earth = 6.4 × 106 m

51. In the block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM signal, shown in the
figure, identify

x(t) y(t) AM
+ A B
Modulating Wave
signal
Carrier
wave

52. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 45 m and the receiving
antenna is on the ground. Calculate the maximum distance between them for
satisfactory communication in LOS mode. (Radius of the Earth=6.4 × 106 m).

53. Why broadcast frequencies (carrier waves) are sufficiently spaced in amplitude
modulated wave?

54. Give reasons for the following:

(i) For ground wave transmission, size of antenna should be comparable to the
wavelength of the signal, e.g.

(ii) Audio signals converted into electromagnetic waves are not transmitted as such
directly.

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 PHYSICS

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

ELECTROSTATICS

1 MARKS

1) Force of attraction between two point charges placed at a distance of‘d’ is ‘F’. What
distance apart they are kept in the same medium, so that, the force between them is
‘F/3’?

2) Define electric field intensity. Write its S I unit. Write the magnitude and direction of
electric field intensity due electric dipole of length 2a at the midpoint of the line
joining the two charges.

3) Define electric field intensity. Write its S.I unit. Write the magnitude and direction of
electric field intensity due to an electric dipole of length2a at the midpoint of the line
joining the two charges.

4) Sketch the electric lines of force due to point charges q > 0, q < 0 and for uniform
field

5) Define electric flux. Give its S.I unit and dimensional formula.

6) Two point charges 4μc and -2μc are separated by a distance of 1 m in air. At what
point on the line joining the charges is the electric potential zero?

7) Depict the equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point
charges placed at distance d apart.

8) Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges q1
and q2 brought from infinity to that points r1 and r2.

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 PHYSICS

2 MARKS
9) Derive an expression for electric field intensity at a point on the axial line and on the
equatorial line of an electric pole.

10) Derive an expression for torque acting on an electric dipole in a uniform electric filed.

11) Derive an expression for total work done in rotating an electric dipole through an
angle ‘θ’ in uniform electric field.

12) A sphere ‘S1’ of radius ‘r1’ encloses a charge ‘Q’. If there is another concentric sphere
S2 of the radius r2 (r2 > r1) and there be no additional charges between S1 and S2, find
the ratio of electric flux through S1 and S2.

13) State Gauss’s Theorem in electrostatics. Using this theorem, find the electric field
strength due to an infinite plane sheet of charge.

14) State Gauss' theorem. Apply this theorem to obtain the expression for the electric field
intensity at a point due to an infinitely long, thin, uniformly charged straight wire.

15) Using Gauss’ s theorem, show mathematically that for any point outside the shell, the
field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell is the same as if the entire charge of
the shell is concentrated at the centre. Why do you expect the electric field inside the
shell to be zero according to this theorem?

16) Deduce an expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole at any point on
its axis. Mention one contrasting feature of electric of a dipole at a point as compared to
that due to single charge.

17) Define dielectric constant in terms of the capacitance of a capacitor.

3 MARKS

18) Briefly explain the principle of a capacitor. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor, whose plates are separated by a dielectric medium.

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 PHYSICS

19) Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor with air between
the plates. How does the stored energy change if air is replaced by a medium of
dielectric constant ‘K’? ; Also show that the energy density of a capacitor is.

20) A parallel-plate capacitor is charged to a potential difference V by a dc source. The

capacitor is then disconnected from the source. If the distance between the plates is
doubled, state with reason how the following change

(i) electric field between the plates

(ii) capacitance, and

(iii) rgy stored in the capacitor

21) Explain the underlying principle of working of a parallel plate capacitor. If two similar
plates, each of area ‘A’ having surface charge densities ‘+ σ’ & ‘- σ’ are separated
by a
distance ‘ d’ in air, write expressions for (i) the electric field at points between the two
plates, (ii) the potential difference between the plates & (iii) the capacity of the capacitor
so formed

22) A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery and the battery remains connected, a
dielectric slab is inserted in the space between the plates. Explain what changes if any ,
occur in the values of

(I) potential difference between the plates

(II) electric field between the plates

(III) nergy stored in the capacitor.

UNIT II
CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1 MARKS

1. Two wires ‘A’ & ‘B’ are of the same metal and of the same length. Their areas of cross-
section are in the ratio of 2:1. if the same potential difference is applied across each wire
in turn, what will be the ratio of the currents flowing in ‘A’& ‘B’?

2. Explain, with the help of a graph, the variation of conductivity with temperature for a
metallic conductor.

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 PHYSICS

3. Draw V-I graph for ohmic and non-ohmic materials. Give one example for each.

4. Explain how does the resistivity of a conductor depend upon (i) number density ‘n’ of
free electrons, & (ii) relaxation time‘t’.

6. A cell of emf (E) and internal resistance (r) is connected across a variable external
resistance (R) Plot graphs to show variation of (i) E with R (ii) terminal p.d. of the cell
(V) with R.

7. Explain how electron mobility changes from a good conductor

(i) when temperature of the conductor is decreased at constant potential difference

and (ii) applied potential difference is doubled at constant temperature.

8. Write the mathematical relation between mobility and drift velocity of charge carriers
in a conductor. Name the mobile charge carriers responsible for conduction of
electric current in: (i) an electrolyte, & (ii) an ionised gas.

9. Define drift velocity. Establish a relation between current & drift velocity.

10. Define the term current density of a metallic conductor. Deduce the relation
connecting current density ‘J’ & the conductivity ‘σ’ of the conductor when an
electric field ‘E’ is applied to it.

11. Why do we prefer potentiometer to compare the e.m.f of cells than the voltmeter.
Why?

12. State Kirchhoff’s rules of current distribution in an electric network.

13. The variation of potential difference “V’ with length ‘l’ in the case of two
potentiometers ‘X’ & ‘Y’ is as shown in figure. Which one of these two will you prefer
for comparing ‘emf’s of two cells and why?

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 PHYSICS

2 MARKS
14. Draw a circuit diagram using a metre bridge and write the necessary mathematical
relation used to determine the value of an unknown resistance. Why cannot such an
arrangement be used for measuring very low resistance?

15. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain in brief the use of a potentiometer for
comparison of ‘emf’s of two cells.

16. Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the
drift speed of electrons.

17. A number of identical cells, n, each of emf E, internal resistance r connected in

series are charged by a d.c. source of emf E′, using a resistor R.

(i) Draw the circuit arrangement.

(ii) Deduce the expressions for (a) the charging current and (b) the
potential difference across the combination of the cells.

18. Derive the principle of wheatstone bridge using Kirchoff’s law.

19. State Kirchhoff’s rules of current distribution 20

in an electrical network. Using these rules A B
determine the value of the current Ι1 in the I1 40V
I3
electric circuit given below.
F C
I2
E D
80V 20

20. Write the mathematical relation for the resistivity of material in terms of relaxation
time, number density and mass and charge of charge carriers in it.Explain, using this
relation, why the resistivity of a metal increases and that of semi-conductor
decreases with rise in temperature.

21. Calculate the value of the resistance R

in the circuit shown in the figure so that
the current in the circuit is 0·2 A.
What would be the potential
difference between
points A and B?
A

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 PHYSICS

UNIT III
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

1 MARKS

1. A circular coil of radius ‘R’ carries a current ‘I’. Write the expression for the magnetic
field due to this coil at its centre. Find out the direction of the magnetic field.

2. Write the expression for the force on the charge moving in a magnetic field. Use this
expression to define the SI unit of magnetic field.

3. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having positive
susceptibility and the other having negative susceptibility. What does negative
susceptibility signify?

4. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the expression for
the magnetic moment when an electron revolves at a speed around an orbit of
radius in hydrogen atom..

5. Explain with the help of a diagram the term ‘magnetic declination’ at a given place.

6. Define the term ‘angle of dip’. What is the value of the angle of dip at the magnetic
equator? What does it mean?

7. Two wires of equal lengths are bend in the form of two loops. One of the loop is
squareshaped where as the other loop is circular. These are suspended in a uniform
magnetic field and the same current is passed through them. Which loop will
experience greater torque? Give reasons.

8. Explain why steel is preferred for making permanent magnets while soft iron is
preferred for making electromagnets.

9. Draw diagram to show behavior of magnetic field lines near a bar of

1)copper2)aluminum and3)mercury cooled at a very low temperature(4.2K)

10. How will the magnetic field intensity at the centre of the circular coil carrying current
will change, if the current through the coil is doubled and radius of the coil is halved?

11. What do you mean by current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer? On what
factors does it depend?

12. Derive an expression for the force experienced by a current carrying straight
conductor placed in a magnetic field. Under what condition is this force maximum?

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 PHYSICS

2 MARKS

13. Obtain the force per unit length experienced by two parallel conductors of infinite
length carrying current in the same direction. Hence define one ampere.

14. A) If Ҳ -stands for the magnetic susceptibility of a given material, identify the class of
materials for which (a) is a small positive number].
Write the range of relative magnetic permeability of these materials. B) Draw the
pattern of the magnetic field lines when these materials are placed on a strong
magnetic field.

15. Derive an expression for the force acting on a current carrying conductor in a
magnetic field. Under what conditions this force is maximum and minimum?

16. Define the term magnetic moment of current loop. Derive the expression for the
magnetic moment when an electron revolves at a speed ‘v’ around an orbit of radius
r in hydrogen atom. Also calculate the value of Bohr’s magnetic moment.

17. With the help of diagram explain how a galvanometer can be converted into an
ammeter and a voltmeter.

18. To increase the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer by 50%, its resistance
is increased so that the new resistance becomes twice its initial resistance. By what
factor does its voltage sensitivity change?

3 MARKS

19. Write an expression for force experienced by a charged particle moving in a uniform
magnetic field? With the help of labeled diagram, explain principle and working of a
cyclotron. Show that cyclotron frequency does not depend upon the speed of particles.
Write its two limitations.

20. State Ampere’s Circuital Law. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point due
to straight current carrying conductor.

21. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point along the axis of an air cored
solenoid using a Ampere’s circuital law.

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 PHYSICS

22. Derive an expression for torque acting on a rectangular current carrying loop kept in a
uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of torque acting on the loop.

23. With neat diagram, describe the principle, construction and working of a moving coil
galvanometer. Explain the importance of radial field.

24. State Biot Savart Law. Use this law to obtain a formula for magnetic field at the centre of
a circular loop of radius R ,number of turns N carrying current I. Sketch the magnetic
field lines for a current loop clearly indicating the direction of the field.

25. Distinguish the magnetic properties of dia, para- and ferro-magnetic substances
interms of (i) Susceptibility, (ii) magnetic permeability and (iii) coercivity. Give one
example of each of these materials.Draw the field lines due to an external magnetic field
near a (i) diamagnetic,(ii) paramagnetic substance.

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UNIT IV
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION &
ALTERNATING CURRENT

1 MARKS
1. How does the self-inductance of an air core coil change, when (i) the number of
turns in the coils is decreased & (ii) an iron rod is introduced in the coil?

2. What is the effect on the mutual inductance between the pair of coil when (i) the
distance between the coils is increased?(ii) the number of turns in each coil is
decreased? Justify your answer in each case

3. State Lenz’s law. Show that it is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.

4. The closed loop PQRS is moving into uniform magnetic field acting at right angles to the
plane of the paper as shown. State the direction of the induced current in the loop.

X X X X X X
P Q

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X
S R

5. Define mutual inductance and give its S.I. Unit. Write two factors on which the
mutual- inductance between a pair of coil depends.

6. What is the power dissipated in an ac circuit in which voltage & current are given
by V = 230 sin (ωt + π/2) and I = 10 sin ωt?

7. The instantaneous current & voltage of an ac circuit are given by:

i = 10 sin 314t ampere & V = 50 sin 314t volt. What is the power dissipation in th
circuit?

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 PHYSICS

8. The coils in certain galvanometers have fixed core made of a non-magnetic material.
Why doesthe oscillating coil come to rest so quickly in such a core?

9. What are eddy currents? How are these produced? In what sense are eddy currents
considered undesirable in a transformer and how are these reduced in such a
device?

10. Prove that average power consumed over a complete cycle of ac through an ideal
inductor is zero.

11. Prove that an ideal capacitor in an ac circuit does not dissipate power.

12. Distinguish resistance, reactance and impedance.

13. What is an induced emf ? Write Faraday’s law of electroma genetic induction
Express it mathematically.

2 MARKS
15. Derive an expression for: (i) induced emf & (ii) induced current when, a conductor
of length is moved into a uniform velocity v normal to a uniform magnetic field B.
Assume resistance of conductor to be R.

16. Derive an expression for average power consumed over a complete cycle of ac
through an LCR circuit.

17. Define mutual inductance and give its SI unit. Derive an expression for the mutual
inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound over the other.

18. . Define self-inductance and give its S. I. Unit. Derive an expression for self-
inductance of a long, air-cored solenoid of length l, radius r, and having N number of
turns

3 MARKS
19. Explain the term 'capacitive reactance'. Show graphically the variation of capacitive
reactance with frequency of the applied alternating voltage. An a.c. voltage E=E0sinω
t is applied across a pure capacitor of capacitance C. Show mathematically that the
current flowing through it leads the applied voltage by a phase angle of π/2.

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 PHYSICS

20. Explain the term 'inductive reactance'. Show graphically the variation of inductive
reactance with frequency of the applied alternating voltage.

An a.c. Voltage E=E0 sinωt is applied across a pure inductor of inductance L. Show
mathematically that the current flowing through it lags behind the applied voltage by
a phase angle of π/2.

21. An AC source of voltage V = Vm sin ωt is applied across a series LCR circuit. Draw
the phasor diagrams for this circuit, when:

a) Capacitive impedance exceeds the inductive impedance and

b) Inductive impedance exceeds capacitive impedance.

22. A coil of inductance ‘L’, a capacitor of capacitance ‘C’, & a resistor of resistance ‘R’
are all put in series with an alternating source of emf E = E0 sin ωt. Write
expressions for a) total impedance of circuit, and (b) frequency of source emf for
which circuit will show resonance.

23. A circular coil of N-turns & radius ‘R’ is kept normal to a magnetic field, given by:
B = B0 cos ωt. Deduce an expression for the emf induced in this coil. State the rule
which helps to detect the direction of induced current.

24. Discuss a series resonant circuit. Derive an expression for resonant frequency and
show a graphical variation between current and angular frequency of applied ac.
Define quality factor and derive an expression for it.

25. Explain with help of a labelled diagram the principle, construction and working of a
transformer. Mention the various energy losses in a transformer? Explain the role of
transformer in long distance transmission of power?

26. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the principle construction and working of an
a.c generator.

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UNIT V
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

2 MARKS
1. A plane monochromatic light wave lies in the visible region. It is represented by
sinusoidal variation with time by the following components of electric field:

EX = 0, EY = 4 sin [2π/λ (x – Vt)], Ez = 0

Where, ν (freq) = 5 x 10 H
z and ν is velocity.
14

(i) What is the direction of propagation of the wave?

(ii) What is its amplitude? And

(iii) Compute the components of magnetic field.

2. Give two characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Write the expression for the
velocity of electromagnetic waves in terms of permittivity and magnetic permeability
of free space.

3. Find wavelength of electromagnetic waves of frequency 5 x 1019 Hz in free space.

Give its two applications.

4. Name the characteristics of e. m. waves that: (i) increases, & (ii) remains constant in
e. m. spectrum as one moves from radiowave region towards ultraviolet region.

3 MARKS
5. Which constituent radiation of electromagnetic spectrum is used: (i) in radar? (ii) To
photograph internal parts of human body? & (iii) for taking photographs of the sky during
night and foggy condition? Give one reason for your answer in each case.

6. Write any four characteristics of e. m. waves. Give two uses of: (i) Radio waves & (ii)
Microwaves.

7. Name the following constituent radiations of e. m. spectrum which, (i) produce intense
heating effect? (ii) is absorbed by the ozone layer, &(iii) is used for studying crystal
structure.

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 PHYSICS

8. Experimental observations have shown: (i) that X-rays travel in vacuum with a speed

8 -1
of 3 x 10 m s , & (ii) the phenomenon of diffraction and can be polarized. What
conclusion is drawn about the nature of X-rays from each of these observations?

9. Why are infrared radiations referred to as heat waves? Name the radiations which are
next to these radiations in e. m. spectrum having: (i) shorter wavelength, & (ii) longer
wavelength.

10. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by:
By = 8 x 10 sin [2 x 10 t + 300 π x] T
-6 11

(i) Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave &

(ii) Write down the expression for oscillating electric filed.

11. Identify the following electromagnetic radiation as per the wavelengths given below:

(a) 10-3 nm, & (b) 10-3 m, & (c) 1 nm; Write one application of each.

12. Name the constituent radiation of electromagnetic spectrum which

(a) is used in satellite communication.

(b) is used for studying crystal structure.
(c) is similar to the radiations emitted during decay of radioactive nuclei.
(d) has its wavelength range between 390 nm and 770 nm.
(e) is absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer.
(f) produces intense heating effect.

13. What is meant by the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves? Drawdiagram

showing the propagation of the an electromagnetic wave along X direction, indicating
clearly the directions of oscillating electric and magnetic fields associated with it.

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 PHYSICS

UNIT VI
OPTICS
2 MARKS
1. What is the geometrical shape of the wave front when a plane wave passes through a
convex lens?

2. What is total internal reflection? Under what condition does it take place?

3. A convex lens made up of a material of refractive index n1, is immersed in a medium of

refractive index n2. Trace the path of a parallel beam of light passing through the lens
when: (i) (i) n1> n2, (ii) n1 = n2, & (iii) n1< n2..Explain your answer.

4. A concave lens made of material of refractive index n1 is kept in a medium of refractive

index n2. A parallel beam of light is incident on the lens. Complete the path of rays of light
emerging from the concave lens if: (i) n1> n2, (ii) n1 = n2, & (iii) n1< n2.

5. Draw a ray diagram to show how an image is formed by a compound microscope. ?

6. A microscope is focused on a dot at the bottom of a beaker. Some oil is poured into the
beaker to a height of ‘y’cm & it is found necessary to raise microscope through a vertical
distance of ‘x’cm to bring the dot again into focus. Express refractive index of oil in terms
of ‘x’& ‘y’.

7. How does the (i) magnifying power & (ii) resolving power of a telescope change on
increasing the diameter of its objective? Give reasons for your answer.

8. How will magnifying power of a “refracting type astronomical telescope” be affecting on

increasing for its eye piece: (i) the focal length, & (ii) the aperture. Justify your answer.

9. Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of image of a distant object using an
astronomical telescope in the ‘normal adjustment position’

10. Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of image of a distant object using an
astronomical telescope in the near point adjustment.

11. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate image formation by a Cassegrain type reflecting
telescope.

12. Explain with reason, how the resolving power of an astronomical telescope will change
when (i) frequency of the incident light on objective lens is increased (ii) the focal length
of the objective lens is increased & (iii) aperture of the objective lens is halved.

13. Draw a graph to show variation of angle of deviation ‘D’ with that of angle of incidence ‘i’
for a monochromatic ray of light passing through a glass prism of reflecting angle ‘A’.

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 PHYSICS

3 MARKS
14. Derive lens/mirror formula in case of a convex/concave mirror.

15. Stating the assumptions and sign conventions, derive expression for lens maker’ s
formula.

16. A right-angled crown glass prism with critical angle 41○ is placed before an object, ‘PQ’
in two positions as shown in the figures (i) & (ii). Trace the paths of the rays from ‘P’& ‘Q’
passing through the prisms in the two cases.

A A

450
P P
900 B
Q Q
900 450
C B C
(i) (ii)

17. (a) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of an image by a compound
microscope. Write the expression for its magnifying power.

18. (b) Define resolving power of a compound microscope. How does the resolving power
of a compound microscope change, when (i) refractive index of the medium between
the object and the objective lens increases and (ii) Wavelength of the radiation used is
increased?

19. Define the term wave front? Using Huygen’ s construction draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave reflecting at the interface of the two media. Show that the
angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

20. Define the term ‘wave front’. Draw the wave front and corresponding rays in the case of
a (i) diverging spherical wave (ii) plane wave. Using Huygen’ s construction of a wave
front, explain the refraction of a plane wave front at a plane surface and hence deduce
Snell’s law.

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 PHYSICS

21. What is meant by ‘ interference of light’ ? Write any two conditions necessary for
obtainingwell-defined and sustained interference pattern of light.

22. What is the effect on the interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment due to
each of the following operations? Give reason for your answer: (i) Separation between
two slits is increased & (ii) monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light.

23. Draw the curve depicting variation of intensity in the interference pattern in Young’ s
double slit experiment. State conditions for obtaining sustained interference pattern of
light.

24. In a single slit diffraction pattern, how is angular width of central bright maximum
changed when (i) the slit width is decreased, (ii) the distance between the slit and the
screen is increased, & (iii) light of smaller wavelength is used? Justify your answers.

25. Why is diffraction of sound waves easier to observe than diffraction of light waves?
What two main changes in diffraction pattern of a single slit will you observe when the
monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light?

26. In a single slit diffraction experiment, if the width of the slit is doubled, how does the (i)
intensity of light and (ii) width of the central maximum change? Give reason for your
answer.

27. What is wave front? What is the geometrical shape of a wave front emerging from a
convex lens when point source is placed at the focus?
28. What is wave front? Distinguish between a plane wave front and a spherical wave front.
Explain with the help of a diagram, the refraction of a plane wave front at a plane surface
using Huygens’s construction.

29. Using Huygens’ s principle show that for parallel beam incident on a reflecting surface
the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

30. Distinguish between unpolarised and plane polarised light. An unpolarised light is
incident on the boundary between two transparent media. State the condition when the
reflected wave is totally plane polarised. Find out the expression for the angle of
incidence in this case.
31. The following data was recorded for values of object distance and the corresponding
values of image distance in the experiment on study of real image formation by a convex
lens of power +5D. One of the observations is incorrect. Identify the observation and
give reason for your choice.

S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Object distance (cm) 25 30 35 45 50 55
Image distance (cm) 97 6 37 35 32 30

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 PHYSICS
5 MARKS
32. (i) Derive the mirror formula which gives the relation between f, v and u. What is
the corresponding formula for a thin lens?
(ii) Calculate the distance d, so that a real image of an object at O, 15cm in front of a
convex lens of focal length 10cm be formed at the same point O. The radius of
curvature of the mirror is 20cm. Will the image be inverted or erect?

L M

o 15 cm d
33. A spherical surface of radius of curvature ‘R’ separates a rarer and a denser medium as
shown in the figure.

Rarer medium Denser medium

O P C

Complete the path of the incident ray of light, showing the formation of real image.
Hence derive the relation connecting object distance ‘ u’ , Image distance ‘ v’ radius of
curvature ‘ R’ and the refractive indices ‘ n1’ & ‘ n2’ of the media. Briefly explain how the
focal length of a convex lens changes with Increase in wavelength of incident light.

34. State the assumptions and sign conventions in deriving the Lens maker’s formula and
also derive an expression for it.

35. Derive an expression for thin lens formula.

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 PHYSICS

36. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce the conditions for: (i) constructive and
(ii) destructive interference at a point on the screen. Draw a graph showing variation
of the resultant intensity in the interference pattern against position ‘x’ on the screen.
(b) Compare and contrast the pattern which is seen with two coherently illuminated
narrow slits in Young’s experiment with that seen for a coherently illuminated single
slit producing diffraction.

37. State Huygens principle. Using the geometrical construction of secondary wavelets,
explain the refraction of a plane wave front incident at a plane surface. Hence verify
Snell’s law of refraction. Illustrate with the help of diagrams the action of: (i) convex
lens and (ii) concave mirror on a plane wave front incident on it.

38. What is interference of light? Write two essential conditions for sustained
interference pattern to be produced on the screen. Draw a graph showing the
variation of intensity versus the position on the screen in Young’s experiment when
(a) both the slits are opened and (b) one of the slit is closed. What is the effect on
the interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment when: (i) Screen is moved
closer to the plane of slits? (ii)Separation between two slits is increased. Explain
your answer in each case.

39. What are coherent sources of light? Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment are
illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of the same wavelength.
Why is no interference pattern observed?

(b) Obtain the condition for getting dark and bright fringes in Young’s experiment.
Hence write the expression for the fringe width.

(c) If S is the size of the source and its distance from the plane of the two slits, what
should be the criterion for the interference fringes to be seen?

40. What do we understand by ‘polarization of wave’? How does this phenomenon help
us to decide whether a given wave is transverse or longitudinal in nature?

41. Light from an ordinary source (say, a sodium lamp) is passed through a Polaroid
sheet ‘P1’. The transmitted light is then made to pass through a second Polaroid
sheet P2 which can be rotated so that the angle θ between the two Polaroid sheets
varies from 00to 900. Show graphically the variation of intensity of light, transmitted by
P1& P2 as a function of the angle θ. Take the incident beam intensity a Ι0. Why does
the light from a clear blue portion of the sky, show a rise and fall of intensity when
viewed through a Polaroid which is rotated?

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 PHYSICS

42. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Hence
obtain the relation for the angle of deviation in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of
emergence and the angle of the prism.

(b) Deduce the expression for refractive index of glass prism in term of angle of prism
and angle of minimum deviation.

UNIT VII
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER
2 MARKS

1. When a monochromatic yellow coloured light beam is incident on a given

photosensitive surface, photoelectrons are not ejected, while the same surface gives
photoelectrons when exposed to green coloured monochromatic beam. What will
happen if the surface is exposed to: (i) red coloured, monochromatic beam of light?
Justify your answer.

2. What is meant by work function of a metal? How does the value of work function
influence the kinetic energy of electrons liberated during photoelectric emission?

3. Define the terms: (i) work function, (ii) threshold frequency & (iii) stopping potential with
reference of photoelectric effect.

4. The work function of lithium is 2.3 eV. What does it mean? What is the relation between
the work function ‘ωo’and threshold wavelength ‘λo’of a metal?

5. Red light, however bright, cannot cause emission of electrons from a clean zinc surface.
But, even weak ultraviolet radiations can do so. Why?

6. An electron and a proton have same kinetic energy. Which of the two has a greater
wavelength? Explain.

7. Define the term threshold frequency & work function in relation to photoelectric effect.

8. An electron and a proton are moving in the same direction and possess same kinetic
energy. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with these particles.

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 PHYSICS

9. In the photoelectric effect experiment, the graph between the stopping potential ‘V’
and frequency ‘ν’ of the incident radiation on two different metal plates P and Q
are shown in the figure. (i) Which of the two metal plates, P & Q has greater value
of work function? & (ii) What does the slope of the line depict?

Stopping Potantial
P
Q

0
ν

3 MARKS
10. What is photoelectric effect? Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and use it to
explain: (i) independence of maximum energy of emitted photoelectrons from the
intensity of incident light. (ii) Existence of a threshold frequency for the emission of
photoelectrons.

11. Draw the variation of maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons with frequency of
the incident radiation on a photosensitive surface. On the graph drawn, what do the
following indicate: (i) slope of the graph & (ii) intercept on the energy axis.

12. Obtain Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Explain how it enables us to understand the
(i) linear dependence of the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, on the
frequency of the incident radiation & (ii) existence of a threshold frequency for a
given photo emitter.

13. Given below is the graph between frequency (ν) of the incident light and
maximum kinetic energy (E) of emitted photoelectrons. Find the values of: (i)
threshold frequency and (ii) work function from the graph.

Cesium

KE (max) Calcium

νo νo

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 PHYSICS

14. Sketch a graph between frequency of incident radiations and stopping potential for a
given photosensitive materials. What information can be obtained from the value of
intercept on the potential axis? A source of light of frequency greater that the
threshold frequency is replaced at a distance of 1 m from the cathode of a photo cell.
The stopping potential is found to be V. If the distance of the light source from the
cathode is reduced, explain giving reason, what change you will observe in the (I0
photoelectric current & (ii) stopping potential.

15. Explain the laws of photoelectric emission on the basis of Einstein’s photoelectric

equation. Write one feature of the photoelectric effect which cannot be explained on
the basis of wave theory of light.

16. Draw graphs showing the variation of photoelectric current with anode potential of a
photocell for (i) the same frequency but different intensities Ι1> Ι2> Ι3 of incident
radiation, & (ii) the sameintensity but different frequencies ν1> ν2> ν3 of incident
radiation. Explain why the saturation current is independent of the anode potential?

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UNIT VIII
ATOMS & NUCLEI
2 MARKS

1. Define disintegration constant and mean life of a radioactive substance. Give the unit
of each.

2. What is impact parameter? What is the value of impact parameter for a head on
collision? The sequence of the stepwise decays of radioactive nucleus is:

D1 D2 D3 D4

If the nucleon number and atomic number for D2 are respectively 176 & 71, what are
the corresponding values for D and D4 nuclei? Justify your answer.

3. Draw a diagram to show the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass
number for different nuclei. Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in
the processes of nuclear fission and fusion?

4. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is: -13.6 eV; (i) what does the
negative sign signify? & (ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this
atom from the ground state to the first excited state?

5. Give one point of difference between ‘nuclear fission’ & ‘nuclear fusion’. Will neutron
to proto ratio increase or decrease in a nucleus when: (i) an electron, (ii) a positron is
emitted?

6. Sketch the graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a
function of their separation. Write three characteristic properties of nuclear force
which distinguish it from the electrostatic force.

7. State two characteristics of nuclear force. Why does the binding energy per nucleon
decrease with increase in mass number for heavy nuclei like 235U?

8. Define activity of a substance. State its S.I unit. Derive an expression for activity of a
substance.

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3 MARKS

9. State the basic postulates of Bohr’s atomic model & derive an expression for the
energy of an electron in any orbit of hydrogen atom.

10. Derive an expression for the radius of stationary orbit. Prove that the various
stationary orbits are not equally spaced.

11. Derive mathematical expressions for: (i) kinetic energy, & (ii) potential energy of an
electron revolving in an orbit of radius ‘r’; how does the potential energy change with
increase in principal quantum number (n) for the electron and why?

12. Define the decay constant for a radioactive sample. Which of the following radiations
α, β, & γ rays are: (i) similar to X-rays? (ii) easily absorbed by matter? &
(iii) similar in nature to cathode rays?

13. Define the terms: half life period and decay constant of a radioactive sample. Derive
the relation between these terms.

14. In Rutherford’s scattering experiment, mention two important conclusions which can be
drawn by studying the scattering of α particles by an atom. Draw the schematic
arrangement of Geiger and Marsden experiment showing the scattering of α particle by
a thin foil of gold. How does one get the information regarding the size of the nucleus in
this experiment?

15. Sketch the energy level diagram for hydrogen atom. Mark the transitions corresponding
to Lyman and Balmer series.

16. Prove that the instantaneous rate of change of the activity of a radioactive substance is
inversely proportional to the square of its half life.

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UNIT IX
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
2 MARKS
1. How is a p-type semiconductor formed? Name the majority carriers in it. Draw the
energy band diagram of a p-type semiconductor.

2. How is an n-type semiconductor formed? Name the majority carriers in it. Draw the
energy band diagram of a n-type semiconductor.

3. With the help of a diagram, show the biasing of a light emitting diode (LED). Give its two
advantages over conventional incandescent lamps.

4. Draw a circuit diagram to show how a photodiode is biased. Draw its characteristic
curves for two different illumination intensities.

5. Give the logic symbol for an AND gate. Draw the output wave form for input wave forms
for this gate.

3 MARKS
6. What is rectification? How can a diode valve be used as half wave rectifier and
full wave rectifier?

7. Explain how the depletion layer and the barrier potential are formed in a p-n
junction diode.

8. Draw a circuit diagram for use of NPN transistor as an amplifier in common emitter
configuration. The input resistance of a transistor is On changing its base
current by, the collector current increases by 2 m A.
If a load resistance of is used in the circuit, calculate (i) the current gain & (ii)
voltage gain of the amplifier

9. The output of an AND gate is connected to both the inputs of a NAND gate. Draw the
logic circuit of this combination of gates and write its truth table.

10. What is a Zener diode? How it is symbolically represented? With the help of a circuit
diagram, explain the use of Zener diode as a voltage stabilizer.

11. With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the formation of depletion region in a p-n
junction. How does its width change when the junction is: (i) forward biased? & (ii)
reverse biased?

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5 MARKS
12. Explain briefly with the help of a circuit diagram how V-I characteristics of a p-n junction
diodeare obtained in: (i) forward bias & (ii) reverse bias.

13. Explain the function of base region of a transistor. Why this region is made thin and
lightlydoped? Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and the output characteristics of
n-p-n transistor in a common emitter (CE) configuration. Show these characteristics
graphically. Explain how current amplification factor of the transistor is calculated using
output characteristics.

14. Draw the energy bands of p-type and n-type semiconductors. Explain with a circuit
diagram the working of a full wave rectifier.

15. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram the use of an n-p-n transistor as an amplifier in
common emitter configuration. Draw the input and output wave forms of the signal.
Write the expression for its voltage gain.

16. What is an n-p-n transistor? How does it differ from p-n-p transistor? Give their symbols.
Explain transistor action.

UNIT X
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
2 MARKS

1. Draw a block diagram of communication system.

2. Distinguish between point to point and broadcast communication modes. Give

one example of each.

3. Explain the following terms.

a) Ground waves b) Space waves and c) sky waves.

4. What does the term LOS communication mean? Name the types of waves that are
used for this communication. Give typical examples, with the help of a suitable
figure, of communication systems that use space wave mode propagation.

5. Write the function of 1) Transducer and 2) repeater in the context of

communication system.

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7. We do not choose to transmit an audio signal by just directly converting it to an E.M

wave of the same frequency. Give two reasons for the same.

8. Explain briefly with the help of diagrams the terms (i) amplitude modulation and (ii)
Frequency modulation. Which of these (i) gives better quality transmission? (ii) Has a
larger coverage

9. Why is short wave bands used for long distance transmission of signals?

10. Optical and radio telescope are built on the ground but x-ray astronomy is possible only
from satellite?

11. Draw a block diagram for a transmitter and a receiver of AM wave.

3 MARKS

12. Define the term modulation index for an AM wave. What would be the modulation
index for an AM wave for which the maximum amplitude is ‘a’ and the minimum
amplitude is b’

13. A TV tower has a height ‘h’. Derive an expression for maximum distance up to which
the signal can be received from the earth.

14. What is meant by the term modulation? Explain with the help of a block
diagram, how the process of modulation is carried out in AM broadcasts?

15. What is meant by ‘production’ of a modulated carrier wave? Describe briefly

the essential steps with block diagram production.

16. What is meant by ‘detection’ of a modulated carrier wave? Describe briefly the
essential steps with block diagram detection.

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List of reference books and websites- Physics Study Material

Reference Books
1. Conceptual Physics : Paul G Hewitt
2. Principles of Modern Physics : Arthur Beiser
3. University Physics : Young, Freedman : Addison-WeslyLongman,Inc
4. The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Feynman, Leighton& Sands : Narora Publishing
House, New Delhi.
5. Physics Vol I & II : Robert Resnick, David Halliday & Kenreth S Krane : Wiley India
6. Problems in General Physics : I E Irodov : Global Publications
7. Principles of Physics : Brij Lal & Subbramanyam : Eurasia Publication company (Pvt.)
Ltd, New Delhi
8. Schaum’s Solved Problems Series : Alvin Hulpern : McGraw hill Book Company,
New Delhi
9. Conceptual Physics : Paul G Hewitt : Addison – Wesley Publishing Company, California
10. IIT Physics – Tata McGraw Hill

Websites
1. www.plustwophysics.com 9. www.mcwdn.org
2. http://www.sciencedaily.com/ 10. www.phys.hawaii.edu
3. www.askphysics.com 11. www.aacg.bham.ac.uk
4. www.physicsclassroom.com 12. www.imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov
5. http://www.physicstoday.org/ 13. www.atoptics.co.uk
14. http://www.physice.ccsu.edu/LEMAIRE/
6. http://real-world-physics-problems.com
genphys/virtual-physics-labs.htm
7. http://opensourcephysics.org 15. http://zebu.uoregon.edu.
8. www.antonine-education.co.uk 16. http://www.myphysicslab.com/index.html

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