Selenium Python PDF

Selenium Python Bindings
Release 2
Baiju Muthukadan
May 23, 2017

Contents
1 Installation 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Downloading Python bindings for Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Detailed instructions for Windows users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Downloading Selenium server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Getting Started 7
2.1 Simple Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Example Explained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Using Selenium to write tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Walk through of the example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 Using Selenium with remote WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Navigating 13
3.1 Interacting with the page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Filling in forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Drag and drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Moving between windows and frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Popup dialogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6 Navigation: history and location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Locating Elements 17
4.1 Locating by Id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Locating by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Locating by XPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Locating Hyperlinks by Link Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5 Locating Elements by Tag Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6 Locating Elements by Class Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.7 Locating Elements by CSS Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5 Waits 23
5.1 Explicit Waits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2 Implicit Waits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6 Page Objects 27
i
6.1 Test case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2 Page object classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3 Page elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.4 Locators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 WebDriver API 31
7.1 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.2 Action Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.3 Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.4 Special Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.5 Locate elements By . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.6 Desired Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.7 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.8 Firefox WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.9 Chrome WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.10 Remote WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.11 WebElement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.12 UI Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7.13 Color Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.14 Expected conditions Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
8 Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions 61

8.1 How to use ChromeDriver ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.2 Does Selenium 2 support XPath 2.0 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.3 How to scroll down to the bottom of a page ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.4 How to auto save files using custom Firefox profile ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.5 How to upload files into file inputs ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.6 How to use firebug with Firefox ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.7 How to take screenshot of the current window ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9 Indices and tables 65
Python Module Index 67
ii
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2
Author Baiju Muthukadan

License This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
License.
Note: This is not an official documentation. Official API documentation is available here.
Contents 1
2 Contents
CHAPTER 1
Installation
Introduction
Selenium Python bindings provides a simple API to write functional/acceptance tests using Selenium WebDriver.
Through Selenium Python API you can access all functionalities of Selenium WebDriver in an intuitive way.
Selenium Python bindings provide a convenient API to access Selenium WebDrivers like Firefox, Ie, Chrome, Remote
etc. The current supported Python versions are 2.7, 3.5 and above.
This documentation explains Selenium 2 WebDriver API. Selenium 1 / Selenium RC API is not covered here.
Downloading Python bindings for Selenium
You can download Python bindings for Selenium from the PyPI page for selenium package. However, a better ap-
proach would be to use pip to install the selenium package. Python 3.6 has pip available in the standard library. Using
pip, you can install selenium like this:
pip install selenium
You may consider using virtualenv to create isolated Python environments. Python 3.6 has pyvenv which is almost
same as virtualenv.
Drivers
Selenium requires a driver to interface with the chosen browser. Firefox, for example, requires geckodriver, which
needs to be installed before the below examples can be run. Make sure it’s in your PATH, e. g., place it in /usr/bin or
/usr/local/bin.
Failure to observe this step will give you an error selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: ‘geck-
odriver’ executable needs to be in PATH.
3
Other supported browsers will have their own drivers available. Links to some of the more popular browser drivers
follow.
Chrome: https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/downloads
Edge: https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/webdriver/
Firefox: https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases
Safari: https://webkit.org/blog/6900/webdriver-support-in-safari-10/
Detailed instructions for Windows users
Note: You should have internet connection to perform this installation.
1. Install Python 3.6 using the MSI available in python.org download page.
2. Start a command prompt using the cmd.exe program and run the pip command as given below to install
selenium.
C:\Python35\Scripts\pip.exe install selenium
Now you can run your test scripts using Python. For example, if you have created a Selenium based script and saved
it inside C:\my_selenium_script.py, you can run it like this:
C:\Python35\python.exe C:\my_selenium_script.py
Downloading Selenium server
Note: The Selenium server is only required, if you want to use the remote WebDriver. See the Using Selenium
with remote WebDriver section for more details. If you are a beginner learning Selenium, you can skip this section
and proceed with next chapter.
Selenium server is a Java program. Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 1.6 or newer version is recommended to run
Selenium server.
You can download Selenium server 2.x from the download page of selenium website. The file name should be some-
thing like this: selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar. You can always download the latest 2.x version
of Selenium server.
If Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is not installed in your system, you can download the JRE from the Oracle website.
If you are using a GNU/Linux system and have root access in your system, you can also use your operating system
instructions to install JRE.
If java command is available in the PATH (environment variable), you can start the Selenium server using this com-
mand:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar
Replace 2.x.x with actual version of Selenium server you downloaded from the site.
If JRE is installed as a non-root user and/or if it is not available in the PATH (environment variable), you can type the
relative or absolute path to the java command. Similarly, you can provide relative or absolute path to Selenium server
jar file. Then, the command will look something like this:
4 Chapter 1. Installation
/path/to/java -jar /path/to/selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar
1.5. Downloading Selenium server 5

6 Chapter 1. Installation
CHAPTER 2
Getting Started
Simple Usage
If you have installed Selenium Python bindings, you can start using it from Python like this.
from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://www.python.org")
assert "Python" in driver.title
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")
elem.clear()
elem.send_keys("pycon")
elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source
driver.close()
The above script can be saved into a file (eg:- python_org_search.py), then it can be run like this:
python python_org_search.py
The python which you are running should have the selenium module installed.
Example Explained
The selenium.webdriver module provides all the WebDriver implementations. Currently supported WebDriver imple-
mentations are Firefox, Chrome, IE and Remote. The Keys class provide keys in the keyboard like RETURN, F1, ALT
etc.

7
Next, the instance of Firefox WebDriver is created.
The driver.get method will navigate to a page given by the URL. WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded
(that is, the “onload” event has fired) before returning control to your test or script. It’s worth noting that if your page
uses a lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded.:
The next line is an assertion to confirm that title has “Python” word in it:
assert "Python" in driver.title
WebDriver offers a number of ways to find elements using one of the find_element_by_* methods. For example, the
input text element can be located by its name attribute using find_element_by_name method. Detailed explanation of
finding elements is available in the Locating Elements chapter:
Next we are sending keys, this is similar to entering keys using your keyboard. Special keys can be sent using Keys
class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys. To be safe, we’ll first clear any prepopulated text in the input
field (e.g. “Search”) so it doesn’t affect our search results:
elem.clear()
After submission of the page, you should get the result if there is any. To ensure that some results are found, make an
assertion:
Finally, the browser window is closed. You can also call quit method instead of close. The quit will exit entire browser
whereas close‘ will close one tab, but if just one tab was open, by default most browser will exit entirely.:
driver.close()
Using Selenium to write tests
Selenium is mostly used for writing test cases. The selenium package itself doesn’t provide a testing tool/framework.
You can write test cases using Python’s unittest module. The other options for a tool/framework are py.test and nose.
In this chapter, we use unittest as the framework of choice. Here is the modified example which uses unittest module.
This is a test for python.org search functionality:
import unittest
class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
8 Chapter 2. Getting Started

def test_search_in_python_org(self):
driver = self.driver
self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
You can run the above test case from a shell like this:
python test_python_org_search.py
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 15.566s
OK
The above result shows that the test has been successfully completed.
Walk through of the example
Initially, all the basic modules required are imported. The unittest module is a built-in Python based on Java’s JUnit.
This module provides the framework for organizing the test cases. The selenium.webdriver module provides all the
WebDriver implementations. Currently supported WebDriver implementations are Firefox, Chrome, Ie and Remote.
The Keys class provide keys in the keyboard like RETURN, F1, ALT etc.
import unittest
The test case class is inherited from unittest.TestCase. Inheriting from TestCase class is the way to tell unittest module
that this is a test case:
The setUp is part of initialization, this method will get called before every test function which you are going to write
in this test case class. Here you are creating the instance of Firefox WebDriver.
def setUp(self):
This is the test case method. The test case method should always start with characters test. The first line inside this
method create a local reference to the driver object created in setUp method.
driver = self.driver
2.4. Walk through of the example 9

The driver.get method will navigate to a page given by the URL. WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded
(that is, the “onload” event has fired) before returning control to your test or script. It’s worth noting that if your page
uses a lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded.:
The next line is an assertion to confirm that title has “Python” word in it:
self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)
WebDriver offers a number of ways to find elements using one of the find_element_by_* methods. For example, the
input text element can be located by its name attribute using find_element_by_name method. Detailed explanation of
finding elements is available in the Locating Elements chapter:
Next we are sending keys, this is similar to entering keys using your keyboard. Special keys can be send using Keys
class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys:
After submission of the page, you should get result as per search if there is any. To ensure that some results are found,
make an assertion:
The tearDown method will get called after every test method. This is a place to do all cleanup actions. In the current
method, the browser window is closed. You can also call quit method instead of close. The quit will exit the entire
browser, whereas close will close a tab, but if it is the only tab opened, by default most browser will exit entirely.:
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.close()
Final lines are some boiler plate code to run the test suite:
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
Using Selenium with remote WebDriver
To use the remote WebDriver, you should have Selenium server running. To run the server, use this command:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar
While running the Selenium server, you could see a message looking like this:
15:43:07.541 INFO - RemoteWebDriver instances should connect to: http://127.0.0.
˓→1:4444/wd/hub
The above line says that you can use this URL for connecting to remote WebDriver. Here are some examples:
from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities

driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.CHROME)
desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.OPERA)
desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.HTMLUNITWITHJS)
The desired capabilities is a dictionary, so instead of using the default dictionaries, you can specify the values explic-
itly:
desired_capabilities={'browserName': 'htmlunit',
'version': '2',
'javascriptEnabled': True})
2.5. Using Selenium with remote WebDriver 11


CHAPTER 3
Navigating
The first thing you’ll want to do with WebDriver is navigate to a link. The normal way to do this is by calling get
method:
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded (that is, the onload event has fired) before returning control to
your test or script. It’s worth noting that if your page uses a lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when
it has completely loaded. If you need to ensure such pages are fully loaded then you can use waits.
Interacting with the page
Just being able to go to places isn’t terribly useful. What we’d really like to do is to interact with the pages, or, more
specifically, the HTML elements within a page. First of all, we need to find one. WebDriver offers a number of ways
to find elements. For example, given an element defined as:
<input type="text" name="passwd" id="passwd-id" />
you could find it using any of:
element = driver.find_element_by_id("passwd-id")
element = driver.find_element_by_name("passwd")
element = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='passwd-id']")
You can also look for a link by its text, but be careful! The text must be an exact match! You should also be careful
when using XPATH in WebDriver. If there’s more than one element that matches the query, then only the first will be
returned. If nothing can be found, a NoSuchElementException will be raised.
WebDriver has an “Object-based” API; we represent all types of elements using the same interface. This means
that although you may see a lot of possible methods you could invoke when you hit your IDE’s auto-complete key
combination, not all of them will make sense or be valid. Don’t worry! WebDriver will attempt to do the Right Thing,
and if you call a method that makes no sense (“setSelected()” on a “meta” tag, for example) an exception will be
raised.
13
So, you’ve got an element. What can you do with it? First of all, you may want to enter some text into a text field:
element.send_keys("some text")
You can simulate pressing the arrow keys by using the “Keys” class:
element.send_keys(" and some", Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
It is possible to call send_keys on any element, which makes it possible to test keyboard shortcuts such as those used
on GMail. A side-effect of this is that typing something into a text field won’t automatically clear it. Instead, what you
type will be appended to what’s already there. You can easily clear the contents of a text field or textarea with clear
method:
element.clear()
Filling in forms
We’ve already seen how to enter text into a textarea or text field, but what about the other elements? You can “toggle”
the state of drop down, and you can use “setSelected” to set something like an OPTION tag selected. Dealing with
SELECT tags isn’t too bad:
element = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//select[@name='name']")
all_options = element.find_elements_by_tag_name("option")
for option in all_options:
print("Value is: %s" % option.get_attribute("value"))
option.click()
This will find the first “SELECT” element on the page, and cycle through each of it’s OPTIONs in turn, printing out
their values, and selecting each in turn.
As you can see, this isn’t the most efficient way of dealing with SELECT elements . WebDriver’s support classes
include one called “Select”, which provides useful methods for interacting with these:
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select

select = Select(driver.find_element_by_name('name'))
select.select_by_index(index)
select.select_by_visible_text("text")
select.select_by_value(value)
WebDriver also provides features for deselecting all the selected options:
select = Select(driver.find_element_by_id('id'))
select.deselect_all()
This will deselect all OPTIONs from the first SELECT on the page.
Suppose in a test, we need the list of all default selected options, Select class provides a property method that returns
a list:
select = Select(driver.find_element_by_xpath("xpath"))
all_selected_options = select.all_selected_options
To get all available options:
options = select.options
14 Chapter 3. Navigating
Once you’ve finished filling out the form, you probably want to submit it. One way to do this would be to find the
“submit” button and click it:
# Assume the button has the ID "submit" :)

driver.find_element_by_id("submit").click()
Alternatively, WebDriver has the convenience method “submit” on every element. If you call this on an element within
a form, WebDriver will walk up the DOM until it finds the enclosing form and then calls submit on that. If the element
isn’t in a form, then the NoSuchElementException will be raised:
element.submit()
Drag and drop
You can use drag and drop, either moving an element by a certain amount, or on to another element:
element = driver.find_element_by_name("source")
target = driver.find_element_by_name("target")
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

action_chains = ActionChains(driver)
action_chains.drag_and_drop(element, target).perform()
Moving between windows and frames
It’s rare for a modern web application not to have any frames or to be constrained to a single window. WebDriver
supports moving between named windows using the “switch_to_window” method:
driver.switch_to_window("windowName")
All calls to driver will now be interpreted as being directed to the particular window. But how do you know the
window’s name? Take a look at the javascript or link that opened it:
<a href="somewhere.html" target="windowName">Click here to open a new window</a>
Alternatively, you can pass a “window handle” to the “switch_to_window()” method. Knowing this, it’s possible to
iterate over every open window like so:
for handle in driver.window_handles:

driver.switch_to_window(handle)
You can also swing from frame to frame (or into iframes):
driver.switch_to_frame("frameName")
It’s possible to access subframes by separating the path with a dot, and you can specify the frame by its index too.
That is:
driver.switch_to_frame("frameName.0.child")
would go to the frame named “child” of the first subframe of the frame called “frameName”. All frames are evaluated
as if from *top*.
3.3. Drag and drop 15

Once we are done with working on frames, we will have to come back to the parent frame which can be done using:
driver.switch_to_default_content()
Popup dialogs
Selenium WebDriver has built-in support for handling popup dialog boxes. After you’ve triggerd action that would
open a popup, you can access the alert with the following:
alert = driver.switch_to_alert()
This will return the currently open alert object. With this object you can now accept, dismiss, read its contents or even
type into a prompt. This interface works equally well on alerts, confirms, prompts. Refer to the API documentation
for more information.
Navigation: history and location
Earlier, we covered navigating to a page using the “get” command ( driver.get("http://www.example.

com")) As you’ve seen, WebDriver has a number of smaller, task-focused interfaces, and navigation is a useful task.
To navigate to a page, you can use get method:
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
To move backwards and forwards in your browser’s history:
driver.forward()
driver.back()
Please be aware that this functionality depends entirely on the underlying driver. It’s just possible that something
unexpected may happen when you call these methods if you’re used to the behaviour of one browser over another.
Cookies
Before we leave these next steps, you may be interested in understanding how to use cookies. First of all, you need to
be on the domain that the cookie will be valid for:
# Go to the correct domain

driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Now set the cookie. This one's valid for the entire domain
cookie = {‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ : ‘bar’}
driver.add_cookie(cookie)
# And now output all the available cookies for the current URL
driver.get_cookies()
16 Chapter 3. Navigating
CHAPTER 4
Locating Elements
There are various strategies to locate elements in a page. You can use the most appropriate one for your case. Selenium
provides the following methods to locate elements in a page:
• find_element_by_id
• find_element_by_name
• find_element_by_xpath
• find_element_by_link_text
• find_element_by_partial_link_text
• find_element_by_tag_name
• find_element_by_class_name
• find_element_by_css_selector
To find multiple elements (these methods will return a list):
• find_elements_by_name
• find_elements_by_xpath
• find_elements_by_link_text
• find_elements_by_partial_link_text
• find_elements_by_tag_name
• find_elements_by_class_name
• find_elements_by_css_selector
Apart from the public methods given above, there are two private methods which might be useful with locators in page
objects. These are the two private methods: find_element and find_elements.
Example usage:
17
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="Some text"]')

driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//button')
These are the attributes available for By class:
ID = "id"
XPATH = "xpath"
LINK_TEXT = "link text"
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT = "partial link text"
NAME = "name"
TAG_NAME = "tag name"
CLASS_NAME = "class name"
CSS_SELECTOR = "css selector"
Locating by Id
Use this when you know id attribute of an element. With this strategy, the first element with the id attribute value
matching the location will be returned. If no element has a matching id attribute, a NoSuchElementException
will be raised.
For instance, consider this page source:
<html>
<body>
<form id="loginForm">
<input name="username" type="text" />
<input name="password" type="password" />
<input name="continue" type="submit" value="Login" />
</form>
</body>
<html>
The form element can be located like this:
login_form = driver.find_element_by_id('loginForm')
Locating by Name
Use this when you know name attribute of an element. With this strategy, the first element with the name attribute value
matching the location will be returned. If no element has a matching name attribute, a NoSuchElementException
will be raised.
<html>
<body>
<input name="continue" type="button" value="Clear" />
18 Chapter 4. Locating Elements

</form>
</body>
<html>
The username & password elements can be located like this:
username = driver.find_element_by_name('username')
password = driver.find_element_by_name('password')
This will give the “Login” button as it occurs before the “Clear” button:
continue = driver.find_element_by_name('continue')
Locating by XPath
XPath is the language used for locating nodes in an XML document. As HTML can be an implementation of XML
(XHTML), Selenium users can leverage this powerful language to target elements in their web applications. XPath
extends beyond (as well as supporting) the simple methods of locating by id or name attributes, and opens up all sorts
of new possibilities such as locating the third checkbox on the page.
One of the main reasons for using XPath is when you don’t have a suitable id or name attribute for the element you
wish to locate. You can use XPath to either locate the element in absolute terms (not advised), or relative to an element
that does have an id or name attribute. XPath locators can also be used to specify elements via attributes other than id
and name.
Absolute XPaths contain the location of all elements from the root (html) and as a result are likely to fail with only
the slightest adjustment to the application. By finding a nearby element with an id or name attribute (ideally a parent
element) you can locate your target element based on the relationship. This is much less likely to change and can make
your tests more robust.
<html>
<body>
<input name="continue" type="button" value="Clear" />
</form>
</body>
<html>
The form elements can be located like this:
login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/form[1]")
login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[1]")
login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[@id='loginForm']")
1. Absolute path (would break if the HTML was changed only slightly)
2. First form element in the HTML
3. The form element with attribute named id and the value loginForm
The username element can be located like this:
4.3. Locating by XPath 19

username = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[input/@name='username']")
username = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[@id='loginForm']/input[1]")
username = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='username']")
1. First form element with an input child element with attribute named name and the value username
2. First input child element of the form element with attribute named id and the value loginForm
3. First input element with attribute named ‘name’ and the value username
The “Clear” button element can be located like this:
clear_button = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='continue'][@type='button']
˓→")
clear_button = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[@id='loginForm']/input[4]")
1. Input with attribute named name and the value continue and attribute named type and the value button
2. Fourth input child element of the form element with attribute named id and value loginForm
These examples cover some basics, but in order to learn more, the following references are recommended:
• W3Schools XPath Tutorial
• W3C XPath Recommendation
• XPath Tutorial - with interactive examples.
There are also a couple of very useful Add-ons that can assist in discovering the XPath of an element:
• XPath Checker - suggests XPath and can be used to test XPath results.
• Firebug - XPath suggestions are just one of the many powerful features of this very useful add-on.
• XPath Helper - for Google Chrome
Locating Hyperlinks by Link Text
Use this when you know link text used within an anchor tag. With this strategy, the first element with the
link text value matching the location will be returned. If no element has a matching link text attribute, a
NoSuchElementException will be raised.
<html>
<body>
<p>Are you sure you want to do this?</p>
<a href="continue.html">Continue</a>
<a href="cancel.html">Cancel</a>
</body>
<html>
The continue.html link can be located like this:
continue_link = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Continue')
continue_link = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Conti')

Locating Elements by Tag Name
Use this when you want to locate an element by tag name. With this strategy, the first element with the given tag name
will be returned. If no element has a matching tag name, a NoSuchElementException will be raised.
<html>
<body>
<h1>Welcome</h1>
<p>Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
<html>
The heading (h1) element can be located like this:
heading1 = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('h1')
Locating Elements by Class Name
Use this when you want to locate an element by class attribute name. With this strategy, the first element
with the matching class attribute name will be returned. If no element has a matching class attribute name, a
NoSuchElementException will be raised.
<html>
<body>
<p class="content">Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
<html>
The “p” element can be located like this:
content = driver.find_element_by_class_name('content')
Locating Elements by CSS Selectors
Use this when you want to locate an element by CSS selector syntax. With this strategy, the first element with the
matching CSS selector will be returned. If no element has a matching CSS selector, a NoSuchElementException
will be raised.
<html>
<body>
<p class="content">Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
<html>
The “p” element can be located like this:
4.5. Locating Elements by Tag Name 21

content = driver.find_element_by_css_selector('p.content')
Sauce Labs has good documentation on CSS selectors.

CHAPTER 5
Waits
These days most of the web apps are using AJAX techniques. When a page is loaded by the browser, the elements
within that page may load at different time intervals. This makes locating elements difficult: if an element is not yet
present in the DOM, a locate function will raise an ElementNotVisibleException exception. Using waits, we can solve
this issue. Waiting provides some slack between actions performed - mostly locating an element or any other operation
with the element.
Selenium Webdriver provides two types of waits - implicit & explicit. An explicit wait makes WebDriver wait for a
certain condition to occur before proceeding further with execution. An implicit wait makes WebDriver poll the DOM
for a certain amount of time when trying to locate an element.
Explicit Waits
An explicit wait is code you define to wait for a certain condition to occur before proceeding further in the code.
The extreme case of this is time.sleep(), which sets the condition to an exact time period to wait. There are some
convenience methods provided that help you write code that will wait only as long as required. WebDriverWait in
combination with ExpectedCondition is one way this can be accomplished.

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
try:
element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "myDynamicElement"))
)
finally:
driver.quit()
23
This waits up to 10 seconds before throwing a TimeoutException unless it finds the element to return within 10 sec-
onds. WebDriverWait by default calls the ExpectedCondition every 500 milliseconds until it returns successfully. A
successful return is for ExpectedCondition type is Boolean return true or not null return value for all other Expected-
Condition types.
Expected Conditions
There are some common conditions that are frequently of use when automating web browsers. Listed below are
the names of each. Selenium Python binding provides some convenience methods so you don’t have to code an
expected_condition class yourself or create your own utility package for them.
• title_is
• title_contains
• presence_of_element_located
• visibility_of_element_located
• visibility_of
• presence_of_all_elements_located
• text_to_be_present_in_element
• text_to_be_present_in_element_value
• frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it
• invisibility_of_element_located
• element_to_be_clickable
• staleness_of
• element_to_be_selected
• element_located_to_be_selected
• element_selection_state_to_be
• element_located_selection_state_to_be
• alert_is_present
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

element = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, 'someid')))
The expected_conditions module contains a set of predefined conditions to use with WebDriverWait.
Implicit Waits
An implicit wait tells WebDriver to poll the DOM for a certain amount of time when trying to find any element (or
elements) not immediately available. The default setting is 0. Once set, the implicit wait is set for the life of the
WebDriver object.
driver.implicitly_wait(10) # seconds
24 Chapter 5. Waits
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
myDynamicElement = driver.find_element_by_id("myDynamicElement")
5.2. Implicit Waits 25

26 Chapter 5. Waits
CHAPTER 6
Page Objects
This chapter is a tutorial introduction to page objects design pattern. A page object represents an area in the web
application user interface that your test is interacting.
Benefits of using page object pattern:
• Creating reusable code that can be shared across multiple test cases
• Reducing the amount of duplicated code
• If the user interface changes, the fix needs changes in only one place
Test case
Here is a test case which searches for a word in python.org website and ensure some results are found.
import unittest
import page
"""A sample test class to show how page object works"""
def setUp(self):
self.driver.get("http://www.python.org")
"""
Tests python.org search feature. Searches for the word "pycon" then verified
˓→that some results show up.
Note that it does not look for any particular text in search results page.
˓→This test verifies that
the results were not empty.

"""
27
#Load the main page. In this case the home page of Python.org.
main_page = page.MainPage(self.driver)
#Checks if the word "Python" is in title
assert main_page.is_title_matches(), "python.org title doesn't match."
#Sets the text of search textbox to "pycon"
main_page.search_text_element = "pycon"
main_page.click_go_button()
search_results_page = page.SearchResultsPage(self.driver)
#Verifies that the results page is not empty
assert search_results_page.is_results_found(), "No results found."
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
Page object classes
The page object pattern intends creating an object for each web page. By following this technique a layer of separation
between the test code and technical implementation is created.
The page.py will look like this:
from element import BasePageElement
from locators import MainPageLocators
class SearchTextElement(BasePageElement):
"""This class gets the search text from the specified locator"""
#The locator for search box where search string is entered

locator = 'q'
class BasePage(object):
"""Base class to initialize the base page that will be called from all pages"""
def __init__(self, driver):

self.driver = driver
class MainPage(BasePage):
"""Home page action methods come here. I.e. Python.org"""
#Declares a variable that will contain the retrieved text

search_text_element = SearchTextElement()
def is_title_matches(self):
"""Verifies that the hardcoded text "Python" appears in page title"""
return "Python" in self.driver.title
def click_go_button(self):
"""Triggers the search"""
element = self.driver.find_element(*MainPageLocators.GO_BUTTON)
element.click()
28 Chapter 6. Page Objects

class SearchResultsPage(BasePage):
"""Search results page action methods come here"""
def is_results_found(self):
# Probably should search for this text in the specific page
# element, but as for now it works fine
return "No results found." not in self.driver.page_source
Page elements
The element.py will look like this:
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
class BasePageElement(object):
"""Base page class that is initialized on every page object class."""
def __set__(self, obj, value):

"""Sets the text to the value supplied"""
driver = obj.driver
WebDriverWait(driver, 100).until(
lambda driver: driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator))
driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator).send_keys(value)
def __get__(self, obj, owner):

"""Gets the text of the specified object"""
driver = obj.driver
WebDriverWait(driver, 100).until(
lambda driver: driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator))
element = driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator)
return element.get_attribute("value")
Locators
One of the practices is to separate the locator strings from the place where they are being used. In this example,
locators of the same page belong to same class.
The locators.py will look like this:
class MainPageLocators(object):
"""A class for main page locators. All main page locators should come here"""
GO_BUTTON = (By.ID, 'submit')
class SearchResultsPageLocators(object):
"""A class for search results locators. All search results locators should come
˓→here"""
pass
6.3. Page elements 29

30 Chapter 6. Page Objects

CHAPTER 7
WebDriver API
Note: This is not an official documentation. Official API documentation is available here.
This chapter cover all the interfaces of Selenium WebDriver.

Recommended Import Style
The API definitions in this chapter shows the absolute location of classes. However the recommended import style is
as given below:
Then, you can access the classes like this:
webdriver.Firefox
webdriver.FirefoxProfile
webdriver.Chrome
webdriver.ChromeOptions
webdriver.Ie
webdriver.Opera
webdriver.PhantomJS
webdriver.Remote
webdriver.DesiredCapabilities
webdriver.ActionChains
webdriver.TouchActions
webdriver.Proxy
The special keys class (Keys) can be imported like this:
The exception classes can be imported like this (Replace the TheNameOfTheExceptionClass with actual class
name given below):
31
from selenium.common.exceptions import [TheNameOfTheExceptionClass]
Conventions used in the API

Some attributes are callable (or methods) and others are non-callable (properties). All the callable attributes are ending
with round brackets.
Here is an example for property:
• current_url
URL of the current loaded page.
Usage:
driver.current_url
Here is an example for a method:

• close()
Closes the current window.
Usage:
driver.close()
Exceptions
Exceptions that may happen in all the webdriver code.

exception selenium.common.exceptions.ElementNotInteractableException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidElementStateException
Thrown when an element is present in the DOM but interactions with that element will hit another element do
to paint order
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ElementNotSelectableException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when trying to select an unselectable element.
For example, selecting a ‘script’ element.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ElementNotVisibleException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Thrown when an element is present on the DOM, but it is not visible, and so is not able to be interacted with.
Most commonly encountered when trying to click or read text of an element that is hidden from view.
32 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

exception selenium.common.exceptions.ErrorInResponseException(response, msg)

Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when an error has occurred on the server side.
This may happen when communicating with the firefox extension or the remote driver server.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ImeActivationFailedException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when activating an IME engine has failed.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ImeNotAvailableException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when IME support is not available. This exception is thrown for every IME-related method call if IME
support is not available on the machine.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidArgumentException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
The arguments passed to a command are either invalid or malformed.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidCookieDomainException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when attempting to add a cookie under a different domain than the current URL.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidElementStateException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSelectorException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchElementException
Thrown when the selector which is used to find an element does not return a WebElement. Currently this only
happens when the selector is an xpath expression and it is either syntactically invalid (i.e. it is not a xpath
expression) or the expression does not select WebElements (e.g. “count(//input)”).
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSwitchToTargetException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when frame or window target to be switched doesn’t exist.
7.1. Exceptions 33
exception selenium.common.exceptions.MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when the target provided to the ActionsChains move() method is invalid, i.e. out of document.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoAlertPresentException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when switching to no presented alert.
This can be caused by calling an operation on the Alert() class when an alert is not yet on the screen.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchAttributeException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when the attribute of element could not be found.
You may want to check if the attribute exists in the particular browser you are testing against. Some browsers
may have different property names for the same property. (IE8’s .innerText vs. Firefox .textContent)
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchElementException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when element could not be found.
If you encounter this exception, you may want to check the following:
• Check your selector used in your find_by...
• Element may not yet be on the screen at the time of the find operation, (webpage is still loading)
see selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait() for how to write a wait wrapper to wait for an
element to appear.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchFrameException(msg=None, screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSwitchToTargetException
Thrown when frame target to be switched doesn’t exist.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchWindowException(msg=None, screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSwitchToTargetException
Thrown when window target to be switched doesn’t exist.
To find the current set of active window handles, you can get a list of the active window handles in the following
way:
print driver.window_handles
exception selenium.common.exceptions.RemoteDriverServerException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)

exception selenium.common.exceptions.StaleElementReferenceException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when a reference to an element is now “stale”.
Stale means the element no longer appears on the DOM of the page.
Possible causes of StaleElementReferenceException include, but not limited to:
• You are no longer on the same page, or the page may have refreshed since the element was located.
• The element may have been removed and re-added to the screen, since it was located. Such as an
element being relocated. This can happen typically with a javascript framework when values are
updated and the node is rebuilt.
• Element may have been inside an iframe or another context which was refreshed.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.TimeoutException(msg=None, screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Thrown when a command does not complete in enough time.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.UnableToSetCookieException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Thrown when a driver fails to set a cookie.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.UnexpectedAlertPresentException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None,
alert_text=None)
Thrown when an unexpected alert is appeared.
Usually raised when when an expected modal is blocking webdriver form executing any more commands.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.UnexpectedTagNameException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Thrown when a support class did not get an expected web element.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException(msg=None, screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Bases: exceptions.Exception
Base webdriver exception.
Action Chains
The ActionChains implementation,
7.2. Action Chains 35

class selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains(driver)
Bases: object
ActionChains are a way to automate low level interactions such as mouse movements, mouse button actions,
key press, and context menu interactions. This is useful for doing more complex actions like hover over and
drag and drop.
Generate user actions. When you call methods for actions on the ActionChains object, the actions are stored
in a queue in the ActionChains object. When you call perform(), the events are fired in the order they are
queued up.
ActionChains can be used in a chain pattern:
menu = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".nav")
hidden_submenu = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".nav #submenu1")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(menu).click(hidden_submenu).perform()
Or actions can be queued up one by one, then performed.:
menu = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".nav")
hidden_submenu = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".nav #submenu1")
actions = ActionChains(driver)
actions.move_to_element(menu)
actions.click(hidden_submenu)
actions.perform()
Either way, the actions are performed in the order they are called, one after another.
click(on_element=None)
Clicks an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to click. If None, clicks on current mouse position.
click_and_hold(on_element=None)
Holds down the left mouse button on an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to mouse down. If None, clicks on current mouse position.
context_click(on_element=None)
Performs a context-click (right click) on an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to context-click. If None, clicks on current mouse position.
double_click(on_element=None)
Double-clicks an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to double-click. If None, clicks on current mouse position.
drag_and_drop(source, target)
Holds down the left mouse button on the source element, then moves to the target element and releases
the mouse button.
Args

• source: The element to mouse down.

• target: The element to mouse up.
drag_and_drop_by_offset(source, xoffset, yoffset)

Holds down the left mouse button on the source element, then moves to the target offset and releases
the mouse button.
Args
• source: The element to mouse down.
• xoffset: X offset to move to.
• yoffset: Y offset to move to.
key_down(value, element=None)
Sends a key press only, without releasing it. Should only be used with modifier keys (Control, Alt and
Shift).
Args
• value: The modifier key to send. Values are defined in Keys class.
• element: The element to send keys. If None, sends a key to current focused element.
Example, pressing ctrl+c:
ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys('c').key_up(Keys.
˓→CONTROL).perform()
key_up(value, element=None)
Releases a modifier key.
Args
• value: The modifier key to send. Values are defined in Keys class.
• element: The element to send keys. If None, sends a key to current focused element.
Example, pressing ctrl+c:
ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys('c').key_up(Keys.
˓→CONTROL).perform()
move_by_offset(xoffset, yoffset)
Moving the mouse to an offset from current mouse position.
Args
• xoffset: X offset to move to, as a positive or negative integer.
• yoffset: Y offset to move to, as a positive or negative integer.
move_to_element(to_element)
Moving the mouse to the middle of an element.
Args
• to_element: The WebElement to move to.
move_to_element_with_offset(to_element, xoffset, yoffset)
7.2. Action Chains 37

Move the mouse by an offset of the specified element. Offsets are relative to the top-left corner of the
element.
Args
• to_element: The WebElement to move to.
• xoffset: X offset to move to.
• yoffset: Y offset to move to.
perform()
Performs all stored actions.
release(on_element=None)
Releasing a held mouse button on an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to mouse up. If None, releases on current mouse position.
reset_actions()
Clears actions that are already stored on the remote end.
send_keys(*keys_to_send)
Sends keys to current focused element.
Args
• keys_to_send: The keys to send. Modifier keys constants can be found in the ‘Keys’ class.
send_keys_to_element(element, *keys_to_send)
Sends keys to an element.
Args
• element: The element to send keys.
• keys_to_send: The keys to send. Modifier keys constants can be found in the ‘Keys’ class.
Alerts
The Alert implementation.

class selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert(driver)
Bases: object
Allows to work with alerts.
Use this class to interact with alert prompts. It contains methods for dismissing, accepting, inputting, and getting
text from alert prompts.
Accepting / Dismissing alert prompts:
Alert(driver).accept()
Alert(driver).dismiss()
Inputting a value into an alert prompt:

name_prompt = Alert(driver) name_prompt.send_keys(“Willian Shakesphere”)
name_prompt.accept()
Reading a the text of a prompt for verification:

alert_text = Alert(driver).text self.assertEqual(“Do you wish to quit?”, alert_text)

accept()
Accepts the alert available.
Usage:: Alert(driver).accept() # Confirm a alert dialog.
authenticate(username, password)
Send the username / password to an Authenticated dialog (like with Basic HTTP Auth). Implicitly ‘clicks
ok’
Usage:: driver.switch_to.alert.authenticate(‘cheese’, ‘secretGouda’)
Args -username: string to be set in the username section of the dialog -password: string to be
set in the password section of the dialog
dismiss()
Dismisses the alert available.
send_keys(keysToSend)
Send Keys to the Alert.
Args
• keysToSend: The text to be sent to Alert.
text
Gets the text of the Alert.
Special Keys
The Keys implementation.

class selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
Bases: object
Set of special keys codes.
ADD = u’\ue025’
ALT = u’\ue00a’
ARROW_DOWN = u’\ue015’
ARROW_LEFT = u’\ue012’
ARROW_RIGHT = u’\ue014’
ARROW_UP = u’\ue013’
BACKSPACE = u’\ue003’
BACK_SPACE = u’\ue003’
CANCEL = u’\ue001’
CLEAR = u’\ue005’
COMMAND = u’\ue03d’
CONTROL = u’\ue009’
DECIMAL = u’\ue028’
DELETE = u’\ue017’
7.4. Special Keys 39

DIVIDE = u’\ue029’
DOWN = u’\ue015’
END = u’\ue010’
ENTER = u’\ue007’
EQUALS = u’\ue019’
ESCAPE = u’\ue00c’
F1 = u’\ue031’
F10 = u’\ue03a’
F11 = u’\ue03b’
F12 = u’\ue03c’
F2 = u’\ue032’
F3 = u’\ue033’
F4 = u’\ue034’
F5 = u’\ue035’
F6 = u’\ue036’
F7 = u’\ue037’
F8 = u’\ue038’
F9 = u’\ue039’
HELP = u’\ue002’
HOME = u’\ue011’
INSERT = u’\ue016’
LEFT = u’\ue012’
LEFT_ALT = u’\ue00a’
LEFT_CONTROL = u’\ue009’
LEFT_SHIFT = u’\ue008’
META = u’\ue03d’
MULTIPLY = u’\ue024’
NULL = u’\ue000’
NUMPAD0 = u’\ue01a’
NUMPAD1 = u’\ue01b’
NUMPAD2 = u’\ue01c’
NUMPAD3 = u’\ue01d’
NUMPAD4 = u’\ue01e’
NUMPAD5 = u’\ue01f’
NUMPAD6 = u’\ue020’

PAGE_DOWN = u’\ue00f’
PAGE_UP = u’\ue00e’
PAUSE = u’\ue00b’
RETURN = u’\ue006’
RIGHT = u’\ue014’
SEMICOLON = u’\ue018’
SEPARATOR = u’\ue026’
SHIFT = u’\ue008’
SPACE = u’\ue00d’
SUBTRACT = u’\ue027’
TAB = u’\ue004’
UP = u’\ue013’
Locate elements By
These are the attributes which can be used to locate elements. See the Locating Elements chapter for example usages.
The By implementation.
class selenium.webdriver.common.by.By
Bases: object
Set of supported locator strategies.
CLASS_NAME = ‘class name’
CSS_SELECTOR = ‘css selector’
ID = ‘id’
LINK_TEXT = ‘link text’
NAME = ‘name’
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT = ‘partial link text’
TAG_NAME = ‘tag name’
XPATH = ‘xpath’
Desired Capabilities
See the Using Selenium with remote WebDriver section for example usages of desired capabilities. The Desired
Capabilities implementation.
class selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
Bases: object
Set of default supported desired capabilities.
7.5. Locate elements By 41

Use this as a starting point for creating a desired capabilities object for requesting remote webdrivers for con-
necting to selenium server or selenium grid.
Usage Example:
selenium_grid_url = "http://198.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub"
# Create a desired capabilities object as a starting point.

capabilities = DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX.copy()
capabilities['platform'] = "WINDOWS"
capabilities['version'] = "10"
# Instantiate an instance of Remote WebDriver with the desired capabilities.

driver = webdriver.Remote(desired_capabilities=capabilities,
command_executor=selenium_grid_url)
Note: Always use ‘.copy()’ on the DesiredCapabilities object to avoid the side effects of altering the Global
class instance.
ANDROID = {‘platform’: ‘ANDROID’, ‘browserName’: ‘android’, ‘version’: ‘’}
CHROME = {‘platform’: ‘ANY’, ‘browserName’: ‘chrome’, ‘version’: ‘’}
EDGE = {‘platform’: ‘WINDOWS’, ‘browserName’: ‘MicrosoftEdge’, ‘version’: ‘’}
FIREFOX = {‘acceptInsecureCerts’: True, ‘browserName’: ‘firefox’, ‘marionette’: True}
HTMLUNIT = {‘platform’: ‘ANY’, ‘browserName’: ‘htmlunit’, ‘version’: ‘’}
HTMLUNITWITHJS = {‘platform’: ‘ANY’, ‘browserName’: ‘htmlunit’, ‘version’: ‘firefox’, ‘javascriptEnabled’: True}
INTERNETEXPLORER = {‘platform’: ‘WINDOWS’, ‘browserName’: ‘internet explorer’, ‘version’: ‘’}
IPAD = {‘platform’: ‘MAC’, ‘browserName’: ‘iPad’, ‘version’: ‘’}
IPHONE = {‘platform’: ‘MAC’, ‘browserName’: ‘iPhone’, ‘version’: ‘’}
OPERA = {‘platform’: ‘ANY’, ‘browserName’: ‘opera’, ‘version’: ‘’}
PHANTOMJS = {‘platform’: ‘ANY’, ‘browserName’: ‘phantomjs’, ‘version’: ‘’, ‘javascriptEnabled’: True}
SAFARI = {‘platform’: ‘MAC’, ‘browserName’: ‘safari’, ‘version’: ‘’}
Utilities
The Utils methods.

selenium.webdriver.common.utils.find_connectable_ip(host, port=None)
Resolve a hostname to an IP, preferring IPv4 addresses.
We prefer IPv4 so that we don’t change behavior from previous IPv4-only implementations, and because some
drivers (e.g., FirefoxDriver) do not support IPv6 connections.
If the optional port number is provided, only IPs that listen on the given port are considered.
Args
• host - A hostname.
• port - Optional port number.

Returns A single IP address, as a string. If any IPv4 address is found, one is returned. Otherwise, if
any IPv6 address is found, one is returned. If neither, then None is returned.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.free_port()
Determines a free port using sockets.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.is_connectable(port, host=’localhost’)
Tries to connect to the server at port to see if it is running.
Args
• port - The port to connect.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.is_url_connectable(port)
Tries to connect to the HTTP server at /status path and specified port to see if it responds successfully.
Args
• port - The port to connect.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.join_host_port(host, port)
Joins a hostname and port together.
This is a minimal implementation intended to cope with IPv6 literals. For example, _join_host_port(‘::1’, 80)
== ‘[::1]:80’.
Args
• host - A hostname.
• port - An integer port.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.keys_to_typing(value)
Processes the values that will be typed in the element.
Firefox WebDriver
class selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver(firefox_profile=None, fire-

fox_binary=None, timeout=30,
capabilities=None, proxy=None,
executable_path=’geckodriver’,
firefox_options=None,
log_path=’geckodriver.log’)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
context(*args, **kwds)
Sets the context that Selenium commands are running in using a with statement. The state of the context
on the server is saved before entering the block, and restored upon exiting it.
Parameters context – Context, may be one of the class properties CONTEXT_CHROME or
CONTEXT_CONTENT.
Usage example:
with selenium.context(selenium.CONTEXT_CHROME):
# chrome scope
... do stuff ...
quit()
Quits the driver and close every associated window.
7.8. Firefox WebDriver 43

set_context(context)
CONTEXT_CHROME = ‘chrome’
CONTEXT_CONTENT = ‘content’
NATIVE_EVENTS_ALLOWED = True
firefox_profile
Chrome WebDriver
class selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver(executable_path=’chromedriver’,
port=0, chrome_options=None,
service_args=None, de-
sired_capabilities=None, ser-
vice_log_path=None)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
Controls the ChromeDriver and allows you to drive the browser.
You will need to download the ChromeDriver executable from http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/
index.html
create_options()
launch_app(id)
Launches Chrome app specified by id.
quit()
Closes the browser and shuts down the ChromeDriver executable that is started when starting the
ChromeDriver
Remote WebDriver
The WebDriver implementation.

class selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver(command_executor=’http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub’,
desired_capabilities=None,
browser_profile=None,
proxy=None, keep_alive=False,
file_detector=None)
Bases: object
Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server. This server is expected to be running the Web-
Driver wire protocol as defined at https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
Attributes
• session_id - String ID of the browser session started and controlled by this WebDriver.
• capabilities - Dictionaty of effective capabilities of this browser session as returned
by the remote server. See https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/
DesiredCapabilities
• command_executor - remote_connection.RemoteConnection object used to execute com-
mands.
• error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to handle errors.

add_cookie(cookie_dict)
Adds a cookie to your current session.
Args
• cookie_dict: A dictionary object, with required keys - “name” and “value”; optional
keys - “path”, “domain”, “secure”, “expiry”
Usage: driver.add_cookie({‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ : ‘bar’}) driver.add_cookie({‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ :

‘bar’, ‘path’ : ‘/’}) driver.add_cookie({‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ : ‘bar’, ‘path’ : ‘/’, ‘secure’:True})
back()
Goes one step backward in the browser history.
Usage driver.back()
close()
Closes the current window.
Usage driver.close()
create_web_element(element_id)
Creates a web element with the specified element_id.
delete_all_cookies()
Delete all cookies in the scope of the session.
Usage driver.delete_all_cookies()
delete_cookie(name)
Deletes a single cookie with the given name.
Usage driver.delete_cookie(‘my_cookie’)
execute(driver_command, params=None)
Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
Args
• driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
• params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns The command’s JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
execute_async_script(script, *args)
Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
Args
• script: The JavaScript to execute.
• *args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
Usage driver.execute_async_script(‘document.title’)
execute_script(script, *args)
Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
Args
• script: The JavaScript to execute.
• *args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
Usage driver.execute_script(‘document.title’)
7.10. Remote WebDriver 45

file_detector_context(*args, **kwds)
Overrides the current file detector (if necessary) in limited context. Ensures the original file detector is set
afterwards.
Example:
with webdriver.file_detector_context(UselessFileDetector): someinput.send_keys(‘/etc/hosts’)
Args
• file_detector_class - Class of the desired file detector. If the class is different from
the current file_detector, then the class is instantiated with args and kwargs and used as
a file detector during the duration of the context manager.
• args - Optional arguments that get passed to the file detector class during
instantiation.
• kwargs - Keyword arguments, passed the same way as args.
find_element(by=’id’, value=None)
‘Private’ method used by the find_element_by_* methods.
Usage Use the corresponding find_element_by_* instead of this.
Return type WebElement
find_element_by_class_name(name)
Finds an element by class name.
Args
• name: The class name of the element to find.
Usage driver.find_element_by_class_name(‘foo’)
find_element_by_css_selector(css_selector)
Finds an element by css selector.
Args
• css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
Usage driver.find_element_by_css_selector(‘#foo’)
find_element_by_id(id_)
Finds an element by id.
Args
• id_ - The id of the element to be found.
Usage driver.find_element_by_id(‘foo’)
find_element_by_link_text(link_text)
Finds an element by link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the element to be found.
Usage driver.find_element_by_link_text(‘Sign In’)
find_element_by_name(name)
Finds an element by name.
Args

• name: The name of the element to find.

Usage driver.find_element_by_name(‘foo’)
find_element_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
Finds an element by a partial match of its link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.
Usage driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(‘Sign’)
find_element_by_tag_name(name)
Finds an element by tag name.
Args
• name: The tag name of the element to find.
Usage driver.find_element_by_tag_name(‘foo’)
find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
Finds an element by xpath.
Args
• xpath - The xpath locator of the element to find.
Usage driver.find_element_by_xpath(‘//div/td[1]’)
find_elements(by=’id’, value=None)
‘Private’ method used by the find_elements_by_* methods.
Usage Use the corresponding find_elements_by_* instead of this.
Return type list of WebElement
find_elements_by_class_name(name)
Finds elements by class name.
Args
• name: The class name of the elements to find.
Usage driver.find_elements_by_class_name(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector)
Finds elements by css selector.
Args
• css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
Usage driver.find_elements_by_css_selector(‘.foo’)
find_elements_by_id(id_)
Finds multiple elements by id.
Args
• id_ - The id of the elements to be found.
Usage driver.find_elements_by_id(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_link_text(text)
Finds elements by link text.
Args

• link_text: The text of the elements to be found.

Usage driver.find_elements_by_link_text(‘Sign In’)
find_elements_by_name(name)
Finds elements by name.
Args
• name: The name of the elements to find.
Usage driver.find_elements_by_name(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
Finds elements by a partial match of their link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.
Usage driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(‘Sign’)
find_elements_by_tag_name(name)
Finds elements by tag name.
Args
• name: The tag name the use when finding elements.
Usage driver.find_elements_by_tag_name(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_xpath(xpath)
Finds multiple elements by xpath.
Args
• xpath - The xpath locator of the elements to be found.
Usage driver.find_elements_by_xpath(“//div[contains(@class, ‘foo’)]”)
forward()
Goes one step forward in the browser history.
Usage driver.forward()
get(url)
Loads a web page in the current browser session.
get_cookie(name)
Get a single cookie by name. Returns the cookie if found, None if not.
Usage driver.get_cookie(‘my_cookie’)
get_cookies()
Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the current session.
Usage driver.get_cookies()
get_log(log_type)
Gets the log for a given log type
Args
• log_type: type of log that which will be returned
Usage driver.get_log(‘browser’) driver.get_log(‘driver’) driver.get_log(‘client’)
driver.get_log(‘server’)

get_screenshot_as_base64()
Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string which is useful in embedded
images in HTML.
Usage driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()
get_screenshot_as_file(filename)
Gets the screenshot of the current window. Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True.
Use full paths in your filename.
Args
• filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to.
Usage driver.get_screenshot_as_file(‘/Screenshots/foo.png’)
get_screenshot_as_png()
Gets the screenshot of the current window as a binary data.
Usage driver.get_screenshot_as_png()
get_window_position(windowHandle=’current’)
Gets the x,y position of the current window.
Usage driver.get_window_position()
get_window_rect()
Gets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width of the current window.
Usage driver.get_window_rect()
get_window_size(windowHandle=’current’)
Gets the width and height of the current window.
Usage driver.get_window_size()
implicitly_wait(time_to_wait)
Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found, or a command to complete. This
method only needs to be called one time per session. To set the timeout for calls to exe-
cute_async_script, see set_script_timeout.
Args
• time_to_wait: Amount of time to wait (in seconds)
Usage driver.implicitly_wait(30)
maximize_window()
Maximizes the current window that webdriver is using
quit()
Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
Usage driver.quit()
refresh()
Refreshes the current page.
Usage driver.refresh()
save_screenshot(filename)

Gets the screenshot of the current window. Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True.
Args
Usage driver.save_screenshot(‘/Screenshots/foo.png’)
set_page_load_timeout(time_to_wait)
Set the amount of time to wait for a page load to complete before throwing an error.
Args
• time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait
Usage driver.set_page_load_timeout(30)
set_script_timeout(time_to_wait)
Set the amount of time that the script should wait during an execute_async_script call before throw-
ing an error.
Args
• time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait (in seconds)
Usage driver.set_script_timeout(30)
set_window_position(x, y, windowHandle=’current’)
Sets the x,y position of the current window. (window.moveTo)
Args
• x: the x-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
• y: the y-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
Usage driver.set_window_position(0,0)
set_window_rect(x=None, y=None, width=None, height=None)
Sets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width of the current window.
Usage driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10) driver.set_window_rect(width=100, height=200)
driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10, width=100, height=200)
set_window_size(width, height, windowHandle=’current’)
Sets the width and height of the current window. (window.resizeTo)
Args
• width: the width in pixels to set the window to
• height: the height in pixels to set the window to
Usage driver.set_window_size(800,600)
start_client()
Called before starting a new session. This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior.
start_session(capabilities, browser_profile=None)
Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
Args

• browser_name - The name of the browser to request.

• version - Which browser version to request.
• platform - Which platform to request the browser on.
• javascript_enabled - Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
• browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only
used if Firefox is requested.
stop_client()
Called after executing a quit command. This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown be-
havior.
switch_to_active_element()
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.active_element
switch_to_alert()
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.alert
switch_to_default_content()
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.default_content
switch_to_frame(frame_reference)
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.frame
switch_to_window(window_name)
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.window
application_cache
Returns a ApplicationCache Object to interact with the browser app cache
current_url
Gets the URL of the current page.
Usage driver.current_url
current_window_handle
Returns the handle of the current window.
Usage driver.current_window_handle
desired_capabilities
returns the drivers current desired capabilities being used
file_detector
log_types
Gets a list of the available log types
Usage driver.log_types
mobile
name
Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance.
Usage
• driver.name
orientation
Gets the current orientation of the device
Usage orientation = driver.orientation

page_source
Gets the source of the current page.
Usage driver.page_source
switch_to
title
Returns the title of the current page.
Usage driver.title
window_handles
Returns the handles of all windows within the current session.
Usage driver.window_handles
WebElement
class selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement(parent, id_, w3c=False)

Bases: object
Represents a DOM element.
Generally, all interesting operations that interact with a document will be performed through this interface.
All method calls will do a freshness check to ensure that the element reference is still valid. This es-
sentially determines whether or not the element is still attached to the DOM. If this test fails, then an
StaleElementReferenceException is thrown, and all future calls to this instance will fail.
clear()
Clears the text if it’s a text entry element.
click()
Clicks the element.
find_element(by=’id’, value=None)
find_element_by_class_name(name)
Finds element within this element’s children by class name.
Args
• name - class name to search for.
find_element_by_css_selector(css_selector)
Finds element within this element’s children by CSS selector.
Args
• css_selector - CSS selctor string, ex: ‘a.nav#home’
find_element_by_id(id_)
Finds element within this element’s children by ID.
Args
• id_ - ID of child element to locate.
find_element_by_link_text(link_text)
Finds element within this element’s children by visible link text.
Args

• link_text - Link text string to search for.

find_element_by_name(name)
Finds element within this element’s children by name.
Args
• name - name property of the element to find.
find_element_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
Finds element within this element’s children by partially visible link text.
Args
find_element_by_tag_name(name)
Finds element within this element’s children by tag name.
Args
• name - name of html tag (eg: h1, a, span)
find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
Finds element by xpath.
Args xpath - xpath of element to locate. “//input[@class=’myelement’]”
Note: The base path will be relative to this element’s location.
This will select the first link under this element.
myelement.find_elements_by_xpath(".//a")
However, this will select the first link on the page.
myelement.find_elements_by_xpath("//a")
find_elements(by=’id’, value=None)
find_elements_by_class_name(name)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by class name.
Args
• name - class name to search for.
find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by CSS selector.
Args
• css_selector - CSS selctor string, ex: ‘a.nav#home’
find_elements_by_id(id_)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by ID.
Args
• id_ - Id of child element to find.
find_elements_by_link_text(link_text)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by visible link text.
Args
7.11. WebElement 53
find_elements_by_name(name)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by name.
Args
• name - name property to search for.
find_elements_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by link text.
Args
find_elements_by_tag_name(name)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by tag name.
Args
• name - name of html tag (eg: h1, a, span)
find_elements_by_xpath(xpath)
Finds elements within the element by xpath.
Args
• xpath - xpath locator string.
Note: The base path will be relative to this element’s location.
This will select all links under this element.
myelement.find_elements_by_xpath(".//a")
However, this will select all links in the page itself.
myelement.find_elements_by_xpath("//a")
get_attribute(name)
Gets the given attribute or property of the element.
This method will first try to return the value of a property with the given name. If a property with that
name doesn’t exist, it returns the value of the attribute with the same name. If there’s no attribute with that
name, None is returned.
Values which are considered truthy, that is equals “true” or “false”, are returned as booleans. All other
non-None values are returned as strings. For attributes or properties which do not exist, None is returned.
Args
• name - Name of the attribute/property to retrieve.
Example:
# Check if the "active" CSS class is applied to an element.

is_active = "active" in target_element.get_attribute("class")
get_property(name)
Gets the given property of the element.
Args
• name - Name of the property to retrieve.
Example:

# Check if the "active" CSS class is applied to an element.

text_length = target_element.get_property("text_length")
is_displayed()
Whether the element is visible to a user.
is_enabled()
Returns whether the element is enabled.
is_selected()
Returns whether the element is selected.
Can be used to check if a checkbox or radio button is selected.
screenshot(filename)
Gets the screenshot of the current element. Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True.
Args
Usage element.screenshot(‘/Screenshots/foo.png’)
send_keys(*value)
Simulates typing into the element.
Args
• value - A string for typing, or setting form fields. For setting file inputs, this could be a
local file path.
Use this to send simple key events or to fill out form fields:
form_textfield = driver.find_element_by_name('username')
form_textfield.send_keys("admin")
This can also be used to set file inputs.
file_input = driver.find_element_by_name('profilePic')
file_input.send_keys("path/to/profilepic.gif")
# Generally it's better to wrap the file path in one of the methods
# in os.path to return the actual path to support cross OS testing.
# file_input.send_keys(os.path.abspath("path/to/profilepic.gif"))
submit()
Submits a form.
value_of_css_property(property_name)
The value of a CSS property.
id
Internal ID used by selenium.
This is mainly for internal use. Simple use cases such as checking if 2 webelements refer to the same
element, can be done using ==:
if element1 == element2:
print("These 2 are equal")
7.11. WebElement 55
location
The location of the element in the renderable canvas.
location_once_scrolled_into_view
THIS PROPERTY MAY CHANGE WITHOUT WARNING. Use this to discover where on the screen an
element is so that we can click it. This method should cause the element to be scrolled into view.
Returns the top lefthand corner location on the screen, or None if the element is not visible.
parent
Internal reference to the WebDriver instance this element was found from.
rect
A dictionary with the size and location of the element.
screenshot_as_base64
Gets the screenshot of the current element as a base64 encoded string.
Usage img_b64 = element.screenshot_as_base64
screenshot_as_png
Gets the screenshot of the current element as a binary data.
Usage element_png = element.screenshot_as_png
size
The size of the element.
tag_name
This element’s tagName property.
text
The text of the element.
UI Support
class selenium.webdriver.support.select.Select(webelement)
Bases: object
deselect_all()
Clear all selected entries. This is only valid when the SELECT supports multiple selections. throws
NotImplementedError If the SELECT does not support multiple selections
deselect_by_index(index)
Deselect the option at the given index. This is done by examing the “index” attribute of an element, and
not merely by counting.
Args
• index - The option at this index will be deselected
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied index in SELECT
deselect_by_value(value)
Deselect all options that have a value matching the argument. That is, when given “foo” this would deselect
an option like:
<option value=”foo”>Bar</option>
Args
• value - The value to match against

throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied value in SELECT
deselect_by_visible_text(text)
Deselect all options that display text matching the argument. That is, when given “Bar” this would deselect
an option like:
Args
• text - The visible text to match against
select_by_index(index)
Select the option at the given index. This is done by examing the “index” attribute of an element, and not
merely by counting.
Args
• index - The option at this index will be selected
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied index in SELECT
select_by_value(value)
Select all options that have a value matching the argument. That is, when given “foo” this would select an
option like:
Args
• value - The value to match against
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied value in SELECT
select_by_visible_text(text)
Select all options that display text matching the argument. That is, when given “Bar” this would select an
option like:
Args
• text - The visible text to match against
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied text in SELECT
all_selected_options
Returns a list of all selected options belonging to this select tag
first_selected_option
The first selected option in this select tag (or the currently selected option in a normal select)
options
Returns a list of all options belonging to this select tag
class selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait(driver, timeout, poll_frequency=0.5,
ignored_exceptions=None)
Bases: object
until(method, message=’‘)
Calls the method provided with the driver as an argument until the return value is not False.
until_not(method, message=’‘)
Calls the method provided with the driver as an argument until the return value is False.
7.12. UI Support 57
Color Support
class selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color(red, green, blue, alpha=1)

Bases: object
Color conversion support class
Example:
from selenium.webdriver.support.color import Color
print(Color.from_string('#00ff33').rgba)
print(Color.from_string('rgb(1, 255, 3)').hex)
print(Color.from_string('blue').rgba)
static from_string(str_)
hex
rgb
rgba
Expected conditions Support
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.alert_is_present
Bases: object
Expect an alert to be present.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_located_selection_state_to_be(loc
is_
Bases: object
An expectation to locate an element and check if the selection state specified is in that state. locator is a tuple of
(by, path) is_selected is a boolean
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_located_to_be_selected(locator)
Bases: object
An expectation for the element to be located is selected. locator is a tuple of (by, path)
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_selection_state_to_be(element,
is_selected)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking if the given element is selected. element is WebElement object is_selected is a
Boolean.”
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_to_be_clickable(locator)
Bases: object
An Expectation for checking an element is visible and enabled such that you can click it.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_to_be_selected(element)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking the selection is selected. element is WebElement object

class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it(lo
Bases: object
An expectation for checking whether the given frame is available to switch to. If the frame is available it switches
the given driver to the specified frame.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.invisibility_of_element_located(locator)
Bases: object
An Expectation for checking that an element is either invisible or not present on the DOM.
locator used to find the element
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.new_window_is_opened(current_handles)
Bases: object
An expectation that a new window will be opened and have the number of windows handles increase
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.number_of_windows_to_be(num_windows)
Bases: object
An expectation for the number of windows to be a certain value.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.presence_of_all_elements_located(locator)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that there is at least one element present on a web page. locator is used to find the
element returns the list of WebElements once they are located
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.presence_of_element_located(locator)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that an element is present on the DOM of a page. This does not necessarily mean
that the element is visible. locator - used to find the element returns the WebElement once it is located
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.staleness_of(element)
Bases: object
Wait until an element is no longer attached to the DOM. element is the element to wait for. returns False if the
element is still attached to the DOM, true otherwise.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.text_to_be_present_in_element(locator,
text_)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking if the given text is present in the specified element. locator, text
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.text_to_be_present_in_element_value(locato
text_)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking if the given text is present in the element’s locator, text
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.title_contains(title)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that the title contains a case-sensitive substring. title is the fragment of title expected
returns True when the title matches, False otherwise
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.title_is(title)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking the title of a page. title is the expected title, which must be an exact match returns
True if the title matches, false otherwise.
7.14. Expected conditions Support 59

class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of(element)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that an element, known to be present on the DOM of a page, is visible. Visibility
means that the element is not only displayed but also has a height and width that is greater than 0. element is the
WebElement returns the (same) WebElement once it is visible
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_all_elements_located(locator
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that all elements are present on the DOM of a page and visible. Visibility means
that the elements are not only displayed but also has a height and width that is greater than 0. locator - used to
find the elements returns the list of WebElements once they are located and visible
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_any_elements_located(locator
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that there is at least one element visible on a web page. locator is used to find the
element returns the list of WebElements once they are located
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_element_located(locator)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that an element is present on the DOM of a page and visible. Visibility means that
the element is not only displayed but also has a height and width that is greater than 0. locator - used to find the
element returns the WebElement once it is located and visible

CHAPTER 8
Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions
Another FAQ: https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/Frequently-Asked-Questions
How to use ChromeDriver ?
Download the latest chromedriver from download page. Unzip the file:
unzip chromedriver_linux32_x.x.x.x.zip
You should see a chromedriver executable. Now you can create an instance of Chrome WebDriver like this:
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/path/to/chromedriver")
The rest of the example should work as given in other documentation.
Does Selenium 2 support XPath 2.0 ?
Ref: http://seleniumhq.org/docs/03_webdriver.html#how-xpath-works-in-webdriver
Selenium delegates XPath queries down to the browser’s own XPath engine, so Selenium support XPath supports
whatever the browser supports. In browsers which don’t have native XPath engines (IE 6,7,8), Selenium supports
XPath 1.0 only.
How to scroll down to the bottom of a page ?
Ref: http://blog.varunin.com/2011/08/scrolling-on-pages-using-selenium.html
You can use the execute_script method to execute javascript on the loaded page. So, you can call the JavaScript API
to scroll to the bottom or any other position of a page.
61
Here is an example to scroll to the bottom of a page:

driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")
The window object in DOM has a scrollTo method to scroll to any position of an opened window. The scrollHeight
is a common property for all elements. The document.body.scrollHeight will give the height of the entire body of the
page.
How to auto save files using custom Firefox profile ?
Ref: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1176348/access-to-file-download-dialog-in-firefox
Ref: http://blog.codecentric.de/en/2010/07/file-downloads-with-selenium-mission-impossible/
The first step is to identify the type of file you want to auto save.
To identify the content type you want to download automatically, you can use curl:
curl -I URL | grep "Content-Type"
Another way to find content type is using the requests module, you can use it like this:
import requests
content_type = requests.head('http://www.python.org').headers['content-type']
print(content_type)
Once the content type is identified, you can use it to set the firefox profile preference: browser.helperApps.
neverAsk.saveToDisk
Here is an example:
import os
fp = webdriver.FirefoxProfile()
fp.set_preference("browser.download.folderList",2)
fp.set_preference("browser.download.manager.showWhenStarting",False)
fp.set_preference("browser.download.dir", os.getcwd())
fp.set_preference("browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk", "application/octet-stream
˓→")
browser = webdriver.Firefox(firefox_profile=fp)
browser.get("http://pypi.python.org/pypi/selenium")
browser.find_element_by_partial_link_text("selenium-2").click()
In the above example, application/octet-stream is used as the content type.

The browser.download.dir option specify the directory where you want to download the files.
How to upload files into file inputs ?
Select the <input type="file"> element and call the send_keys() method passing the file path, either the
path relative to the test script, or an absolute path. Keep in mind the differences in path names between Windows and
Unix systems.
62 Chapter 8. Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions

How to use firebug with Firefox ?
First download the Firebug XPI file, later you call the add_extension method available for the firefox profile:
fp = webdriver.FirefoxProfile()
fp.add_extension(extension='firebug-1.8.4.xpi')
fp.set_preference("extensions.firebug.currentVersion", "1.8.4") #Avoid startup screen
browser = webdriver.Firefox(firefox_profile=fp)
How to take screenshot of the current window ?
Use the save_screenshot method provided by the webdriver:
driver.get('http://www.python.org/')
driver.save_screenshot('screenshot.png')
driver.quit()
8.6. How to use firebug with Firefox ? 63

64 Chapter 8. Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions

CHAPTER 9
Indices and tables
• genindex
• modindex
• search
65
66 Chapter 9. Indices and tables

Python Module Index
s
selenium.common.exceptions, 32
selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver, 44
selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains,
35
selenium.webdriver.common.alert, 38
selenium.webdriver.common.by, 41
selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities,
41
selenium.webdriver.common.keys, 39
selenium.webdriver.common.utils, 42
selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver,
43
selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver, 44
selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement,
52
selenium.webdriver.support.color, 58
selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions,
58
selenium.webdriver.support.select, 56
selenium.webdriver.support.wait, 57
67
68 Python Module Index

Index
A method), 45
accept() (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert BACK_SPACE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
method), 39 attribute), 39
ActionChains (class in sele- BACKSPACE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains), attribute), 39
35 By (class in selenium.webdriver.common.by), 41
ADD (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
39
C
add_cookie() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver CANCEL (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
method), 44 tribute), 39
Alert (class in selenium.webdriver.common.alert), 38 CHROME (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapab
alert_is_present (class in sele- attribute), 42
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), CLASS_NAME (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By at-
58 tribute), 41
all_selected_options (sele- CLEAR (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
nium.webdriver.support.select.Select attribute), tribute), 39
57 clear() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
ALT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), method), 52
39 click() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
method), 36
ANDROID (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 42 click() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
application_cache (sele- method), 52
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver click_and_hold() (sele-
attribute), 51 nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
ARROW_DOWN (sele- method), 36
nium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), close() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
39 method), 45
ARROW_LEFT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys Color (class in selenium.webdriver.support.color), 58
attribute), 39 COMMAND (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
ARROW_RIGHT (sele- attribute), 39
nium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), context() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
39 method), 43
ARROW_UP (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys CONTEXT_CHROME (sele-
attribute), 39 nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
authenticate() (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert attribute), 44
method), 39 context_click() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
method), 36
B CONTEXT_CONTENT (sele-
back() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 44
69
CONTROL (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- method), 37

tribute), 39
E
create_options() (selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 44 EDGE (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabiliti
create_web_element() (sele- attribute), 42
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver element_located_selection_state_to_be (class in sele-
method), 45 nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
CSS_SELECTOR (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By 58
attribute), 41 element_located_to_be_selected (class in sele-
current_url (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
attribute), 51 58
current_window_handle (sele- element_selection_state_to_be (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
attribute), 51 58
element_to_be_clickable (class in sele-
D nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
DECIMAL (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- 58
tribute), 39 element_to_be_selected (class in sele-
DELETE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
attribute), 39 58
delete_all_cookies() (sele- ElementNotInteractableException, 32
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver ElementNotSelectableException, 32
method), 45 ElementNotVisibleException, 32
delete_cookie() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
END (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
method), 45 40
deselect_all() (selenium.webdriver.support.select.Select ENTER (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
method), 56 tribute), 40
deselect_by_index() (sele- EQUALS (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method), attribute), 40
56 ErrorInResponseException, 32
deselect_by_value() (sele- ESCAPE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method), attribute), 40
56 execute() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
deselect_by_visible_text() (sele- method), 45
nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method), execute_async_script() (sele-
57 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
desired_capabilities (sele- method), 45
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver execute_script() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 51 method), 45
DesiredCapabilities (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities), F
41 F1 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
dismiss() (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert F10 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
method), 39 40
DIVIDE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- F11 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
tribute), 39 40
double_click() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
F12 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
method), 36 40
DOWN (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- F2 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
tribute), 40 F3 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
drag_and_drop() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
F4 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
method), 36 F5 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
drag_and_drop_by_offset() (sele- F6 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
F7 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
70 Index
F8 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40 method), 53

F9 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40 find_element_by_xpath() (sele-
file_detector (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 51 method), 47
file_detector_context() (sele- find_element_by_xpath() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
method), 45 method), 53
find_connectable_ip() (in module sele- find_elements() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 42 method), 47
find_element() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
find_elements() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
find_element() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
find_elements_by_class_name() (sele-
method), 52 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
find_element_by_class_name() (sele- method), 47
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver find_elements_by_class_name() (sele-
method), 46 nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
find_element_by_class_name() (sele- method), 53
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement find_elements_by_css_selector() (sele-
find_element_by_css_selector() (sele- method), 47
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver find_elements_by_css_selector() (sele-
find_element_by_css_selector() (sele- method), 53
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement find_elements_by_id() (sele-
find_element_by_id() (sele- method), 47
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver find_elements_by_id() (sele-
find_element_by_id() (sele- method), 53
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement find_elements_by_link_text() (sele-
find_element_by_link_text() (sele- method), 47
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver find_elements_by_link_text() (sele-
find_element_by_link_text() (sele- method), 53
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement find_elements_by_name() (sele-
find_element_by_name() (sele- method), 48
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver find_elements_by_name() (sele-
find_element_by_name() (sele- method), 53
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement find_elements_by_partial_link_text() (sele-
find_element_by_partial_link_text() (sele- method), 48
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver find_elements_by_partial_link_text() (sele-
find_element_by_partial_link_text() (sele- method), 54
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement find_elements_by_tag_name() (sele-
find_element_by_tag_name() (sele- method), 48
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver find_elements_by_tag_name() (sele-
find_element_by_tag_name() (sele- method), 54
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement find_elements_by_xpath() (sele-
Index 71
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver H
method), 48 HELP (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
find_elements_by_xpath() (sele- tribute), 40
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement hex (selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color attribute),
method), 54 58
FIREFOX (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
HOME (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
attribute), 42 tribute), 40
firefox_profile (selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
HTMLUNIT (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCap
attribute), 44 attribute), 42
first_selected_option (sele- HTMLUNITWITHJS (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.select.Select attribute), nium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
57 attribute), 42
forward() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 48 I
frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it (class in sele-
ID (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By attribute), 41
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
id (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
58
attribute), 55
free_port() (in module sele- ImeActivationFailedException, 33
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 43
ImeNotAvailableException, 33
from_string() (selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color
implicitly_wait() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
static method), 58
method), 49
INSERT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
G tribute), 40
get() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver INTERNETEXPLORER (sele-
method), 48 nium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
get_attribute() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement attribute), 42
method), 54 InvalidArgumentException, 33
get_cookie() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver InvalidCookieDomainException, 33
method), 48 InvalidElementStateException, 33
get_cookies() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriverInvalidSelectorException, 33
method), 48 InvalidSwitchToTargetException, 33
get_log() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver invisibility_of_element_located (class in sele-
get_property() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement 59
method), 54 IPAD (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilitie
get_screenshot_as_base64() (sele- attribute), 42
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver IPHONE (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabil
get_screenshot_as_file() (sele- is_connectable() (in module sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.common.utils), 43
method), 49 is_displayed() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
get_screenshot_as_png() (sele- method), 55
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver is_enabled() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
get_window_position() (sele- is_selected() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver method), 55
method), 49 is_url_connectable() (in module sele-
get_window_rect() (selenium.webdriver.common.utils), 43
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 49 J
get_window_size() (sele- join_host_port() (in module sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.common.utils), 43
method), 49
72 Index
K name (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
key_down() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChainsattribute), 51
method), 37 NATIVE_EVENTS_ALLOWED (sele-
key_up() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
Keys (class in selenium.webdriver.common.keys), 39 new_window_is_opened (class in sele-
keys_to_typing() (in module selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 43 59
NoAlertPresentException, 34
L NoSuchAttributeException, 34
NoSuchElementException, 34
launch_app() (selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 44 NoSuchFrameException, 34
LEFT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), NoSuchWindowException, 34
40 NULL (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
LEFT_ALT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
tribute), 40 number_of_windows_to_be (class in sele-
LEFT_CONTROL (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
nium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 59
40 NUMPAD0 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
LEFT_SHIFT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys tribute), 40
attribute), 40 NUMPAD1 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
LINK_TEXT (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By tribute), 40
location (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement tribute), 40
location_once_scrolled_into_view (sele- tribute), 40
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement NUMPAD4 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
log_types (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriverNUMPAD5 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
NUMPAD6 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
M tribute), 40
maximize_window() (sele- NUMPAD7 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver tribute), 40
method), 49 NUMPAD8 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
META (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 40
tribute), 40 NUMPAD9 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
mobile (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver tribute), 41
attribute), 51
move_by_offset() (sele- O
OPERA (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabili
move_to_element() (sele- options (selenium.webdriver.support.select.Select at-
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains tribute), 57
method), 37 orientation (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
move_to_element_with_offset() (sele- attribute), 51
method), 37 P
MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException, 33 PAGE_DOWN (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
MULTIPLY (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- attribute), 41
tribute), 40 page_source (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 51
N PAGE_UP (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
NAME (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By attribute), 41 tribute), 41
Index 73
parent (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElementscreenshot_as_base64 (sele-

attribute), 56 nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT (sele- attribute), 56
nium.webdriver.common.by.By attribute), screenshot_as_png (sele-
41 nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
PAUSE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- attribute), 56
tribute), 41 Select (class in selenium.webdriver.support.select), 56
perform() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
select_by_index() (sele-
method), 38 nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
PHANTOMJS (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
57
attribute), 42 select_by_value() (sele-
presence_of_all_elements_located (class in selenium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), 57
59 select_by_visible_text() (sele-
presence_of_element_located (class in selenium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), 57
59 selenium.common.exceptions (module), 32
selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver (module), 44
Q selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains (module), 35
quit() (selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver selenium.webdriver.common.alert (module), 38
method), 44 selenium.webdriver.common.by (module), 41
quit() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities (mod-
method), 43 ule), 41
quit() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver selenium.webdriver.common.keys (module), 39
method), 49 selenium.webdriver.common.utils (module), 42
selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver (module), 43
R selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver (module), 44
rect (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement (module), 52
attribute), 56 selenium.webdriver.support.color (module), 58
refresh() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions (mod-
method), 49 ule), 58
selenium.webdriver.support.select (module), 56
release() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
method), 38 selenium.webdriver.support.wait (module), 57
RemoteDriverServerException, 34 SEMICOLON (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
reset_actions() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains attribute), 41
method), 38 send_keys() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
RETURN (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- method), 38
tribute), 41 send_keys() (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert
rgb (selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color attribute), 58 method), 39
rgba (selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color attribute), send_keys() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
58 method), 55
RIGHT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- send_keys_to_element() (sele-
tribute), 41 nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
method), 38
S SEPARATOR (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
attribute), 41
SAFARI (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 42 set_context() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
save_screenshot() (sele- method), 43
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver set_page_load_timeout() (sele-
screenshot() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement method), 50
method), 55 set_script_timeout() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 50
74 Index
set_window_position() (sele- text (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert attribute),

nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver 39
method), 50 text (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
set_window_rect() (sele- attribute), 56
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver text_to_be_present_in_element (class in sele-
set_window_size() (sele- 59
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver text_to_be_present_in_element_value (class in sele-
SHIFT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- 59
tribute), 41 TimeoutException, 35
size (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement title (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 56 attribute), 52
SPACE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- title_contains (class in sele-
tribute), 41 nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
StaleElementReferenceException, 34 59
staleness_of (class in sele- title_is (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
59 59
start_client() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 50 U
start_session() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
UnableToSetCookieException, 35
method), 50 UnexpectedAlertPresentException, 35
stop_client() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
UnexpectedTagNameException, 35
method), 51 until() (selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait
submit() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement method), 57
method), 55 until_not() (selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait
SUBTRACT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- method), 57
tribute), 41 UP (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 41
switch_to (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 52 V
switch_to_active_element() (sele- value_of_css_property() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
switch_to_alert() (sele- visibility_of (class in sele-
method), 51 59
switch_to_default_content() (sele- visibility_of_all_elements_located (class in sele-
method), 51 60
switch_to_frame() (sele- visibility_of_any_elements_located (class in sele-
method), 51 60
switch_to_window() (sele- visibility_of_element_located (class in sele-
method), 51 60
T W
TAB (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), WebDriver (class in sele-
41 nium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver), 44
TAG_NAME (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By WebDriver (class in sele-
attribute), 41 nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver), 43
tag_name (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
WebDriver (class in sele-
attribute), 56 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver), 44
Index 75
WebDriverException, 35
WebDriverWait (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.support.wait), 57
WebElement (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement), 52
window_handles (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 52
X
XPATH (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By attribute),
41
76 Index

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Selenium Python Bindings

May 23, 2017

8 Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions 61

9 Indices and tables 65

Python Module Index 67

Author Baiju Muthukadan

Downloading Python bindings for Selenium

pip install selenium

Detailed instructions for Windows users

Note: You should have internet connection to perform this installation.

C:\Python35\Scripts\pip.exe install selenium

Downloading Selenium server

java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar

/path/to/java -jar /path/to/selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar

1.5. Downloading Selenium server 5

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium import webdriver

Next, the instance of Firefox WebDriver is created.

assert "Python" in driver.title

assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source

Using Selenium to write tests

8 Chapter 2. Getting Started

Walk through of the example

2.4. Walk through of the example 9

Using Selenium with remote WebDriver

10 Chapter 2. Getting Started

2.5. Using Selenium with remote WebDriver 11

12 Chapter 2. Getting Started

Interacting with the page

<input type="text" name="passwd" id="passwd-id" />

you could find it using any of:

element.send_keys(" and some", Keys.ARROW_DOWN)

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select

To get all available options:

# Assume the button has the ID "submit" :)

Drag and drop

from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

Moving between windows and frames

<a href="somewhere.html" target="windowName">Click here to open a new window</a>

for handle in driver.window_handles:

3.3. Drag and drop 15

Navigation: history and location

Earlier, we covered navigating to a page using the “get” command ( driver.get("http://www.example.

To move backwards and forwards in your browser’s history:

# Go to the correct domain

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="Some text"]')

These are the attributes available for By class:

The form element can be located like this:

18 Chapter 4. Locating Elements

The username & password elements can be located like this:

The form elements can be located like this:

4.3. Locating by XPath 19

Locating Hyperlinks by Link Text

The continue.html link can be located like this:

20 Chapter 4. Locating Elements

Locating Elements by Tag Name

The heading (h1) element can be located like this:

Locating Elements by Class Name

def init(self, driver):

def set(self, obj, value):

def get(self, obj, owner):