Adasen

[tiu] Cordillera Administrative Region: northeast Abra province, west Apayao

province. Population: 4,000 (NTM). Ethnic population: 5,720. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate
Names: Addasen, Addasen Tinguian, Itneg Adasen. Dialects: Eastern Addasen, Western Addasen.
Comprehension of Isnag [isd] 74%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern
Luzon, Northern Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Isnag.
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Agta, Alabat Island

[dul] CALABARZON region: eastern Quezon province, Alabat and Lopez towns. Population: 10 (2018
Mangyan Heritage Center). Ethnic population: 150 (2018 Mangyan Heritage Center). Status: 8a
(Moribund). Alternate Names: Agta, Alabat Island Dumagat, Inagta, Inagta
Alabat. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Umiray
Dumaget.
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Agta, Casiguran Dumagat

[dgc] Central Luzon region: Aurora province, past Casiguran city to Dipaculao municipality; Cagayan
Valley region: Isabela province, Dinapigue municipality; Quirino province, border area. All on central
Luzon east coast. Population: 610 (Headland 1989). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Agta
Casiguran, Casiguran Agta, Casiguran Dumagat. Autonym: Agta. Dialects: None known. Intelligibility:
83% of Paranan [prf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern
Cordilleran, Northeastern Luzon, Northern.
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Agta, Central Cagayan

[agt] Cagayan Valley region: Cagayan province inland area, east and northeast from
Baggao. Population: 780 (2000). Ethnic population: 820. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate
Names: Labin Agta. Autonym: Agta. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon,
Northern Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic, Gaddangic.
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Agta, Dicamay
[duy] Cagayan Valley region: Isabela province, Jones municipality. Population: No known L1
speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (Headland 2010). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate
Names: Dicamay Dumagat. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon,
Northern Cordilleran, Northeastern Luzon, Northern.
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Agta, Dupaninan
[duo] Cagayan Valley region: Cagayan and Isabela provinces, south Divilacan bay north to Palaui
island. Population: 1,200 (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2007 L. Reid). Status: 6b
(Threatened). Alternate Names: Dupaningan Agta, Eastern Cagayan Agta. Dialects: Yaga, Tanglagan,
Santa Ana-Gonzaga, Barongagunay, Palaui Island, Camonayan, Valley Cove, Bolos Point,
Peñablanca, Roso (Southeast Cagayan), Santa Margarita. Intelligibility of Yaga dialect 83%. Yaga
and Central Cagayan Agta [agt] are 63% intelligible. Lexical similarity: 51% between Central
Cagayan Agta [agt] and Tanglagan dialect, 66% between Central Cagayan Agta [agt] and Yaga
dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern Cordilleran,
Northeastern Luzon, Northern.
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Agta, Isarog
[agk] Bicol region: Camarines Sur province, Mount Isarog area. Population: 5 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic
population: 1,000 (1984 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Agta, Inagta
Partido. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bikol, Coastal, Naga.
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Agta, Mt. Iraya

[atl] Bicol region: Camarines Sur province, Buhi area. Population: 150 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic
population: 380. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Agta, Inagta of Mt. Iraya, Itbeg Rugnot,
Lake Buhi, Rugnot of Lake Buhi East. Dialects: 54%–86% comprehension of Naga dialect of Central
Bikol [bcl], 94% comprehension of Mt. Iriga Agta [agz], Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity: 85%–90%
with Bikol; 70% with Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect, 93% among four
dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bikol, Coastal, Naga.
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Agta, Mt. Iriga

[agz] Bicol region: Camarines Sur province, east of Iriga city. Population: 1,500 (1979
SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Agta, Lake Buhi West, Mount Iriga Negrito, San
Ramon Inagta. Dialects: 86% intelligibility of Rinconada Bikol [bto], 82% of Mt. Iraya Agta [atl], 72%
of Central Bikol [bcl] (Naga dialect). Intelligibility of Naga Bikol for Mt. Iriga Agta doubtful. Lexical
similarity: 76% with Iriga City Bikol [bto], 66% with Mt. Iraya Agta [atl], 66% with Central
Bikol [bcl] (Naga dialect). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bikol, Inland.
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Agta, Pahanan
[apf] Cagayan Valley region: Isabela province east coast, between Divilacan bay and Dinapigue
town, inland to San Mariano. Population: 1,700 (2009 J. Lobel), increasing. Status: 5
(Developing). Alternate Names: Palanan Agta. Autonym: Pahanan. Dialects: None known. Reportedly
similar to Paranan [prf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern
Cordilleran, Northeastern Luzon.
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Agta, Umiray Dumaget

[due] Central Luzon and CALABARZON regions: Aurora and Quezon provinces along Philippine Sea
coast; Central Luzon region: Bulacan and Nueva Ecija provinces in small border areas
inland. Population: 3,000 (1994 SIL), decreasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dumagat-
Bulos, Dumaget-Bulus, Umiray Agta, Umirey Dumagat. Dialects: Polillo Island Agta, Anglat
Agta. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Umiray Dumaget.
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Agta, Villa Viciosa

[dyg] Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra province. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last
speaker probably died by the 1990s (Headland 2010). Status: 10
(Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian.
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Agutaynen
[agn] MIMAROPA region: Palawan province, Brooke’s Point, Roxas, and San Vicente municipalities
on Agutaya and 5 surrounding islands; Linapacan, Manila, Mindoro, and Taytay. Population: 15,000
(2007 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Agutayano, Agutayno,
Agutaynon. Autonym: Agutaynen. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 52% with Cuyonon [cyo],
71% with Calamian Tagbanwa [tbk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Kalamian.
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Aklanon
[akl] Western Visayas region: Aklan province, north Panay island; Antique province, Libertad and
Pandan municipalities far north; northwest Capiz province border. Population: 502,000 in Philippines
(2005 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 525,600. Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of
provincial identity in Aklan and Capiz provinces. Alternate Names: Akeanon, Aklan, Aklano, Aklanon-
Bisayan, Panay. Autonym: Inakeanon. Dialects: None known. 66% intelligibility with Hiligaynon [hil].
Lexical similarity: 68% with Hiligaynon [hil]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater
Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, West, Aklan.
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Alangan
[alj] MIMAROPA region: Mindoro Occidental province, Naujan, Sablayar, and Victoria
municipalities. Population: 2,150 (2002 UNSD). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, North Mangyan.
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Alta, Northern
[aqn] Central Luzon region: Aurora province, San Luis municipality, Bayanihan area, Diteki
river. Population: 200 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 400. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate
Names: Alta, Baler Negrito, Ditaylin Alta, Ditaylin Dumagat, Edimala. Dialects: None known.
Reportedly not similar to other languages (1992 L. Reid). Lexical similarity: 34% with Southern
Alta [agy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, Alta.
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Alta, Southern
[agy] CALABARZON region: Quezon province coastal areas; Central Luzon region: Nueva Ecija
province, eastern towns, mostly in Gabaldon town; Bulacan province, In Sitio Bato, Kabayunan,
Doña Remedios Trinidad town. Population: 1,000 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate
Names: Ita, Kaboloan, Kabulowan, Kabuluen, Kabuluwan, Kabuluwen. Autonym: Alta. Dialects: None
known. Reportedly not similar to other languages. Lexical similarity: 34% with Northern
Alta [aqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, Alta.
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American Sign Language

[ase] Scattered. Population: Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: ASL. Classification: Sign
language.
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Arta
[atz] Cagayan Valley region: Quirino province, Aglipay municipality, Cagayan river
area. Population: 11 (2013 Y. Kimoto). 35–45 have some knowledge of the language, but cannot
speak properly (2013 Y. Kimoto). Ethnic population: 150. Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: None
known. Not similar to any other language (1992 L. Reid). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Arta.
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Ata
[atm] Negros Island region: Negros Oriental province, Mabinay. Population: 3 (Lobel
2013a). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Inata. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine.
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Ati
[atk] Western Visayas region: southwest Aklan, west central Capiz, and north and west Iloilo
provinces; Antique province border areas east of San Remigio; Panay island. Population: 1,500
(1980 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Inati. Dialects: Malay, Barotac Viejo Nagpana.
Barotac Viejo Nagpana is the prestige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Peripheral.
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Atta, Faire
[azt] Cagayan Valley region: Cagayan province, Santo Nino municipality, near Faire-
Rizal. Population: 300 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 600. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate
Names: Southern Atta. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Pudtol Atta [atp], 60% with
Isnag [isd], 66% with Central Cagayan Agta [agt], 82% with Pamplona Atta [att], 90% with Rizal Atta,
72% with Ibanag [ibg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern
Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic.
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Atta, Pamplona
[att] Cagayan Valley region: northwest Cagayan province. Population: 1,000 (1998 SIL). Status: 6a
(Vigorous). Alternate Names: Northern Cagayan Negrito. Autonym: Atta. Dialects: None known.
Comprehension of Ibanag North [ibg] 97%, of Itawit [itv] 52%. Lexical similarity: 91% with Ibanag
North, 63% with Ilocano [ilo], 69% with Itawit. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Northern Luzon, Northern Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic.
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Atta, Pudtol
[atp] Cordillera Administrative Region: Apayao province, Pudtol, and Abulog river south of
Pamplona. Population: 710 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity:
86% with Pamplona Atta [att], 75% with Ibanag [ibg], 63% with Isnag [isd], 81% with Faire Atta [azt],
42% with Ilocano [ilo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern
Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic.
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Ayta, Abellen
[abp] Central Luzon region: Tarlac province, Capas, Maamot, Mayantoc, San Jose, and Station
Juliana. Population: 3,000 (2008 SIL), decreasing. 45 monolinguals. Ethnic population:
5,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abenlen, Aburlen Negrito, Aburlin, Ayta Abellen
Sambal. Autonym: Abellen, Ayta Abellen. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 66% with Botolan
Sambal [sbl], 49% with Sambal [xsb], 38%–44% with Ilocano [ilo], Pangasinan [pag], Filipino [fil],
Pampangan [pam]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central Luzon, Sambalic.
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Ayta, Ambala
[abc] Central Visayas region: Zambales province, Castillejos, Olongapa, San Marcelino and Subic
city; Central Luzon region: Bataan province, Dinalupinan barrio. Population: 1,660 (1986
SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ambala Agta, Ambala Sambal. Dialects: None known.
Ambala Ayta speakers’ comprehension of Botolan Sambal [sbl] is 60%, of Mag-Indi Ayta [blx] is
54%, of Mag-antsi Ayta [sgb] is 60%, of Magbukun Ayta [ayt] is 70%. Lexical similarity: 70% with
Botolan Sambal, 55% with Filipino [fil]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central
Luzon, Sambalic.
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Ayta, Mag-antsi
[sgb] Central Luzon region: Botolan Sambal area, Angeles city, Bamban, Capas, 2 of Castillejos, 2
of Mabalacat, Pampanga, San Marcelino, Sapang Bato, Tarlac, and Zambales barrios; all on Mount
Pinatubo east side near Tarlac-Pampanga border. Population: 8,200 (1992 SIL). Status: 5*
(Developing). Alternate Names: Anchi, Antsi, Mag-Anchi Ayta, Mag-Anchi Sambal. Autonym: Ayta
Mag-Antsi. Dialects: None known. 77% intelligibility of Mag-Indi Ayta [blx], 65% of Ambala Ayta [abc],
46% of Pampangan [pam]. Lexical similarity: 76% with Botolan Sambal [sbl], 50% with Filipino [fil],
46% with Pampangan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central Luzon, Sambalic.
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Ayta, Mag-Indi
[blx] Central Luzon region: far north Bataan province; Pampanga province, barrios in Florida Blanca
and Porac; Central Visayas region: Zambales province, San Marcelino. Population: 5,000 (1998 SIL),
increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ayta, Indi, Indi Ayta, Mag-Indi
Sambal. Autonym: Ayta Mag-Indi. Dialects: None known. 46% comprehension of Botolan
Sambal [sbl], 50% of Ambala Ayta [abc], 59% of Pampangan [pam], 32% of Mag-antsi Ayta [sgb].
Lexical similarity: 75% with Botolan Sambal [sbl], 38% with Filipino [fil], 83% with Mag-Anchi [sgb],
71% with Ayta Abellen [abp], 51% with Kapampangan [pam]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Central Luzon, Sambalic.
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Ayta, Magbukun
[ayt] Central Luzon region: Bataan province, Mariveles. Population: 1,000 (2011 SIL). Ethnic
population: 2,000 (2011). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bataan Ayta, Bataan Sambal,
Magbikin, Magbukun Ayta, Mariveles Ayta, Mariveleño. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 63%
with Botolan Sambal [sbl] and Filipino [fil]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central
Luzon, Sambalic.
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Ayta, Sorsogon
[ays] Bicol region: Sorsogon province, Prieto Diaz municipality. Population: 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic
population: 180. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater
Central Philippine, Central Philippine.
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Ayta, Tayabas
[ayy] CALABARZON region: Quezon province, Tayabas
area. Population: Status: Unattested. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine.
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Balangao
[blw] Cordillera Administrative Region: Kalinga province, Tanudan municipality; central Mountain
province. Population: 11,500 (2005 UNSD), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 4
(Educational). Alternate Names: Balangao Bontoc, Balangaw,
Farangao. Autonym: Finarangao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon,
Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear
Cordilleran, Balangaw.
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Bantayanon
[bfx] Central Visayas region: Cebu province, Bantayan and surrounding islands. Population: 71,600
(2007 J. Lobel). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to
Hiligaynon [hil]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bisayan, Central.
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Bantoanon
[bno] MIMAROPA region: Romblon province. Population: 75,000 (2011 Governor’s Office, Romblon
Province), decreasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 75,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate
Names: Asiq, Binisaya, Bisaya. Autonym: Asi, Bantoanon. Dialects: Banton, Calatravanhon,
Odionganon, Sibalenhon (Sibale), Simaranhon. 63% intelligibility with Hiligaynon [hil]; 92% with
Inonhan [loc]. Odionganon dialect preferred for literature. Lexical similarity: 83% with
Romblomanon [rol] (Zorc 1977). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Banton.
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Basque
[eus] Major cities and towns, especially in Negros, Panay and Cebu. Population: Status: 5*
(Dispersed). Alternate Names: Euskara. Classification: Language isolate.
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Batak
[bya] MIMAROPA region: Palawan province, central Palawan island, Sulu sea coast, southwest from
Malcampo toward Puerto Princesa. Population: 360 (2005 UNSD), decreasing. Ethnic population:
2,040 (1990 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Babuyan, Palawan Batak,
Tinitianes. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Palawanic.
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Baybayanon
[bvy] Eastern Visayas region: Leyte island, Baybay town in Pangasugan river area, Gabas,
Guadalupe (Utod), Kilim, Pangasugan, and Patag villages. Population: 10,000 (2009 J.
Lobel). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Leyte, Utudnon. Dialects: None known. Reportedly
similar to Waray-Waray [war]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Warayan.
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Bikol
[bik] A macrolanguage. Population total all languages: 3,799,900. Includes: Buhi’non Bikol [ubl],
Central Bikol [bcl], Libon Bikol [lbl], Miraya Bikol [rbl], Northern Catanduanes Bikol [cts], Rinconada
Bikol [bto], Southern Catanduanes Bikol [bln], West Albay Bikol [fbl].
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Bikol, Buhi’non
[ubl] Bicol region: Camarines Sur province, Buhi town. Population: 73,600 (2009 SIL). Speakers of all
Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD). No monolinguals. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate
Names: Bikol Buhi, Boînan, Buhi, Buhi’non, Buhi-non. Autonym: Boie’nen. Dialects: None known.
Reportedly similar to Rinconada Bikol [bto]. A member of macrolanguage
Bikol [bik]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bikol, Inland.
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Bikol, Central
[bcl] Bicol region: west Albay province, Legapi area; Camarines Norte province, Philippine Sea from
east coast marshes to Mandao, San Miguel bay; Camarines Sur province, San Miguel bay area,
Ragay gulf, Caramoan peninsula to Lagonay gulf; southwest third of Catanduanes province;
Masbate province, Burias and Ticao islands; north Sorsogon province, Sorsogon bay mouth, inland;
CALABARZON region: east tip of Quezon province. Population: 2,500,000 (1990 census),
increasing. Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD). Status: 3 (Wider
communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Camarines Norte, 4 other provinces
(1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). Alternate Names: Bikol, Central Bicolano. Dialects: Naga, Legazpi
(Legapi), Daet, Partido. A member of macrolanguage Bikol [bik]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bikol, Coastal, Naga.
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Bikol, Libon
[lbl] Bicol region: Albay province, Libon town. Population: 68,800 (2009 SIL). Speakers of all Bikol
languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD). No monolinguals. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate
Names: Libongeño. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Rinconada Bikol [bto]. A member of
macrolanguage Bikol [bik]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bikol, Inland.
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Bikol, Miraya
[rbl] Bicol region: Albay province, Camalig, Daraga, Guinobatan, and Jovellar towns; Sorsogon
province, Donsol town. Population: 300,000 (2009 SIL). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000
(2005 UNSD). No monolinguals. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bikol,
Daraga. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to West Albay Bikol [fbl]. A member of
macrolanguage Bikol [bik]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bikol, Inland.
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Bikol, Northern Catanduanes
[cts] Bicol region: Catanduanes province, Bato, Caramonan, Pandan, Panganiban, and
Viga. Population: 77,500 (2000 census). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005
UNSD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Northern Catanduanes Bicolano,
Pandan. Dialects: 68% comprehension of Naga dialect of Central Bikol [bcl], 66% comprehension of
Filipino [fil] narrative. A member of macrolanguage Bikol [bik]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bikol, Pandan.
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Bikol, Rinconada
[bto] Bicol region: Camarines Sur province, Rinconada district, Baao, Balatan, Bato, Buhi, Bula, Iriga
city, and Nabua municipalities. Population: 385,000 (2010 census), increasing. Speakers of all Bikol
languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD). 2,300 monolinguals. Monolingual speakers are elderly; boast of
their identity as Rinconada. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iriga Bicolano, Rinconada
Bicolano, Rinconada Bikol. Dialects: A member of macrolanguage
Bikol [bik]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bikol, Inland, Iriga.
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Bikol, Southern Catanduanes

[bln] Bicol region: Catanduanes province, southern municipalities of Baras, Bato, Gigmoto, San
Andres, San Miguel, and Virac. Population: 135,000 (2000 census). Speakers of all Bikol languages:
3,890,000 (2005 UNSD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Southern Catanduanes Bikolano,
Virac. Dialects: Samples had 85% comprehension of Central Bikol [bcl] and Filipino [fil] narrative.
Intelligibility of Northern Catanduanes [cts] 91%. Prefer Virac dialect for literature. A member of
macrolanguage Bikol [bik]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bikol, Coastal, Virac.
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Bikol, West Albay

[fbl] Bicol region: Albay province, Ligao, Oas, Pio Duran, and Polangui towns. Population: 260,000
(2009 SIL). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD). No monolinguals. Status: 6a*
(Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bicol, Ligaoeño, Oasnun, Oasnün,
Polanguinon. Autonym: Bikol. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Miraya Bikol [rbl]. A
member of macrolanguage Bikol [bik]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater
Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bikol, Inland.
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Binukid
[bkd] Northern Mindanao region: north Bukidnon province and northeast Lanao del Norte provinces;
Misamis Oriental province, Cagayan de Oro including southwest of Gingoog bay; Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao: Lanao del Sur province, small border strip. Population: 122,000 (2005
UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Binokid, Binukid Manobo,
Bukidnon. Autonym: Binukid. Dialects: Talaandig. Reportedly similar to
Higaonon [mba]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine,
Manobo, North.
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Binukidnon, Northern
[kyn] Negros Island region: Negros Occidental province, Kabankalan. Population: 15,100
(2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Karolanos. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar
to Southern Binukidnon [mtw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine.
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Binukidnon, Southern
[mtw] Negros Island region: Negros Oriental province, Bayawan, Santa Catalina, Siaton, upper
Tayaban, and Tanjag municipalities; Mount Arniyo near Bayawan. Population: 7,570
(2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bukidnon, “Magahat” (pej.). Dialects: None known.
Reportedly similar to Northern Binukidnon [kyn]. Reportedly includes a heavy mixture of
Cebuano [ceb] and Hiligaynon [hil]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine.
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Blaan, Koronadal
[bpr] Davao region: Davao del Sur province; Soccsksargen region: Sarangani and South Cotabato
(east) provinces; Sultan Kudarat province, Lutayan area. Population: 150,000 (2007 SIL). 40,000
monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baraan, Bilanes, Biraan, Blaan, Koronadal
Bilaan, Tagalagad. Autonym: Koronadal B’laan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Bilic, Blaan.
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Blaan, Sarangani
[bps] Davao region: Davao del Sur province, across from north Sarangani border; Soccsksargen
region: Sarangani province; South Cotabato province, General Santos and north. Population: 90,800
(2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Balud, Bilaan, Blaan, Sarangani Blaan,
Tumanao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bilic, Blaan.
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Bogkalot
[ilk] Cagayan Valley region: south Nueva Vizcaya province; Quirino province, Nagtipunan
area. Population: 103,000 (2005 UNSD), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate
Names: Bugkalut, Bukalot, Ilongot, Lingotes. Autonym: Bogkalot. Dialects: Abaka (Abaca), Egongot,
Ibalao (Ibilao), Italon, Iyongut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon,
Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Southern Cordilleran, Ilongot.
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Bolinao
[smk] Ilocos region: west Pangasinan province, Anda and Bolinao municipalities. Population: 56,200,
all users. L1 users: 51,200 (2007 census), decreasing. L2 users: 5,000. 510 monolinguals. Ethnic
population: 104,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bino-Bolinao, Binubolinao,
Binubulinao, Boliano, Bolinao Sambal, Bolinao Zambal, Bulinaw, Sambal
Bolinao. Autonym: Binobolinao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central Luzon,
Sambalic.
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Bontok
[bnc] A macrolanguage. Population total all languages: 40,700. Includes: Central Bontok [lbk],
Eastern Bontok [ebk], Northern Bontok [rbk], Southern Bontok [obk], Southwestern Bontok [vbk].
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Bontok, Central
[lbk] Cordillera Administrative Region: Mountain province, Bontoc municipality, Bontoc ili, Caluttit,
Dalican, Guina-ang, Ma-init, Maligcong, Samoki, and Tocucan villages. Population: 19,600 (2007
census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bontoc, Bontoc Igorot, Central Bontoc,
Kali. Dialects: Khinina-ang, Finontok, Sinamoki, Jinallik, Minaligkhong, Tinokukan. Reportedly similar
to Northern Bontok [rbk], Southwestern Bontok [vbk], Southern Bontok [obk], and Eastern
Bontok [ebk]. A member of macrolanguage Bontok [bnc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North
Central Cordilleran, Nuclear Cordilleran, Bontok-Kankanay, Bontok.
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Bontok, Eastern
[ebk] Cordillera Administrative Region: east Mountain province, Barlig municipality, Barlig, Kadaklan,
and Lias villages. Population: 6,170 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Eastern
Bontoc, Finallig, Southern Bontoc. Dialects: Finallig, Kinajakran, Liniyas. Reportedly similar to
Central Bontok [lbk], Northern Bontok [rbk], Southwestern Bontok [vbk], and Southern Bontok [obk];
intelligibility of Ilocano [ilo] 53%, of Balangao [blw] 49%. A member of macrolanguage
Bontok [bnc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear Cordilleran,
Bontok-Kankanay, Bontok.
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Bontok, Northern
[rbk] Cordillera Administrative Region: north Mountain province, Sadanga municipality, Anabel,
Bekigan, Belwang, Betwagan, Demang, Sacasacan, Saclit, and the municipal center, Sadanga
Poblacion; some in south Kalinga province. Population: 9,700 (2007 census). Status: 8a
(Moribund). Alternate Names: Bontoc, Central Bontoc, Northern Bontoc. Dialects: None known.
Reportedly similar to Central Bontok [lbk], Eastern Bontok [ebk], Southwestern Bontok [vbk], and
Southern Bontok [obk]. A member of macrolanguage Bontok [bnc]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central
Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear Cordilleran, Bontok-Kankanay, Bontok.
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Bontok, Southern
[obk] Cordillera Administrative Region: Mountain province, south of Bontoc municipality, Bayyo, Can-
eo, and Talubin towns. Population: 2,760 (2007 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate
Names: Bontoc, Southern Bontoc. Dialects: Tinoveng, Kinan-ew. Reportedly similar to Northern
Bontok [rbk], Central Bontok [lbk], Southwestern Bontok [vbk], and Eastern Bontok [ebk]. A member
of macrolanguage Bontok [bnc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon,
Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear
Cordilleran, Bontok-Kankanay, Bontok.
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Bontok, Southwestern
[vbk] Cordillera Administrative Region: Mountain province, Bontoc municipality, Alab, Balili, Gonogon
and villages in Chico river valley, southwest of Bontoc municipal capital. Population: 2,470 (2007
census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bontoc. Dialects: Ina-ab, Binalili, Ginonogon.
Reportedly similar to Central Bontok [lbk], Northern Bontok [rbk], Southern Bontok [obk], and
Eastern Bontok [ebk]. A member of macrolanguage Bontok [bnc]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central
Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear Cordilleran, Bontok-Kankanay, Bontok.
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Buhid
[bku] MIMAROPA region: Mindoro Occidental and Mindoro Oriental provinces, remote central
highlands. Population: 9,370 (2009 NCIP). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bangon,
Batangan, Buhid-Mangyan, Bukil. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, South Mangyan, Buhid-Taubuid.
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Butuanon
[btw] Caraga region: Agusan del Norte province, Butuan city. Population: 71,500 (2005
UNSD). Status: 7 (Shifting). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kamayo [kyk]; 69%
with Surigaonon [sgd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine,
Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug.
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Caluyanun
[clu] Western Visayas region: Aklan province, Caluya Islands northwest. Population: 30,000 (1994
SIL). Very few monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Caluyanen, Caluyanhon,
Caluyanon. Dialects: Semirara. 69% comprehension of Hiligaynon [hil], 62% of
Cuyonon [cyo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bisayan, West.
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Capiznon
[cps] Western Visayas region: Capiz province on northeast Panay island; Iloilo province,
Balasan. Population: 639,000 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Capisano, Capiseño,
Capizeño. Dialects: None known. Sample had 91% comprehension of
Hiligaynon [hil] narrative. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Peripheral.
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Cebuano
[ceb] Widespread; Bicol region: south Masbate province; parts of Mindanao; throughout the Visayas
regions. Population: 15,900,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in all countries:
15,942,480. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Cebu
Province, 4 other areas (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). Alternate Names: Bisaya, Sebuano, Sugbuanon,
Sugbuhanon, Visayan. Autonym: Binisaya. Dialects: Cebu, Boholano (Boholang), Leyte, Mindanao
Visayan. Boholano sometimes considered a separate language. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Cebuan.
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Chavacano
[cbk] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindinao: Basilan province; Zamboanga Peninsula region:
Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga Sibugay provinces; scattered in Alicia,
Buug, Cotabato city, Ipil, Isabela, Kabasalan, Lamitan, Lapuyan, Malamawi, Malangas, Maluso,
Margosatubig, Siay, and Tungawan; Cavite, Ermita, and Ternate near Manila. Population: 431,000
(2005 UNSD). 37,553 Caviteño Chavacano, 22,221 Cotabato Chavacano, 55,400 Davao
Chavacano, 4,698 Ternateño Chavacano, 311,066 Zamboangeño Chavacano (2005
UNSD). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Chabacano,
Chabakano. Autonym: Chavacano. Dialects: Caviteño (Cavite Chabacano), Ternateño (Bahra,
Ternate Chabacano, Ternateño Chavacano), Ermitaño (Ermiteño), Davaweño Zamboangueño
(Abakay Spanish, Davao Chavacano, Davaoeño, Davaweño), Cotabato Chavacano (Cotabateño),
Zamboangueño (Chabacano de Zamboanga, Español quebrao, Southern Mindinao Creole,
Zamboanga Chabacano). Classification: Creole, Spanish based.
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Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] Major cities. Population: 500 in Philippines. Ethnic population: All ethnic Chinese are 53,300
(1990 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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Chinese, Min Nan

[nan] Widespread in Manila and other cities. Population: 1,000,000 in Philippines (2010 J. Leclerc).
99% of Chinese population in the Philippines (1982). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate
Names: Banlamgi, Min Nan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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Chinese, Yue
[yue] National Capital Region: Manila. Population: 9,780 in Philippines (2000). Status: 5*
(Dispersed). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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Cuyonon
[cyo] MIMAROPA region: Palawan coast, Cuyo Islands between Palawan and
Panay. Population: 189,000 (2010 J. Leclerc). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Cuyo,
Cuyono, Cuyunon, Kuyonon, Kuyunon, Visayan. Autonym: Cuyonon. Dialects: None known.
Reportedly similar to Ratagnon [btn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater
Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, West, Kuyan.
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Davawenyo
[daw] Davao region: Davao Oriental and Davao del Sur provinces. Population: 154,000 (2005
UNSD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Davaoeño, Davaweño, Matino. Dialects: Synthesis of
Filipino [fil], Cebuano [ceb], other Visayan dialects. Some Spanish [spa] words. Not a Spanish
creole. Different from Davawenyo dialect of Chavacano [cbk]. 2 dialects: East Coast (90% of
speakers), and Davao City area (Whinnom 1956). Lowland Davawenyo have 89% intelligibility of
Kamayo [kyk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Mansakan, Davawenyo.
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Dumagat, Remontado
[agv] CALABARZON region: Laguna province, Santa Maria municipality; Quezon province, General
Nakar, Paimohuan; Rizal province, Santa Inez. Population: 2,530 (2000). Status: 8a
(Moribund). Alternate Names: Hatang-Kayey, Remontado Agta, Sinauna, Sinauna
Tagalog. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 73% with Filipino [fil], 37% with Umiray Dumaget
Agta [due]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central Luzon, Sinauna.
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English
[eng] Widespread. Population: 40,028,700 in Philippines, all users. L1 users: 28,700 in Philippines
(2005 UNSD). L2 users: 40,000,000 (Crystal 2003a). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working
language (1987, Constitution, Article 14(7)). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
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Eskayan
[esy] Central Visayas region: Bohol province, Biabas, Cadapdapan, Canta-ub, Lundag, and Taytay
villages. Population: 500, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. L2 users: 500 (2013 P. Kelly).
Ethnic population: 3,000 (2013 P. Kelly). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Bisayan Declarado,
Bisayan Diklaradu, Bisayan-Eskaya, Eskaya’, Ineskaya, Iniskaya, Iskaya’. Dialects: A constructed
language created through a relexification of Boholano, a dialect of Cebuano [ceb], but with changes
to affixation rules. Some lexical input from Cebuano, Spanish [spa], and English [eng] (Kelly
2012). Classification: Mixed language, Cebuano-Spanish-English.
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Filipino
[fil] Widespread. Population: 45,000,000 (2013), L2 users. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national
language (1987, Constitution, Article 14(6)), not used in all official domains. Alternate Names: Pilipino,
Wikang Filipino. Autonym: Filipino. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Tagalog.
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Filipino Sign Language

[psp] Scattered. Population: 100,000 deaf persons (Van Cleve 1986). Status: 5 (Developing).
Recognized language (2018, Republic Act, No. 11106), Recognized as the national sign language of
the deaf and with a mandate for use in schools, broadcast media, and workplaces. Alternate
Names: FSL, Local Sign Language, Philippine Sign Language. Classification: Sign language.
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Ga’dang
[gdg] Cordillera Administrative Region: Ifugao province, Potia; Kalinga province, Tabuk city;
Mountain province, Paracelis. Population: 6,000 (2002 SIL). Very few monolinguals. Status: 5*
(Developing). Alternate Names: Baliwon, Gaddang, Ginabwal. Autonym: Ga’dang. Dialects: None
known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Gaddang [gad]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Northern Luzon, Northern Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic, Gaddangic.
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Gaddang
[gad] Cordillera Administrative Region: Ifugao province, north of Magat reservoir; Cagayan Valley
region: Isabela province, small group in Tuboc area on Cagayan river middle branch; Nueva Vizcaya
province, Bagabag, Bayombong, and Solano municipalities. Population: 30,300 (2005
UNSD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Cagayan. Dialects: None known. Less than 80%
intelligibility of Ga’dang [gdg]. Lexical similarity: 80% with
Ga’dang [gdg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern
Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic, Gaddangic.
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Giangan
[bgi] Davao region: Davao del Sur province, east slopes of Mount Apo; Davao
City. Population: 58,500 (2005 UNSD). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Atto, Bagobo, Bagobo-
Guiangga, Clata, Diangan, Eto, Guanga, Gulanga, Jangan. Dialects: None known. 69%
comprehension of Tagabawa [bgs]; 79% of Obo Manobo [obo]. Lexical similarity: 34% with
Tagabawa [bgs], 35% with Obo Manobo [obo], 43% with Blaan [bpr]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Bilic.
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Hanunoo
[hnn] MIMAROPA region: Mindoro Occidental province, from Ilin island inland; Mindoro Oriental
province, north from San Pedro. Population: 18,800 (2009 NCIP). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate
Names: Hanonoo, Hanunoo-Mangyan, Mangyan, minaŋyan. Dialects: Gubatnon (Gubat,
Sorsogonon), Binli, Kagankan, Waigan, Wawan, Bulalakawnon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, South Mangyan, Hanunoo.
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Higaonon
[mba] Caraga region: Agusan del Norte province, south of Butuan city; northwest Agusan del Sur
province, Butuan river basin. Population: 30,000 (1996 NTM). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate
Names: Higaonon Manobo, Hinigaunon, Misamis Higaonon
Manobo. Autonym: Higaunon. Dialects: None known. Related to Binukid [bkd] with 77%–81%
intelligibility. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Manobo,
North.
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Hiligaynon
[hil] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Maguindanao province, small border area south of
Timbangan; Bicol region: Masbate province, Jintotolo peninsula, south of Panguiranan;
Soccsksargen region: North Cotabato province west of Lake Buluan; South Cotabato province
towards Bayabas; east and west central Sultan Kudarat province; Western Visayas region: west and
central Capiz province, and Guimaras island; Iloilo province, Iloilo city northeast along Guimaras
strait to Binon-an, nearby islands; Negros Island region: most of Negros Occidental province; Negros
Oriental province, Basay, Bayawan, and Canlaon municipalities. Population: 6,240,000 in Philippines
(2005 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 6,246,880. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Statutory
language of provincial identity in Iloilo, 4 other provinces (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). Alternate
Names: Hiligainon, Illogo. Autonym: Hiligaynon, Ilonggo. Dialects: Hiligaynon, Kawayan,
Kari. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine,
Bisayan, Central, Peripheral.
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I-wak
[iwk] Cordillera Administrative Region: Benguet province, east Itogon municipality, Bakes, Bujasjas,
Domolpos, Kayo-ko, Lebeng, and Tojongan villages; Cagayan Valley region: Nueva Vizcaya
province, Kayapa municipality, Salaksak village. Population: 2,570 (2005 UNSD). Status: 6b*
(Threatened). Alternate Names: Iwaak. Dialects: None known. Related to Karao [kyj], Ibaloi [ibl], and
Kalanguya [kak]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-
Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Southern Cordilleran, West Southern Cordilleran, Nuclear
Southern Cordilleran, Ibaloy.
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Ibaloi
[ibl] Cagayan Valley region: west Nueva Vizcaya province; Cordillera Administrative Region: central
and south Benguet province. Population: 116,000 (2005 UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate
Names: Benguet-Igorot, Ibadoy, Ibaloy, Igodor, Nabaloi. Autonym: Inibaloi. Dialects: Daklan, Kabayan,
Bokod. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-
Central Cordilleran, Southern Cordilleran, West Southern Cordilleran, Nuclear Southern Cordilleran,
Ibaloy.
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Ibanag
[ibg] Cagayan Valley region: Cagayan and Isabela provinces. Population: 277,000 (2005
UNSD). Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Cagayan and Isabela
provinces. Alternate Names: Ibanak, Ybanag. Autonym: Ibanag. Dialects: North Ibanag, South Ibanag.
Intelligibility of Itawit [itv] 69%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon,
Northern Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic.
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Ibatan
[ivb] Cagayan Valley region: Cagayan province, Aparri municipality on Fuga island, Calayan
municipality; on Babuyan islands. Population: 1,240 (2007 NCIP). No monolinguals. Ethnic
population: 1,400 (2008 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Babuyan, Ibataan,
Ivatan. Autonym: Ibatan. Dialects: None known. Intelligibility of Itbayaten Ivatan [ivv] 64%; Basco
Ivatan [ivv] 31%. Lexical similarity: 72% with Itbayaten Ivatan [ivv], 74% with Basco
Ivatan [ivv] (1974–1975 SIL survey). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bashiic,
Ivatan.
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Ifugao, Amganad
[ifa] Cordillera Administrative Region: Ifugao province, Banaue and Hungduan municipalities;
southwest Mountain province. Population: 27,100 (2000 SIL). 185,000 all Ifugao (2005 UNSD).
10,000 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Amganad, Amganad Ifugao, Central
Ifugao, Ifugao, Ifugao Mun’alyon, Ifugaw. Dialects: Burnay Ifugao (Munkalyon), Banaue Ifugao.
Intelligibility of Burnay dialect 81%. Lexical similarity: 83% with Burnay
dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-
Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear Cordilleran, Ifugaw.
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Ifugao, Batad
[ifb] Cordillera Administrative Region: central Ifugao province; Cagayan Valley region: Isabela
province, Magat reservoir eastern shore. Population: 10,100 (2002 UNSD). 185,000 all Ifugao (2005
UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ayangan Ifugao, Batad, Ifugaw. Dialects: Ducligan
Ifugao. Intelligibility of Ayangan Batad Ifugao: Mayoyao [ifu] 86%–94%. Lexical similarity: 89% with
Ducligan dialect, 79% with Mayoyao [ifu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern
Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran,
Nuclear Cordilleran, Ifugaw.
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Ifugao, Mayoyao
[ifu] Cordillera Administrative Region: Ifugao province, Aguinaldo, Alfonso Lista, and north Mayoyao
municipalities; Mountain province, 2 small border areas. Population: 30,000 (2007 SIL). 185,000 all
Ifugao (2005 UNSD). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Ifugaw, Mayaoyaw,
Mayoyao. Autonym: Mayayao Ifugao. Dialects: None known. 86%–94% intelligibility of Batad
Ifugao [ifb]. Grammatical markers are different. Lexical similarity: 54% with Batad
Ifugao [ifb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear Cordilleran,
Ifugaw.
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Ifugao, Tuwali
[ifk] Cordillera Administrative Region: south Ifugao province. Population: 30,000 (2000 SIL),
increasing. 185,000 all Ifugao (2005 UNSD). Only those below grade-school age are
monolingual. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Gilipanes, Ifugaw, Kiangan Ifugao,
Quiangan. Autonym: Tuwali. Dialects: Hapao Ifugao, Hungduan Ifugao, Lagawe Ifugao. 77%
intelligibility of Amganad Ifugao [ifa], 78% of Batad Ifugao [ifb]. Hapao dialect has 88% intelligibility of
Hungduan dialect. Lexical similarity: 80% with Amganad Ifugao [ifa], 72% with Batad Ifugao [ifb],
78% with Hapao dialect, 86% with Hungduan dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North
Central Cordilleran, Nuclear Cordilleran, Ifugaw.
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Ilocano
[ilo] Widespread; Ilocos region: La Union and Ilocos provinces; Cagayan Valley region: Babuyan
islands; Mindoro, Mindanao areas. Population: 6,370,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in
all countries: 6,482,100. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in
northwest Luzon Island, other areas (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). Alternate
Names: Iloko. Autonym: Ilokano. Dialects: None known. A pidginized form is used in northern Luzon
highlands. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Ilocano.
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Inabaknon
[abx] Eastern Visayas region: Northern Samar province, San Bernardino strait, Capul island, east to
San Isidro island; Manila. Population: 26,400 (2010 M. Jacobson). Population increases 300–500
yearly. About 500 leave annually to find opportunities elsewhere. 3,000 monolinguals. Almost all
children. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Abaknon, Abaknon Sama, Capuleño, Kapul, Sama,
Sama Abaknon. Autonym: Inabaknon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater
Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Abaknon.
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Inonhan
[loc] MIMAROPA region: Mindoro Occidental and Mindoro Oriental provinces; Romblon province,
south Tablas island. Population: 85,800 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bisaya-
Inunhan, Loocnon, Looknon, Ohnhan, “Unhan” (pej.). Dialects: Bulalakaw, Dispoholnon, Looknon,
Alcantaranon. Lexical similarity: 70% with Odionganon [bno] (Bantuanon), 93% with Aklanon [akl],
86% with Caluyanun [clu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, West, North Central.
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Iranun
[ilp] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Maguindanao province, Barida, Buidon, Parang,
Sultan Kudarat, and Sultan Mastera municipalities; Lanao del Sur province, southeast tip; Northern
Mindanao region: Bukidnon province, Kalilangan municipality; Soccsksargen region: North Cotabato
province, Alamada, Banasilan, Carmen, Libungan, and Pigcawayan
municipalities. Population: 241,000 (2015 S. Conklin). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ilanun,
Illanun. Autonym: Iranun. Dialects: Ilanon, Ilanum, Illanon, Iranon. 85% intelligibility of
Maranao [mrw] of the Philippines. Most closely related to Maranao. Related to, but distinct from,
Maguindanaon [mdh]. Different from Lahanan [lhn] of Sarawak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Danao, Maranao-Iranon.
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Iraya
[iry] MIMAROPA region: Mindoro Occidental province, Abra de Ilog, northern Mamburao, Paluan,
and Santa Cruz municipalities; Mindoro Oriental province, Puerto Galera and San Teadoro
municipalities. Population: 10,000 (1991 OMF). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Iraya
Mangyan. Autonym: Iraya. Dialects: Abra-De-Ilog, Alag-Bako, Pagbahan, Palauan-Calavite,
Pambuhan, Santa Cruz. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Mangyan.
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Isinay
[inn] Cagayan Valley region: Nueva Vizcaya province, Aritao, Bambang, and Dupax Del Sur
municipalities. Population: 8,100 (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population: 12,500 (Reid and Salvador-
Amores 2016). Ancestral Domain Areas Census Report. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate
Names: Inmeas, Insinai, Isinai, Isnay. Dialects: Dupax del Sur, Aritao, Bambang. Not similar to other
languages. Lexical similarity: 47% with Ilocano [ilo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, Isinai.
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Isnag
[isd] Cagayan Valley region: Cagayan province, Claveria and Santa Praxedes municipalites;
Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra province, scattered along west Apayao province border;
Apayao province northern two-thirds; Ilocos region: Ilocos Norte province, scattered along west
Apayao border. Population: 32,600 (2005 UNSD). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Apayao,
Isneg, Maragat. Autonym: Isnag. Dialects: Bayag, Dibagat-Kabugao (Dibagat-Kabugao-Isneg),
Calanasan, Karagawan (Daragawan), Talifugu-Ripang (Tawini). Calanasan dialect 94% intelligibility
of Dibagat dialect, 88% of Ilocano [ilo]; Talifugu-Ripang 89% of Dibagat, 71% of
Ilocano. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern Cordilleran,
Cagayan Valley, Isnag.
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Itawit
[itv] Cordillera Administrative Region: Apayao province, Conner municipality; Cagayan Valley region:
south central Cagayan province. Population: 189,000 (2005 UNSD). 171,000 Itawis and 18,000
Malaueg (2005 UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Itawes, Itawis,
Tawit. Autonym: Itawit. Dialects: Malaweg (Malaueg), Itawis. Related to Ibanag languages; 72%
intelligibility of South Ibanag [ibg]; 68% of Ilocano [ilo]. Lexical similarity: 53% with
Ilocano [ilo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern Cordilleran,
Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic.
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Itneg, Banao
[bjx] Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra province, Daguioman and Malibcong municipalities;
Kalinga province, Balbalan and Pasil municipalities. Population: 3,500 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all Itneg
varieties (2005 UNSD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banao, Banaw, Bhanaw Tinggian,
Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian. Dialects: Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg. Lexical
similarity: Malibcong Banao 58% with Ilocano [ilo], 81% with Lubuagan Kalinga [knb], 73% with
Limos Kalinga [kmk]; Banao Pikek (Daguioman) dialect 62% with Ilocano, 83% with Masadiit and
Boliney Itneg [tis], 79% with Masadiit and Sallapadan Itneg [tis], 78% with the Banao dialect of
Malibcong, and 73% with Binongan Itneg [itb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central
Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Kalinga.
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Itneg, Binongan
[itb] Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra province, Licuan-Baay. Population: 7,500 (2003 SIL).
61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tingguian,
Tinguian. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Ilocano [ilo], 79% with Masadiit
Itneg [tis]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Itneg.
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Itneg, Inlaod
[iti] Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra province, a few villages in Danglas, Lagangilang,
Langiden, and Penarubia municipalities. Population: 9,000 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all Itneg varieties
(2005 UNSD). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Inlaod, Tinggian, Tinguian. Dialects: None
known. Lexical similarity: Inlaod of Langiden 73% with Ilocano [ilo]; Inlaod of Danglas 71% with
Ilocano, 75%–77% with Binongan Itneg [itb], 75%–76% with Masadiit [tis] of Sallapadan, 74%–75%
with Moyadan Itneg [ity]. Inlaod of Langiden and Inlaod of Danglas 86% with each
other. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-
Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Itneg.
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Itneg, Maeng
[itt] Cordillera Administrative Region: south Abra province, Luba, Tubo, and Villavisciosa
municipalities. Population: 18,000 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD). Ethnic
population: 18,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Luba-Tiempo Itneg, Southern
Itneg. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: Tubo area 60% with Ilocano [ilo], 68% with Northern
Kankanaey [kne]; Villavisciosa area 76% with Ilocano, 61% with Northern
Kankanaey. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Itneg.
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Itneg, Masadiit
[tis] Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra province, Boliney, Bucloc, and Sallapadan municipalities;
Kalinga province, western border. Population: 7,500. 61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005
UNSD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Masadiit Boliney, Masadiit Sallapadan. Lexical similarity: 62%
with Ilocano [ilo], 70% with Guinaang Kalinga [knb], 86% with Binongan
Itneg [itb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Itneg.
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Itneg, Moyadan
[ity] Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra province. Population: 12,000 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all
Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tinggian,
Tinguian. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 68% with Ilocano [ilo], 85% with Masadiit
Sallapadan [tis], 80% with Masadiit Boliney [tis], 76% with Binongan Itneg [itb], 75% with Inlaod
Danglas [iti], 74% with Inlaod Langiden [iti], 73% with Maeng [itt] of
Tubo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-
Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Itneg.
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Ivatan
[ivv] Cagayan Valley region: Batanes province; MIMAROPA region: Palawan province. Many
scattered in Mindanao; Manila. Population: 35,000 (1998 SIL), increasing. 3,450 Itbayatan (1996
census). Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Batanes
province. Alternate Names: Ivatanen. Autonym: Chirin nu Ibatan. Dialects: Itbayaten (Itbayat), Basco
Ivatan, Southern Ivatan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bashiic, Ivatan.
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Kagayanen
[cgc] CALABARZON region: Quezon and Rizal provinces; MIMAROPA region: Palawan province,
Cagayan island between Negros and Palawan; Palawan coastal communities; north Palawan,
Busuanga and Coron municipalities; south Palawan, Balabac island; National Capital Region;
Negros Island region: Negros Occidental province, Silay city; Western Visayas region: Iloilo
province. Population: 30,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 30,000
(2007 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Cagayano, Kagay-anen,
Kinagayanen. Autonym: Kagayanen. Dialects: Calamian Kagayanen. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Manobo, North.
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Kalagan
[kqe] Davao region: Davao del Sur province, southwest of Davao city, inland along coast;
Compostela Valley and Davao del Norte provinces, Samal and nearby islands, and inland on Davao
gulf easten shores; Davao Oriental province, highlands; Soccsksargen region: north Cotabato
province. Davao region: Davao Oriental province (eastern and western dialects); Davao del Sur
province, gulf to Hagonoy and Guihing (Lupon dialect); Samal Island (Isamal
dialect). Population: 48,900 (2005 UNSD), decreasing. 7,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population:
70,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaagan, Kinalagan, Minuslim
Kalagan. Autonym: Kalagan. Dialects: Isamal, Western Kalagan, Eastern Kalagan, Lupon. Lexical
similarity: 72% with Kagan [kll], 74% with Mansaka [msk], 83% with
Mandaya [mry]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Mansakan, Western.
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Kalagan, Kagan
[kll] Davao region: Davao del Sur province, near Digos city. Population: 500 (2005 UNSD). Status: 6b*
(Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaagan, Kagan, Kagan Kalagan. Dialects: 82% intelligibility with
Kalagan [kqe] dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine,
Central Philippine, Mansakan, Western.
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Kalanguya
[kak] Cagayan Valley region: Benguet province, Bokod municipality; western Nueva Vizcaya
province; Cordillera Administrative Region: Ifugao province, Hungduan municipality; Ilocos region:
northeast Pangasinan province, San Nicolas municipality. Population: 100,000 (2010), increasing.
census. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ikalahan, Kalangoya, Kalangoya-Ikalahan, Kayapa
Kallahan. Autonym: Kalanguya. Dialects: Central Kalanguya (Kayapa), Northern Kalanguya
(Ambaguio, Tinoc), Southern Kalanguya (Santa Fe), Western Kalanguya
(Benguet). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Southern Cordilleran, West Southern Cordilleran, Nuclear Southern
Cordilleran, Kallahan.
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Kalinga, Butbut
[kyb] Cordillera Administrative Region: Kalinga province, Tinglayan municipality, Dinongsay, Bugnay,
Buscalan, Butbut, Kataw, Loccong, Lucnang, Ngibat, Pakak, and Tabuk city; CALABARZON region:
Rizal province, Andaraya, Annenang, Bua, and Malapiat. Population: 15,000 (2008), increasing.
113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD). 1,000 monolinguals. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate
Names: Butbut. Dialects: None known. 72% intelligibility of Limos Kalinga [kmk]; 44% of Ilocano [ilo];
70% of Guinaang [knb], 47% of Tanudan [kml], 74% of Bangad (Southern) Kalinga [ksc]. Lexical
similarity: 82% with Southern Kalinga, 78% with Guinaang and
Tanudan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Kalinga.
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Kalinga, Limos
[kmk] Cordillera Administrative Region: Apayao province, Conner municipality; Kalinga province,
Tabuk city, north to border. Population: 12,700 (2007 census), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005
UNSD). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern
Kalinga. Dialects: None known. Intelligibility: Lubuagan Kalinga [knb] 65%, Southern
Kalinga [ksc] 66%, Tanudan Kalinga 67% [kml], Ilocano [ilo] 84%. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central
Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Kalinga.
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Kalinga, Lubuagan
[knb] Cordillera Administrative Region: Baguio city, Kalinga province, Lubuagan, Tabuk city; National
Capital Region: Manila. Population: 30,000 (2008 V. Dumatog), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005
UNSD). Status: 4 (Educational). Autonym: Lubuagan. Dialects: Guinaang, Ableg-Salegseg, Balatok-
Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Intelligibility of Balbalasang dialect 81%, Sumadel [ksc] 82%,
Limos [kmk] 70%, 48% comprehension of Ilocano [ilo] narrative. Lexical similarity: 81% with
Balbalasang and Limos. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-
Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg,
Kalinga.
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Kalinga, Mabaka Valley
[kkg] Cordillera Administrative Region: Apayao province, Conner municipality; western Abra and
northern Kalinga provinces. Population: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kal-Uwan, Mabaka,
Mabaka Itneg. Dialects: None known. 79% comprehension of Limos
Kalinga [kmk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Kalinga.
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Kalinga, Majukayang
[kmd] Cordillera Administrative Region: southeast Kalinga province, Tabuk City; Mountain province,
Paracelis municipality. Population: 1,500 (1990 SIL), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005
UNSD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Madukayang Kalinga, Majukayong. Dialects: None
known. 83% intelligibility of Limos Kalinga [kmk] and Balangao [blw], 86% of Tanudan Kalinga [kml];
68% of Ilocano [ilo]. Lexical similarity: 80% with Tanudan Kalinga [kml], 68% with Limos
Kalinga [kmk], 65% with Balangao [blw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern
Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran,
Kalinga-Itneg, Kalinga.
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Kalinga, Southern
[ksc] Cordillera Administrative Region: Kalinga province, Lubuagan municipality; Mountain province,
Sadanga and Sagada municipalities, 13 villages; some in Tabuk city. Population: 13,000 (2000 SIL),
increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD). 7,540 monolinguals. Status: 4
(Educational). Dialects: Mallango (Madlango Kalinga), Sumadel, Bangad, Tinglayan (Tinglayan
Kalinga). Intelligibility of Guinaang Kalinga [knb] 63%, Tanudan
Kalinga [kml] 51%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-
Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg,
Kalinga.
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Kalinga, Tanudan
[kml] Cordillera Administrative Region: south Kalinga province, south end of Tanudan
valley. Population: 11,200 (1998 SIL), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD). 1,120
monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga,
Mangali Kalinga, Tanudan. Dialects: Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul),
Dacalan, Lubo. Intelligibility: 79% of Limos Kalinga [kmk], 66% of Guinaang dialect of Lubuagan
Kalinga [knb]. Lexical similarity: 97% with Pinangol dialect, 80% with Madukayang
Kalinga [kmd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Kalinga-Itneg, Kalinga.
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Kallahan, Keley-i
[ify] Cordillera Administrative Region: Ifugao province, Aritao and Kiangan
municipalities. Population: 8,000 (2000 SIL). Only children under 5 are monolingual. Status: 4
(Educational). Alternate Names: Hanalulo, Keley-i, Keley-i Kalanguya, Keleyqiq
Ifugao. Autonym: Antipolo Ifugao. Dialects: Bayninan, Ya-Tuka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Southern Cordilleran,
West Southern Cordilleran, Nuclear Southern Cordilleran, Kallahan.
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Kamayo
[kyk] Caraga region: Surigao del Sur province, between Marihatag and Lingig; Agusan del Sur
province border areas; Davao region: Davao Oriental province, between Lingig and
Boston. Population: 153,000 (2005 UNSD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Davawenyo,
Davaweño, Kadi, Kinadi, Kinamayo, Mandaya. Dialects: North Kamayo, South Kamayo. Lexical
similarity: 66% with Surigaonon [sgd], 70% with Butuanon [btw]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Mansakan, Northern.
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Kankanaey
[kne] Cordillera Administrative Region: north Benguet and southwest Ifugao provinces, southwest
Mountain province; Ilocos region: southeast Ilocos Sur province, northeast La Union
province. Population: 167,000 (2005 UNSD). All Kankanai 261,000 (2005 UNSD). Status: 5*
(Developing). Alternate Names: Central Kankanaey, Kankanai,
Kankanay. Autonym: Kankanaey. Dialects: Mankayan-Buguias, Kapangan, Bakun-Kibungan,
Guinzadan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-Cordilleran,
South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear Cordilleran,
Bontok-Kankanay, Kankanay.
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Kankanay, Northern
[xnn] Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra province, Tubo municipality, west Mountain province;
Ilocos region: Ilocos Sur province, Cervantes, Gregorio del Pilar, Quirino, and San Emilio
municipalities. Population: 94,100 (2005 UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kataugnan,
Sagada Igorot, Western Bontoc. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon,
Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Central Cordilleran, North Central Cordilleran, Nuclear
Cordilleran, Bontok-Kankanay, Kankanay.
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Karao
[kyj] Cagayan Valley region: east Nueva Vizcaya province, Bokod, Ekip, and Karao areas; Cordillera
Administrative Region: western Benguet and Ifugao provinces. Population: 2,000 (2011
SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Karaw. Autonym: Karao. Dialects: None known. Limited
comprehension testing showed 85% comprehension of Kalanguya [kak]; 78% of Ilocano [ilo]. Lexical
similarity: 90% with Ibaloi [ibl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon,
Meso-Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Southern Cordilleran, West Southern Cordilleran,
Nuclear Southern Cordilleran, Karaw.
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Kasiguranin
[ksn] Central Luzon region: Aurora province, Casiguran municipality. Population: 12,100 (2005
UNSD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Casiguranin. Dialects: None known. 82% intelligibility
of Paranan [prf]. Lexical similarity: 52% with Filipino [fil], 75% with
Paranan [prf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern
Cordilleran, Northeastern Luzon, Northern.
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Katabagan
[ktq] CALABARZON region: Quezon province, Bondoc
peninsula. Population: Status: Unattested. Alternate Names: Katabaga. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified.
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Kinabalian
[cbw] Eastern Visayas region: Southern Leyte province, 6 villages in San Juan (Cabalian)
town. Population: 14,000 (2009 J. Lobel). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bisaya’, Cabalian,
Cabalianon, Kinabalianon. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Waray-
Waray [war]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Warayan.
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Kinaray-a
[krj] Western Visayas region: scattered in Aklan, most of Antique, west Iloilo, and west Capiz
provinces. Population: 433,000 (2005 UNSD), increasing. 1,000 monolinguals. Status: 4
(Educational). Alternate Names: Antiqueño, Ati, Binisaya nga Karay-a, Bisaya nga Kinaray-a,
Hamtikanon, Hamtiknon, Hinaray-a, Hiniraya, Karay-a, Kiniray-a, Panayano,
Sulud. Autonym: Kinaray-a. Dialects: Pandan, Hamtik, Anini-y, Pototan, Lambunao, Miag-Ao,
Guimaras Island (Gimaras). Antique area has 75% comprehension of Filipino [fil]; 90% of
Hiligaynon [hil]; Iloilo area, 95% of Hiligaynon; 90% of Antique. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, West, Kinarayan.
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Maguindanaon
[mdh] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Maguindanao province, Cotabato city southeast to
Lake Buluan; Soccsksargen region: North Cotabato province, south central area from Dillian to
Kayaga; South Cotabato province, northern tip; central Sultan Kudarat province west of Lake
Buluan. Population: 1,100,000 (2010 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial
identity in North Cotabato and 3 other Mindanao provinces (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). Alternate
Names: Magindanao, Magindanaon, Magindanaw, Maguindanao,
Maguindanaw. Autonym: Magindanawn. Dialects: Laya, Ilud, Biwangan, Sibugay, Tagakawanan.
Intelligibility 60% of Maranao [mrw], 96% of Iranun [ilp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Danao, Magindanao.
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Malaynon
[mlz] Western Visayas region: northwest Aklan province, Malay municipality,
lowland. Population: 8,500 (1973 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lexical
similarity: 93% with Aklanon [akl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, West, Aklan.
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Mamanwa
[mmn] Caraga region: Agusan del Norte and Surigao del Norte provinces in Lake Mainit
area. Population: 4,070 (2005 UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mamanwa
Negrito. Autonym: Minamanwa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Mamanwa.
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Mandaya
[mry] Davao region: Davao del Norte province; Davao Oriental province, Baganga, Caraga, Cateel,
and Manay municipalities. Population: 82,000 (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population: 250,000 (2010 E.
Arcenas). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Davawenyo. Dialects: Carraga Mandaya,
Cateelenyo, Manay Mandayan, Mandaya, Cataelano, Karaga, Sangab, Mangaragan Mandaya. 77%
intelligibility of Mansaka [msk]. Lexical similarity: 89% with Mansaka [msk], 83% with
Kalagan [kqe]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Mansakan, Eastern.
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Manide
[abd] Bicol region: Camarines Norte province, Labo and Santa Elena
municipalities. Population: 3,800 (Lobel 2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abiyan,
Agta, Camarinas Norte Agta. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Alabat Agta [dul],
35% with Mt. Iriga Agta [agz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Umiray Dumaget.
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Manobo, Agusan
[msm] Caraga region: Agusan del Norte province west; Agusan del Sur province, west area
southeast of Lake Buluan; Surigao del Norte province south tip, inland; Surigao del Sur province
southwest of Lanuza peninsula to Lianga bay; Davao region: Compostela Valley and Davao del
Norte provinces’ north borders; Davao Oriental province scattered; Northern Mindanao region:
Bukidnon province, scattered. Population: 60,000 (2002 SIL). 227,000 all Manobo (2005
UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Agusan,
Manobo. Autonym: Minanubu. Dialects: Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao, Omayamnon. 83% intelligibility
of Dibabawon [mbd]. Lexical similarity: 80% with Omayamnon dialect and other dialects, 85% with
Dibabawon Manobo [mbd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Manobo, Central, East.
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Manobo, Ata
[atd] Davao region: Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, and Davao del Sur provinces, areas all
northwest; Northern Mindanao region: southeast Bukidnon province. Population: 11,600 (2005
UNSD). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ata of Davao,
Atao Manobo, Langilan. Autonym: Minanobo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Greater Central Philippine, Manobo, Central, South, Ata-Tigwa.
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Manobo, Cotabato
[mta] Soccsksargen region: Sultan Kudarat province, Kalamansig, Ninoy Aquino, and Palimbang
municipalities; South Cotabato province, T’Boli municipality. Population: 30,000 (2007 SIL),
increasing. 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). 5,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population:
30,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dulangan
Manobo. Autonym: Menubù. Dialects: Tasaday, Blit. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Greater Central Philippine, Manobo, South.
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Manobo, Dibabawon
[mbd] Davao region: north Compostela Valley province, upper Agusan river area; Davao del Norte
province, Asuncion municipality, Manguagan; Davao Oriental province, Boston and Cateel
municipalities. Population: 9,060 (2005 UNSD). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Status: 5*
(Developing). Alternate Names: Debabaon, Dibabaon, Dibabauon,
Mandaya. Autonym: Dibabawon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Manobo, Central, East.
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Manobo, Ilianen
[mbi] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Maguindanao province, Datu Montawal and north
Kambutalan municipalities; Northern Mindanao region: Bukidnon province, Darnulong, Kandingilan,
and Kibawe, municipalities; Soccsksargen region: North Cotabato province, north and central
watershed of Mindanao river. Population: 14,600 (2000). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Few
monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ilianen, Menuvù. Dialects: Arakan,
Livunganen, Pulangiyan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Manobo, Central, West.
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Manobo, Kinamiging
[mkx] Northern Mindanao region: Camiguin province, entire island north of
Mindanao. Population: 12,800 (2005 UNSD). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Status: 6b*
(Threatened). Alternate Names: Cinamiguin, Cinamiguin Manobo, Kamigin, Kinamigin,
Kinamiguin. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Manobo,
North.
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Manobo, Matigsalug
[mbt] Davao region: northwest Davao del Sur province; Northern Mindanao region: south-central
Bukidnon province; Soccsksargen region: northeast North Cotabato region. Population: 50,000 (2010
SIL), increasing. 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). 5,000 monolinguals. Status: 5
(Developing). Alternate Names: Matig-Salug Manobo, Salug-Tigwa Manobo, Tigwa, Tigwa
Manobo. Autonym: Matigsalug. Dialects: Kulamanen. Tigwa has marginal intelligibility of Matigsalug.
Tala Ingod may have adequate intelligibility of Matigsalug. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Manobo, Central, South, Ata-Tigwa.
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Manobo, Obo
[obo] Davao and Soccsksargen regions: northeast slope of Mount Apo, between Davao del Sur and
North Cotabato provinces. Population: 60,000 (2007 SIL). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). 20,000
monolinguals. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Bagobo, Kidapawan Manobo, Obo
Bagobo. Autonym: Manobo. Dialects: Kidapawan Manobo, Magpet Manobo, Arakan Manobo,
Marilog. 69% intelligibility of Tigwa (Matigsalug Manobo [mbt] reportedly most similar) and 60% of
Tagabawa [bgs]. Lexical similarity: 63% with Tagabawa [bgs] and Ilianen Manobo [mbi], 35% with
Cebuano [ceb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine,
Manobo, Central, South, Obo.
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Manobo, Rajah Kabunsuwan

[mqk] Caraga region: Agusan del Sur province southeast corner; south Surigao del Sur province,
Cabungsuan, Lingig, and Rajah; Davao region: Davao Oriental province, northern
border. Population: 7,560 (2000). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate
Names: Rajah Kabungsuan Manobo. Dialects: Intelligibility of Dibabawon Manobo [mbd] 80%, San
Miguel Calatugan Agusan [msm] 81%. Lexical similarity: 82% with Dibabawon Manobo [mbd], 76%
with Sagunto dialect of Agusan Manobo [msm] and San Miguel Calatugan dialect of Agusan
Manobo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Manobo,
Central, East.
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Manobo, Sarangani
[mbs] Davao region: Davao del Sur province, Jose Abad Santos municipality; Davao Oriental
province, Governor Generoso municipality; Soccsksargen region: Sarangani province, Glan
municipality. Population: 58,000 (2000 census). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Status: 5*
(Developing). Alternate Names: Sarangani. Autonym: Menobò. Dialects: Governor Generoso
Manobo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Manobo,
South.
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Manobo, Western Bukidnon

[mbb] Northern Mindanao region: south Bukidnon province, Dangcagan, Don Carlos, Kitaotao, and
especially Maramag municipalities; Soccsksargen region: North Cotabato province, Banisilan
municipality. Population: 15,000 (2008 SIL). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population:
15,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Manobo, Menuvù, Western
Bukidnon. Dialects: Ilentungen, Kiriyenteken, Pulangiyen. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Manobo, Central, West.
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Mansaka
[msk] Davao region: Davao Oriental province, west Baganga municipality; central west Compostela
Valley province; Davao Oriental province, south to Pujada Bay. Population: 26,100 (2005
UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mandaya
Mansaka. Autonym: Minansaka. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 80% with Bislig-Mati, 89% with
Mandaya [mry], 84% with Mati, 74% with Piso dialect of Kalagan [kqe]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Mansakan, Eastern.
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Mapun
[sjm] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Tawi-Tawi province, Cagayan de Sulu (Mapun)
island. Population: 43,000 in Philippines (2011 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 43,000.
Total users in all countries: 58,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bajau Kagayan,
Cagayan, Cagayan de Sulu, Cagayanen, Cagayano, Cagayanon, Kagayan, Orang, Sama
Mapun. Autonym: Jama Mapun. Dialects: None known. Intelligibility of Central Sama [sml] 59%,
intelligibility of Sama Pangutaran [slm] 61%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw.
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Maranao
[mrw] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: almost all Lanao del Sur province; northwest
Maguindanao province, Bariya, Buldon, Matanog, and north Parang municipalities; Northern
Mindanao region: west central Bukidnon province; south Lanao del Norte province, north of Lake
Lano; Soccsksargen region: northwest North Cotabato province. Population: 866,000 (2005
UNSD). Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Lanao del Sur. Alternate
Names: Maranaw, Mëranaw, Ranao. Autonym: Maranao. Dialects: None known. Intelligibility of
Iranun [ilp] 87%, of Maguindanaon [mdh] 52%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Greater Central Philippine, Danao, Maranao-Iranon.
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Masbatenyo
[msb] Bicol region: Masbate province, 3 islands. Population: 724,000, all users. L1 users: 474,000
(2005 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 250,000 (2002 SIL). 50,000 monolinguals. Mostly children.
Ethnic population: 700,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial
identity in Masbate Province (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). Alternate Names: Masbateño,
Minasbate. Autonym: Masbatenyo. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 79% with Capiznon [cps],
76% with Hiligaynon [hil]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Peripheral.
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Molbog
[pwm] MIMAROPA region: Palawan province, Balabac, Balambangam, Banggi, Bataraza, Palawan,
and Ramos islands. Population: 7,940 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population: 13,400. Total
users in all countries: 10,440. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balabak, Molbog
Palawan. Autonym: Molbog. Dialects: Balabac Island, Southern Palawan, Banggi Island. Intelligibility
of Brooke’s Point Palawano [plw] is 27%, of South Palawano is 55%. Lexical similarity: 69% with
Quezon Palawano [plc] (Central). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Palawanic.
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Palawano, Brooke’s Point

[plw] MIMAROPA region: southeast Palawan island, south of Abu Abu to Bataraza, mostly along
upland rivers, some along the coast. Population: 14,400 (2000). 44,800 all Palawano (2005
UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Brooke’s Point Palawan, Palawan, Palawanun,
Palaweño, Pelewan, Pinalawan, Pinelawan. Autonym: Palawano, Pelaꞌwan. Dialects: South
Palawano (Bugsuk Palawano). Intelligibility of Central Palawano [plc] 76%; of Southwest
Palawano [plv] 68%. Lexical similarity: 82% with Quezon Palawano [plc] (Central), 85% with
Southwest Palawano [plv], 83% with South Palawano. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Palawanic.
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Palawano, Central
[plc] MIMAROPA region: southwest Palawan island, north of Quezon to north of Rizal; east Abu Abu
area, mostly along upland rivers, some along the coast. Population: 12,000 (1981 UBS). 44,800 all
Palawano (2005 UNSD). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Palawanen, Palaweño, Quezon
Palawano. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Brooke’s Point Palawano [plw], 78%
with Southwest Palawano [plv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Palawanic.
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Palawano, Southwest
[plv] MIMAROPA region: southwest Palawan island, north of Rizal to the south tip, east side from
Bataraza south, mostly along upland rivers, some along the coast. Population: 12,000 (2005 W.
Davis). 44,800 all Palawano (2005 UNSD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Intelligibility
of Central Palawano [plc] 75%, of Brooke’s Point Palawano [plw] 76%. Lexical similarity: 85% with
Brooke’s Point Palawano [plw], 78% with Central Palawano [plc]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Palawanic.
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Pampangan
[pam] Central Luzon region: southwest Nueva Ecija province; Tarlac province; most of Pampanga
province west of Pampanga river; Central Visayas region: Zambales province, scattered along east
border. Population: 2,040,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in all countries:
2,049,670. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Pampanga
and 2 other Luzon provinces (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). Alternate Names: Amánung Sísuan,
Pampango, Pampangueño. Autonym: Kapampangan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Central Luzon, Pampangan.
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Pangasinan
[pag] Ilocos region: Pangasinan province. Population: 1,240,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total
users in all countries: 1,243,660. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial
identity in Pangasinan Province (1991, ACFLC Section
3(f)). Autonym: Pangasinan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Meso-
Cordilleran, South-Central Cordilleran, Southern Cordilleran, West Southern Cordilleran.
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Paranan
[prf] Cagayan Valley region: Isabela province east coast, between Divilacan bay and Dinapigue town
and inland to San Mariano. Population: 15,000 (2009 J. Lobel). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate
Names: Palanan, Palanenyo. Autonym: Paranan. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to
Pahanan Agta [apf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Northern
Cordilleran, Northeastern Luzon.
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Porohanon
[prh] Central Visayas region: Cebu province, Camotes Islands (Pacijun, Ponsoon, Poro) between
Cebu and Leyte. Population: 23000 Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Camotes. Dialects: None
known. Barely intelligible with Cebuano [ceb] (1967 J. Wolff). Reportedly more similar to
Masbatenyo [msb] and Hiligaynon [hil]. Lexical similarity: 87% with Cebuano [ceb] (1967 J.
Wolff). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Peripheral.
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Ratagnon
[btn] MIMAROPA region: Mindoro Occidental province extreme south tip, including Ilin islands;
Mindoro Oriental province south tip, Bulalacao municipality. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last
known speaker may have survived into the 2010s. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 9
(Dormant). Alternate Names: Aradigi, Datagnon, Lactan, Latagnun, Latan. Dialects: Ratagnon, Santa
Teresa. Reportedly similar to Cuyonon [cyo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, West, Kuyan.
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Romblomanon
[rol] MIMAROPA region: Romblon province, Romblon island; Sibuyan Island north of
Panay. Population: 94,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Basi, Ini, Niromblon,
Rombloanon, Romblon, Tiyad Ini. Autonym: Rumblumãnun. Dialects: Sibuyanon, Romblon, Bisaya’.
Sibuyan Island has 70% intelligibility of Aklanon [akl], 73% of Hiligaynon [hil], 94% of the Romblon
dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Romblon.
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Sama, Balangingih
[sse] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Sulu and Basilan provinces; Zamboanga Peninsula
region: coast peninsula, islands. Central Luzon region: White Beach near Subic bay (Northern Sama
dialect); Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga Sibugay province, Olutangga island (Lutangan
dialect). Population: 80,000 in Philippines (2007). Total users in all countries: 85,000. Status: 5
(Developing). Alternate Names: Baangingi’, Balanguingui, Bangingi, Bangingih Sama, Northern Sama,
Northern Sinama, Sama Baangingi, Samal, Sinama Baangingi. Autonym: Bangingih, Sama
Bangingih. Dialects: Lutangan (Lutango), Sibuco-Vitali (Sibuku), Sibuguey (Batuan), Balangingi,
Daongdung, Kabinga’an. Most Lutangan understand Bangingih Sama, the prestige dialect.
Intelligibility of Central Sama [sml] 71%, 83% of Lutangan, 85% of Sibuco-Vitali. Lexical similarity:
77% with Lutangan, 75% with Sibuco-Vitali. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater
Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama.
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Sama, Central
[sml] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Basilan province, Basilan island, Maluso
municipality, Malamawi island; Sulu and Tawi-Tawi provinces, Cagayan de Sulu island, Siasi and
Sitangkai municipalities, Bonggao and Tabawan; CALABARZON region: Batangas province; Central
Visayas region: Cebu province; Bohol province, Tagbilaran; MIMAROPA region: Palawan province,
Puerto Princesa; Northern Mindanao region: Misamis Oriental province, Cagayan de Oro; Negros
Island region: Negros Occidental province, Sasa; Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga del
Norte province, Olutangga; Zamboanga del Sur province, Batuan Lumbayaw; Rio Hondo, Sangali,
and Taluk Sangay areas in Zamboanga City; Davao City, Isla Verde. Population: 90,000 in
Philippines (2000). 30,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 105,000. Status: 4
(Educational). Alternate Names: Central Sinama, Orang Laut, Sama, Samal, “Bajaw”
(pej.). Autonym: Sinama. Dialects: Sama Deya, Sama Dilaut, Sama Siasi (Siasi Sama), Sama
Laminusa, Sama Tabawan. Intelligibility of Bangingih Sama [sse] 79%. Lexical similarity: 47% with
Inabaknon [abx], 62% with Yakan [yka], 76% with Pangutaran Sama [slm], 77% with
Balangingi [sse], 72–78% with Southern Sama [ssb], 59% with West Coast Bajau [bdr], 66% with
Mapun [sjm], 48–51% with Indonesian Bajau [bdl], 25% with Cebuano [ceb], 45% with
Tausug [tsg] (Pallesen 1985). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito,
Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama.
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Sama, Pangutaran
[slm] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: west central Sulu province, Pangutaran island; Tawi-
Tawi province, Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi island. Population: 35,200 (2000). Status: 5*
(Developing). Alternate Names: Pangutaran, Sama Pangutaran, Siyama. Autonym: Siyama
Pangutaran. Dialects: None known. Intelligibility of Central
Sama [sml] 65%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw,
Sulu-Borneo, Western Sulu Sama.
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Sama, Southern
[ssb] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Tawi-Tawi province, Tawi-Tawi, Simunul, and Sibutu
municipalities; other major islands. Population: 200,000 in Philippines (2007 SIL), increasing. 20,000
monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 260,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Sama,
Sama Tawi-Tawi, Southern Sinama, Tawi-Tawi Sinama. Autonym: Sinama, Sinama Tawi-
Tawi. Dialects: Sibutu’ (Sibutu), Simunul, Tandubas, Obian, Balimbing, Bongao, Sitangkai,
Languyan, Sapa-Sapa, Sama Sibutu. Sibutu intelligibility of Sama Central [sml] 77%, of the Simunul
dialect 89%. Simunul intelligibility of Sama Central [sml] 77%, of the Sibutu dialect
80%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo,
Inner Sulu Sama.
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Sambal
[xsb] Central Luzon region: Tarlac province, western border; Ilocos region: Pangasinan province, 2
villages; MIMAROPA region: Palawan province, Quezon municipality, Panitian village; north
Zambales province, 5 towns. Population: 70,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic
population: 70,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). De facto language of provincial identity in Zambales
province. Alternate Names: Sambali, “Tina” (pej.), “Tina Sambal”
(pej.). Autonym: Sambalì. Dialects: Santa Cruz, Masinloc, Iba. 70% intelligibility with
Botolan [sbl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central Luzon, Sambalic.
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Sambal, Botolan
[sbl] Central Luzon region: Zambales province, Botolan and Cabangan
municipalities. Population: 32,900 (2000 SIL), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate
Names: Aeta Negrito, Ayta Hambali, Botolan Zambal. Autonym: Hambali. Dialects: Ayta Hambali
(Hambali Botolan), Sambali Botolan. Among themselves, Ayta Hambali reportedly use some words
that are similar to Ayta Mag-anchi [sgb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central
Luzon, Sambalic.
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Sangil
[snl] Davao region: Davao del Sur province, Balut island off extreme south tip. Population: 15,000
(1996 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sanggil, Sangihé,
Sangirese. Autonym: Sangiré. Dialects: Sarangani, Mindanao. Lexical similarity: 90% with
Sangir [sxn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sangiric, Northern.
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Sangir
[sxn] Davao region: Davao del Sur province, Sarangani island off extreme south
tip. Population: 55,000 in Philippines (1981 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Sangihé,
Sangirese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sangiric, Northern.
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Sorsoganon, Northern
[bks] Bicol region: Sorsogon province, Sorsogon city; Central Luzon region: Aurora province,
Casiguran and Juban municipalities. Population: 85,000 (1975 census). Status: 6a*
(Vigorous). Alternate Names: Masbate Sorsogon, Northern Sorsogon, Sorsogon Bicolano,
Sursugúnun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Warayan.
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Sorsoganon, Southern
[srv] Bicol region: south Sorsogon province. Population: 185,000 (1975 census). Status: 6a*
(Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bikol Sorsogon, Gubat, Southern Sorsogon, Waray
Sorsogon. Dialects: None known. Comprehension of Masbatenyo [msb] 63%–91%; of Central
Bikol [bcl] (Naga) 71%–82%; of Filipino [fil] 85%–91%. Reportedly similar to Waray-
Waray [war]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Warayan, Gubat.
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Spanish
[spa] Major cities. Population: 465,330 in Philippines, all users. L1 users: 3,330 in Philippines
(Instituto Cervantes 2017). L2 users: 462,000 (Instituto Cervantes 2017). Status: 5*
(Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian,
Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian.
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Subanen, Central
[syb] Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga del Norte province eastern half; Zamboanga del
Sur province, west of Molave and Pagadian; Zamboanga Sibugay province, Diplahan, Kabasalan,
and Siay municipalities. Population: 140,000 (2000), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate
Names: Sindangan Subanun, Subaanen. Autonym: Sinubaanen, Subanen. Dialects: Eastern
Kolibugan (Eastern Kalibugan). Intelligibility of Southern Subanen [laa] 71%. Lexical similarity: 79%
with Western Subanen [suc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Subanon, Eastern.
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Subanen, Eastern
[sfe] Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga del Norte province, Don Victoriano Chiongban
municipality on Mount Malindang western slopes; northeast Zamboanga del Sur province; Northern
Mindanao region: Misamis Occidental province, border area west of Mount
Malindang. Population: 7,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Guinselugnen,
Salugnen. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Subanon,
Eastern.
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Subanen, Northern
[stb] CALABARZON region: Rizal province, Disoy; Siayan municipality, Dumugok; Negros Island
region: Negros Oriental province, La Libertad; Northern Mindanao region: Misamis Occidental
province, Jose Dalman Manukan (Linay and Pangandaw), Manuel A. Roxas, and Polanco
municipalities; Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga del Norte province, Mutia and Sergio
Osmeña, and Sibutad municipalities, inland from Dipolog and Dapitan cities. Population: 85,400
(2010 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 85,400. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate
Names: Northern Subaanen, Tuboy Subanon. Dialects: Dapitan, Salog (Salug), Dikayu, Miatan,
Piyau. 63% intelligibility of Central Subanen [syb], 40% of Southern Subanen [laa]. Lexical similarity:
87% with Central Subanen [syb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Subanon, Eastern.
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Subanen, Southern
[laa] Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga del Sur province, peninsula west of Illana bay,
Margosatubig city; Zamboanga Sibugay province, peninsula east of Sibuguey bay, Malangas
city. Population: 25,000 (1978 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Lapuyan Subanun,
Lapuyen, Margosatubig, Subanen. Autonym: Sinubanen. Dialects: None known. Southern Subanen
speakers understand Central Subanen [syb] (85%), but not vice versa. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Subanon, Eastern.
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Subanon, Kolibugan
[skn] Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga del Norte province, Sulu Sea coast, Kanapun area
to Liloy, also Sibuco to Siocon; Zamboanga del Sur province, Sibuguey bay head, Ipil and inland to
Kabasalan; Zamboanga City, south from north provincial border to Curuan. Population: 25,100 (2005
UNSD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Calibugan, Kalibugan, Kolibugan. Dialects: None
known. Reportedly similar to Western Subanon [suc], but limitations on inherent intelligibility
between them. Lexical and grammatical differences. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Subanon, Eastern.
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Subanon, Western
[suc] Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga del Norte province, Labason town to southern
border, mostly inland on Zamboanga Peninsula western slopes; Zamboanga Sibugay province, Ipil,
Rosseler T Lim, and Tungawan municipalities on eastern slopes of peninsula. Population: 125,000
(2011 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Siocon. Autonym: Subanon. Dialects: Siocon,
Western Kolibugan (Western Kalibugan). Lexical similarity: 89% between Siocon and Western
Kolibugan dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine,
Subanon.
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Sulod
[srg] Western Visayas region: Antique province, Valderrama, Panay; Capiz province, Tapaz; Iloilo
province, Lambunao. Population: 1,990 (2005 UNSD). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate
Names: Bukidnon, Mondo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine.
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Surigaonon
[sgd] Caraga region: Surigao del Norte, north Agusan del Norte, and north Surigao del Sur
provinces. Population: 501,000 (2005 UNSD). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Jaun-Jaun,
Sinurigao, Waya-Waya. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Tandaganon [tgn]. Lexical
similarity: 82% with Dibabawon Manobo [mbd], 81% with Agusan Manobo [msm], 69% with
Butuanon [btw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Bisayan, South.
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Tadyawan
[tdy] MIMAROPA region: east central Mindoro Oriental province, Lake Naujan
south. Population: 2,940 (2009 NCIP). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balaban, Pula,
Tadianan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Mangyan.
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Tagabawa
[bgs] Davao region: Davao del Sur province; Soccsksargen region: North Cotabato province; Mount
Apo slopes west of Davao city. Population: 43,000 (1998 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate
Names: Tagabawa Bagobo, Tagabawa Manobo. Autonym: Bagobo. Dialects: None known.
Comprehension of Tigwa Manobo [mbt] 45%; low comprehension of Cebuano [ceb]. Lexical
similarity: 62% with Sarangani Manobo [mbs]; 34% with Giangan [bgi]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Manobo, South.
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Tagakaulo
[klg] Davao region: Davao del Sur province, Digos south to Bugis and inland on Davao Gulf west
shore; Soccsksargen region: South Cotabato province, Tampakan municipality; Sultan Kudarat
province, Colombia municipality. Population: 69,900 (2005 UNSD). 40,000 monolinguals. Ethnic
population: 100,000. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Tagakaolo, Tagakaulu
Kalagan. Autonym: Tagakaulo. Dialects: None known. About 85% intelligibility with
Mansaka [msk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central
Philippine, Mansakan, Western.
More Information

Tagalog
[tgl] Widespread; Manila, most of Luzon, and Mindoro. Population: 20,000,000 in Philippines (2005
UNSD). Total users in all countries: 23,808,890 (as L1: 23,646,890; as L2: 162,000). Status: 3 (Wider
communication). De facto national working language. Alternate Names: Wikang
Tagalog. Autonym: Tagalog. Dialects: Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan,
Puray, Tanay-Paete, Tayabas. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Tagalog.
More Information

Tagbanwa
[tbw] MIMAROPA region: Palawan province, scattered communities from about 120 km south to 60
km north on both sides of Puerto Princesa island. Population: 17,200 (2005 UNSD). 500
monolinguals (2002). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aborlan Tagbanwa, Apurawnon,
Tagbanua. Autonym: Tagbanwa. Dialects: None known. Intelligibility of Central Palawano [plc] 66%,
of Cuyonon [cyo] 77%. Lexical similarity: 65% with Central Palawano [plc], 71% with Batak [bya],
54% with Cuyonon [cyo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Palawanic.
More Information

Tagbanwa, Calamian
[tbk] MIMAROPA region: north Palawan province, Busuanga, Coron, Culion, and Linapacan
municipalities (Calamian and Linapacan groups); Palawan Island northeast coast, 3 Tagbanwa
communities. Population: 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 5
(Developing). Alternate Names: Kalamian Tagbanwa, Kalamianon, “Unggoy”
(pej.). Autonym: Tinagbanwa. Dialects: Baras, Kinalamiananen (Kinaramiananen), Binuswanganen,
Tinalaanen, Inawanwaanen, Lininipaknen, Binatuanen. Baras dialect on Palawan Island 94%
intelligibility with Calamian Tagbanwa. Lexical similarity: 80% with Calamian and Baras dialects;
typologically unusual phenomenon with regard to pronoun ordering and
marking. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Kalamian.
More Information

Tagbanwa, Central
[tgt] MIMAROPA region: northwest Palawan province, Taytay municipality, Malipu bay area on South
China seacoast. Population: 2,000 (1985 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known.
Intelligibility of Tagbanwa [tbw] (Lamane) 29%, of Calamian Tagbanwa 56%, of Cuyonon [cyo] 61%.
Lexical similarity: 56% with Tagbanwa [tbw] (Lamane), 57% with Calamian Tagbanwa [tbk], 48%
with Cuyonon [cyo], 40% with Filipino [fil]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater
Central Philippine, Palawanic.
More Information

Tandaganon
[tgn] Caraga region: central Surigao del Sur province, Bayabas, Cagwait, Tago, and Tandag
towns. Population: 100,000 (2009 B. Hall). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Naturalis, Tagon-
on. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Surigaonon [sgd]. Classification: Austronesian,
Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South.
More Information

Tausug
[tsg] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Sulu province, Jolo, in Sulu archipelago; Basilan
province, Basilan island; MIMAROPA region: Palawan province on Palawan island; Zamboanga
Peninsula region: Zamboanga city and environs. Population: 784,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD),
increasing. 250,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 946,000. Status: 3 (Wider
communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Sulu and Tawi-Tawi provinces. Alternate
Names: Jolohano, Moro Joloano, Sinug, Sinug Tausug, Sulu, Suluk, Tausog, Taw Sug. Autonym: ‫س‬ َ ‫بَ َه‬
‫سوگ‬ُ (Bahasa Sūg). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine,
Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug.
More Information

Tawbuid, Eastern
[bnj] MIMAROPA region: Mindoro Occidental province; Mindoro Oriental province border
area. Population: 1,130 (2002 UNSD). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bangon, Barangan,
Batangan, Binatangan, Fanawbuid, Suri, Tabuid, Taubuid, Tiron. Dialects: None known. Western
Tawbuid [twb] is distinct. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine,
South Mangyan, Buhid-Taubuid.
More Information

Tawbuid, Western
[twb] MIMAROPA region: Mindoro Occidental province, mainly Calintaan and Sablayan
municipalities. Population: 6,810 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Batangan Taubuid,
Fanawbuid, Western Taubuid. Dialects: None known. Eastern Tawbuid [bnj] is distinct. Reportedly
most similar to Buhid [bku]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, South Mangyan, Buhid-Taubuid.
More Information

Tboli
[tbl] Soccsksargen region: Sarangani province, Katabau west to provincial border on Celebes
seacoast; South Cotabato province, Mount Busa area and west; Sultan Kudarat province,
Bagumbayan municipality and Kraun area. Population: 87,200 (2005 UNSD). 10,000 monolinguals.
Ethnic population: 100,000. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: T’boli, Tiboli, “Tagabili”
(pej.). Autonym: Tboli. Dialects: Central Tboli, Western Tboli, Southern
Tboli. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bilic, Tboli.
More Information

Tiruray
[tiy] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Maguindanao province southwest, Datu Blah T.
Sinsuat, North Upi, and south Upi municipalities; Soccsksargen region: Sultan Kudarat province
northwest, Lebak municipality. Population: 60,500 (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population: 50,000. Status: 5*
(Developing). Alternate Names: Tirurai. Autonym: Téduray. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-
Polynesian, Bilic.
More Information

Waray-Waray
[war] Eastern Visayas region: east Biliran, Eastern Samar and Northern Samar provinces, all of
Samar and associated islands; Leyte province, Leyte town east, Carigara bay, south to Tacloban,
Leyte gulf shore south, inland west to highlands. Population: 2,610,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD).
Total users in all countries: 2,611,110. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of
provincial identity in Samar, Leyte islands (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). Alternate Names: Binisaya,
Samaran, Samarenyo, Samareño, Winaray. Autonym: Waray, Waray-Waray. Dialects: Waray,
Samar-Leyte, Northern Samar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central
Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Warayan, Samar-Waray.
More Information

Yakan
[yka] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Basilan and Sulu provinces and small surrounding
islands, Sakol island; Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga east coast, concentrated
inland. Population: 130,000 (2005 UNSD), increasing. 86,900 in Basilan Province. 35,000
monolinguals (1990). Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Basilan
province. Alternate Names: Yacan. Autonym: Yakan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian,
Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw.
More Information

Yogad
[yog] Cagayan Valley region: Isabela province, Echague and nearby towns. Population: 17,900 (2005
UNSD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 52% with Ilocano [ilo], 66%
with Itawit [itv], 63% with Ibanag [ibg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern
Luzon, Northern Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic.
More Information
STATUS

Expand All

Collapse All
Hide Details1 (National)
English
[eng] 1 (National). Statutory national working language (1987, Constitution, Article 14(7)).
40,028,700 in Philippines, all users. L1 users: 28,700 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). L2 users:
40,000,000 (Crystal 2003a).
Filipino
[fil] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1987, Constitution, Article 14(6)), not used in all official
domains. 45,000,000 (2013), L2 users.
Hide Details3 (Wider communication)
Bikol, Central
[bcl] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Camarines Norte, 4 other
provinces (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). 2,500,000 (1990 census), increasing. Speakers of all Bikol
languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD).
Cebuano
[ceb] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Cebu Province, 4 other
areas (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). 15,900,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in all
countries: 15,942,480.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] 3 (Wider communication). 500 in Philippines. Ethnic population: All ethnic Chinese are 53,300
(1990 census).
Hiligaynon
[hil] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Iloilo, 4 other provinces
(1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). 6,240,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in all countries:
6,246,880.
Ilocano
[ilo] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in northwest Luzon Island,
other areas (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). 6,370,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in all
countries: 6,482,100.
Masbatenyo
[msb] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Masbate Province (1991,
ACFLC Section 3(f)). 724,000, all users. L1 users: 474,000 (2005 UNSD), increasing. L2 users:
250,000 (2002 SIL). 50,000 monolinguals. Mostly children. Ethnic population: 700,000.
Pampangan
[pam] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Pampanga and 2 other
Luzon provinces (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). 2,040,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in
all countries: 2,049,670.
Pangasinan
[pag] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Pangasinan Province
(1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). 1,240,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in all countries:
1,243,660.
Tagalog
[tgl] 3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language. 20,000,000 in Philippines (2005
UNSD). Total users in all countries: 23,808,890 (as L1: 23,646,890; as L2: 162,000).
Tausug
[tsg] 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Sulu and Tawi-Tawi
provinces. 784,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD), increasing. 250,000 monolinguals. Total users in all
countries: 946,000.
Waray-Waray
[war] 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of provincial identity in Samar, Leyte islands
(1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). 2,610,000 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in all countries:
2,611,110.
Hide Details4 (Educational)
Aklanon
[akl] 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Aklan and Capiz provinces. 502,000
in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 525,600.
Balangao
[blw] 4 (Educational). 11,500 (2005 UNSD), decreasing. No monolinguals.
Chavacano
[cbk] 4 (Educational). 431,000 (2005 UNSD). 37,553 Caviteño Chavacano, 22,221 Cotabato
Chavacano, 55,400 Davao Chavacano, 4,698 Ternateño Chavacano, 311,066 Zamboangeño
Chavacano (2005 UNSD).
Ibanag
[ibg] 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Cagayan and Isabela provinces.
277,000 (2005 UNSD).
Ibatan
[ivb] 4 (Educational). 1,240 (2007 NCIP). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,400 (2008 SIL).
Ifugao, Mayoyao
[ifu] 4 (Educational). 30,000 (2007 SIL). 185,000 all Ifugao (2005 UNSD).
Ifugao, Tuwali
[ifk] 4 (Educational). 30,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. 185,000 all Ifugao (2005 UNSD). Only those
below grade-school age are monolingual.
Inabaknon
[abx] 4 (Educational). 26,400 (2010 M. Jacobson). Population increases 300–500 yearly. About 500
leave annually to find opportunities elsewhere. 3,000 monolinguals. Almost all children.
Isnag
[isd] 4 (Educational). 32,600 (2005 UNSD).
Ivatan
[ivv] 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Batanes province. 35,000 (1998 SIL),
increasing. 3,450 Itbayatan (1996 census).
Kagayanen
[cgc] 4 (Educational). 30,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 30,000
(2007 SIL).
Kalinga, Butbut
[kyb] 4 (Educational). 15,000 (2008), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD). 1,000
monolinguals.
Kalinga, Limos
[kmk] 4 (Educational). 12,700 (2007 census), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD).
Kalinga, Lubuagan
[knb] 4 (Educational). 30,000 (2008 V. Dumatog), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD).
Kalinga, Southern
[ksc] 4 (Educational). 13,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD). 7,540
monolinguals.
Kallahan, Keley-i
[ify] 4 (Educational). 8,000 (2000 SIL). Only children under 5 are monolingual.
Kinaray-a
[krj] 4 (Educational). 433,000 (2005 UNSD), increasing. 1,000 monolinguals.
Manobo, Obo
[obo] 4 (Educational). 60,000 (2007 SIL). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). 20,000 monolinguals.
Maranao
[mrw] 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Lanao del Sur. 866,000 (2005
UNSD).
Paranan
[prf] 4 (Educational). 15,000 (2009 J. Lobel).
Sama, Central
[sml] 4 (Educational). 90,000 in Philippines (2000). 30,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries:
105,000.
Surigaonon
[sgd] 4 (Educational). 501,000 (2005 UNSD).
Tagabawa
[bgs] 4 (Educational). 43,000 (1998 SIL).
Tagakaulo
[klg] 4 (Educational). 69,900 (2005 UNSD). 40,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 100,000.
Tboli
[tbl] 4 (Educational). 87,200 (2005 UNSD). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 100,000.
Yakan
[yka] 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Basilan province. 130,000 (2005
UNSD), increasing. 86,900 in Basilan Province. 35,000 monolinguals (1990).
Hide Details5* (Developing)
American Sign Language
[ase] 5* (Developing).
Ayta, Mag-antsi
[sgb] 5* (Developing). 8,200 (1992 SIL).
Binukid
[bkd] 5* (Developing). 122,000 (2005 UNSD).
Blaan, Sarangani
[bps] 5* (Developing). 90,800 (2000).
Bontok, Central
[lbk] 5* (Developing). 19,600 (2007 census).
Buhid
[bku] 5* (Developing). 9,370 (2009 NCIP).
Cuyonon
[cyo] 5* (Developing). 189,000 (2010 J. Leclerc).
Ga’dang
[gdg] 5* (Developing). 6,000 (2002 SIL). Very few monolinguals.
Hanunoo
[hnn] 5* (Developing). 18,800 (2009 NCIP).
Higaonon
[mba] 5* (Developing). 30,000 (1996 NTM).
Ibaloi
[ibl] 5* (Developing). 116,000 (2005 UNSD).
Ifugao, Batad
[ifb] 5* (Developing). 10,100 (2002 UNSD). 185,000 all Ifugao (2005 UNSD).
Inonhan
[loc] 5* (Developing). 85,800 (2000).
Iraya
[iry] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (1991 OMF).
Itawit
[itv] 5* (Developing). 189,000 (2005 UNSD). 171,000 Itawis and 18,000 Malaueg (2005 UNSD).
Kankanaey
[kne] 5* (Developing). 167,000 (2005 UNSD). All Kankanai 261,000 (2005 UNSD).
Kankanay, Northern
[xnn] 5* (Developing). 94,100 (2005 UNSD).
Mamanwa
[mmn] 5* (Developing). 4,070 (2005 UNSD).
Manobo, Agusan
[msm] 5* (Developing). 60,000 (2002 SIL). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD).
Manobo, Ata
[atd] 5* (Developing). 11,600 (2005 UNSD). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD).
Manobo, Dibabawon
[mbd] 5* (Developing). 9,060 (2005 UNSD). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD).
Manobo, Ilianen
[mbi] 5* (Developing). 14,600 (2000). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Few monolinguals.
Manobo, Sarangani
[mbs] 5* (Developing). 58,000 (2000 census). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD).
Mansaka
[msk] 5* (Developing). 26,100 (2005 UNSD).
Palawano, Brooke’s Point
[plw] 5* (Developing). 14,400 (2000). 44,800 all Palawano (2005 UNSD).
Palawano, Central
[plc] 5* (Developing). 12,000 (1981 UBS). 44,800 all Palawano (2005 UNSD).
Romblomanon
[rol] 5* (Developing). 94,000 (2011 SIL).
Sama, Pangutaran
[slm] 5* (Developing). 35,200 (2000).
Sama, Southern
[ssb] 5* (Developing). 200,000 in Philippines (2007 SIL), increasing. 20,000 monolinguals. Total
users in all countries: 260,000.
Sangir
[sxn] 5* (Developing). 55,000 in Philippines (1981 SIL).
Subanen, Southern
[laa] 5* (Developing). 25,000 (1978 SIL).
Tiruray
[tiy] 5* (Developing). 60,500 (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population: 50,000.
Hide Details5* (Dispersed)
Basque
[eus] 5* (Dispersed).
Chinese, Min Nan
[nan] 5* (Dispersed). 1,000,000 in Philippines (2010 J. Leclerc). 99% of Chinese population in the
Philippines (1982).
Chinese, Yue
[yue] 5* (Dispersed). 9,780 in Philippines (2000).
Spanish
[spa] 5* (Dispersed). 465,330 in Philippines, all users. L1 users: 3,330 in Philippines (Instituto
Cervantes 2017). L2 users: 462,000 (Instituto Cervantes 2017).
Hide Details5 (Developing)
Adasen
[tiu] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (NTM). Ethnic population: 5,720.
Agta, Casiguran Dumagat
[dgc] 5 (Developing). 610 (Headland 1989).
Agta, Central Cagayan
[agt] 5 (Developing). 780 (2000). Ethnic population: 820.
Agta, Pahanan
[apf] 5 (Developing). 1,700 (2009 J. Lobel), increasing.
Agta, Umiray Dumaget
[due] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (1994 SIL), decreasing.
Agutaynen
[agn] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (2007 SIL).
Ayta, Mag-Indi
[blx] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (1998 SIL), increasing.
Bantoanon
[bno] 5 (Developing). 75,000 (2011 Governor’s Office, Romblon Province), decreasing. 500
monolinguals. Ethnic population: 75,000.
Blaan, Koronadal
[bpr] 5 (Developing). 150,000 (2007 SIL). 40,000 monolinguals.
Bontok, Eastern
[ebk] 5 (Developing). 6,170 (2007 census).
Caluyanun
[clu] 5 (Developing). 30,000 (1994 SIL). Very few monolinguals.
Filipino Sign Language
[psp] 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2018, Republic Act, No. 11106), Recognized as the
national sign language of the deaf and with a mandate for use in schools, broadcast media, and
workplaces. 100,000 deaf persons (Van Cleve 1986).
Ifugao, Amganad
[ifa] 5 (Developing). 27,100 (2000 SIL). 185,000 all Ifugao (2005 UNSD). 10,000 monolinguals.
Kalanguya
[kak] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (2010), increasing. census.
Kalinga, Tanudan
[kml] 5 (Developing). 11,200 (1998 SIL), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD). 1,120
monolinguals.
Karao
[kyj] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2011 SIL).
Maguindanaon
[mdh] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in North Cotabato and 3 other
Mindanao provinces (1991, ACFLC Section 3(f)). 1,100,000 (2010 SIL).
Manobo, Cotabato
[mta] 5 (Developing). 30,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). 5,000
monolinguals. Ethnic population: 30,000.
Manobo, Matigsalug
[mbt] 5 (Developing). 50,000 (2010 SIL), increasing. 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). 5,000
monolinguals.
Manobo, Western Bukidnon
[mbb] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (2008 SIL). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population:
15,000.
Mapun
[sjm] 5 (Developing). 43,000 in Philippines (2011 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population:
43,000. Total users in all countries: 58,000.
Molbog
[pwm] 5 (Developing). 7,940 in Philippines (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population: 13,400. Total users in
all countries: 10,440.
Sama, Balangingih
[sse] 5 (Developing). 80,000 in Philippines (2007). Total users in all countries: 85,000.
Sambal, Botolan
[sbl] 5 (Developing). 32,900 (2000 SIL), increasing.
Sangil
[snl] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (1996 SIL).
Subanen, Central
[syb] 5 (Developing). 140,000 (2000), increasing.
Subanen, Northern
[stb] 5 (Developing). 85,400 (2010 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 85,400.
Subanon, Western
[suc] 5 (Developing). 125,000 (2011 SIL).
Tagbanwa
[tbw] 5 (Developing). 17,200 (2005 UNSD). 500 monolinguals (2002).
Tagbanwa, Calamian
[tbk] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 10,000.
Tawbuid, Western
[twb] 5 (Developing). 6,810 (2000).
Hide Details6a (Vigorous)
Atta, Pamplona
[att] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1998 SIL).
Bikol, Northern Catanduanes
[cts] 6a (Vigorous). 77,500 (2000 census). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD).
Bikol, Rinconada
[bto] 6a (Vigorous). 385,000 (2010 census), increasing. Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000
(2005 UNSD). 2,300 monolinguals. Monolingual speakers are elderly; boast of their identity as
Rinconada.
Itneg, Banao
[bjx] 6a (Vigorous). 3,500 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD).
Itneg, Binongan
[itb] 6a (Vigorous). 7,500 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD).
Itneg, Maeng
[itt] 6a (Vigorous). 18,000 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population:
18,000.
Itneg, Masadiit
[tis] 6a (Vigorous). 7,500. 61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD).
Itneg, Moyadan
[ity] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD).
Kalinga, Majukayang
[kmd] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (1990 SIL), increasing. 113,000 all Kalinga (2005 UNSD).
Kamayo
[kyk] 6a (Vigorous). 153,000 (2005 UNSD).
Mandaya
[mry] 6a (Vigorous). 82,000 (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population: 250,000 (2010 E. Arcenas).
Subanon, Kolibugan
[skn] 6a (Vigorous). 25,100 (2005 UNSD).
Hide Details6a* (Vigorous)
Bantayanon
[bfx] 6a* (Vigorous). 71,600 (2007 J. Lobel).
Baybayanon
[bvy] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (2009 J. Lobel).
Bikol, Buhi’non
[ubl] 6a* (Vigorous). 73,600 (2009 SIL). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD).
No monolinguals.
Bikol, Libon
[lbl] 6a* (Vigorous). 68,800 (2009 SIL). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD). No
monolinguals.
Bikol, Miraya
[rbl] 6a* (Vigorous). 300,000 (2009 SIL). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD).
No monolinguals.
Bikol, Southern Catanduanes
[bln] 6a* (Vigorous). 135,000 (2000 census). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005
UNSD).
Bikol, West Albay
[fbl] 6a* (Vigorous). 260,000 (2009 SIL). Speakers of all Bikol languages: 3,890,000 (2005 UNSD).
No monolinguals.
Binukidnon, Northern
[kyn] 6a* (Vigorous). 15,100 (2000).
Binukidnon, Southern
[mtw] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,570 (2000).
Bontok, Southern
[obk] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,760 (2007 census).
Capiznon
[cps] 6a* (Vigorous). 639,000 (2000).
Davawenyo
[daw] 6a* (Vigorous). 154,000 (2005 UNSD).
Gaddang
[gad] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,300 (2005 UNSD).
Iranun
[ilp] 6a* (Vigorous). 241,000 (2015 S. Conklin).
Kalinga, Mabaka Valley
[kkg] 6a* (Vigorous).
Kasiguranin
[ksn] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,100 (2005 UNSD).
Kinabalian
[cbw] 6a* (Vigorous). 14,000 (2009 J. Lobel).
Malaynon
[mlz] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,500 (1973 SIL).
Manobo, Rajah Kabunsuwan
[mqk] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,560 (2000). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD).
Palawano, Southwest
[plv] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,000 (2005 W. Davis). 44,800 all Palawano (2005 UNSD).
Porohanon
[prh] 6a* (Vigorous). 23000
Sorsoganon, Northern
[bks] 6a* (Vigorous). 85,000 (1975 census).
Sorsoganon, Southern
[srv] 6a* (Vigorous). 185,000 (1975 census).
Tadyawan
[tdy] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,940 (2009 NCIP).
Tandaganon
[tgn] 6a* (Vigorous). 100,000 (2009 B. Hall).
Yogad
[yog] 6a* (Vigorous). 17,900 (2005 UNSD).
Hide Details6b (Threatened)
Agta, Dupaninan
[duo] 6b (Threatened). 1,200 (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2007 L. Reid).
Agta, Mt. Iraya
[atl] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 380.
Alta, Northern
[aqn] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 400.
Atta, Faire
[azt] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 600.
Ayta, Abellen
[abp] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2008 SIL), decreasing. 45 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000.
Ayta, Magbukun
[ayt] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2011).
Bogkalot
[ilk] 6b (Threatened). 103,000 (2005 UNSD), decreasing.
Bolinao
[smk] 6b (Threatened). 56,200, all users. L1 users: 51,200 (2007 census), decreasing. L2 users:
5,000. 510 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 104,000 (2007).
Itneg, Inlaod
[iti] 6b (Threatened). 9,000 (2003 SIL). 61,500 in all Itneg varieties (2005 UNSD).
Kalagan
[kqe] 6b (Threatened). 48,900 (2005 UNSD), decreasing. 7,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population:
70,000.
Manide
[abd] 6b (Threatened). 3,800 (Lobel 2010).
Hide Details6b* (Threatened)
Agta, Mt. Iriga
[agz] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (1979 SIL).
Alangan
[alj] 6b* (Threatened). 2,150 (2002 UNSD).
Alta, Southern
[agy] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1982 SIL).
Ati
[atk] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (1980 SIL).
Atta, Pudtol
[atp] 6b* (Threatened). 710 (2000).
Ayta, Ambala
[abc] 6b* (Threatened). 1,660 (1986 SIL).
I-wak
[iwk] 6b* (Threatened). 2,570 (2005 UNSD).
Isinay
[inn] 6b* (Threatened). 8,100 (2005 UNSD). Ethnic population: 12,500 (Reid and Salvador-Amores
2016). Ancestral Domain Areas Census Report.
Kalagan, Kagan
[kll] 6b* (Threatened). 500 (2005 UNSD).
Manobo, Kinamiging
[mkx] 6b* (Threatened). 12,800 (2005 UNSD). 227,000 all Manobo (2005 UNSD).
Subanen, Eastern
[sfe] 6b* (Threatened). 7,000 (2011 SIL).
Sulod
[srg] 6b* (Threatened). 1,990 (2005 UNSD).
Tawbuid, Eastern
[bnj] 6b* (Threatened). 1,130 (2002 UNSD).
Hide Details7 (Shifting)
Batak
[bya] 7 (Shifting). 360 (2005 UNSD), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,040 (1990 census).
Butuanon
[btw] 7 (Shifting). 71,500 (2005 UNSD).
Giangan
[bgi] 7 (Shifting). 58,500 (2005 UNSD).
Sambal
[xsb] 7 (Shifting). De facto language of provincial identity in Zambales province. 70,000 (2000 SIL),
decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 70,000.
Hide Details8a (Moribund)
Agta, Alabat Island
[dul] 8a (Moribund). 10 (2018 Mangyan Heritage Center). Ethnic population: 150 (2018 Mangyan
Heritage Center).
Arta
[atz] 8a (Moribund). 11 (2013 Y. Kimoto). 35–45 have some knowledge of the language, but cannot
speak properly (2013 Y. Kimoto). Ethnic population: 150.
Bontok, Northern
[rbk] 8a (Moribund). 9,700 (2007 census).
Bontok, Southwestern
[vbk] 8a (Moribund). 2,470 (2007 census).
Dumagat, Remontado
[agv] 8a (Moribund). 2,530 (2000).
Hide Details8b (Nearly extinct)
Agta, Isarog
[agk] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1984 SIL).
Ata
[atm] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (Lobel 2013a).
Ayta, Sorsogon
[ays] 8b (Nearly extinct). 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 180.
Tagbanwa, Central
[tgt] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2,000 (1985 SIL).
Hide Details9 (Dormant)
Eskayan
[esy] 9 (Dormant). 500, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. L2 users: 500 (2013 P. Kelly).
Ethnic population: 3,000 (2013 P. Kelly).
Ratagnon
[btn] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s.
Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 SIL).
Hide Details10 (Extinct)
Agta, Dicamay
[duy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (Headland 2010).
Agta, Villa Viciosa
[dyg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker probably died by the 1990s (Headland
2010).
Hide DetailsUnattested
Ayta, Tayabas
[ayy] Unattested.
Katabagan
[ktq] Unattested.