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Model View Controller(MVC) in PHP
Patterns August 10th, 2009
The model view controller pattern is the most used pattern for today’s world web
applications. It has been used for the first time in Smalltalk and then adopted and
popularized by Java. At present there are more than a dozen PHP web frameworks Categories
based on M VC pattern. api
Arrays
Despite the fact that the M VC pattern is very popular in PHP, is hard to find a proper tutorial
Classes
accompanied by a simple source code example. That is the purpose of this tutorial.
Date & Time
howto
The M VC pattern separates an application in 3 modules: M odel, View and Controller:
HTM L5
The model is responsible to manage the data; it stores and retrieves entities used by an application, M ail
usually from a database, and contains the logic implemented by the application. parsing
The view (presentation) is responsible to display the data provided by the model in a specific format. Patterns
It has a similar usage with the template modules present in some popular web applications, like Reflection
wordpress, joomla, …
Uncategorized
The controller handles the model and view layers to work together. The controller receives a request Util
from the client, invoke the model to perform the requested operations and send the data to the View.
The view format the data to be presented to the user, in a web application as an html output.
open in browser customize Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com
The view format the data to be presented to the user, in a web application as an html output.
Tags
The above figure contains the M VC Collaboration Diagram, where the links and dependencies between api cache cache mechanism Date & Time
figures can be observed: howto HTML5 local storage Mail

Model View Controller MVC parsing
Patterns php Reflection scraper
scrapper scrapping shell tutorial
tutorials url usefull Util web
storage
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Creating a Simple PHP Cache Script
Our short php example has a simple structure, putting each M VC module in one folder:
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M odel View Controller(M VC) in PHP
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Controller(M VC) in PHP
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View Controller(M VC) in PHP
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Controller Controller(M VC) in PHP
The controller is the first thing which takes a request, parse it, initialize and invoke the model and takes
the model response and send it to the presentation layer. It’s practically the liant between the M odel Blogroll
and the View, a small framework where M odel and View are plugged in. In our naive php implementation PHP HTM L Resources
the controller is implemented by only one class, named unexpectedly controller. The application entry
point will be index.php. The index php file will delegate all the requests to the controller:
view plain c opy to c lipboard print ?
01. // index.php file
02. include_once("c ontroller/Controller.php");
03.
04. $c ontroller = new Controller();
05. $c ontroller->invoke();
Our Controller class has only one function and the constructor. The constructor instantiate a model
class and when a request is done, the controller decide which data is required from the model. Then it
calls the model class to retrieve the data. After that it calls the corresponding passing the data coming
from the model. The code is extremely simple. Note that the controller does not know anything about
the database or about how the page is generated.
01. include_once("model/Model.php");
02.
03. class Controller {
04. public $model;
05.
06. public function __construct()
07. {
08. $this->model = new Model();
09. }
10.
11. public function invoke()
12. {
13. if (!isset($_GET['book']))
14. {
15. // no special book is requested, we'll show a list of all available books
16. $books = $this->model->getBookList();
17. include 'view/booklist.php';
18. }
19. else
20. {
21. // show the requested book
22. $book = $this->model->getBook($_GET['book']);
23. include 'view/viewbook.php';
24. }
25. }
26. }
In the following M VC Sequence Diagram it can be observed the flow during a http request:
Model and Entity Classes
The M odel represents the data and the logic of an application, what many calls business logic. Usually,
it’s responsible for:
storing, deleting, updating the application data. Generally it includes the database operations, but
implementing the same operations invoking external web services or APIs is not an unusual at all.
encapsulating the application logic. This is the layer that should implement all the logic of the
application. The most common mistakes are to implement application logic operations inside the
controller or the view(presentation) layer.
In our example the model is represented by 2 classes: the “M odel” class and a “Book” class. The model
doesn’t need any other presentation. The “Book” class is an entity class. This class should be exposed to
the View layer and represents the format exported by the M odel view. In a good implementation of the
M VC pattern only entity classes should be exposed by the model and they should not encapsulate any
business logic. Their solely purpose is to keep data. Depending on implementation Entity objects can be
replaced by xml or json chunk of data. In the above snippet you can notice how M odel is returning a
specific book, or a list of all available books:
01. include_once("model/Book.php");
02.
03. class Model {
04. public function getBookList()
05. {
06. // here goes some hardcoded values to simulate the database
07. return array(
08. "Jungle Book" => new Book("Jungle Book", "R. Kipling", "A c lassic book."),
09. "Moonwalker" => new Book("Moonwalker", "J. Walker", ""),
10. "PHP for Dummies" => new Book("PHP for Dummies", "Some Smart Guy", "")
11. );
12. }
13.
14. public function getBook($title)
15. {
16. // we use the previous func tion to get all the books and then we return the requested one.
17. // in a real life scenario this will be done through a db selec t command
18. $allBooks = $this->getBookList();
19. return $allBooks[$title];
20. }
21.
22. }
In our example the model layer includes the Book class. In a real scenario, the model will include all the
entities and the classes to persist data into the database, and the classes encapsulating the business
logic.
01. class Book {
02. public $title;
03. public $author;
04. public $description;
05.
06. public function __construct($title, $author, $description)
07. {
08. $this->title = $title;
09. $this->author = $author;
10. $this->desc ription = $description;
11. }
12. }
View (Presentation)
The view(presentation layer)is responsible for formating the data received from the model in a form
accessible to the user. The data can come in different formats from the model: simple objects(
sometimes called Value Objects), xml structures, json, …
The view should not be confused to the template mechanism sometimes they work in the same manner
and address similar issues. Both will reduce the dependency of the presentation layer of from rest of the
system and separates the presentation elements(html) from the code. The controller delegate the data
from the model to a specific view element, usually associated to the main entity in the model. For
example the operation “display account” will be associated to a “display account” view. The view layer
can use a template system to render the html pages. The template mechanism can reuse specific parts of
the page: header, menus, footer, lists and tables, …. Speaking in the context of the M VC pattern
In our example the view contains only 2 files one for displaying one book and the other one for displaying
a list of books.
viewbook.php
01. <html>
02. <head></head>
03.
04. <body>
05.
06. <?php
07.
08. echo 'Title:' . $book->title . '<br/>';
09. echo 'Author:' . $book->author . '<br/>';
10. echo 'Desc ription:' . $book->description . '<br/>';
11.
12. ?>
13.
14. </body>
15. </html>
booklist.php
01. <html>
02. <head></head>
03.
04. <body>
05.
06. <table>
07. <tbody><tr><td>Title</td><td>Author</td><td>Description</td></tr></tbody>
08. <?php
09.
10. foreac h ($books as $title => $book)
11. {
12. echo '<tr><td><a href="index.php?book='.$book-
>title.'">'.$book->title.'</a></td><td>'.$book->author.'</td><td>'.$book->description.'</td></tr>';
13. }
14.
15. ?>
16. </table>
17.
18. </body>
19. </html>
The above example is a simplified implementation in PHP. M ost of the PHP web frameworks based on M VC
have similar implementations, in a much better shape. However, the possibility of M VC pattern are
endless. For example different layers can be implemented in different languages or distributed on
different machines. AJAX applications can implements the View layer directly in Javascript in the
browser, invoking JSON services. The controller can be partially implemented on client, partially on
server…
This post should not be ended before enumerating the advantages of M odel View Controller pattern:
the M odel and View are separated, making the application more flexible.
the M odel and view can be changed separately, or replaced. For example a web application can be
transformed in a smart client application just by writing a new View module, or an application can use
web services in the backend instead of a database, just replacing the model module.
each module can be tested and debugged separately.
The files are available for download as a zip from http://sourceforge.net/projects/mvc-

php/files/mvc.zip/download
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50 Responses to “Model View Controller(MVC) in PHP”
1. Tom Quaile Says:

August 12th, 2009 at 2:36 pm
I might be being a little picky here. I admit, I’m not a PHP guy I’m a Java, C# guy. But the M odel is
the data, not necessarily the mechanism for retrieving the data. In the Java world we have
Business Logic and Persistence layers that handle those functions. And the M odel is just a
representation of data used by a view.
Of course this might be different in the PHP world.
2. Bruno Cassol Says:

This is a big and exhaustive discussion but I dream that one day people will stop calling PHP
developers script kiddies so here’s my attempt:
M odel should take care of business logic, NOT only datam while the Controller should take care of
the app logic.
In your example, the model should have a function getBookByTitle() which is used by the
Controller.
I’ll write about M VC in PHP when I have the time to do it. Any way thank you for your attempt. It
certainly help people. Still, be careful with what you write.
The great majority of the articles about M VC I read on the internet have wrong informations in
them.
Read more at http://www.littlehart.net/atthekeyboard/2007/04/27/fat-models-skinny-controllers/
3. Michael Caputo Says:

August 13th, 2009 at 6:48 am
Nice little primer here, thanks for this, i’ve been looking for something like this that skims the
surface – i’m finding that most of the tutorials on the web are too technical. You’ve broken it
down quite nicely.
Thanks again!
4. admin Says:
@Tom Qualile, I agree in Java and other languages there are specialized layers for Persistence.
This example is a simple one just to explain the M VC pattern. After all in a M VC architecture the
Persitance layer is just a part of the M odel.
@Bruno Cassol: the model already includes “public function getBook($title)”
5. Paul Says:
August 19th, 2009 at 5:25 am
What is the difference between business logic and app logic? Im really new to php architecture
and am learning the ropes of php. Im Trying to learn more about PHP, OOP in general. I want to
do web application development.
M VC patterns are a little fuzzy to me though.
6. Bruggema Says:
November 1st, 2009 at 1:51 am
M aby it’s handy to add the source attatched to your site, so ppl can try your example without
copying and pasting the content.
7. admin Says:
November 4th, 2009 at 7:46 am
Bussines logic is usualy located in in the model layer. In most of the cases it defines the
operations that can be done in the “backstage”: Examples of business rules:
- A library can store only 1000 books.
- Each book should have at least one author.
- Each time a book is returned the application should send a mail to the librarian.
The app logic is located usually in the controller area. It is more related with the operations
visible to the user. For example the application logic defines which objects in the model layer
should be used for a specific request and what layout should be displayed. Application logic can
also define the order in which the screens are displayed.
In practice the border between application logic and business logic is not always very visible.
8. admin Says:
Thans @Bruggema, the files are available for download at http://sourceforge.net/projects/mvc-

php/files/mvc.zip/download
9. Rick Says:
Januar y 13th, 2010 at 10:43 am
This was exactly what I was looking for. A simple explanation on the M VC model with a simple
example to go with it.
Thanks a bunch!
10. Chris Says:

Mar ch 8th, 2010 at 2:43 pm
Well this is the first time I completed an M VC tutorial and understand it. Thanks.
11. Bryan Says:

Apr il 12th, 2010 at 10:01 am
Great tutorial! Finally a tutorial, with actual working code! A great started to start with M VC in
PHP.
12. Jeff H Says:

Apr il 17th, 2010 at 1:07 pm
Thanks for the high level overview, it’s what I was looking for.
13. berthely Says:

May 13th, 2010 at 6:34 am
excelent tutorial, thanks.
14. Edsel Says:

May 26th, 2010 at 6:27 am
I have learned a lot on this example. Thank you for posting this tutorial.
15. Nicky Says:

June 2nd, 2010 at 3:13 am
This is a good tut. I am new to this. I have been searching for something like this but they are all
too complicated. I could more or less grasp yours.
I am asking you in regard to M odel.php file. How do you actually populate it with records existing
from a database? And that it could be retrieved through the $title.
If you could find the time, I really would appreciate this extra learning.
Thanks a million!
16. Lau Says:

June 3r d, 2010 at 10:20 am
this is the best M VC tutorial I came across so far. thanks for sharing!
I am new to M VC and I am still confused with the class M odel and the class book in your example…
for instance, I have my website and the content of my webiste is pulled from a database… so when
I request a specific page for instance, http://www.mysite.com/index.php?pg=profile or with clean
url http://www.mysite.com/profile
so usually, I will get the content from the SQL query,
$sql = ”
SELECT * FROM root_pages
WHERE root_pages.pg_url = ‘”.$_REQUEST['pg'].”‘
“;
so then should this $sql be put in the class book or class model??
I have a directory folder which keeps all my CM S files, which contains update, insert, delete SQL
queries, html forms, and pages that display the db items into lists, etc.
so if I implement M VC on my website, then I am going to relocate these CM S files into different

locations, like some in the model folder, and some in view folder and others in controller folders,
is it correct??
17. admin Says:

17. admin Says:
June 8th, 2010 at 3:13 pm
@Lau
1. From the M VC perspective it doesn’t really matter where the SQL code should be put. In this
example there is a model class to demonstrate the M VC pattern. The main purpose of the model
class is to provide a central point for all the operations exposed by the model. The book class will
be used in the view layer so it should be a simple data object. A good practice would be to create
a separate class that will handle the book db operations(a DAO layer inside the M odel).
2. A pattern does not force you to use a standard folder structure. I personally think that it is
better to split the files in separate folders. The 3 layers (M -V-C) should be as decoupled as
possible. When you write your code try to imagine that you have to use the M odel or the
Presentation layer in another application. If you could achieve it by simply coping its directory
then you have a good class design. If you have to change lots of files it means the classes are
coupled(bad design).
18. Lee Says:

June 18th, 2010 at 2:26 am
Just what I was looking for, a simple tutorial that clearly explains how M VC works with PHP at it’s
simplest level.
19. Amit Says:

July 4th, 2010 at 6:09 am
A nicely written tutorial. I now understand the M VC model. However, one thing is not clear: in
your reply to Lau.
“The book class will be used in the view layer so it should be a simple data object”.
So what is implied by “book class used in the view layer”. How and why is model class used in
View. Also stated in your article
“The Book class is an entity class. This class should be exposed to the View layer and represents
the format exported by the M odel view”.
This is not clear as how and why Entity class is exposed to View Layer
Admin: The entity should be exposed because the data require a structure. The view and the
model need to speak a “common language”. That is represented by the entity classes.
20. sameer Says:

July 5th, 2010 at 1:25 am
Hi,
thanks a for a step by step tutorial with examples broken into great depth.
I tried going through some of the M VC tutorials,they just went above my head without any
learning.thanks a lot again.
–
rgds
21. Furqan Says:

First Thanks for a very informative Tutorial. I’m almost there .
You mentioned above :
In our example the model layer includes the Book class. In a real scenario, the model will include
all the entities and the classes to persist data into the database, and the classes encapsulating
the business logic.
Does this mean that each function that is being required from the Controller has to be
implemented in one M odel. E.g:
include_once(“model/Book.php”);
include_once(“model/Teacher.php”);
include_once(“model/Students.php”);
class M odel {
public function getBookList(){}
public function getBook($title){}
public function getTeacher($name){}

public function getStudent($name){}
Thanks in advance for the Answer.
Admin: Yes, that’s true.
22. jstorm Says:

September 9th, 2010 at 7:34 pm
Probably the best article/tutorial on M VC. Simple, concise and the example works on first run.
Thanks!
23. ivan Says:

September 17th, 2010 at 8:04 am
simple, yet very informative, well done!
24. Rakesh Singh Says:

September 27th, 2010 at 1:17 am
This is very good tutorials for beginner….
25. Ivan Says:
October 13th, 2010 at 4:45 am
Nice tutorial. Is there anyone know how to implement M ySQL database and CRUD in this M odel
class? I tried to experiment it in this model class but it looks like unfortunate. Do PHP activerecord
and PERL handle this? Some reviews said both probably handle them within your concept than own
one.
26. Michael Says:

October 23r d, 2010 at 10:26 pm
Wow. Great Tutorial! Very clear and helpful.
Thanks.
27. rajesh Says:

M VC pattern was displayed very easy format. Using this tutorial , new guys easy OOPs PHP very
quickly.
28. rajesh Says:

1. Plz , tell me how to genarate getBookList() in model/M odel.php using database?

2. Plz , tell me how to genarate getBook($title) in model/M odel.php using database?
3. Then i want add one book , how can i create form?
4. I want Add/Edit/delete functionalities for the book. So plz reply soon.
If you reply very earlier , it will be very useful for me.
29. Mvaldez Says:

Dude, thanks for this small article. This is exactly what I was looking for: a simple tutorial with PHP
Dude, thanks for this small article. This is exactly what I was looking for: a simple tutorial with PHP
code and not framework-specific. Thanks for taking the time to share.
Regards,
MV
30. dadamoto Says:

I have always been confused with how M VC works with php and even more confused when looking
at others tutorials on the web (There’s quite a lot out there) but it’s the first time I’m getting a
clear understanding about M VC with this tutorial. The best I came across on the web. Thanks a lot
for sharing this. M ay God bless you.
31. admin Says:

Guys, before asking how to do more with this example, please keep in mind that it is just an
example simplified at maximum to ease the understanding of M VC pattern. This is the one and only
purpose. So, I would recommend not to rely on it for real projects especially if you don’t know
how to query the db in php or how to create forms.
32. Joe Says:

November 22nd, 2010 at 12:53 am
Thank you very much to the author for writing such a useful article. Now I get more familiar with
the M VC. However, I still got a question, hoping someone can explain.
Refering to Furqan’s example of including the book, teacher, student into the M odel, won’t it be
too clumsy for such a big M odel class? Say, now I just need to get a book into the book model, it’s
useless to include teacher and students (and potentially more classes in the future). Why not split
it into smaller ones that’s specific to the related classes? As later on, I may write other book
retrieval methods like by author, ISBN etc. It’ll be hard to maintain such a big M odel with all
unrelated methods scrambled together.
I would expect a book specific model class, that queries the DB, and return the required books I
want. Then have it put in the Book class and returned to the corresponding View. This way, we
can have a manageable M odel class while still able to pass the simple data object around.
I’m not sure my idea is correct, but let’s share and discuss
33. anthony Says:

November 22nd, 2010 at 2:40 am
Awesome!!! The best example I found! Easy to understand and follow. Thanks!
34. Sean Prunka Says:

November 23r d, 2010 at 10:23 am
Thank you for this clear, concise, simple overview. It is exactly what I was looking for. I’ve been
coding PHP for about 13 yrs. I use Objects and Classes and DALs but I’ve never really grokked M VC,
no matter how many other articles I’ve read. This hit it home with the exact level of abstraction I
needed to start writing with M VC in mind (as opposed to just blindly bashing at code and using a
hammer to make it fit into the file structure.)
35. JackAndK Says:

November 23r d, 2010 at 7:36 pm
Very good tutorial, thanks.
36. De la Cuesta Says:

November 24th, 2010 at 2:31 pm
Although i still don’t beging with mvc, i’m searching the web for good tutorials to start and i
believe than this is a very good tutorial.
Sorry, my english is bad.

From Colombia.
37. devT Says:

December 8th, 2010 at 7:54 am
Thanks for such a helpful article. Having used some object oriented code written by others, and
hacking stuff together in the Palm development environment, I can get things to run, but until
now have really had trouble seeing the logic behind the structure, and having this example was
clutch. Thanks a million!
38. Aks Says:

Hi I liked your article a lot . But I have a ques..

bookList.php and viewBook.php are the files in the view folder and they come under the
presentation part
which is supposed to be just the html code. Is there a way I can remove this php code from the
html file. I dont want to put php code in my html files. So if you have any solution to this . Please
do reply me.
Thanks
39. Gammerz Says:

Nice tutorial. Would be better if filenames preceded every code snippet. You’ve done this on a
few of them but some have been missed.
40. Ivan Says:

Januar y 16th, 2011 at 3:49 pm
How can i create the Database and request in M VC? I have tried it but it’s difficult than non-M VC.
Has anyone experienced it and simplified the example?
41. RT Says:
Hi, I’m new to this M VC style coding and kind of just thrown in the deep end on programming in
this framework and was wondering about a few things…
So in the “M odel.php” page on line 8 where the array of books start, how would you use a
database connection in here?
**************************************************************
mysql_connect(“localhost”,”username”,”password”);
mysql_select_db(“dbname”);
and after a connection, where would you place something like this:
$sql = mysql_query(“select tableName1, tableName2, tableName3 from table”);

while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($sql)) {
$title = “$row[1]“;
}
Thx,
RT
42. Iwan Says:

Januar y 27th, 2011 at 4:46 pm
Thanks a lot …for ‘very informative tutorial’
43. Darkry Says:

Great tutorial! Thank you very much. Although I do not speak english very well I understand whole
tutorial. thank you.
44. Jennifer Says:

Great overview, I really like the diagrams.

I am playing catchup in going from procedural programming to OO and Web development, so this
really helps.
45. admin Says:

Febr uar y 19th, 2011 at 4:22 am
That would be ok for a start…
46. Mahesh Says:

Febr uar y 21st, 2011 at 1:09 am
Hello,
I’m kinda new to M VC and this tutorial was so helpful for me. I was just wondering is there any way
to make these urls more SEO friendly. ( using the .htaccess file )
Eg : http://localhost/mvc/index.php?book=PHP for Dummies to http://localhost/mvc/book/PHP for

Dummies
Any advice given would be greatly appreciated.
Cheers
M ahesh
47. web design in bristol Says:

Mar ch 25th, 2011 at 2:54 pm
One of the cleanest implementations of M VC I have ever seen.

Would be nice to follow this post up with a few ammendments and additions, i.e. a Registry class
for storing all your PHP constants etc… and some really basic database setup stuff.
Really useful post.
48. Drew Deal Says:

Apr il 1st, 2011 at 3:18 pm
For over 10 years, I have used an object for my database calls, happy that if I switched to
postGres, etc., I would only have to use a new global.inc file and change my queries.
I also have refined a custom funcs.inc file with my teams that is useful across various applications
with a few mods for each. The php web pages serve as the view/model for me just fine, and any
common calls are made into functions or more includes to build arrays to show in the view.
I have yet to run into a downside with this approach, except in how it may be less conducive to
team programming. The logic is very clean and less code loads up in each apache request.
What am I missing?
49. jc Says:
Apr il 5th, 2011 at 11:11 pm
HELLO
Nice tutorial ONE OF THE BEST ON THE WEB … and it works
bye !
50. söve Says:

Apr il 12th, 2011 at 11:39 pm
Thank u for posting.

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figures can be observed: howto HTML5 local storage Mail

view plain c opy to c lipboard print ?

02. include_once("c ontroller/Controller.php");

04. $c ontroller = new Controller();

view plain c opy to c lipboard print ?

08. $this->model = new Model();

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08. "Jungle Book" => new Book("Jungle Book", "R. Kipling", "A c lassic book."),

09. "Moonwalker" => new Book("Moonwalker", "J. Walker", ""),

10. "PHP for Dummies" => new Book("PHP for Dummies", "Some Smart Guy", "")

16. // we use the previous func tion to get all the books and then we return the requested one.

17. // in a real life scenario this will be done through a db selec t command

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10. $this->desc ription = $description;

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10. echo 'Desc ription:' . $book->description . '<br/>';

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10. foreac h ($books as $title => $book)

each module can be tested and debugged separately.

The files are available for download as a zip from http://sourceforge.net/projects/mvc-

50 Responses to “Model View Controller(MVC) in PHP”

1. Tom Quaile Says:

Of course this might be different in the PHP world.

2. Bruno Cassol Says:

Read more at http://www.littlehart.net/atthekeyboard/2007/04/27/fat-models-skinny-controllers/

3. Michael Caputo Says:

@Bruno Cassol: the model already includes “public function getBook($title)”

M VC patterns are a little fuzzy to me though.

Thans @Bruggema, the files are available for download at http://sourceforge.net/projects/mvc-

10. Chris Says:

11. Bryan Says:

12. Jeff H Says:

13. berthely Says:

excelent tutorial, thanks.

14. Edsel Says:

15. Nicky Says:

16. Lau Says:

so usually, I will get the content from the SQL query,

so if I implement M VC on my website, then I am going to relocate these CM S files into different

17. admin Says:

18. Lee Says:

19. Amit Says:

20. sameer Says:

21. Furqan Says:

First Thanks for a very informative Tutorial. I’m almost there .

You mentioned above :

public function getTeacher($name){}

Thanks in advance for the Answer.

Admin: Yes, that’s true.

22. jstorm Says:

23. ivan Says:

simple, yet very informative, well done!

24. Rakesh Singh Says:

This is very good tutorials for beginner….

26. Michael Says: