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    The Evolution of Management: Thought

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    This document provides an overview of the evolution of management thought from early civilizations through the modern era. It is divided into four parts that cover: 1) early management thought before and during the Industrial Revolution; 2) the scientific management era pioneered by Taylor; 3) the social era sparked by the Hawthorne Studies; and 4) modern principles and processes in management from the 1950s onward. The document outlines the key individuals, theories, and environmental factors that shaped changing approaches to management over time.

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    The Evolution of Management: Thought

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    6 esterogen
    68 views8 pages
    This document provides an overview of the evolution of management thought from early civilizations through the modern era. It is divided into four parts that cover: 1) early management thought before and during the Industrial Revolution; 2) the scientific management era pioneered by Taylor; 3) the social era sparked by the Hawthorne Studies; and 4) modern principles and processes in management from the 1950s onward. The document outlines the key individuals, theories, and environmental factors that shaped changing approaches to management over time.

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    This document provides an overview of the evolution of management thought from early civilizations through the modern era. It is divided into four parts that cover: 1) early management thought before and during the Industrial Revolution; 2) the scientific management era pioneered by Taylor; 3) the social era sparked by the Hawthorne Studies; and 4) modern principles and processes in management from the 1950s onward. The document outlines the key individuals, theories, and environmental factors that shaped changing approaches to management over time.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    68 views8 pages

    The Evolution of Management: Thought

    Uploaded by

    6 esterogen
    This document provides an overview of the evolution of management thought from early civilizations through the modern era. It is divided into four parts that cover: 1) early management thought before and during the Industrial Revolution; 2) the scientific management era pioneered by Taylor; 3) the social era sparked by the Hawthorne Studies; and 4) modern principles and processes in management from the 1950s onward. The document outlines the key individuals, theories, and environmental factors that shaped changing approaches to management over time.

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    of 8

    THE EVOLUTION

    OF MANAGEMENT
    THOUGHT
    Second Edition

    DANIEL A. WREN
    The University of Oklahoma

    JOHN WILEY AND SONS


    New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto
    CONTENTS
    PART ONE
    EARLY MANAGEMENT THOUGHT

    A PROLOGUE TO THE PAST 3


    A Cultural Framework: The Economic Facet.
    The Social Facet. The Political Facet. People,
    Management, and Organizations: The Human
    Being. Organizations and Management.

    MANAGEMENT BEFORE
    INDUSTRIALIZATION 15
    Management in Early Civilizations: The Near
    East. The Far East. Egypt. The Hebrews. Greece.
    Rome. The Catholic Church. Feudalism and the
    Middle Ages. The Revival of Commerce. The
    Cultural Rebirth: The Protestant Ethic. A Crit-
    icism of the Weberian Thesis. Modern Support
    for Weber. The Liberty Ethic. The Market Ethic.

    THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:


    PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVE 42
    The Industrial Revolution in England: The
    Age of Machines. Management: the Fourth Fac-
    tor of Production. Management Problems in
    the Early Factory: The Search for Managerial
    Talent. The Labor Problem. The Shortage of
    Skilled Labor. Training. Discipline and Mo-
    tivation. Management Functions in the Early
    Xll CONTENTS

    Factory. Cultural Consequences of the Indus-


    trial Revolution: The Condition of the Worker.
    Child and Female Labor.

    MANAGEMENT PIONEERS
    IN THE FACTORY SYSTEM
    Robert Owen: The Search for a New Har-
    mony: Early Managerial Experiences. The Call
    for Reform. Charles Babbage: The Irascible
    Genius: The First Computer. Analyzing Indus-
    trial Operations. Andrew Ure: Pioneering in
    Management Education: Principles of Manu-
    facturing. Charles Dupin: Industrial Educa-
    tion in France: The Pioneers: A Final Note.

    EARLY AMERICAN MANAGEMENT


    Antebellum Industry and Management: Early
    Industrial Development. The Railroads:
    Pioneering in American Management: Daniel
    McCallum: System and Organization. Henry V.
    Poor: A Broader View of Management. System-
    atic Management: A Final Note. Big Business
    and Its Changing Environment: The Economic
    Environment: The Accumulation of Resources.
    The Social Environment: Barons or Benefactors?
    The Political Environment: From Adam Smith to
    the Twentieth Century.

    PART TWO
    THE SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ERA

    THE ADVENT OF
    SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
    Frederick Winslow Taylor: The Early Years:
    Taylor at Midvale. The Search for Science in
    Management. The Quest for New Incentives.
    The First Class Man. The Task Management Sys-
    tem. Onward and Upward. Taylor at Bethlehem.
    Taylor: The Peripatetic Philosopher: The East-
    ern Rate Case. Watertown and the Congressional
    Contents xii

    Investigation. The Mental Revolution. Taylor


    and the Human Factor.

    7 SPREADING THE GOSPEL


    OF EFFICIENCY 158
    The Most Orthodox: Carl Barth. The Most Un-
    orthodox: H. L. Gantt: The Task and Bonus
    System. The "Habits of Industry' Graphic Aids
    to Management. Gantt: The Later Years. Part-
    ners for Life: The Gilbreths: Systematizing the
    Construction Industry. Extending Motion and
    Fatigue Study. Support for the Scientific Man-
    agement Movement. The Psychology of Man-
    agement. Efficiency Through Organization:
    Harrington Emerson: Line and Staff Organiza-
    tion. Principles of Efficiency. The Gospel in
    Non-Industrial Organizations: Morris
    Cooke.

    8 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
    IN EUROPE AND AMERICA 190
    Scientific Management Goes Abroad:
    Taylorism and Fayolism. The International Sci-
    entific Management Movement. Formalizing
    the Study of Management: Education for In-
    dustrial Management. The Impact of Scientific
    Management on Other Disciplines. Taylorism in
    Industrial Practice. Early Organization Theory.
    Scientific Management at DuPont and General
    Motors. Management: Synthesis and Functions.
    An Early Philosophy of Management.

    9 THE HUMAN FACTOR:


    PREPARING THE WAY 209
    Psychology and the Individual: Toward Sci-
    entific Psychology. The Birth of Industrial Psy-
    chology. Personnel Management: A Dual Her-
    itage: Personnel as "Welfare Work". Scientific
    Management and Personnel. Further Advance- -
    ments in Personnel Management. Foundations
    of Social Man: Theory and Research. Sociology
    and Industry. Some Early Empirical
    Investigations.
    XIV CONTENTS

    10 THE EMERGENCE OF
    ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY
    Henri Fayol: The Man and His Career: Man-
    agement or Administration? Managerial Skills
    and Abilities. The Principles of Management.
    The Elements of Management: Planning, Organ-
    izing. Command. Coordination. Control. A Final
    Note. Bureaucracy: Max Weber: Bureaucracy
    as the Ideal. Kinds of Authority. The Administra-
    tive System.

    11 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
    AND ORGANIZED LABOR
    The Stance of Organized Labor: The Hoxie
    Report. Philosophies in Conflict. Criticisms of
    the Hoxie Report. Changing Times in Labor-
    Management Relations: Defenders and Re-
    visionists. The Union-Management Cooperation
    Era.

    12 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
    IN RETROSPECT
    The Economic Environment: From the Farm
    to the Factory: The Rationalization of Resource
    Utilization. Increasing Industrial Efficiency. The
    Social Environment: From Horatio Alger to
    Babbitt: The "Collision Effect/' Taylorism and
    the Progressives. The Political Environment:
    From One Roosevelt to Another: Business and
    the Progressives.

    PART THREE
    THE SOCIAL MAN ERA

    13 SERENDIPITY AT
    WESTERN ELECTRIC
    The Ivy League Comes to Hawthorne: The
    Harvard Research Group. Rejecting Traditional
    Contents xv

    Hypotheses. The Interviewing Program. Group


    Behavior: The Bank Wiring Room. The Organi-
    zation as a Social System. A New View of In-
    dustrial Behavior: Anomie and Social Dis-
    organization. The Rabble Hypothesis.
    Developing the New Leadership. Organized La-
    bor and the Mayoists. A Final Note.

    14 THE SEARCH FOR ORGANI-


    ZATIONAL INTEGRATION 324
    Mary Parker Follett: The Political Philoso-
    pher: The Business Philosopher. A Final Note.
    The Erudite Executive: Chester I. Barnard:
    The Nature of Cooperative Systems. Formal Or-
    ganizations: Theory and Structure. The Accep-
    tance Theory of Authority. The Functions of the
    Executive.

    15 PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS 347


    People at Work: The Micro View: Developing
    Constructs for Group Analysis. The Growth of
    Human Relations Research and Training.
    Changing Assumptions About People at
    Work: People and Motivation. Job Enlargement.
    Participation in Management. New Dimensions
    of Leadership. People at Work: The Macro
    View: The Search for Fusion. New Tools for
    Macro Analysis.

    16 ORGANIZATIONS AND PEOPLE 372


    Organizations: Structure and Design: The Af-
    fable Irishman: James D. Mooney. Texts, Teach-
    ers, and Trends. Building Blocks for Administra-
    tive Theory. The Span of Control. Toward a Top
    Management Viewpoint: Ralph C. Davis: Pa-
    ter Familiae et Magister. Harry Hopf: Toward
    the Optimum. Analyzing Top Management.

    17 SOCIAL MAN AND THE CRITICS 399


    Hawthorne Revisited: The Premises of Indus-
    trial Civilization. The Research Methodology.
    Conclusions Regarding Social Man. The Critics:
    A Final Note.
    XVI CONTENTS

    18 SOCIAL MAN IN RETROSPECT 412


    The Economic Environment: From Depres-
    sion to Prosperity: Attempts at Economic Re-
    covery. The Grass Roots and Bottom Up Move-
    ment. Organization as the Answer. The Social
    Environment: From Babbitt to the Organiza-
    tion Man: Shifting Social Values. The ''Con-
    fusion of Souls." The Social Ethic. The Political
    Environment: From F.D.R. to Eisenhower:
    The New Deal. Augmenting the Position of
    Labor.

    PART FOUR
    THE MODERN ERA 437

    19 PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS:


    THE SEARCH FOR UNITY 439
    The Second Generation: Variations in the Man-
    agement Process. Management by Objectives. "
    . . . Getting Things Done Through Others/' A
    Final Note. Reshaping the Process Approach:
    Challenges to Management Education. The
    Manager and Society. The Generation Gap. The
    Quest for a Denouement. The Third Gener-
    ation: The Integrators. The Fourth Generation:
    The Systems Approach. Comparative Manage-
    ment. The Fifth Generation: ''It Depends
    . . . ." Improving Education for Management. A
    Final Comment.

    20 ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM:
    THE SEARCH FOR HARMONY 472
    People and Organizations: Human Relations in
    Transition. The Changing Environment and the
    New Humanism. Self-Actualization Through
    Work. Human Relations and Organizational Be-
    havior. Personality and Organization. Theories
    X and Y. The Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Fash-
    Contents xvii

    ions and Fads. Leadership: Tasks and People:


    Participative Leadership. Toward Adaptive
    Leadership. The Contingency Model. Organiza-
    tions and People. The Roots of Modern Organi-
    zation Theory. Is Bureaucracy Inevitable? The
    Contingency Approach.

    21 MANAGEMENT SCIENCE:
    THE SEARCH FOR ORDER 508
    The Quest for Quantification: Operations Re-
    search. Production Management in Transition.
    Quantification: A Final Note. Systems: Early
    Notions of Systems. General Systems Theory.
    Systems Theory and Management Theory. The
    Decline of a Grand Scheme.
    22 THE PAST AS PROLOGUE 530
    The Managerial Functions: Past and Future:
    Planning. Organizing. Leadership. Human Re-
    source Administration. Controlling. The Cul-
    tural Environment: The Economic Environ-
    ment. The Social Environment. The Political
    Environment.

    BIBLIOGRAPHY 563
    AUTHOR AND NAME INDEX 577
    SUBJECT INDEX 585

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