7-4 Grading and Maintenance of Untreated Surface

The cross slope of untreated surface gravel road must be sufficient enough to drain water
to prevent potholes and soften-ing of the roadway, thus;

1. If the road materials are sufficiently stable and water tight, one inch per slope is
considered satisfactory al- though 3/8 to ½" peer foot slope is preferred.

2. If the road is steep grade, substantial cross slope is needed to direct the water into the
roadside. Untreated surface road is seldom constructed in less than 20 centimeters loose
depth. When compacted, will be compressed to about 15 centimeters thick. Road
development sometimes adopted the stage construction methods which means, step
by step improvement of the roadway, depending upon the avail-ability of funds and
demand of increased traffic. The sequence of improvement could be as follows:

First: It might be an earth road surface.

Second: Untreated gravel road.

Third: Application of asphalt over the gravel

Fourth: The use of stone type pavement with gravel as part of the base course.

Maintenance of gravel road surface is a routine activity specially in maintaining the

smoothness of the surface under the following procedures:

1. By cutting off a thin layer of the road surface using road grader distributing the scraped
layer uniformly over the roadway surface. The cut is deep enough to remove
thecorrugations of the road surface.

2. The blading sequence is once or twice a year or sometimes monthly, depending upon
the finances, traffic and equipment availability. After blading, the road is compacted by
road roller to maintain the cross section slope and the crown of the roadway.
3. The most effective routine maintenance is done immediately after rainfall where the
surface is soft for the blad to drag.

4. Losses of materials caused by grading and traffic weargenerally ranges from to 1 inch
of the thickness per year although it varies due to traffic volume, rainfall, wind intensity,
frequency and maintenance practice or habit.

5. Compaction is effectively done by using pneumatic tired or steel wheeled rollers.

Where surface is tight and non-variable, sealing may be omitted.

7-5 DPWH Standard Specifications on Aggregate Sub-Base Course

The Department of Public Works and Highways classified the aggregate sub-base course
as Item 200 which consists of furnishing, placing and compacting aggregate sub-base
course on a prepared sub-grade.

Item- 200 Material Requirements

That, aggregates for sub-base shall consist of hard, durable particles of fragments or
crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural gravel and filler or natural crushed sand
or other firmly divided mineral matter. The composite material should be free of
vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay that could be compacted readily to form a
firm stable base.

TABLE 7-2 GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR ITEM 200

(TABLE DRAWING)

Conditions

1. The fraction passing the 0.75 mm (200) sieve should not be greater than 0.666 (2/3) of
the fraction passing the 0.425 mm No. 40 Sieve
2. The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve should have a liquid limit not greater
than 35 and Plastic Index not more than 12 as determined by AASHTO T-89 and T-90
respectively.

3. The coarse portion retained on a 3.0 mm (NO. 10) sieve shall have a mass percent of
wear not to exceed 50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion Tests as determined by AASHTO

T-193. The CBR value should be obtained at a maximum dry density as determined by
AASHTO T-180 Method D.

Item 201 Material Requirements

TABLE 7-3 GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR ITEM-201

(TABLE DRAWING)

Conditions

1. That the fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall have a mass percent of
wear not to exceed 50.

2. The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not greater
than 25 and Plastic Index not greater than 6.

3. The coarse portion retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a mass percent of
wear not to exceed 50.

4. The materials passing the 20 mm (3/4") sieve shall have a soaked CBR value of not less
than 80%.

Item-202 Material Requirements

1. The portion passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than 0.66 (2/3) of
the portion passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve.
2. The portion passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not more than
25 and Plastic Index not more than 6.

3. The coarse aggregate retained on 2.0 mm (No.10) sieve shall have a mass percent of
wear not more than 45 by L.A. abrasion tests, and not less than 50 mass percent shall
have at least one fractured face.

4. The material passing the 20 mm (3/4") sieve shall have a minimum soaked CBR value
of 80%.

TABLE 7-4 ITEM 201 CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSES

(TABLE DRAWING)

Item-203 Lime Stabilized Road Mix Base Course

This item consists of foundation for a surface course composed of soil aggregate, lime
and water proportion mixed on site and constructed on a prepared sub-grade or sub-
base.

Materials Requirements

1.Soil aggregates refers to the combination of gravel, sand, silt and clay, or other
objectionable matter that might be encountered in the construction site or obtained
from other approved sources.

2. The intent of the specification is to utilize soil existing on the roadbed if the quality is
satisfactory according to the specifications and minimizing cost.

3. On the contrary, if the material quality is poor or deficient, aggregate must be

obtained wholly or partially from an approved outside sources.

TABLE 7-5 GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR ITEM 203

Conditions:

1. That, the plastic Index of item 203 should not be less than 4 or more than 10. The
aggregate mass percent of wear should not exceed 50.

2. Hydrated line must conform to the requirements of item 701- Construction Lime. The
amount of lime added to soil aggregate should be from 2 to 12 mass percent of the dry
soil.

3. Lime should not be applied during windy, rainy or with impending bad weather.

4. The equipment to be used includes; scarifyer, pulverizer, mixer, spreader, hauler, water
truck, compactor and finishing machine, including slurry line distributor equipment.

5. Distributor equipment should include: pressure gauge, volume measuring devices or a

calibrated tank. It should be equipped with power unit for the pump and full circulation
spray bars adjustable laterally and vertically and also agitator to prevent setting of solid
lime.

Preparation of the Soil Aggregate

Case-1 for new soil aggregate

1. The existing roadbed is scarified lightly and bladed to a uniform grade according to
the plan, then rolled, watered and rolled

2. All depressions appearing on the surface are filled, and the weak portion of the
roadbed is strengthened with new soil aggregate.

3. Allow one day of measuring, sampling and testing of the sample for approval of the
quality and gradation before spreading the windrow for application of the hydrated
lime.
4. If soil aggregate moisture exceeds two mass percent of the dry aggregate, apply
aeration by harrowing the soil aggregate until the moisture content is reduced to 2% or
less.

5. Finally, spread the aggregate smoothly and uniformly over half the road or other
convenient width of the surface ready for the application of hydrated lime.

Case -2 Salvage Soil Aggregate

1. When materials in the site are to be used for mixing, the surface should be scarified
lightly and bladed to a uniform grade conforming to the cross section of the plan.

2. The reshaped surface is scarified again to depth required leaving a foundation of

undisturbed material parallel with the profile a cross section.

3. The loosened materials are bladed into a windrow at the side of the roadway. The
undisturbed materials are then rolled, watered and rolled.

Application of lime

Application of lime shall follow correct procedures enumerated as follows:

1. The hydrated lime is uniformly spreaded at specified percent using either the dry or
slurry (wet) methods.

2. The lime is distributed in successive applications at the amount and intervals as

prescribed

3. The mixing equipment follow immediately behind the distributor after each application
to partially mix the lime with the soil aggregate.

4. It is applied only to a specific areas as can be mixed into the soil aggregate during the
day of application.

5. Dry application is either by spotting bags of lime in equal pre-determined transverse

and longitudinal intervals or by applying in bulk lime from equipped self-loading trucks.
6. If lime slurry (wet) is employed, the typical slurry ratio is 1,000 kilograms lime to 2 cubic
meters water. The actual mixing proportion depends upon the percent of lime specified,
the type of soil and its moisture condition.

7. To prevent runoff and consequent non-uniformity of lime distribution, the slurry is mixed
immediately after each spreading pass.

Mixing

Mixing procedures are enumerated as follows:

1. After the last lime application and partial mixing, the entire mass of mixture is withdrawn
on the road surface and then mixed by blading the mixture from side to side of the road,
or by manipulation producing equivalent results until the whole mass has uniform color.
The mixture should be free form lean spots or balls of unmixed particles.

2. Should be mixture show an excess of deficiency or even distribution of lime, the

condition must be corrected by adding soil aggregate or lime then remixed.

3. If the mixture contains excessive amount of water or volatile matter, as may be

encountered in slurry operation, it should be bladed, aerated or manipulated until the
moisture and volatile content becomes satisfactory.

4. Whether mixing is completed or not, all loosened materials are bladed into a window
at the end of each day work and retained as such until operations resumed

Spreading Compacting Finishing

The methods of spreading, compacting and finishing are enumerated as follows:

1. The materials are spreaded by self-propelled pneumatic tired blade grader or

mechanical spreader of approved type. Cutting into the underlying course should be
avoided
2. After spreading, the surface is leveled to the road centerline, then to the outer edges
of the road overlapping the shoulder.

3. Each pass should be terminate at least 90 centimeters in advance or to the rear of the
end of the preceding pass.

4. During the time of compaction, the surface is dragged or bladed as necessary to fill
and remove incipient corrugation or other surface irregularities.

5. Rolling must continue until after the surface is in uniform texture satisfactorily
compacted.

6. Rolling should be stopped whenever there is an excessive pulverizing of the aggregate

or displacement of the mixture

Protection, Curing and Maintenance

After stabilizing the base course by lime, it is protected against rapid drying for a period
of at least 5 days by either of the following curing methods:

1. A thorough and continuous moist condition should be maintained by sprinkling water.

2. The surface must be covered with 50 mm layer of earth or sand and maintained in
moist condition.

3. The surface is applied with asphalt membrane of the type and quantity approved by
the highway agency.

Item 204 Portland cement Stabilized Road Mix Base Course

This item consist of a foundation for surface course composed of soil aggregate, Portland
Cement and water, proper proportions of road-mixed placed on a prepared sub-grade
or sub-base.
Proportioning Mixture

1. The amount of cement added to the aggregate shall be 6 to 10 mass percent of the
dry aggregate.

2. Construction requirement and procedures is the same as that of item-203 wherein the
world lime is deleted and replaced with Portland cement.

Item 205 Asphalt Stabilized Road Mixed Base course

Materials: Asphalt materials should be Anionic or Cationic Emulsion asphalt of the slow
setting type.

Mixture Proportion: The amount of the asphalt material to be added to the aggregate
should be from 4 to 7 mass percent of the dry aggregate.

Item 206 Portland cement Treated Plant Mix Base Course

A) Travel Plant Mixing Method: The salvage or new aggregate is pulverized until at least
80 mass percent of all the materials Other than stone or gravel passes a 4.75 mm (No.4)
sieve. Any material retained on a 50 mm (2") sieve and other unsuitable materials are
removed.

Procedure:

1. Aggregates to be treated, is placed in uniform windrow spreaded to a uniform

thickness to the required depth.

2. Portland cement of proper quantity is applied uniformly over the aggregates.

3. Mixing is done by machine for thorough and uniform blended mixture

4. When this method is used: a maximum time of 2 hours is allowed for wet mixing, letdown
and finishing.

B) Central Plant Mixing Method.

The plant is equipped with feeding and metering devices that will introduce the cement
aggregate and water into the mixer in quantities specified mixing continue until after a
uniform mixture is attained.

C) Spreading, Compacting and Finishing.

Not more than 60 minutes should elapse from the start of mixing to compaction of the
laid mixture. After spreading, the mixture is compacted and finished in accordance with
the procedures as enumerated for lime stabilized road mix base coarse Item 2-3