Solutions Manual

to accompany

MACHINE ELEMENTS IN
MECHANICAL DESIGN

Fourth Edition

Robert L. Mott
Copyright © 2004 hy Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
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ISBN 0-13-140873-9
 CONTENTS

Solutions Manual for

Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, 4th ed.

By: Robert L. Mott

Table of Contents...... ii
MDESIGN software Included on the CD in the book , iii
Spreadsheets included on the CD in the Solutions Manual , x

Solutions to end-of-chapter problems

Chapter 1: The Nature of Mechanical Design 1
Chapter 2: Materials in Mechanical Design...... 3
Chapter 3: Stress and Deformation Analysis... ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 9
Chapter 4: Combined Stresses and Mohr's Circle 31
Chapter 5: Design for Different Types of Loading , 42
Chapter 6: Columns , 64
Chapter 7: Belt Drives and Chain Drives , 77
Chapter 8: Kinematics of Gears .,. ... ... ... ... ... . .. .. . .. . ... 87
Chapter 9: Spur Gear Design _. 108
Chapter 10: Helical Gears, Bevel Gears, and Wormgearing 151
Chapter 11: Keys, Couplings, and Seals 180
Chapter 12: Shaft Design .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 184
Chapter 13: Tolerances and Fits , 206
cted by Chapter 14: Rolling Contact Bearings 211
ema
ng, or Chapter 16: Plain Surface Bearings 217
Chapter 17: Linear Motion Elements 224
Chapter 18: Fasteners, 226
Chapter 19: Springs 228
Chapter 20: Machine Frames, Bolted Connections, and Welded Joints 243
naterial Chapter 21: Electric Motors and Controls 254
Chapter 22: Motion Control: Clutches and Brakes , 257

iii
 TH
MACHINE ELEMENTS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN, 4 EDITION
By: Robert L. Mott
Published by Prentice-Hall, Inc.

MDES/GN - Mechanical Design Software

Comments On Its Use For Problem Solutions
Introduction
Th.e.design of machine elements jnherently .involves extensive procedures, complex calculations,
and many design decisions. Data must be found from numerous charts and tables. Furthermore, design
is typically iterative, requiring the designer to try several options for any given element, leading to the
repetition ·ofdesign calculations with new data or new design decisions. This is especially true·for
complete mechanical devices containing several components as the interfaces between components are
considered. Changes to one component often require changes to mating elements. Use of computer
aided mechanical design software can facilitate the design process by perfonning many of the tasks while
leaving the major design decisions to the creativity and judgment of the designer or engineer.
We emphasize that users of computer software must have a solid
understanding of the principles of design and stress analysis to
ensure that design decisions are based on reliable foundations. We
advlsetbat·thesoftware be used only after mastering a given design
methodology by careful study and practicing manual techniques.
Then, data with known results can be applied to the software as a
check on the understanding of the program's Input and output.
Included in this book is the MDES/GN mechanical design software created by the TEDA TA
Company. Derived from the very successful MDESIGN mec software produced for the European market,
the U.S. version of MDESIGN employs standards and design methods that are in typical use in North
America. Many of the textual aids and design procedures come directly from this book, Machine Elements
in Mechanical Design.
Topics for which the MDESIGN software can be used as a supplement to this book include:
Beam stress analysis Beam deflections Mohr's circle Columns
Belt drives Chain drives Spur gears Helical gears
Shafts Keys Power screws Springs
Rolling contact bearings Plain surface bearings Bolted connections Fasteners
Clutches Brakes
Special icons are placed in the book at places where use of one of the 28 modules in the
software is pertinent.

v
Basic Features of MOESIGN
MOESIGN soflware is a useful tool for problem solving and design. Users must first ensure that
the software is appropriatetothe nature of the problemlo be solved. While the 28 modules cover a wide
range of applications within the field of machine design, not every problem can be solved. The soflware is
very user friendly and each module contains several textual and graphic aids that explain the technical
"bases on which the module is constructed .and.the data that must be entered by the user. Input screens
prompt the user to define the problem and to make basic design decisions. Several modules contain
extensive data bases that allow the user to consider multiple optional designs and compare them to
select the more optimum choice. Some modules also provide a parametric analysis feature.
After all necessary data are entered, the user applies the Calculate feature to cause the module
to perform the required analyses and produce the output in an easy to read format. The Calculate feature
is represented on the tooioaras an image of a blue calculator with a yellow gear. Altematively, the user
can use the function key, F10. Input and output can be reported in several different units selected by the
user. Conversions, if needed, are automatically accomplished by the software.
The output always contains lists of pertinent input values and computed results. Many modules
augment the basic output with graphical displays of the results and pictorial views of the element being
designed. Some modules include cautionary comments when results do not meet design requirements,
advising the user to redesign the element.

DeKfiptions of the Modules

The following sections list the 28 modules organized into 13 groups and provide brief discussions
about each module. Included are the chapter where each module can be used, a basic description of the
type of problems that can be solved, the type of input data required, and the type of output results that are
produced. NOTE: The computed results from MOESIGN may not match exactly those reported in the
book for example problems or end of chapter problems. Values for some parameters may be selected by
a user from charts and graphs In the book, whereas the program may compute those giving slightly
different results. For some modules, particularly Ball and Roller Bearings, databases in the program are
different from those in the book.

Columns Group: Pertinent to Chapter 6 in the book.

Column Analysis Module: Sections 6-6, 6.7, 6·11 and 6.12

Centrally loaded straight or crooked columns and eccentrically loaded straight columns are
analyzed.lnput data required are: column length, end fIXity, material, cross section shape and dimensions,
amount of crookedness if any and amo t f . . .
. ,un 0 eccentncity of the hne of action of the load if any. Output for
straight, ce~tratty loaded columns includes critical buckling load and allowable load. Output for crooked
and eccentncally loaded columns includes maximum stresses. For eccentrically loaded columns, the
rnaxmum lateral deflection of the column is also computed.
-u_-------------------
Column Design Module: Section 6-10
Given the required load on a column of a given length with specified end fixity, the program
computes the minimum acceptable diameter of'acolumn with a solid circular cross section.

Pertinent to Chapters 3 and 5 in the book.

Seams Group:

Statically Detenninate Beams Module:

This is a very extensive beam analysis program that allows the application of loads in virtually any
direction including concentrated forces, distributed loads, concentrated moments, and torques. It offers
visualization of the beam, its supports, and its loading pattem. Careful data entry is advised.

Statically Indeterminate Beams Module:

This program analyzes beams on more than two supports with a large variety of loading types.

Combined Stress and Mohr's Circle: Pertinent to Chapters 4 and 5

Given the stress condition on an element, the program completes Mohr's circle, presents
maximum principal stresses, maximum shear stress, and the orientation of those elements. The Mohr's

circle is drawn automatically.

V-Selt Drives: Pertinent to Chapter 7, Section 7-4
This tool for designing V-belt drives is based on an extensive data base of ratings for three sizes
of V.belts. The input data screen allows the specification of power to be transmitted, speeds, approximate
center distance, and service factor. The program presents a list of suitable belt types, sizes, and standard
lengths, and sheave sizes from which the user selects one combination. The performance of that design
is then displayed. Numerous subsequent altemative designs can be easily created.

Chain Drives: Pertinent to Chapter 7, Section 7-6

An aid for designing roller chain drives, this program includes an extensive data base of the latest
power ratings for roller chain drives from the American Chain Association. The input data screen allows
the specification of power to be transmitted, speeds, approximate center distance, number of chains, and
service factor. The program presents a list of suitable chain sizes and sprockets from which the user can

select one combination. Single or multiple strands of chain can be used.

Gearing Group: Pertinent to Chapters 8, 9, and 10

Separate modules are provided for Spur Gearing, Helical Gearing, Bevel Gearing, and
wormgearing. Each module basically follows the procedures described in the book. Input data include
the diametral pitch, number of pinion teeth, input speed, output speed, certain material factors, overload
factor, reliability factor, and others depending on the module. The program provides guidance for the
quality number and the specification of the number of teeth in the gear and its face width. The geometry
factors for bending and pitting resistance are computed by the program for some modules, while others
require the user to input those using tables and charts from the book or from charts reproduced in the

vii
 hel screens. Outputs include actual outpu t spee d , sizes of pertinent geometric features,
'. forces on gear
teeth, and tooth stresses. The acceptability of stresses is evaluated by the ~rogram with suggestions for
the types of materials to be specified. Multiple designs can be tried very quickly to work toward an
optimum final result.

Keys Group: Pertinent to Chapter 11

separate modules are provided for Parallel Keys and Woodruff Keys, using design pro~dures
similar to those presented in the book. Input can be either the torque to be transmitted or the .combination
of power and shaft speed. The shaft diameter isspecified,likely based on prior stress analysts, Matenals
for the key, the shaft, and the hUb of the power transmitting element are selected from a list taken from
Appendix 3 in the book. The yield strengths are then automatically inserted. The usespeclnss a design
factor and the length of the hub. The program determines the appropriate size forthe 'key according to the
shaft size and the stress analyses using procedures similar to those outlined in the book.

Bearings Group: Pertinent to Chapters 14 (Rolling contact) and 16 (Plain surface)

Ball and Roller Bearings: Chapter 14

This program aids in the specification of it commercially available bali or roller bearing from
extensive databases for t6 different types of bearings from two widely known manufacturers, FAG and
SKF. The user selects the preferred type, and provides detafor redial and thrust loads, speeds, desired
hours of 'life, and size limitations. New factorsihat are not discussed in the book are also specified:
Viscosity Grade for the lubricant to be applied (typical choice is 66); Operating Temperature (typical
choice is 40"C); and Contamination Factor (tYPical choice is 1.0). The program then produces a list of
possible'bearings, organized in oroer of the bore size. The User selects oneandtl1e program completes
the calculation of performance, giVing the projected life of the bearing in hours that is compared with the
desired life. SUbsequent trials may be done qulte quickly to work toward an optimum design.

NOTE: The basicdynarnic /()~ data .repodedfr1r any [Jivenbearing wiN not match those given in
the book because the bearings come from different Sources and because an additional tector, a23. called
the Material and Lubrication Factor, is applied. The value of this factor is prOprietary to a given
manufacturer andfypically yields a higher value for basic dynamic load, C, than is reported in the book.

Plain Surface Bearings: .Chapter 16, Section 16-6

This program assists in the deSign of boundary lubricated plain Surface bearings using the
methOd presented in Section 16-5 of the book. The user enters data for radial/oad, speed, minimum shaft
diameter, and the desired ratio of bearing length to diameter. The program then computes the required
pVvalue and recommends a material from Table 16-1 in the book that has an acceptable rating for pv,
NOTE: Data for the wear factor, K, and the coefficient of dynamic friction are not available in the
book version of the software and are repOrted in the output W!'th I
-va ues of 0.000.

Vl1l
Power Screws: Pertinent to Chapter 17 Linear Motion Elements; Section 17-2
The procedures described in 'Section 17-2 of the book are implemented by this program to design

a power screw with Acme threads having a 14 1/2' thread angle. The user enters data for the load to be
moved, the distance traveled, and the time to move the load. The material for the screw isseleeled from
lists of steels, aluminums, cast irons, copper alloys, bronzes, and zinc alloys. The strength data are
automatically entered by the program. The design value for the coefficient of frielion is entered. The

output includes the dimensions of the standard Acme screw threads from Table 17-1 in the book. The
program checks the tensile stress in the screw and the shear stress 'in the threads. The minimum length

of MQagement'of the threads with a nut is reported. The program also computes the torque required \0
raise and lower the load, the efficiency, the linear speed of the nut, the rotational speed of the screw, and
the power required to drive the screw. !fthe screw is loaded in compression,it should be analyzed for

column buckling using the Column Analysis module.

Joints Group: Pertinent to Chapters 18

Fasteners: Chapter 18, section 18-4

This module completes the procedure outlined in Section 18-4 in the book for designing and

analyzing bolted joints that provide clamping loads. Input data include the total load applied to the joint
and the number of bolts. A Demand Factor, k, is specified that gives the allowable percent of the proof

load of the screw material, often taken to be 75%. The factor, k1, is based on the lubrication present and
is setteo.tsfor typical conditions urness the threads are thoroughly cleaned. After starting the Calculate
process.awmoowasks fortheSAEmaterial grade forthe bolt as listed ln Table 18-1 in the book. The
output includes the required size of bolt, taken from the list in Table 16-4 in the book, and the tightening

torque.

Springs Group: Chapter 19

This group contains three modules for Helical Compression Springs, Helicat Extension
Springs, and Helical Torsion Springs. Each module implements the design procedures developed in

the book and uses data from the book for spring wire sizes and material properties.

Helical Compression Springs: Section 19..0

Method 1 for the design of helical compression springs illustrated in Example Problem 19-2 is

used in this module. The user supplies values for forces and lengths, end type, wire type, type of service
{Iight,average,severe),and an inilialestimateofthe mean diameter of the spring and the design shear
stress (typicaltyinthe range from 60 to 140ksi). The program determines an appropriate wire diameter,

computes the actual stresses, and outputs the geometry of the spring.

Helical Extension Springs: Section 19-7

The method for designing helical extension springs illustrated in Example Problem 19-4 is used in

this module. The user supplies values for forces and lengths, end type, wire type, type of service (light,
average, severe), and an initial estimate of the mean diameter of the spring and the design shear stress
 (tYPically
.. In the range f rom 80 t a 140 kSI·). The program determines an appropriate wire diameter,
computes the actual stresses, and outputs the geometry of the spring.

Helical Torsion Springs: Sect jon 19-8

The method for designing helical torsion springs illustrated in Example Problem 19-5 is used in
this module. The user supplies values for moments and angles of rotation, end type, wire type, type of
service (light, average, severe), and an initial estimate of the mean diameter of the spring and the design
bending stress (typically in the range from 11010 190ksi). The program determines an appropriate wire
diameter, computes the actual stresses, and outputs the geometry of the spring.
Joints Group:

Bolted Connections: Chapter 20, Section 20-3

This module determines the minimum required diameter of the bolts in a connection subjected to
direct shear and shear due to a moment applied to the member similar to that shown in Figure 20-5 in the
book. The bolted connection may be comprised of any array of bolls for which the distance from the
centroid of the array 10 any.individual bolt is th.e same. Examples area rectangular alTay .of four.bolts or a
circular array of any number of bolts. The analysis considers only a single force to be applied to the
connection. If more than one force is applied, the resultant of all applied forces must be determined by the
user for input to the program. Both the magnitude and the Orientation of the line or action .of the force
must be known. The program assumes that the bolls are subjected to single shear. If they are in double
shear, the applied force should be divided by 2.0.

Inputs required are the shear lead, the ·number of bolts, the perpendicular distance from the line
of action oflhe load to the centroid of the boll pattem, the radial distance from the centroid to any boll, the
x and y distances from the centroid to the bolt, and the angle of inclination of the applied load. The angle,
Cl, is zero for a vertically downward load. Graphic and textual helps are provided.

The output consists of the forces on Ihe bott, the required diameter and the nearest standard boll
diameter as Shown in Table 18-4 in the book.

Welded Joints: Chapter 20, Section 20-4

The method Of Section 20-4 of the :book is used in this module to compute the required size of
weld to carry .a specified force using a weld geometry selected from those shown in Figure 20-8 in the
book. This figure is included on help screens in the program.

Inputs required are the type of jOint, key dimensions of the joint, the location of the load, and the
allowable force per inch of weld length taken from Table 2Q,3 that 'ISshe hi. th
wn ona e p screen In e
program. The term, bending console length, ab, is the distance, a, shown under the Bending column of
Figure 20-8. Similarly, Ihe term, twistirrg console length at, is the d'istan·ce a f th T. I n
., . , ,rom e J orslon co um .
OUtputs inclUde geometry factors ·of the weld pattern, bending momenl, twisting moment, forces
on the weld, and Ihe required weld leg size.

x
Clutches and Brakes Group: Chapter 22
This group contains five modules for Cone or Plate-Type Clutches or Brakes and Short Shoe,
Long Shoe, and Band Brakes. Each module implements the design procedures developed in the book.

Plate-Type Clutch or Brake: Section 22-11

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-6 is used in this module for the analysis of a
plate-type clutch or brake. The user inputs the desired friction torque, the nonmal actuation force
available, the coefficient of friction, the rotational speed, and a reasonable value for the ratio of the
outside radius to the inside radius (say 1.50). The program computes the required mean radius, the
outside radius, the inside radius, the frictional power absorbed and the wear ratio (hplin\

Cone Clutch or Brake Section 22-13

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-7 is used in this module for the analysis of a
cone clutch or brake. The user inputs the desired friction torque, the mean radius of the drum, the cone
angle, and the coefficient offriction. The program computes the required axial actuation force.

Short Shoe Drum Brake: Section 22-14

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-8 is used in this module for the analysis of short
shoe drum brakes. The user inputs the friction torque desired and proposes the drum diameter,
coefficient of friction, and basic dimensions of the actuation system. The program computes the required
actuation force.

Long Shoe Drum Brake: Section 22-14

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-9 is used in this module for the analysis of long
shoe drum brakes. The user inputs the drum speed, friction torque desired, drum radius, coefficient of
friction, design value for maximum pressure, and the basic dimensions of the actuation system. The
program computes the required width of the brake pad, the actuation force, the frictional power, and the
wear ratio (hp/in\

Band Brake Section 22-15

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-10 is used in this module for the analysis of
band brakes. The user inputs the drum speed, braking torque desired, design value for maximum
pressure, drum radius and width, coefficient of friction, the angle of wrap of the band on the drum, and the
basic dimensions of the actuation system. The program computes the friction torque, the actuation force,
the friction power, and the average wear ratio (hp/in2). Subsequent iterations are quickly done to work
toward an optimum design.
 MACHINE ELEMENTS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN
Fourth Edition

Robert L. Mott

Prentice-Hall Publishing Company

Description of Spreadsheets Included on CD in Solutions Manual

Introduction

The Solutions Manual for this book inciudes a computer disk that contains 26 computational aids that are
keyed to the book. The files are written as Microsoft Excei spreadsheets uSing Version 2002 on
WindowsXP.

Many of the spreadsheets appear in the text. Others were prepared to Produ~ solutions for the
.Solutions Manual. The given spreadsheets include data and results from certain figures In the text. from
certain example problems, or for certain problems from the end of chapters containing the analysts and
design procedures featured in the programs.

The following sections give brief descriptions of each spreadsheet. Many are discussed in the text in
more extensive detail. It is expected that you will verify all of the elements of each spreadsheet before
using them for solutions to specific problems.

Using the Spreadsheets: It is recommended that you maintain the given

spreadsheets as they initially appear on the disk, considering them to be master copies. To use a
program for SOlving other problems, call it up in Excel and use the ·Save as. command to name
it something different. For instance, the Original program cal/ed Column Analysis should be
considered the master. "Save as" and call it, for example, Column Analysis _ Working. Then
Use problem
use that version for general Solving.

You should study the concepts and the solution techniques for each type of problem before using the
spreadsheets. You should work sample problems by hand first. Then enter the appropriate data into the
spreadsheet to verify
by gray-shaded areas the
andsolution. In most spreadsheets, the data that need to be entered are identified
by italic type.
Descriptions of Spreadsheets

The descriptions are given here in the order that the Subjects for the spreadsheets are covered in the
text. The files are listed on the disk in alphabetical order.

Co~umnAnalysis: Chapter 6. Analyzes straight columns of uniform cross section to detemnine the
cntlca~ buckling load and the allowable load. The spreadsheet shows results for Example Problem 6-1 as
given In Figure 6-9 on page 242. U.S. Customary units are used. A description is given in Section 6-8.
The process IS esse~tlally the same as that shown in the flow chart of Figure 6-4. Note that a short
macro program In Visual BaSICISused to decide w~ether the column is iong (EUler) or short (J. B.
Johnson) and to complete the calculation of the cntlcal bUCkling load Be th t Excel program
enables macros. . sure a your

Column Analysis SI: .Chapter 6. Same as COlumn AnalYSis: exce t SI't d The solution to
Example Problem 6-21S shown as given in Figure 6-10 on page 243. p UOis are use .

CirCUlar Column Analysis: Chapter 6. Special version of Col A I '. t .c

properties of a COlumnwith a solid cirCUlar cross Section are c umn na ysls In which th~ g.eome n
spreadsheet can be used as an iterative des' t I omputed When the diameter IS input. The
to
a circular cross section to carry a given load Ig~ oOF determine the required diameter of a column with
. ee Igure 6-14 on page 249.

xii
;

Crooked Column Analysis: Chapter 6. Section 6-11. Analyzes the allowable load on a column of
constant cross section with a given amount of crookedness. Data from Example Problem 6-4 are used
as shown in Figure 6-16 on page 252.
Eccentric Column Analysis: Chapter 6. Section 6-12. Computes the required yield strength of the
material and the resulting maximum deflection of the middle of a column that is loaded eccentrically.
Data from Example Problem 6-6 are used as shown in Figure 6-18 on page 256.
Chain Drive Design: Chapter 7. Design of roller chain drives as described in Section 7-6. User must
obtain rated power data from Tables 7-5, 7-6, or 7-7 to specify a suitable chain number and number of
teeth in the smaller sprocket.
Contact Ratio-Spur GeatS: Chapter 8. Computes the contact ratio for spur gears using the procedure
shown on page 317 in Section 8-4.
Bevel Gear Geometly: Chapter 8. Computes the geometric features of straight bevel gears using the
formulas listed in Table 8-7 in Section 8-8 and illustrated in Example Problem 8-6 on page 337. Two
identical programs are shown side-by-side. One shows the results of Example Problem 8-6 and the other
can be used to solve any given problem.
Wormgearing Geometry, CD, VR: Chapter 8. Computes essential geometric features of a worm and
wormgear, the center distance between their shafts, and the velocity ratio. Uses procedure from Section
8-10 as illustrated in Example Problem 8-7. The spreadsheet was used to complete Problems 52-57 at
the .end of the chapter.
Gear Geometry: Chapter 8. Computes the geometric features of spur and helical gears using the
relationships in Sections 8-4 and 8-7. Can be used for Problems 1-9 and 41-44.
GeatS VR Design: Chapter 8. Aids in the specification of the number of teeth in a pinion and gear to
produce a specified velocity ratio. Uses a procedure similar to that shown in Section 8-13 on pages 350-
357 and illustrated in Table 8-9. An integer is entered for the number of teeth in the pinion. The
program computes the required approximate number of teeth in the gear to produce the given velocity
ratio. The user then enters an integer for the actual number of gear teeth. The program identifies the
combination of numbers of teeth that produces the minimum differential between the desired ratio and
the actual ratio. The spreadsheet was used to complete Problems 62-65 at the end of the chapter.
Spur Gear Forces: Chapter 9. Computes the tangential, radial, and normal forces on spur gear teeth
of a given design transmitting a given power at a given pinion speed. It uses the method of Section 9-3.
The spreadsheet was used to complete Problems 1-6 at the end of Chapter 9. The results for Problems 1
and 2 are shown in the master.
Spur GeatS-Design-U.S.: Chapter 9. Performs a complete design analysis for a pair of spur gears,
including the essential geometry, tangential force, required bending stress number, and required contact
stress number. All modifying factors for stress calculations as described in Sections 9-8 to 9-12 are
included. The data from Example Problem 9-5 are shown in the given spread sheet as illustrated in
Figure 9-28 on pages 416-417. An extensive discussion of the spreadsheet is given in Section 9-14 on
pages 415-419. An added feature of the spreadsheet on the CD is the computation of the required
hardness (HB) for through-hardened Grade 1 steel using the equations in Figures 9-10 and 9-11. The
user can then specify suitable materials and list them at the bottom of the spreadsheet.
Geometry Factor-I-Pitting: Chapter 9. Computes the value of the geometry factor, I, used in the
calculation of contact stress for spur gears in Equation 9-25 on page 401 of the text. Program uses the
algorithm from Appendix A20.
Spur Gears-Design-U.S .•With I: Chapter 9. Same as Spur Gears-Design except the geometry factor, I,
is computed within the program instead of being input by the user. The program Geometry Factor·l-
Pitting is integrated within $pur GeatS-Design. One additional input value is needed for the pressure
angle.
Spur GeatS-Design-SI: Chapter 9. Similar to Spur GeatS-Deslgn: except SI metric data are used as
described in Section 9-13 and illustrated in Example Problem 9-6. Data from Example Problem 9-6 are
used in the given spreadsheet.

XIII
 Spur Gears-Capacity-U.S.: Chapter 9. Section 9-16. Determi.nes the ~ower transmitting capaclty of a
given set of spur gears considering both bending strength and pitting resistance. The user must Input the
allowable bending stress and allowable contact stress based on the material specified for the pinion and
the gear using Figures 9-10 to 9-15 and Tables 9-3 and 9-4. The spreadsheet includes the computation
of the required bending stress number, Sat, and contact stress number, sac, based on user-entered
hardness (HB) for through-hardened Grade 1 steel using the equations in Figures 9-10 and 9-11. The
user must transcribe these values into the spreadsheet if, in fact, this kind of material is specified.
Plastic Gears· Design: Chapter 9. Completes the design of plastic gears using the procedure from
pages 440-1. Data are shown for Example Problem 9-6.
Helical Gears-Design: Chapter 10. Computes the forces on helical gear teeth as described in Section
10-2 and illustrated in Example Problem 10-1. Completes the design analysis for a pair of helical gears
as described in Sections 10-3 to 10-5 and illustrated in Example Problem 10-2. Used for the solutions to
Problems 1-11 at the end of Chapter 10.
Helical Gears-capacity: Chapter 10. Similar to Spur Gears-Capacity: with modifications for the
special geometry of helical gear teeth. Used for the solutions to Problems 12 and 13 at the end of
Chapter 10. The user must input the allowable bending stress and allowable contact stress based on the
material specified for the pinion and the gear using Figures 9-10 to 9-15 and Tables 9-3 and 9-4. The
spreadsheet includes the computation of the required bending stress number, sa" and contact stress
num~r, s~,based on user-entered hardness (HB) for through-hardened Grade 1 steel using the
equations In Figures 9-10 and 9-11. The user must transcribe these values into the spreadsheet if in
fact, this kind of material is specified. '

Bevel Gears - Design: Chapter 10. Computes forces and stresses on bevel gears.
Wormgearing - Design: Computes some geometry values, forces, and stresses for wormgearing.
Shaft Design: Chapter 12. Computes the minimum acceptable diameter for shafts using Equation 12-
2~~n ':th bending and torsion are present and Equation 12-16 when only vertical shearing stress is
~odifyi~9 f:~~so~~~~~~r~~s :or torques, forces, bending moments, pertinent material strengths,
at several selected sections of t~en~~'ftand .~tress concentration factor. The program is typically applied
given spreadsheet uses data from one I as ;. ustrated in Design Ex~mple 12-1 on pages 548-552. The
lonon the shaft .In.Deslgn Example 12-1 as illustrated in
Figure 12-19 on page 561. A discussio ocath
no f e spreadsheet IS In Section 12.10.
Foree Fits: Chapter 13, Section 13-8 Str f .
between mating members assembled ~ith e~es or Force Fits. Computes the pressure at the interface
resulting stresses and deformations for the ~ I~terference fit (See Section 13-6.) Also computes the
from Example Problem 13-2 are Shown in th a Ing members usmq the procedure on pages 587-8. Data
e example.
Spring Design-Method 1: Chapter 19 Section .
method from Example Problem 19-2 to d' 19-6. The given spreadsheet uses data and the
to fit given geometrical limitations. See ~~J~rn~~f~ helical compression spring for a given loading and
Spring Design-Method 2' Ch . e on page 753 and the accompanying discussion.
. . . apter 19. Similar to S rI D
deSigning to a set of geometricallimitalions S Ex P ng eslgn·Method 1 without the restriction of
and the aCCOmpanying diSCUSSion. . ee ample Problem 19-3, Figure 19-17 on page 753,

xiv
 CHAPTER 1
THE NATURE OF MECHANICAL DESIGN

Problems 1 - 14 require the specification of functions and design

requirements for design projects and have no unique solution.

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IU.I .r'" 88.01# I' x '1./62. )(/".s",...",."., VHI';' 3.'" X/f/ -",,/nl"

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Sellar. '19 & 180LNN/.ss" = S'/'1LI-IN/PF62EI!'

scsu:> r/s ~ Zo.") #,,,,,/0,6/11*0 .... ~].3JtI,,,.,/R-40.

£1'11:1/(;'/ : f'OWE~' nMF

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E = /.011</0 " Fr.Ltl/VFAI!.

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Y~M. IT'LI1 .t N'M/.! J600.5

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UfT := f.6olC/O' Kt=1I0LtJTlaNS

 CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN

1. Ultimate tensile strength is the apparent stress at the

peak of the stress-strain curve.
2. Yield point is the value of the apparent stress from the
stress-strain curve at which there is a large increase in
strain with no increase in stress. It is the point where
the stress-strain curve exhibits a horizontal slope.
3. Yield strength is the apparent stress from the stress-
strain curve at which there is a large increase in strain
with little increase in stress for materials that do not
exhibit a yield point. The offset method is used by
drawing a line parallel to the straight part of the stress-
strain curve through a value of 0.2\ on the strain axis.
4. Many low alloy steels exhibit a yield point.
5. The proportional limit is the apparent stress on the stress-
strain curve at which the curve deviates from a straight
line. At this value, the material is usually still
elastic. The elastic limit is the apparent stress at which
the material is deformed plastically and will not return to
its original size and shape.
6. Hooke's law applies to that portion of the stress-strain
curve that is a straight line for which stress is
proportional to strain.
7. The modulus of elasticity is a measure of the stiffness of
a material.
8.. The percent elongation is a measure of the ductility of a
material.
9. The material is not ductile. Materials having a percent
elongation greater than 5\ are considered to be ductile.
10. poisson's ratio is the ratio of the lateral strain in a
material to the axial strain when subjected to a tensile
load.
11. From ~Q. 2-5 G = E/[2(1+Vl] = (114 GPal/[2(l+O.33l]
G = 42.9 GPa
12. Hardness - 52.8 HRC (Approximate; Appendix J~)

13. Tensile strength ~ 235 ksi (Approximate; Appendix 19)

14. -17. Errors in given stat_ents:

14. A hardness of HB 750 is extremely hard, characteristic of
the hardest steels in the as-quenched or surface hardened
condition. Appendix 3 shows annealed steels to have
hardness values in the approximate range of HB 120 to 230.
15. Hardness on the HRB scale is normally limited to HRB 100.
16. Hardness on the HRC scale is normally no lower than HRC 20.
17. The relationship between hardness and tensile strength is
only valid for steels.
16. Charpy and Izod tests measure impact strength.
19. Iron and carbon. Other elements are often present.
20. In addition to iron and carbon, AISI 4340 steel contains
nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. (Table 2-3)
21. Approximately 0.40% carbon in AISI 4340 steel.
22. Low-carbon: Less than 0.3%
Medium-carbon: 0.30% to 0.50%
High-carbon: 0.50% to 0.95%
23. Typically a bearing steel contains 1.0% carbon.
24. Lead is added to AISI 12L13 steel to improve machinability.
25.
Shafts are often made from AISI 1045 4140, 4640, 5150,
6150, and 8650 steels. (Table 2-1/) ,
26. Gears are often made f
5150, 6150, and 8650 rom AISI 1045, 4140, 4340, 4640,
steels. (Table 2-lf)
27. The blades of a post hole di
resistance, high strength gger should have good wear
steel is a reasonable ch ~ and good ductility. AISI 1060
Ol.ce.
26. AISI 5160 OQT 1000 is hi
containing approXimate~ gh-carbon, chromium steel,
It was heat treated by ~ O'fO% carbon and 0.60% chromium.
temperature, quenched ine~i ng above its upper critical
degrees Fahrenheit It h 1, and then tempered at 1000
ksi or 1040 MPa) a~d as fairly high strength (Sy ~ 151
good ductility (14% elongation) .

4
29. In general, a high hardness with good ductility are
desirable for machine parts and tools subjected to impact
loads as seen by a shovel. A hardness of HRC 40
corresponds to approximately HE 375 and is considered
moderately hard. While this is a good level, even a higher
value up to HRC 50 (HB 475) would be better, provided
ductility is fairly high, say about 15% elongation.
Appendix 3 shows some forms of oil-quenched AISI 1040 and
none listed have sufficiently high hardness. Appendix 4-1
shows the same material quenched in water and tempered.
AISI 1040 WQT 700 has a hardness of HB 401 (HRC 43) with
approximately 20% elongation and a yield point of 92 ksi.
30. Through hardening involves heating the entire part followed
by quenching to achieve the hardened condition. Except for
some variation in thick sections, the part is hardened
throughout. But no chemical composition changes occur. In
carburizing, the chemical composition of the surface is
changed by the infusion of carbon. Thus, carburizing
results in a hard surface while the core is softer.
31. Induction hardening is a heat treating process in which the
area to be hardened is subjected to a high-frequency
electric current created by a coil, inducing current flow
near the surface of the part and causing local heating.
After sufficient time to bring the surface to a temperature
above the upper critical temperature of the material, the
part is quenched to harden the surface.
32. Some carburizing grades of steels are AISI 1015, 1020,
1022, 1117, l11S, 411S, 4320, 4620, 4820, 8620 and 9310.
The carbon content ranges from 0.10% to 0.20%.
33. The AISI 200 and 300,series of stainless steels are
nonmagnetic.
34. Chromium gives stainless steels good corrosion resistance.
35. ASTM f\qq:t
structural steel is used for most wide-flange
beams.
36. HSLA structural steels are high-strength, low-alloy steels
having yield strengths in the range of 42 - 100 ksi (290 -
700 MPa.
37. Three types of cast iron are gray iron, ductile iron, and
malleable iron.
3S. ASTM A4S-S3, Grade 30 is a gray iron with a tensile
strength of 30 ksi (207 MPa); no yield strength; less than
1% elongation (brittle); modulus of elasticity (stiffness)
of 15x106 psi (103 GPa).
Problem 38. (continued)
ASTM A536-84, Grade 100-70-03 is a ductile,iron with a
tensile strength of 100 ksi (689 MFa); a y~eld strength of
70 ksi (483 MFa); 3% elongation (brittle); modulus o~
elasticity (stiffness) of 22xl06 psi (152 GPa) .
ASTM A47-84, Grade 35018 is a malleable iron with a tensile
strength of 53 ksi (365 MFa); a yield strength of 35 ksi
(241 MFa); 18% elongation (ductile); modulus of elasticity
(stiffness) of 25xl06 psi (172 GPa) .
ASTM A220, Grade 70003 is a malleable iron with a tensile
strength of 85 ksi (586 MFa); a yield strength of 70 ksi
(483 MFa); 3% elongation (brittle); modulus of elasticity
(stiffness) of 26xl06 psi (179 GPa) .
39. Powdered metals are preformed in a die under high pressure
and sintered at a high temperature to fuse the particles.
Re-pressing after sintering is sometimes used.
40. Parts made from Zamak 3 zinc casting alloy typically have
good dimensional accuracy and smooth surfaces, a tensile
strength of approximately 41 Ksi (283 MPa), a yield
strength of 32 Ksi (221 MFa), 10% elongation, and a modulus
of elasticity of 12.4xlO' psi (85 GPa). (Appendix 10)
41.
Type D tool steels are typically used for stamping dies,
punches, and gages. (Table 2-5)

42. The suffix 0 on aluminum 6061-0 indicates

condition. the annealed
43. The suffix H on aluminum 3003-H14 indicates h '
strain hardened. t at ~t was
44. The suffix T on aluminum 6061-T6 '
treated. ~ndicates that it was heat
45. Aluminum 7001-T6 has the h' h
~ 98 ksi (676 MFa)' y' ld ~g est strength; tensile strength
, ~e strength = 91 ksi (627 MFa) .
46. Aluminum alloy 6061 is one of th
e most versatile.
47. Three typical uses of t't '
structures, chemical pr~can~~m alloys are aerospace
hardware , ess~ng equipment, and marine
48. Bronze is an alloy of
phosphorus, nickel z,Copper with tin, aluminum lead,
, ~nc, mangan '
ese, or silicon.
49. Bronze C86200 is a manganese bronze casting alloy with a
tensile strength of 95 ksi (655MPa); yield strength of 48
ksi (331 MFa); 20% elongation (ductile); modulus of
elasticity of 15x106 psi (103 GPa) .
50. Bronze is used for gears and bearings.
51. Thermosetting plastics undergo a chemical change during
forming resulting in a structure of cross-linked molecules.
The process cannot be reversed or repeated. Thermoplastic
materials can be formed repeatedly by reheating because the
molecular structure is essentially unchanged during
processing.
PEr;
52. a) Gears: Nylon, polycarbonate, acetal,~polyurethane
elastomer, phelolic. b) Helmets: ABS and polycarbonates.
c) Transparent shield: Acrylic. d) Structural housing: per,
ABS, polycarbonate, acrylic, PVC, phenolic, polyester/glass
composite. e) Pipe: ABS, PVC. f) Wheels: Polyurethane
elastomer. g) Switch parts: polyimide, phenolic, PIT.
53. Designers of parts to be made from composite materials can
control 1) base resin, 2) reinforcing fibers, 3) amount of
fibers, 4) orientation of fibers, 5) number of layers, 6)
overall thickness, 7) orientation of layers, 8)
combinations of types of materials.
54. Composite materials are comprised of two or more different
materials, typically a resin reinforced by fibers.
55. Resins used for composites include polyesters, epoxies,
polyimides.

56. Reinforcing fibers used for composites are glass, boron,

aramid, and carbon/graphite.
57. Sporting equipment is made from glass/epoxy, boron/epoxy,
and graphite/epoxy composites.
58. Aerospace structures are made from glass/epoxy,
boron/epoxy, graphite/epoxy, and aramid/epoxy composites.
59. Sheet molding compound is typically a glass/polyester
composite.
60. SMC's are used for auto and truck body panels and large
housings.
61. Reinforcing fibers are produced as continuous filaments,
chopped fibers, roving, fabric, yarn, and mats.

1
.,...-------------------
62. Wet processing of composites involves,the layup of fabric
reinforcing sheets on a form, saturat~on of the sheets
with the resin, and curing under heat and pressure.

63. preimpregnated composite mat~rials are ~roduced with the

resin already on the fibers ~n a conven~ent form, called
a prepreg. The prepreg is layered onto the form and
cured.
64. SMC's are preimpregnated fabric sheets formed in a mold
and cured simultaneously under heat and pressure.

65. Pultrusion is a process of coating the fiber

reinforcement as it is pulled through a heated die to
produce a continuous form such as tubing, structural
shapes, rod, and hat sections used to stiffen aircraft
structures.
66. In the filament winding process, continuous filaments are
placed around a mandrel in a controlled pattern and then
cured. The process is used for pipe, pressure vessels,
rocket motor cases, containers and enclosures.
67. Specific strength is the ratio of the strength of a
material to its specific weight.
68. speci~ic stiffness is the ratio of the modulus of
elast~city of a material to its specific weight.
69. ManY,c~osites have significantly higher values of
spec~f~c strength and specific stiffness than metals.
70 • 73 refer to P1gure 2-lZ and Table 2-~.

General conclusions from Questions 70 - 73: The specific

strengths, of the metals listed range from 0.l94xl06 to
1.00xI06 ~n approximat 1 f '
stiffnesses'are very e y a actor of 5.0. The specif~c
approximat 1 nearly equal for all metals listed,
e
composites I'y 1.0xI0
d
S in
. The spec~'f ~c
' strengths of th e
~sterange
than any of the metal 1 .87 t0 4.86xI06 ~n,
' ,
much h~gher
stiffness about 2/3 t~t G~ass/epoxy has a specific
composites listed ran 0 the metals. The other
the metals. ge from 2.2 to 8. .3 times as stiff as

See Section 2-18 for

answers to Questions 74 to 78.
 CHAPTER 3
STRESS AND DEFORMATION ANALYSIS

o
Direct Tension and Compression
.Lr= F/A; A= 1T1/8~-/z>-)/'1=/lI.J1_ 1.-

(J""" = LiS-ooN'/ /'//-I-' 2 =- 'J/. 8 AI'/..........l. = 3/, .B 1'11"0...

3 "" Pi = (lfSOtJH)( 7..5V",,_) J( /IJ"hI-'-tJIZ
eA LZ(}7JC/o'fh'/-mZ){NI-~_""z..) Af'7~ -. "..,,,.,

0-= P/A= J50°o/{;rLlo)/~.0h1""': 'If.6/7 1"0...

3
0-; '/1'1 = ;;'ON0 /V/fo·.]o)"..".;z.: 66.1 Ml'o-

t:r= F/A= 8i.OL/S/tfJ.'I"/N)~= 53'SPsi

a:« %c /"DOLo/Hro.37r"AI)'f::/fJ,20"~5J

S'O«J#/
o: = PIA; A = &.
(;Z_,..')" /'1'/". ....,;()~
..
1''IY'''''/f'f~·3'/.1ItfPA.

,; •
PI..
-:I
(S(J(J(JN'(./&SCAOfAOl)
J = S7 z,9Z. ~
"".,,.... bu.)
4A (c II/",.,,..,,)(/Y'I--~) G
a.) ,4/.1/ /a zo ; ~ = 24'lt;I' ... = 2IJ?Xlo'3/11/--. ...; fa tJ.Z?)A" .....

• ) IIISI.86~; c=2,/)7~"-.,; t- (J.Z.17".,~

c) /)f/CT'//,e- /l!otJ~ E·,<n,~AJ..; "-P. 3'~/Wf,,",

J) At..ul'I/I/tI"'f l06/-r,; Ge. 69~PA,; [. tI,83tJ.,..,w

~) PTlloI'rJ"" {i-6AL-W; E":>'//~$P __./ $'= ().5tJ3~

~) he; c= 25//DI'1A. =2J//D""'/-._· ;1"=ZJ.8AOf-

g.) PHe/ll4/,/(. .; C = ?saoI1PG.. ~ 5' ~ ? S6,.".,_

)V07tO: S"'r.as~ IS CLD~lF 1"lI ~ l.Il..n;'?ltT5'Fo~ f AND ,.,.
.~-------------------

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(p. 00'11" )(/o x/(j6 I.'PAI")(I.IJZ /N1.)
!'= ".0'''·
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o E/I'/s r:::.().. ZSdD(7S) -F" (6tJ)

Fe ~ ZSb/J (7%0) ::::j/ZS LiS """!1rNtlld po~ ,II Ac

a: ~...e..... 3/zs L8 : .s"9s P3i

A (i.S»J(J •.s,)/.l/l.

Z Fp' S"~" = ISIJO LS

Fit = lS'oo,!Coz,..t"'f (J'~) = /0 t.1 t.S

a:> ~; .eEQO.A" ~...... ,.~ASiJlL4

A" /161U3 = O.as89/N~=.fN),1.

IS fJDfJ l.S""&
,:..,..,:--~~
o =('41,; r:::.{'1to;s8Cf) = ".2.7¥/A.

$ -AS'" F. = /soo t.lS = /S"DOI..8. ::: Z £9981.&

.) 'If. Z. SA'I 9 .z SAN uS")
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Ail .. f{./U" 11tJoo/1'" -10 ofll L4 ttl'll'.
lip: Aa c.eoae"" 100.etO.&)= 60'OU (&IS.

Itili.
Bo"O

"'liD 60C10L&

.:JL
t.ooou /jE ~ 0 ,..60.0 -I'tCS~ & ...0
Sir t= A4.Mo
II ;000 a ,P"D{C.t) -'- : ZSl»u Tit..".
tr._-6( .....:..
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BC: Ifl c.a & ~ 8£ Co.s~ .. 100#'/''-') + ZRD/tJ,tJ=
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l'l#lO I.C Be" c» (#CL.
C,. • s« /~S 9 - ~o Iii. 6 • 11.SH LIJ ell"t'.
C~ = I~CDO- CF ~. ,. 12Dco-IZs»o/IJ,r);: ZOIlDU ~

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Srtrnsl'.p
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crp • 7soo/0.9" ."771(1,*
diD -0
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Direct Shear Stress F 7S

lIb. I PIN VIII'"

A-.s" l.(1TD/·d
0. 50,,;. i o au C3:1! SItEItIl.
= l. tr ((}.SOJ7! = 0.3'12.-711>1
z
A;r--
1/ sa
FA<
---j c

U"'L6.
r =- F·/A.s "I
I'1/:H/JEil. Be: eo
s:» /J:o =(z.soD)(7.J)-~,4-c L 60)
rAc. = ZSoo (7f-: J "'3/l..n..1S
rlfr. P3-a
t<t1JO By = fA(.:- JIUL(J s
U'I::O ZSQ) L C.
J<eftlt.-n'to/r /lrtJ~ B= Jllz.JL~2.S00?--: '1bO]..U. 8y

P 1N.s A "'''0 Co. '. T= "'Y,4,- = 311.5Lo/d.J"1 ZJ IN ~:= 7'JSd '$/

17
rIN_: 8 ...-
I := ~~
7~ = '1"0'- Lfj/
/O.3'1bJN ~ _
_ /Old
1 •
7 o rs:
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Fo1/. fJs ~o·;FIl:= 1"7 /..t. s: SHMfl. FDt.l~ ()JI VPPE:R....f'JN.J.

IfSS<.IHt= POl/l!lE SHt:JIfL: As = 2 no/(, " l ""(O.l5'~ .:O. BB.U IN ....

r:- Fs//f.J ~ //67l%.8IJ.J'INL =- 1.12./ ('[; "

Lowee. PIN: Fs = /SIJIJLi1
r -e, F~A-s = ISCDL%'88J'IJO/'-:::' /698 I's/
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AJ =(8,5>'IN){o,Ol.Ol/v) = tJ.!>!J "v ...
"/-:; FS/ 5Z DOOLt5/
/ AIT.!> -
_
/ p,Si:J IN
1 =_......:'
/1J/t.'tJol's/
_

~ PIINCfi--!=/Cr. P3-Z/. PEIf!JI'I ~ 60 ~ z.(~o) r-Z(7.S) +-3 r-;:5Y ==2t>S.7_""

A s ~ {eEI.HI.J t: ' {z.os; 7)(:z.oJ = "11/. 'I.....

"" 2-
r'= PYAs -_ 2Z-S000H
91/. lI __ ..
= S'f?H./_~1=5Y7/1Po..
~.~
Torsion

,
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TL
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e- 6JOOlt/o
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(80 1VO~ '%._~) {6./f/ )(loS' 4"-") 17' RAo

1"" ...I:. = .-L.: 88.0 U·IN. = 'lDo.J n;

~p 1TD~6 IT(O.YDIH)'/;6

T= 6.3 000 (.p)/,., = 6.$000 Old Af)/se,ollPn =

/<L...I:... /i.. 3'S"1.4-IN = 31. Z-?(J p~;
r, TTU.LS"/NYp6

r- P/~ .. 28X'03N,A"t/0SRADA' ~ 6ZZ.,N •.-

& _ ". C. D v -dV) _ IT[ -f'D v_ 3D"] 1n 1'1'1 = 8$"~O/Hf"" 3

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0.110 I

II
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r
a
() 8fJ /1.tJ 1'0
:r{_"" )
FRoM "'~Ot5. 70 l M = 0.60 AN.,.., IJ ....OeIL Loft-o. I1pl'. 4/s-~
1
(1'"'" k~ M : 5N~~ (..,.1_<1 )t: ~,,1-L~~)(l,,) '!1J11",...'J
5N~ 6..w 6 (¥,,) J-t-
J/..w = ~¥o =a.6ZS; 4=/'2S"
&= (;.2.,>XtJ.,O.l",._) J.3# JoJ........
'1031,... ... 1.. '"b' .- ~/86 npa..

28
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11
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m=-!
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0-

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lzp t:-S_,., z.p
t
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11,-ZPt.l V ~
!fir:: ZP1, 0
/II" .Z80'~id"')1'
/'I ~ = )'11'.,1.1 P
S .. t:A.% -
'- L, ~
~L~-
L
-p
.310""" ..y
1 Z"'l-- J.--
S,. 8W~'-m".... IL"O
'>c' 6fZYJ':.,lU M
t? V
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Sa ·Jf1')~/1JY
SI!= !!!!!.2)I1Z
"-
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0 14 if
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PARr

PIllar A-T" 0.

t
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....
0 r A-r A -
Pili c/. :. (p. 7s1l..••; =0.111,</1
AT FJJI.-l./f.v;,'. 5= 6- b

M _ 5"2.00 U'I" :/iJ 'Idd ~$/ .3/ l.tJ

OJ, = 7 - D.SO ltV' , [ ]

Ar 13: Icte= J,~/ S,vn-<=0.,318m:J f'1l.eU.

tTi =- Jet; f1 =- /.ZS {IS(6) =.5/ft) pr/ CSia.
5 0.378

=- /. 2S (:JIl-D) z: /tJ 3'2-t> 1'5/

oJJ8

PIVorA-.,..l. •

.4.,.. I"-UI.-CIlVM:
Cip = n 0 =
5 = IJ. so IN r
2&0 L./!·I'" : 5"600 pst'
T
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S O.SOIN J

+
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30
 CHAPTER 4
COMBINED STRESSES AND MOHR'S CIRCLE

o z rAT· rs: (:710) ,. fSO J ¢J,~ n.s'

z¢r. 90'· ~4,.= JlS'; ¢Jr· ~.S'
&o.J

cCIAJ
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z. z~ = rO-:' fY6z.r) " 2.$'.6' ; ¢,.;: /2.e· CIAJ

z'¢r- 90'· 2.fAr~ 6Y-Y',; ¢r".3l.Z.' CC.4;
~ =-'IU/lJf

I
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31
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lfJ,..
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90'~2¢r= IZ.6"!· j'~' 63.f' '"-IV
<+z -J{~ .,.,~ ?OI'$t'

&Z'o-.(]y~ S'.3· r;,~=1/I!iiJ i

__-r-_,"-y
z,fJ,= /~ol~9_/2J.?fJ. f/Ir.II.~·ccw
~a-l'o

-2164"= ro:..' ~Yvo).. 2£""'/10" /J.J' CW

T -r:.",.(,2. V/lsi
__ -t-.... -roW.,...v"
~1:Si tli aloS;JJ<jj
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ntr,A""~

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a;= ''Il.'l.sJ<sl J c1'i.·/6.?,r.csi' ~ -0
9" T~'(l.Y,~,", /S.Y3' j J

l.;~,/10:-9- I"/'~'J' ¢r=6'o,e'cw

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24- 10'- 2pl,.=- '11.M"; fIJr= 0
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<r,'_Y~ d"",,=YoM5.
0-,.

9. zP.,..o rO:(Gtl/s-j .. sa.O',j Pr=2.,°CI;J

Zp,.. ¢ra"·
9,·-Z.(J,c .3~0.; CCI.J
11"'~"4.
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/0. 2¢r= To.:! ''''h6S):' ,3,J·7° J ~ ~ /L8S CW
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"'t
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/I. ~¢tr: /1Jo".... (""ltS)=:J1.4'J ¢cr=lS".a"CW

2.;"." q,'-2?,. =- sa.Vo; ire Z.9.z.·C'c-w
~-8eM'" di .....,I.".,,... dA,' -1Si'l4

I. CT,(=
i $/NlilPo.

23
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13. Z (Jrr= ra:! (otO/)S) = Ve-S',' fJrr=Z¢"CW
cry: eUMt'... 0&.6/.,,,,11. 'i" 0 p,It'.'"
TO PA~
D,,~LIM

-r:.Altz f1VJI1"--
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tI;
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9-''';' ('"/")=JI." T
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11i= IJ~+ '.3 al'1l.JM 1'", j "i .1I$"-74.J =JI.1l'1fo.
cr,.= ISol1"- dJ rO ~'Qf"IC_
TO 'AI''''
'1'""", -'1$:7 ",,, ...
A.,. 'IS" n iii
If..., "i

/5. Z ¢,.= 90'" ~r= liS' ec.w

<ry= ... -9'I'I#\"

1
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J't
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t/J"..- /'1.9 'cW q; ·SJ+-'IDJ~)ls:! Mt'...
Pr =)0.,- CCr,J Oi. - 5" -Yll3 • -:35JMP ....

. /00

OA., ;: '1";1 C;:

--+ &DN.. / 'iS3nll

//

2fJ,,'" 180'-"1'_" f'YLS): IUo; tilT'" (,I'eN

2~$ '10°-fit""(lyzr):= )z.'; ~ .. " ° cw

tri.2
-sz..1.

2 tfltr:= o: ; tllT-o· OJ = 1M' = ZlO""A...

2 ¢r- .. fldo. f1.r- ¥,sO c c w in... 8'"t= -1l.OI"!P ...
~

"'1',=0 ~r ..Sl)M'"

GIVEN ~ PH/Nellt'll. N Ax //"1'''' !:116f411..

ST!lEa eLEM/!"Nr J'rREU ELEME",r
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..z'tr=dj ;tr"b' OJ " d"r .. ¥DJt.s1 r
;2~'" 10' ~ ~r=~· ccw O""z. ;: t1'j ;: OI<.S;

or= ..

---@--;~--_--':f-*~+~-""'Z.lai-+---tr--.l...--ir-~ 0".. "

O"y=
o
1';1;:· t7Av =2IJICS;
GiVEN' ~ PIJNCJM~ JlflflClMUM S/frAR.
ST"L6~ IFLFMENr ,srRIi'SS FLEMeKr

zz: :z tPtr = 'lb' ; ¢rr = 'l.$"CtI'I q;= ~= 'Io;a/

;l¢r=Oo ; 4-0· az." -1'Q'= -'IoksJ
;=;=,a;=oy=o

23. ,2~"TAN.,tYJ4S)=2'.,,: ~(f'.1P.9.ccw

Z4-:r 'fo'1-Z~tr= 119.,v'j tJ,- S'I.'.eCIV
err='S+-JL,J = 'Il..S~sl • Gl,: 6S-.1U :-1.7.
"-y .. -Z$/q" l7'L )
,=:t:!:;.~y=-i,/(5i
a:...

o;;v
8 ~~.
TN.' ('f'htJ);63.V·; rJoJ'31., .ce...,
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OJ .. ss:« '1'1.7 = 7'1.U:s.;
Ol = lS-'I'/.7= -9.7J:si

"'y

36
l.zs' ';UJ'tT:' 711#-' ('% )::31. 7l; ¢tr:' IS;' 0 cw
2f).r-= '1o'-2.'tr=S8.l7' ;¢r=Z"," ccw
a; = ~ + 12..9=2.3.9,a/ J &.. 1/-12.'/= -I. '1ks-: =
u-"'''o
---.,;.

--i:::~=LUS:.
~~=6.8~1
O&.·-I.,~

U. dl. ¢o-'" J&'- 711H" fe'3,.stJ) =1'I1.~;¢~ 7/.6·CW

Z.¢r '"lPtr "'9D'", S:J.2S-; /JrsU•.'· CfII ~ ""'-
0;. -SOO+~'c!b 'f180 fS/ =
1T"a. = -Soo - '1480 = -sBC I'si
~·Jl.SD'sl
.
trr=

~1"'"".. 19

27. 0; ... z .... +-1l.9- J.2a 1'1""-

G"c.'" 200 -/28 = 7Z M'o-
<1'", ., 0
7"..,...... ot/z =16 11./"11'....
2~lT= TAN-t F'YJoo) =36.b(','¢tr"I?Jocw
a; =/oo/'IA..

11j(:.

'1'Yy

37
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a;» Zoo +' 'I ,. 2. 6'/ ""PII- t'
0i = 2llO-611' = 1361'11'0.-
d}:' a
'/Jt1/JJf:: 0"":/, :a/,j2.MI'",

2~tr= 1JIH-< (lrSfJ) =18.,,'; ~tT:aI').Jcw

rry: ISfI/'fP., Oi.~/J'I'1?!Jio.!:...t-----_tt:;:;___:;:oF~_ttr::.l...::.".
cT,·

0; '"0 ; t1) := - S8[j-l8tJ= -8hBhl' ...

02- -S81!J+ZBo",,-30fJJ.J1.
1"fVfM· Oih:= 'I3Y U..
:If)o-= /80 - TitN-f {'zr2S2.) =/.$f.SO
~·17.J·ccw a:
CTy=~
0;"
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eJ/=O ; 03= -18U-ISD=-J31.SJIA..

11'"z.:: -IS?S 1-ISlJ= -37.S.JlI' ...
ilrlll'l' = q-~ = 16B.BA./ ...
:J. ¢tr = /80 - r,w /'%J1.S):: 1.s6. 'I •
fJtr :: 78.212
CC IN' OJ ..
-331$-+F:::::::::==-=~4=-_--r~-!I--
tr.=
o

_rq
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38
 us/!" D::: D.stlo III 1""6((: SHAFT ABC. SrlZ~ GtEII1I;NToN SoTT/JM.
FRtJM FIG>. 3-11: l'1iJ = 2.S2. LINJI. ; riI·2tJ1) LINN.

~ = 17'/)~.J.1:: 1rfO.sIJI_;//Zl ~ €J.tJl2Z7IJJ'

"8 = .Me
i!
= 2SZ. LINN.
",t)IU 71N i
= Zo5.J8 ~ =Gif

Z!, • 1l'D~~:..2r. O.OZ.V.sI//II~

-ra = -r., = 2..0 La·/JI· = /1.2L.S~'
~e IJ.Dl'lSY/N'

R= r;,,~"//0 Z'9z+IZZU'l..: IS"'" '03: -r

0; = /IU.'" r /.r96'" 2." z rs- hi
Oi .. /026' -IS"'''~ = -56" ,~.
2 ¢. .. 1AN-I UZZa")= '19. 97 ..
~ LlOU,f •
¢rr - 2.'1-.98" ccw
ITi
24- =Z~(T +-9II'-I.1'1.'n°
fJr-= 69,98"
Oi.

"'it~'"10 U71s
-7$,,,,~
-1;,,,,

(JSE o-/.,stJO/!J. F=~S".HAPrA8c• .rrtewa IrLEIOfDllr tJN4.rr.".,.

rtr"", SOLclnlW Foil. PR,tJUl'f J-3D" Fl6.J 73' :He='l:s7l.U./6; ~="~DO lQ./il.
jZ .. ffDYi~ =- /J.J.1I.1/IJ:!; 4" 1'11l/A: =
'Isn.Uo/N/a.:J.J/J/"lc a s(){) I'J/ ""dj(
r, effO~/' ='22-0.66Z7111.:J/'h= 741~,= 6J'OO/O.6t.2.7 -96.SCJl's/
,f.. T;.,AIf = Vt5,Dfj ....,..f'-SS s:= 118 70 l"Si
OJ - 6'100 T 11870 .. 18 770 I'SI
dL ~ 6"100-// ell)::: -'/'I70l's; +
2 rJo- = 1M'" t:",;:):
.5Y,/{6 tfJo-=2'1.l"0;
2¢,..= 2PtT~"tJ·"/W."'·;4=7l..Z. •
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rlOH S'/UvnMI ~ ffoUG"1'I 2-3/, FIt; .1-.J~/'18~86'1oa.,w.j rc'l~IJ~

C .: lrD:&J. - /.118 IN:' J _OJ - "'Ie- = 8l~(U.lNN//.llaIN] :: 71U ;Os/ rt!llS/I"
tp."'D'#' ::;lZ:: ';'.J.J 7/1/; 74" -r;/b =~
tlJ'III/z.2Jh~ = 171~;
... Je&,po<·
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Cj =.38'3 +-.11&7· 77JO'Sf
trz. "1~61-3361 .. -'1,s;
Z~IT''"rA-.J-' fl%ea) «z.cs:
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4- • '1.1.1.1 CCw0

us« 0:> r".o.- ... nut SHtPr 1+6: SrRt:u cur.NeHr ON8.TTIM.
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/i''''1,:iAY:: VIS:l.B -, 24'18 1. ~~S1"""
tJj = -U.,/8.,. 34.s1 • +'.01 ",PI.
.:T"L· ~2.6.Y8-se.s» - -.s7.as",~..
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2al,..:: 90 0
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'10
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(J= Z-_ -7SaIlU.I = -S"9h8's:

A - IZ.s?IN"
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1 iT"I= -S'l68'~
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 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOADING

Stress Ratio

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cr: ~ ; A = (;o......Jao__ ) s: 3a:J,..,,,,, ~
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R :: 0-""10/ _ -;, 7/ 'I
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tr, = -ILo L8/ - _ 7."-A '

11,,., /fJ./'IN .....- ...,IV'S,

r_ ::(abO -/~}i = 37tJ LS

er_ c::. 370l4/A:::. 23/3 PSt'

(J'.. ., 0-" A,,( - /7"_ '" S:i7S - 231],::. 30' i psi

R '" crl"llN / - 7>p /
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trmlN= /SlJUh,H.YIN~= IJSBI'S/

F..., :: (LeOo+ISO)/l ==97r-LlJ
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cr;, I/O =: %=
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16'00£6 / tJbOl.-a
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M
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nh4t< =(500l~)(&J1"')= 30Q:l'Lts·'A/O="', 0;.. I--+--~--f_ .......

~r--
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= '1S{,SI'5,'

£ [-I -~--J
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1 ~{D~Sll<l----'
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Design and Analysis

Problems 15 - 18 are open-ended design problems for which there is no unique answer. The General
Design Procedure from Section 5-10 should be used. The loading and support conditions should be
compared with the cases described in Section 5-9 to determine the appropriate design stress. A design
factor should be specified using the guidelines in Section 5-i When needed. the endurance streng1h
should be computed from Equation 5-4 in Section 5-'I.

15. The link is subjected to a fluctuating normal stress. Use Case G from Section 5-9. See also the
solution for Problem 1.
16. The rod is subjected to a fluctuating normal stress. Use Case G from Section 5-9. See also lhe
solution for Problem 4.
17. The strut is SUbjectedto a fluctuating normal stress. Use Case G from Section 5-9. See also the
solution for Problem 2.
18. The latch part is subjected to a fluctuating normal stress. Use Case G from Section 5-9. See also
the solution for Problem 5.
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70
ECCENTRIC COLUMN ANALYSIS from:RI5.~ii;;;,l;
Data
Solves Equation 6-13 for design stress and Equation 6-14 for maximum deflection
:::_-.:i~_$!'
.-~'dBt!iifQi\.'V4i:!l!QI!i!l":!i1'~~"Qi.. Use consistent U.S. Customary units.

Computed Values:

Eq. Length, L. = KL = 126.0 in

Column const., C c = 113.5

Argument of sec = 0.769 for strength

Value of secant = 1.3913

Argument of sec = 0.444 for deflection

Value of secant = 1.1073

Slender. ratio, KLJr = 90.6

Column is: short

FINAL RESULTS
Req'd yield strength =
46,929 psi
Must be less than actual yield strength:
s =
46,000 psi
Max Deflection, y.... =
0.322 In

'It
 c

ECCENTRIC COLUMN ANALYSIS Data from: F~~'-

Solves Equation 6-13 for design stress and Equation 6-14 for maximum deflection
, .--d.T~jL]jjll~lnr·,_.~~!, Use consistent U.S. Customary units

Com utlld Values:

NOTE: This solution considers the eccentric
load with bending about the horizontal axis.

Eq. Length, L. = KL = 40.0 In

Column const., C c = 70.2

Argument of sec = 0.855 for strength

Value of secant = 1.5236

Argument of sec = 0.494 for deflection

Value of secant = 1.1355

Slender. ratio, KUr = 92.4

Column is: long

FINAL RESULTS
Req'd yield strength =
39,964 psi
Must be less than actual yield strvngtl/:
5 = 40,000 psi
Max Deflection, y.... = 0.237 In
See also Solution 38B for buckling about
the thinner vertical axis.
COLUMN ANALYSIS PROGRAM
Refer to Figure 6-4 for analysis logic
\":j!c!lQ!!iEfQl1t'!!m,,:JlJi'$:m' It$', Use consistent U.S. Customary units.

Computed Values:

Eq. Length, L~ = KL = 40.0 in

Column const., C c = 70.2

NOTE: Cross section properties taken with

respect to the vertical axis because the load is
central to that axis. But buckling is expected
about the axis through the thin (0.40 in) section.

Slender. ratio, KLJr = 347.8

Column is: long

Critical Buckling Load = 4I91b

Allowable Load = 183 Ib

This value governs the design, not soIutlon 3BA

AIYl1L.YJ/J" As A S'rli;q-II, rrr: C£lVritAl.L Y Lo/ht:laJ CUt..V,AfN

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h.::: -L ~ ~,"'III $ i/J.//o/N
vn rtr
F~n t:iUtGlt- l''''ol.l'1t1LA Wl1I11V:>:! P.. " /6.1 ".

73
-------------iJ!I

ECCENTRIC COLUMN ANALYSIS Data from: Pfti6renf.~

Solves Equation6-13 for design stress and Equation 6-14 for maximum deflection
,. i'it8r,d~iI!!I?Silil""'''~''!''r
. ". '~'" ".... • ".".•"J..... ..'tV. I
, ...,'''''Xes",
...A.. Use consistent . unit[
51Metne .

Com uted Values:

Eq. Length, L. = KL = 750.0 mm

Column const., C c = 63.9

Argument of sec = 0.811 for strenglb

Value of secant = 1.4512

Argument of sec = 0.468 fordefledj~

Value of secant = 1.1205

Slender. ratio, KUr = 102.9

Column is; long

FINAL RESULTS
Req'd yield strength .. 389 MPI
Must be less than actual yield strength:
.. 9" MPI
Max Deflection, y.... .. 2.41 mm
Piston rod Is safe for p •.. 6200 N.
COLUMN ANALYSIS PROGRAM
Refer to Figure 6-4 for analysis logic
.l!i!4.~:,",i!!¥I!,r!fI*~!ii~inj·_-':~";:~.$'~ Use consistent U.S. Customary units.

Com u18d Values:

NOTE: Analysis of straight pipe. See also
Solution 40B for crooked pipe.

Eq. Length, L. = KL = 156.0 In

Column const., C c = 128.3

Slender. ratio, KUr = 198.2

Column is: long

Critical Buckling Load = 8,101 Ib

Straight Pipe
Allowable Load = 2,700 Ib
See also Solution 40B for crooked pi

75"
CROOKED COLUMN ANALYSIS
Solves Equation6-11 for Allowable Load
Use consistent u.s. Customaryun~:

Com uted Values:

Eq. Length, L. = KL = 156.0 In

Column const., C c = 128.3

Euler buckling load = 8101 Ib

C, in Eqn. 6-11 = ·22074

C 2 in Eqn. 6-11 = 3.483E+07

Slender. ratio. KUr = 198.2

Column is: 1000g

StnJlght Column
Critical Bucklin Load = 8,101 Ib
Crooked Column
Allowable Load. 1,711 Ib
This value governs the use of the I •
See solution for slrel ht pipe; Problem 4OA.
 CHAPTER 7
V-8ELrs BELT DRIVES AND CHAIN DRIVES

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Problems 38-42 are design problems for chain drives for which there are no
unique solutions. The general procedure is illustrated above for one possible
solution for Problem 38. This and the other design problems are shown on the
following pages using the spreadsheet from the CD-ROM that is included with
this Solutions Manual. Data for design power from Tables 7-5, 7~, or 7-7 must
be used to ensure that the selected chain has sufficient capacity,

8/
�_r------------

CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN

Initial'n ut Data:

Actual chain length: 102.00 in

Computed actual center distance:
39.938 pitches
Actual center distance:
39.938 in _ ~
Angle of wrap-Driver sprocket:
Angle of wrap-Driven sprocket: 173.8 degrees rSIl.@Id,be' ifl'lt~teNlfaifj20!m~.
188.4 degrees
CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN
Initial In ut Data:

Com
Actual output speed:
Pitch diameter-Driver sprocket:
Pitch diameter-Driven s rocket:
------------ .. 00
CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN
Initial In ut Data:

11.95 hp rating at 2200 rpm

from vendor

Actual output speed:

Pitch diameter-Dnver sprocket:
Pilch diameter-Driven s rocket:

8S
CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN
Initial In ut Data:

from vendor
 CHAPTER 8
KINEMATICS OF GEARS
Gear Geometry

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} C" (l.U/le,. O.Cl39/"'.
6. Pc. .... 11'/1( .... 0.17"1$"111'
e.•. t1'\ = __s. y/It::. I/r/I,..,~ It.. J... 1; = 'J..~//8. o,nJ 'N
d. """:: /. S-".,.,;<'( ..(. ..<...... :J./IJ' - 0.//11 I~'
e. a.. '" 'I;e ::O. IJ$"So IN. 11,' C'- ""1.1C/tJ" a.o,/?3IN.
J. D... 30/I'i Co /,.6')/,11.
!II 11=28 i Pd= 20
f. J,,, /,.20% • .,..iJ,~,.· tJ.~(,~iJlI"
a... D:. U/z.., = /.'100 .lH.
c,. o.ZCOI:. +- 0.001.
I..
C. ""
~c:: 1/''12.. :=O'!S71IN.
= J.E·"/~::./,).? __ t•
A..
A'f;·
11k"
a.-+J,::::
·:V~~
::
0, I/Jo t)
O./HIJ
0.0/2./1"
/",.

IN •
d • """:: I,j. S-"'" ""
t:'- 11'/.1..0<» _ CJ.~?S$"I""
~. a. .. '/-'0 • O,OSOIN.
D.;: 10Jzo • i.S()D It'!.

88
 ..£ b = /,).S' (~. /.;'r(t..:lr). ;, $"'&J ".,-
a.. [) = "., IJ ,. /.zst'Ir) '" S~.u __ 'to ce().~_·o.2J"(4.zsJ- 0,313__
b. (lL'" tr""""1rc,l.m ....:1.'121__ A. A.. ·2.u_=zu-t".ar)·Z.PI3_-
c. Pol • ~·lV......:lsoj1,;.r224,3 A. All. • :/- = ':;•.$'10""-
e;1.(I.;.s)
.; t- 1"'../;..= 11'''''h, .. /.163_-
d, Pd· 2.0
e. et .....
,...,.. /.~,..,-
i DI.""lHt-'-J=I.~CY1J=- S"!.1t'""...

~. ~ .. j,;.st 1:1.) .. I ""_ I~."

a.. 0."", ",.. l'JlI') =
211>".,,,,, l'
c» 6.l-r (/ ..) ~ $. J Q -
b. fl. = trll1J" 31. '}D""' ..... F... I. Z.Z.:s'C/~ = Z'7.o.,..,-...
C. P". lS·"/I~. ;".111 .i.. 1t ;1._.:= ;l.lJ.oo_-
f t:= '11""11.)/.,,; I<t-f!s>..........
J. '--;I. A. 'fJo .. ~(AI~'" 1~{,,1.o)- ~i'o
__
e. GL • "" .. O· ""-

q., b "/,:u"(iliU - ZS",DO",.,-

4.. D._H· 20[22.)- '/'10_", ". C:'" o,2S"C~)".. S,D4,..,-

~• ),~ .. Z 2S" C 26) .. '/.;; DO ,...,...
b. 'c"",(024)= (,;/..83_-
C. Pd· ,1.r.~/.a." /,;1.7 A. A.... ~- .. :U.ao)'" 'iiJ.14".,-.

d, Id-/·).$"
i. t: .. 17'C1A~:z.= .1/,'12,....-
e. a.. .. ,.,....=- U""_ ~. /)." ';',( •.;1.,/).. '110 .....-

; _ 1,,l.r(l) ~ /';1.S'",., .....

c;: O,U(I)= 0.7..""""
a. /) .. /1tf 1'/ ... ::l.0 .oD ""- At" ~.~Ct): ;;.;.S'"".,~
b. Pc· tr_ • 3,IY/1ff-' A A: " .:l. C I)::> .2. 00 .-,-
c. I'll - cU; '11 .. ;l.$", fI t:- 1T,I)/~=/.S')I.- .....
d. ,,,. ~'I I). III: (/) ( ;.).) .. ;2.".O";1t1;!'<\.

e. a. -_ .. h'O~-

/'I" IRO 3' ptI"'O.' b .. ".utd.")· O.ro"".......

c... o. ZSt().v)" 0.10,..,--
a. O· 4,'1{ 14'0): 7.:l.£l 0".,.-. It t" .2.. M"C M}= o. 9DO ,;/"1""1
b. Pe. 1T'lo.·t) Co /.~,,..... ......
h- ~lD.V)- ().fo.--
fTCo"")/J. - O. 62.~/>"11"'\
c ,. - ~. ~/ rJo'/ -: 63.S" t"C

d
e. '4· "I= ().If
(1. '=- t>"I 0 ~h"
D.- o.V(lYl.)c?Z.8o,..., ........

89
 1/= 28 ;..-=/'S'
�
;; /:.= j,Zr(/.s)'" hB'7.r __
a, 0" /1>111:tJ""{Z8)= I/Z,IOAIf'- ~, Ca"zstJ.r):: (),3?S"",,_
b. 1.-11" If"<:=' frCu') = ¥- 71"" ..... A. ha 2.U" ao» :J, J 75""""...
Co Pd· 2.l;'0.r= /6,93 •
..c. I.e.-=" "J..{;.r)" !.~6
....
-.
d. ~. It. i- t;- 7r{I,r¥;L" ~3 6_"",-
e. It. ...__ .. /.tb Aft...... lJ.. Do= /..5-C.30)- 7:5"~I)D""''''''

N- 28 j /1It co f),e
b - I.U( 0.8)'" /'00 __
l'I:: ().SClt') .. ZZ.yo ....._ ~ .. tJ,U(IJJ1):. IJ.z.o"",_
A.. '"
D. I .. '" tr (o.n '=' 2.1>[ not_ ~. It • .. Z. 'Z. ~ (o.t).. /. to ""'_
c. f_. ;$'-+'/".,. 31.?r ..4.
• ,.I...• ~t.1J.8) = /,60_--
d. 101 z: 3z. e» 11"'t",,.'/..;l = j, ZS?,,-.
~. a.:: "":=. d.'o ......... 0." f).I( 30)" Z'I.DO..,.,-.
jle.j IJAcKLh.rH - .reF Po 389.

119.) t:Q'ff2. ~O"'" P~oIJ.1: PrJ·/2..:/!I'/CKl.AD/ o.oos ... tJ.#Dq",I

606111{Fl&1"I P,fo,.ll:..,..:: /2 : BIfCt:t..NH (),S2 7DtJ,al. __
/}E'I'4"NII'/~ ON Ce-N11i1! /}1.r~Nt:1".
Veloc:ity Ratio

c = .//, +"i... It ~''f - S'./l.S" IN.

14'~ :L'V>
b. 'II~.#4/"",. z: 6,1'1,. ... :I.$"S"~
C. m./i. ht.~ (("~.,) .. 2Y.me~ ... )= &!P ,/Zp,.,
c/. 1Vf:=. 7r d hi,. s: tr AI... ;/'f", :=. 7>"£"~}(zYn)::
rz; J :L.P.i I ~t.8J

§J
A.
c.
d.

90
 d. tVe-- (i1.i)(/t)(llftJ)
19 q,/ 1
tV"t" ~, 'U'l_/J

~ a.. C - (jts-f3'){'t)/;..a /'Z",..-...

p. V~. vs:I.u· I. U-
c. ;'Of". j,fl) ey~- IZo fl.''"'
a. e· 6 'rlS;) (/2,.)!J. • 36',--
b. V~.,.. 3¥/j=- ;l,t'IJ> >
C!. ~.;

I'/4h"'"
_ ~ Btl
Errors In statements lor
/tA/O t'iiMt'-
J~,

~i. '" ';'1)() ,Q.I''''

CA..n- HI1Vr
Z9 - 32
i)ll"l"'lI~Etvr "ITCH5~

Too Ptlt.oJ )ilaffl 10/ r'JfrZ ~/v/f)AI.I.,.rSf/"'I"'1i '2<J'~.D.thOrn

/I'J T'SLPtnf.ti",c.tF woos-a OCCVIe..

""
c.- /II,+- "''' ...
7.P_
~~;,~r
= Z';S' 6 /N : /). ~"'''''f)T" 15. lAS6'l1 ill PI"''' e.
Housing Dimensions

f/o~$/"'t; 1"1 ~srC£.C'llft. A1JO~JlOV'" C/~"I!!" ()F' ItU- 1(/!1'tICS 11)1 t:!,/D/W/.UI1t;
4.= ~..,,,
_ ~6' .. "./z.r/N.; /)o~= f4.""l-)/~" "/e=e.U/N
Y • s.zr/N + 2,(I,/t)· 8.'/./1/.
X = J +D + 20. -r2.Cll"O):O C:l£. + Nt. + ~ to ae» = Z.ZSHI.Of+,ZS'roZO
X" 10.700 1/oJ. P" Pol f.l

(1,
�--------------
Do.;= WCliT1..}lP
.. = zr;V6Y= 3,1.381/11': Y=3.938~tJ,z ='f,/3$/N.Y
X== cl+O t-zp,+ZlD.()= ~+~r~ ~a,lD= 1j,761,w=)(
6'/ 6'1 61'

O.t; '"' Vv~r7.)lt\= $0(0.1):0 lfo.a_ .... I y= YtJ.()rZ('Lfot-J= r1f-,"""1

= '"' IY', f Aft H,f + 2."" +-Z( 1,)
)( "" J t-D t- 2A- +- Z ll.)
X = o,'(lr) r ue'!t) t-z.(tJ.t)+- 'to. 0<9.1/"""'-...r
D.t4~ 97('{)=-/e'fltI- :Y·lltrZC2.J=/9Z.",_
X:: oJ rD.,.. 2t1- +- 2.C'2-) = ~ ;\1'''''''''#4 +-lh.. + 'I"
X = I'IYt-/i'Or.9+Y=3Jf:."..-.=)(

Gear Trains - Analysis

IV ~ - lie --. 0_._

Alo Alt: ::-_ ,~.
-~2. _ =
.MJ.d -/S;,.r::"
m'/JJ/~
,/ ~
AJ,t Nt;. IfJIT " " 2.y •
/11.... 111",/rv ... /7S'O;<'Yf/S;7£j::::'l//iel'l'1 e~"J

TY = -~ IV~ Ale-
.-/fI.4 '-:: - 6,g
-.;:<.6•
. III,. AID 2.2. z.s- -.- -6'. .y", '"' ~"h.,fir
At_= /I1,.. /r/,/ '"' /7SOlttl'''f/-8.V07 =.-2D~~'h CI:.W

'TV::: + Ds • ..!!.., ~ . .MJi.:: z.lJ1r, Z.l?r, Z.2.ftI.~=IZ,JJ.9

0.. De. OF 1fJ~ /,J.S'l) I,n$ /,.$'1JO /9
f),.. AI.../~,.
/
20//6 = ;'UO/N
1'11".,..'"' ""',.... J7sp = IflY tf(.M ~
IJ D • N,/'If!_ 34/'/1 =
2.371" rv 1.2,/39
IJIf' ~ /II~/IJJ~ 18/12 .. =: I.Sla

ry- of. II
- ~.
~A
~Ale =.£t.
81J'
/.9
-;;-..
ra, 09
hI_ ... h1/III/TV '"' 17~A.D 'I =' If! 'Iyy ~t*1
Cw
EJ
Helical Gears
HEl...lcAL ~E"Afl. f;, ...8, ¢c" /'Ih·, 1V::.~.rre-1?I, F=2.00/N
#ELlJ{ AN61-C"" 1/1a 30 o.
Clt?CPI.Att.. ~/TUt «er o/~.: 77"/0''= O.39Z7JIJ.
NaRltfltL. C,lGIJLAIl 1717r.1+· P#v .. fJ' CN rr-~.J9Z7)CIJ(?IJV· O.:J'IO/N.
NDKMlfL. DIIf""e:rHrt- 1"1 n:H- ~aI '" !?J/GDS
1'- 'Ycosf!o'): ·9.Z.1ll
A;rIJ1l,..PI1Z.H:: ~= I'd:".., » B~.')= o.6BO/N

P/Tt.H DIAMw1"F7t.. = D,.= )I//~.. Y.5"/a a 5. 6L1;"/1V.

IV o.e 1'1I'tL fill G~SV.t." /+)1/ ~ I. t;' # ¢... = r"" [tzJ,... Pot
-I c.,.o...,]
¢...= ,-.-1 [t--.I17',.r) c.ro.tJo~}:= 12.'2·
FII"", = Z.o(Jn~/O,I.&J'Ii= 2.9'/ -",.;rIAL I'ITCH5J IAI FAeFWIO";'

Ht:LlCAL Gel'll JV:: fB J ~",,J'" /:1.) ¢...

alD~ F=I.S01N J JI'= ~.
fJ'. 71'/1"11- Stir p.! .. P_ CQJ y= 1.2.·c"sf.',r)=8.'I8S
p.= tT/".'I8S# O..3i"i11'l : ;'... = p- e-1'= %D&' ffdz=,o.Z.6/~/i'.
F',.,.. ~~. ,~_ 1).3'O'N 0..110'/01 .. 0. '" N/6 f<s/
~ /t-.T b-Y -_ .~ /1,,-
~
1&'I4rc,1';6S""1"f

tP~· r--I
-
p;.""J-"""~'
e- Y
(C-1.D~]= 21.2
LG=I/.r J
0

.
FIIS-= /.SOO/Ii/0.3'bIN = ¥.f)$"AK//h.. fll'rutlti IN FA-c~ WID7»

HELIcAL GIFItIi. 1I::.1~,!?J" &.J (A -llf1.,·, If·r~ F =/.OO/N

.1::-# lT/~.. % ...tJ..5236IJJ. ; ~ = p c.o."If. f·e-.!Ir):= 0,.170 //01.

f",,,:: PtI/CAsy• r~{/S" a,6.,/,fS'; f'x= J:t;M.'/'= ,':r-if = O.SZ;'.IN .

.!2. -= ~~ ... .1~ = '.1J0f) /11. ; ¢,.....rr..-'[i:..rlt: e- yJ = If). U·
r/px= 1.00 '%..5Z3'"~ :. /,'1/ AOItt.. ~/rcllt:J,/1/ F~U Mom (t..ow)

I"+'! 1IB-ICAL Ger/tfL )1'72.; P...d =2'f J' tP.. = 11/'1.' j r'O.z.$/NJ f= 'loS·.
1":# "";'4.1 Blrr!!t. : e..d CI4 1'...z« we 'If" --/6.91
r- ~1.97 =- O.18$'1 IJII. j 1"'", = p.C<rS"'. p./,gs';/J/·!D.I,/r"(},/Jp,?/M
~ ...'/t<- t ...o.IMf/I:;-¥,s'='tJ./t9S7J1lI.; Dr;,:%» ~/.9'J= '/.2n.lp.
¢ .1D, -t(ti- fJ#IJ]= 10-4 [G-liYS) 7,: 20 ()-. FL. o,zS/ _
.J. e- Y
0- e-'IS- J 0-. '; /~. /11Jas-./ •.1f
Lgw
 Set?'" I'.lZO(!,lt:rI I.i9 tJ'" N£«r PII6E Poll. roaM/lt4-S A-NO Sjl~64U

BEVEL GEAR GEOMETRY

'~~fJ~:~f.f.~WgllfM~ili~f@~:~!~jMtnf:~I~;fJH~:;
GIVEN DATA
N.oD'llileui)i' .
fllt41mfh'Iii'
Diiinrell:al ite
e'mt§JiL~~·
COMPUTED VALUES
COMPUTED VALUES
Gear ratio 3.000 Gear ratio 2.000
Pitch diameter: Pinion 2.500 in Pitch diameter: Pinion 2.500 in
Pitch diameter: Gear 7.500 in Pitch diameter: Gear 5.000 in
Pitch cone angle: Pinion 18.435 degrees Pitch cone angle: Pinion 26.565 degrees
P~ch cone angle: Gear 71.565 degrees Pitch cone angle: Gear 63.435 degrees
Outer cone distance 3.953 in Outer cone distance 2.795 in
Nominal face width 1.186 in
Nominal face width 0.839 in
Maximum face width (a) 1.318 in
Maximum face width (a) 0.932 in
Maximum face width (b) 1.667 in
Maximum face width (b) 1.000 in
f!ff1!l'!IE~~9~t~~:~[il{1JFfW:W!]~~~!!\'!!I'i]:I\WiijJ!!il1!f
!l1Ir?OfFace widtlJ " O.llOQ i~~ ~
Mean cone distance 3.328 in
Ratio Am/Ao Mean cone distance 2.345 in
0.842
Mean circular pitch Ratio Am/Ao 0.839
0.441 in
mean wor1ling depth Mean circular pitch 0.264 in
0.281 in
Clearance mean wor1ling depth 0.168 in
0.035 in
Mean whole depth Clearance 0.021 in
0.316 in
mean addendum factor Mean whole depth 0.189 in
0.242
Gear mean addendum mean addendum factor 0.283
0.068 in
Pinion mean addendum Gear mean addendum 0.047 in
0.213 in
Gear mean dedendum Pinion mean addendum 0.120 in
0.248 in
Pinion mean dedendum Gear mean dedendum 0.141 in
0.103 in
Gear dedendum angle Pinion mean dedendum 0.068 in
4.257 degrees
Pinion dedendum angle Geardedendum angle 3.450 degreeS
1.774 degrees
Gear outer addendum Pinion dedendum angle 1.670 degrees
0.087 in
Pinion outer addendum Gear outer addendum 0.061 in
0.259 in
Gear outside diameter Pinion outer addendum 0.148 in
7.555 in
Pinion outside diameter Gear outside diameter 5.054 in
2.992 in
Pinion outside diameter 2.764 in

9'1
Given: N» = 18; NG = 72; Pd = 12; 20° pressure angle.
Computed values:
Gear ratio mG = NdNp = 72/18 = 4.000
Pitch diameter: Pinion d = Np/Pd = 18/12 = 1.500 in
Pitch diameter: Gear D = Nc/Pd = 72/12 = 6.000 in
Pitch cone angle: Pinion r= tan-1(NplNc) = tan" (18/72) = 14.03°
Pitch cone angle: Gear F = tan-1(NdNp) = tan" (72/18) = 75.96°

Outer cone distance Ao = 0.5D/sin(I) = 0.5(6.00 in)/sin(75.96°) = 3.092 in

Face width must be specified: F = 0.800 in Based on the following guidelines:

Nominal face width: Fnom = 0.30 Ao = 0.30(3.092 in) = 0.928 in
Maximum face width: Fmax = A.l3 = (3.092 in)/3 = 1.031 in
or F_ = 10/Pd = 10/12 = 0.833in
Mean cone distance Am = Am(] = Ao - 0.5F = 3.092 in - 0.5(0.80 in) = 2.692 in
Ratio (A",IA,J = (2.692/3.092) = 0.871 [This ratio occurs in several following calculations]

Mean circular pitch pm = (wPd)(A",IA,J = (w12)(0.871) = 0.228 in

Mean working depth h = (2.00/P,J(A",IA,J = (2.00/12)(0.871) = 0.145 in
Clearance c=0.125h=0.125(0.145 in)=0.018 in

Mean whole depth

hm = h + c = 0.145 in + 0.018 in = 0.163 in
CJ = 0.210 + 0.290/(mc)2 = 0.210 + 0.290/(4.00)2 = 0.228
Mean addendum factor
Gear mean addendum ao = h = (0.228)(0.145 in) = 0.033 in
CJ

Pinion mean addendum

ap=h-aG =0.145 in -0.033in=0.1l2in
bG =hm-aG =0.163 in-0.033 in=0.130in
Gear mean dedendum
Pinion mean dedendum
b» = h« -ap = 0.163 in - 0.112 in = 0.051 in
&:;= tan-1(bdAmaJ = tan-1(0.130/2.692) = 2.76°
Gear dedendum angle
8p = tan-1(bP/AmaJ = tan-1(0.05112.692) = 1.09°
Pinion dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum aoG = ao + 0.5Ftanop
aoG = (0.033 in) + (0.5)(0.80 in)tan(1.09°) = 0.0406 in

Pinion outer addendum aoP = ap + O.5F tan&:;

aop = (0.112 in) + (0.5)(0.80 in)tan(2.76°) = 0.1313 in

Gear outside diameter Do = D + 2aoG cos T

Do = 6.000 in + 2(0.0406 in)cos(75.96°) = 6.020 in

Pinion outside diameter do=d+2aoPcosr

do = 1.500 in + 2(0.1313 in)cos(14.04°) = 1.755 in

9~
u-'--- -------r
BEVEL GEAR GEOMETRY

-~

COMPUTED VALUES
Gear ratio COMPUTED VALUES
4.000
pnch diameter. Pinion Gear ratio 4.000
1.500 in
pnch diameter. Gear pnch diameter: Pinion 0.500 in
6.000 in
pnch cone angle: Pinion Pitch diameter. Gear 2.000 in
14.036 degrees
Pitch cone angle: Gear pnch cone angle: Pinion 14.036 degrees
75.964 degrees
Outer cone distance pnch cone angle: Gear 75.964 degrees
3.092 in
Outer cone distance 1.031 in
Nominal face width 0.928 in
Maximum face width (a) 1.031 in Nominal face width 0.309 in
Maximum face width (b) 0.833 in Maximum face width (a) 0.344 in
Maximum face width (b)
1191i,g;r;~~~~~~:jj;4l~~g,!~~f1:'II!!mr'H;,~t,illfiii
!!\!~ce width
0.313 in
ti'
l!l~jn
Mean cone distance
2.692 in
Ratio Am/Ao Mean cone distance 0.881 in
0.871
Mean circular pitch Ratio Am/Ao
0.228 in 0.854
mean working depth Mean circular pitch
0.145 in 0.084 in
Clearance mean working depth
0.018 in 0.053 in
Mean whole depth Clearance
0.163 in 0.007 in
mean addendum factor Mean whole depth
0.228 0.060 in
Gear mean addendum mean addendum factor
0.033 in 0.228
Pinion mean addendum Gear mean addendum
0.112 in 0.012 in
Gear mean dedendum Pinion mean addendum
0.130 in 0.041 in
Pinion mean dedendum Gear mean dedendum
0.051 in 0.048 in
Gear dedendum angle Pinion mean dedendum
2.767 degrees 0.019 in
Pinion dedendum angle Gear dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum 1.090 degrees 3.113 degrees
0.041 in Pinion dedendum angle 1.227 degrees
Pinion outer addendum
0.131 in Gear outer addendum 0.015 in
Gear outside diameter
6.020 in Pinion outer addendum 0.049 in
Pinion outside diameter
1.755 in Gear outside diameter 2.007 in
Pinion outside diameter 0.596 in
BEVEL GEAR GEOMETRY

'!l~;d~'~~f0~~~g,E"J"l!ilP~ftf!{'t'6;~i7},t,*!F;2
GIVEN DATA
fiif

&SlI~:~'
COMPUTED VALUES COMPUTED VALUES
Gear ratio 3.000 Gear ratio 3.000
Pitch diameter. Pinion 0.250 in Pitch diameter: Pinion 2.000 in
Pitch diameter: Gear 0.750 in Pitch diameter: Gear 6.000 in
Pitch cone angle: Pinion 18.435 degrees Pitch cone angle: Pinion 18.435 degrees
Pitch cone angle: Gear 71.565 degrees Pitch cone angle: Gear 71.565 degrees
Outer cone distance 0.395 in Outer cone distance 3.162 in

Nominal face wid1h 0.119 in Nominal face width 0.949 in

Maximum face width (a) 0.132 in Maximum face wid1h (a) 1.054 in
Maximum face width (b) 0.208 in Maximum face width (b) 1.250 in
!fl!!f!~iiffi'@~IM~!li:1l!r,'i!1!1:liii19f;~~~lmiil!1111:111',i; !B~lflT1!ll~iilW!i:!!h~)!filrl~W,~j];r~:l1';Q@,~fiir,~r;11l1::111)1:
Mean cone distance 0.333 in Mean cone distance 2.662 in
Ratio Am/Ao 0.842 Ratio Am/Ao 0.842
Mean circular pitch 0.055 in Mean circular pitch 0.331 in
mean working depth 0.035 in mean working depth 0.210 in
Clearance 0.004 in Clearance 0.026 in
Mean whole depth 0.039 in Mean whole depth 0.237 in
mean addendum factor 0.242 mean addendum factor 0.242
Gear mean addendum 0.008 in Gear mean addendum 0.051 in
Pinion mean addendum 0.027 in Pinion mean addendum 0.159 in
Gear mean dedendum 0.031 in Gear mean dedendum 0.186 in
Pinion mean dedendum 0.013 in Pinion mean dedendum 0.077 in
Gear dedendum angle 5.316 degrees Gear dedendum angle 3.992 degrees
Pinion dedendum angle 2.217 degrees Pinion dedendum angle 1.663 degrees
Gear outer addendum 0.011 in Gear outer addendum 0.065 in
Pinion outer addendum 0.032 in Pinion outer addendum 0.194 in
Gear outside diameter 0.757 in Gear outside diameter 6.041 in
Pinion outside diameter 0.311 in Pinion outside diameter 2.369 in

'17
 Wormgearing

WOlMGFlffi/Jl6: Dw=/.lSo'N,:IAlw"/, !?J.::/p.i¢ ......./y,s,

Nt; .. '10; F- o, 62S/K. -CS/N6LE" 'T1f1?G/fD
LEAl? =ANItl. I'lrc.H~ OeCdJAl. P/nJ+ - %.:: tJ.YY2hv'.
J/pcJ =
~/1NGtC= A= rs: k~)= r.... L,"~~)-_~_.r_7·

,(IDPe-NO"", -a..= Yt&. Z&=O.lO{)/N.j lJFDENO""". ~~S1:a/iS"1/N

WtJbr DllrJ'/OE" fhA •... D,w= DIN ~la..:: /.l.rtJ rJ.U./I.J" /. '1SD/N.
WtJil"! ROfJr OIA,'" D"w" J)w-l6 '"1.l.m-Z{P,IIS7) 6I.tJ/8'/N,
C;~1h2P/f"CHO/A, • DG .. H6k .. YOllo.::-Y.t¥Jd/N.

CeHf7T/t. OU rtf/KeF = C .: ~(f + b",,)h = f!.,Od rczs» )/2.. =2. 6ZS'/JI.

VeuJc.lTY RA-T7o = V, = 1Y4"w1u"" -¥Ofi.:: ~

NOTE: On the following two pages are the results of Problems 52-57 giving pertinent
geometric properties of worms and wonngears and their velocity ratios. The detailed
calculations follow the pattern illustrated above for Problem 52. The equations come from
Section 8-10, Equations 8-33 10 8-38.

Compare the results to discern how variations in geometry such as diametral pitch and the
number of threads in the worm affect the overall results. This is especially pertinenlla
Problem 53 in Whichthree different designs for wOrm!wonngear sets provide the same
velocity ratio. The single threaded worm produces the smallest center distance and overall
~jze of the reducer. But note, also, that it has the smallest lead angle. The lead angle
Increases as the number of threads is increased. On the positive side, the small lead angle
makes ~e redue:erself-lacking. On the negative side, the small lead angle results in lower
mechanical effiCiencyas will be shown in Chapter 10, Section 10-11. The designer musl
balance these advantages and disadvantages for each application.

'18
WORMGEARING PROBLEM: 52 WORMGEARING PROBLEM: 53A
INPUTDATA INPUT DATA
Worm pitch diameter = 1.250 in Worm pitch diameter = 1.000 in
Diametral pitch = 10 Diametrat pitch = 12
No. of worm threads = 1 No. of worm threads = 1
No. of gear teeth = 40 No. of gear teeth = 20
Face width of gear = 0.625 in Face width of gear = 0.500 in
COMPUTED RESULTS COMPUTED RESULTS
Circular pitch of gear = 0.3142 in Circular pitch of gear = 0.2618 in
Axial pitch of worm = 0.3142 in Axial pitch of worm = 0.2618 in
Lead of the worm = 0.3142 in Lead of the worm = 0.2618 in
Lead angle = 4.574 deg Lead angle = 4.764 deg
Addendum = 0.100 in Addendum = 0.083 in
Dedendum = 0.116 in Dedendum = 0.096 in
Worm outside diameter = 1.450 in Worm outside diameter = 1.167 in
Worm root diameter = 1.019 in Worm root diameter = 0.807 in
Gear pitch diameter = 4.000 in Gear pitch diameter = 1.667 in
Center distance = 2.625 in Center distance = 1.333 in
Velocity ratio = 40.00 Velocity ratio = 20.00

WORMGEARING PROBLEM: 53B WORMGEARING PROBLEM: 53C

INPUTDATA INPUT DATA
Worm pitch diameter = 1.000 in Worm pitch diameter = 1.000 in
Dlametral pitch = 12 Diametral pitch = 12
No. of worm threads = 2 No. of worm threads = 4
No. of gear teeth = 40 No. of gear teeth = 80
Face width of gear = 0.500 in Face width of gear = 0.500 in
COMPUTED RESULTS COMPUTED RESULTS
Circular pitch of gear = 0.2618 in Circular pitch of gear = 0.2618 in
Axial pitch of worm = 0.2618 in Axial pitch of worm = 0.2618 in
Lead of the worm = 0.5236 in Lead of the worm = 1.0472 in
Lead angle = 9.462 deg Lead angle = 18.435 deg
Addendum = 0.083 in Addendum = 0.083 in
Dedendum= 0.096 in Dedendum = 0.096 in
Worm outside diameter = 1.167 in Worm outside diameter = 1.167 in
Worm root diameter = 0.807 in Worm root diameter = 0.807 in
c:oearpitch diameter = 3.333 in Gear pitch diameter = 6.667 in
Center distance = 2.167 in Center distance = 3.833 in
Velocity ratio = 20.00 Velocity ratio = 20.00
/00
Gear Trains - Analysis
FOil PI2DItL~'" 58
IlllTltrt.s C.L()tJ:WI!~.

~ rI!A,N VItLIle: .:-rJl ~ /TII'~4 )'I1I,-3YSOfU'/'t

TV ~ -A1JJ , AID, JlF , niH • Nr : -..stl:. "" .f!.£ .£l!. .JB :-//1.1
Mt N~ Nt'" /Vii Nil /8 17 z» 18 Ib
"'1.# !!!.!.... ~ 3V$f)I!.,.", -/7.~L.eP/'t CDV~fL~LDCKw,s IF
rv - 1""./
G~MH IS MIDlli1f-. /r: T)av h'lrAI"FFd rne: ,V lJyr
Cfl!1t1t.EJ nre: PN(EC r/oi/ OF f}tE ot/rf't/r Sd/lFj",

/11,-=- JZ Zvo te..Prl ~ rlNO A'ls-: TV=- At'/",5'

TV = !!.!. HP tt.£.. .!iJ:L a ~ ~ ~?].. = $'0 000
N". N c. /'(1' H& 12. J'Z I Z
/H~".t!!.!. = 11. ZOOR'I'1:= tJ.'10t.71t.I'M
-rv 30000

/7lt, =-6 8to ~/'t ; FIN/) ;'Vii; -r v» '-:1....,1'

TV =- Ns ~.Itr = '18 '/8 60:. YO EKACTLY
NA Ne I'I~ /{, /8 /Z
,of,,: ~ s: 6/3'10.; hi!?"'" EXACTLY
7'11 Yo
AI'" 2B7y/?PI't; F/.vo ~" : TY=- ;t1~y
IY= ;Yo ;Vb N~ -=.i££ 90 8S- '" 5666.7
Kh II, I'IE J Z. Z4
""'1/ ~ /1'1, =- Z137S-RpM :: 0.01)1'1 .el'M
TV SUb,7

/0/
Gear Trains - Kinematic Design
VELOCITYRATIO FOR GEARS PROBLEM 62 VELOCITY RATIO FOR GEARS PROBLEItI63
DESIREDVR =
3.1416;: tr DESIRED VR = 1.7321 " v'j

NP NG NGAct VR-Act DIFF = NP NG NG VR DIFF=

Des VR - VR Act Actual Actual DesVR·VRk1
16 50.27 50 3.1250 0.01659 16 27.71 28 1.7500 0.01795
17 53.41 53 3.1176 0.02395 17 29.44 29 1.7059 0.02617
18 56.55 57 3.1667 0.02507 18 31.18 31 1.7222 0.00983
19 59.69 60 3.1579 0.01630 19 32.91 33 1.7368 0.00479
20 62.83 63 3.1500 0.00841 20 34.64 35 1.7500 0.01795
xxi 211 65.97 166 I 3.1429 0.00126 XX 21 36.37 3R 1 714~ 1).01m
22 69.12 69 3.1364 0.00523 XXI221 38.11 138 I 1.7273 0.00478 XX
23 72.26 72 3.1304 0.01116 23 39.84 40 1.7391 0.00708
24 75.40 75 3.1250 0.01659 24 41.57 42 1.7500 0.01795

Min dill = 0.00126 Min dlff = 0.00478

VELOCITY RATIO FOR GEARS PROBLEM 64 VELOCITY RATIO FOR GEARS PROBLEItI65
DESIREDVR= 6.1644 e m DESIREDVR = 7.42
NP NG NGAct VR·Act DIFF = NP NG NG VR DIFF=
Des VR - VR Act Actual Actual Des VR • VRAct
16 98.63 99 6.1875 0.02309 16 118.72 119 7.4375 0.01750
17 104.80 105 6.1765 0.01206 17 126.14 126 7.4118 0.00824
XX 1181 110.96 1111 I 6.1667 0.00225 XX 18 133.56 134 7.4444 O.02AU
19 117.12 117 6.1579 0.00652 XX 1191140.98 1141 I 7.4211 0.00105 XX
20 123.29 123 6.1500 0.01441 20 148.40 148 7.4000 0.02000
21 129.45 129 6.1429 0.02156 21 155.82 156 7.4286 0.00857
22 135.62 136 6.1818 0.01740 22 163.24 163 7.4091 0.01091
23 141.78 142 6.1739 0.00950 23 170.66 171 7.4348 0.01478
XX 1241 147.95 1148 I 6.1667
0.00225 XX 24 178.08 178 7.4167 0.00333
.,-",D l!(Wit\.
SDL<ln,",s
Min dlff = 0.00225 Min dlff" 0.00105
-

IOz.
DES/GAl: MIA, ~ ISo.1lI"M ft1.Jr=:J. Ill"t'f .!!:KAC'" ~D kcJo.
TV: 16'~:. 90()E%A-C1": VJe- t:AcrOll//IIt!r : A',l1....e/SO
"2. "00 ,cAeTlJItS:" AIr E: z- Z· .s- S •.3- 3
Z'lSO £:r:t: Tl'lilLc e-b ,coll.l/IIrenJ=EltcNU: DArA
s: ZZ5 r o«. lo'F.P rset» ose "'""./: /6 DIl 17
5' 'Is J'tIo"'liIIAL VP"NL PEl!. PAtio: /Sl)/n & ,9.8Z run r ,."ALL.
J ., rWiJ P,flltS I ( 8.91. )~. 77. B S""A-LL
J THR«: l'tl"u ~ I/J. 8t)
r:;-6lJ 7 .s h '" LL
F'olhl. ""1-IICS: (8.8l-)"- 666/ eeo'o .
,.. VlfJ=&.) Y~2-=-t..J I :3=-.5".1 1Ij('1=~
r-
~ Hit ~ II. I6 N/! 'It Is-
,..:;,8ctJ~
IN .. ...~
r-
/"fOqr=
'x" N. =- 91. r AlF-80 r
1\-/ ",0 ,oF f-I/ #e;/~ L~ NA~/' l,-
d r-. .. 6r" ND~'Jb I AI/f-=8I1f
g/ ~ -: ~~ ~ T7481E 8-' S'Avl N' IAI rr:-IZFEIl.,,,vCl: F4IZ.
- JY,=16 /F JY.. .c/Ol.
- IJ/:: ., (, 96 .9'£ 80 =- '1/S() E;( ~c:r
'-
" /6 /~ /~

D.f:s/&-Al: "'_ = /8""U,.. EJ(4l.r; ZI ~A'1ovrL 22..: N,..,....r/$b /20·~'O-

IV",,,. = 180'YZI.f" = 83.? TV,..".:: ISDYar!JI.8 TV,.,.,,= /~ <-8S.7
rteD", 774~l-E ,g.,- ,NO/N~FFnE"NCc 1.J''fH #172. /7 Ft>£.ZtJ'/iA,1"El!:1'U

\1,('",,,,, ~iLPI'fJ«'= /5lJ~7:: 11.8Z·~J14LL : n.r.f'ltIeJ JlR""",=(I1.gz;)';. 77.'1 /-HI

LAyovr Ar IN FI(;,. 8-3" IN ~-m/"tr; R&Pfld7r1A/.

~
,IlY £"6>IIAt.. I!EPlI£TT • .,; RAno ~ Vel=V/u'::',
_·V ~j~V~.7~'f.J")
~-~~
LeT .IV"" AIL" = lYe=- 17 : ce r Vi</: 5"1 Vltl e 'I: 1)/~" Vlt3= ~·7/zD ='1-/9
NF .. (j7)('1.tf) = 7/.t -=:> .jf'cc/fY /IIF =7/
F/NA< 'TV = 86
17
. 68 , ~
17 17
83.f1 -" .. or =~=: /9•• =-Z/.~Sf4'?A
-rv 83.S] O,e

Pe,j /GN : rrf IN ==3360 R/?,., flMT: ""a.r =- /,2 1?P"" &K/k:r: Nltllt = /$1)--

ao·".a ~~. F.f!D'" TA~'E"S1-~ LET #",,,=17 FOIZ/Vo I/V1?IlFEIlEIVC£

Vlln4~ P.f:1'l P;hlt.= ISJ,1J = ,g. iZ: 2fl:1"u VIl,..~t$.8z)"'~ '17.1:3"""J = bB~
.IlL= .J3m/n. -= 2.8oeKAC.r : lI~e '3PAIIlS S/~/t.A1l. TO F,6- 8-11 "V 1elrr
FA-crtJlVl.II,: l. 280 Z·2·.s;Z ·7 ;ZJ'4.1!.~ID"'~"'E 8·J'S'=2So
z.Jt'O V(U=-tf; NA=17 Jl/e=13'
70 ~
Z. JlI tJfl2~? : /Vc=/J,.t'VD=//9
7 1Ifl.3=S: h;;;-17,NF=8S
Tv == /1 b. 119 .ft ~z ~o ~1C,ff.nY
1/ /'I /7
COTHE1lD.rU.//J P,SS/~L6)

ID3
 ~ CI<2
OcS/t: AI! /ti,,., =-'12fJfJet'I1I:A'Acrt-Y : n.D..c Iff our t.17.r~,,,,,: fbSI1/TP nl
rV"'N~ '1200 :: 5//./! iVNo .. = i'lOO ::J/,.9R: 711,.,...: y.z.. =3Z1,A8
n.t> IJ,2,) I~,('
FI!D11 Pft46 68 1 PAc/ltJ ee « '0. LA>/Ol/-r IN F/~ 8-~1 P/200lTtEJ A
I
)v'-:{,lIrrlllr!' TV, tJse IPlBl. 11'1AAlY PAIIl ,
r/ly

rev
1l~/D~1tL

i/1l1"'7;
RAno
VA-l:l.:
MEf}lfJO.

T1fEN V~3 -
N,,,,,,IIIAl- V~ :.13/7-' 6,1lL ~
- us~IIIl.J-:',>D
= 3/!/yz:::-7,sr:
PA,1.

PIIV"IL. rv: IJ~/'VLZ' 1M:! (7.f6X7· = JiV = .J/F tJK

LETNII",tJc"N~:lIr= /8
/V11~ 7'/4=/26: H, ~6'18=-/08 ~IVp=-7,'lQrJt/fJ
HNAL TV= /zs: loB /8 /J) ""36
r-: -
- 78'18' 18'~ -
nn
,
C
ill: /Yo. No .ss: ,NF In" r+ lrF
N.. Ale. /Y~ Nr >--
(3- >-
"t1 ovr ~ /Of,,.
--III - -,-i/..I(}()
IS
= 13,1) ~,~ etA!
Z l-
I,.
-
L..: ....
~ccw
s:... , OLI!1l
e-
lo'-
,It- /)-

L-

I-
.1:-
e

10'1
 Pest4tH: .M,.,,"17Sb; I'I{,.( hto,x-LISO

TTlNOI't" I7SO~I{J} = /1.82-

ter ve,» N~N..:> 7~82'1.161 1/(
o I
F
RellPtliIh. llA-no :: 11.8Z/'/,lt7:.-z.BJ7 I
I--+-I--+G"
ur/ll~ "18: NfPllICZ.8r?)= 51.46 :!;~I
N"" 18) #4=75; Ale:>19 ,Nt> <=$7

f'YlDtrr= 17SlJ J( ~i It ~ "1'Ia.2~"M Ole.

SK~,,!'t SA-ME A-I IW WIf]fDNl.Y t'/.'rD PA-/'Jt·S
C 11tae fl.t5c1L~ USep I~ P~L eo. "-7'1, J
OESI6N! mill '" 8SlJ IlRtIt ,• /fo c ~fr L '1'/ : V.Ft:.:l p~/tlS
rvNO,. = 6'.it,A,.l.= Z().Z/I. LEY V/(, c .N~,,~ a
llJt = 'l.5'D
RES'I/1ulk.. ~o=vjtz= 2D,Z';l'¥,J1>- '1.~:Nc=19,Hpc81
Motlr =' 8sD I/. ~ ~ /8 ... '//.98 I."., oK
81 81
[riffle" ,Urt/Ul rAeJlN fkJ8LJi"'1 tt-7S]

Oe-UGIIJ I UJc TWO PJfld.s; /I1/N =3tJo{)APt'f: .$'fa lit '*'Dur<sr;z.

TI'",o.. '"' Jooyzo ",s;ysvf: l£n/~/ "Vt.. "Jiyr~f' C' 2--"'>
LET II,,~/S-/ .N.. : 1S-(Z.~t.S)=3.s;6~93,S"; urJlr::>/s-~#p:>3r-

,hi. !l" r ". ~ooo" 3 S

IS
'I-
IS" - S3l
U - tJlP '" ~

£!"HEle' JUJlJtn LlJf:D 'JI/ PIlO(8LI:T" Q-76.]

IO~
 OOt
H

A" T?7J.iV ~ SIJ/Y,-n 0 1'/ w, N", HIlI( rPl t'I nJD 71Il

c er IVA~ lVe=,vc""IVC?'"/,(. Lcr IVa =-;Vo~ 95, Ltrr ,vF="~8/

V~,C lJ"'t= q~6 c5".'137SJ < Vlll:.8Ih'=-S;/HZ> _
VI.,'l--V,(l. 'I-- Y~l :: /7,f.1f7. Rl:.fN,I/!tl- f{A'f)o=- '/°0/171.1'7 - S;,W3
L~ NH:: 8/ . Vlq'" 11I3= 90, ~S;()62'>

n rA-L rv:. (!/R.Y7)(.!>~tJ6Zr);" tlff;].s-

FiNth. MDur:= 36M /'JoJ,y.: 3. "18 If ~,., OJ:'

17~.sltiN l A,/I =- .J60o :1.o<C/11our<S;o~"',-ff

rVND,., = J"'o/v..;:, 90D: lIS~ nvo P~"lS IJp W()~I'I/WIl"'ti~M-J
#4 ~ N& =/ ; /Vo ',11.. " J0 II"

/Dr.
17ql DESIGN: mlAl='i2001¥1"I, l3,o</f1Do~/Lr
liSt! c. ",SINI8J /lIEU'. IvD~1"It::EW'Z-
!-JUTlt ,...> IN f'tU&F1"I 17,
LET vlt-z ~ til>. WOt?M 6~ DLln=-, Ale == /, /110" SO
-rv /l/1J/1 = '1l-ool/.?,zf:= 3/6.9&. V~I = J/1.Q8/ sa == (,,3Y

cer: '" ~-p'&, N jJ:-18(t.JY) == 11'1·, =;>f/SF//Y= ,AlB

FINAl DII.,.PVr SP4ErJ = Y.lOO>c ;/~ X ~ -: 13.26~'" 0,1;

180.1 De.r16A1: -nll/= SToO/(I'M /5 .• c /"1our~/'/.OAf''''

VOSS rAJ" woaM 6el'WL ()~Ivt:.r hs l/'l P46tEM 7'.
TV NUM;; SSDO/fJ,f: '107. S'-.
LET V~I = 20. 711£)/ vlt-z.=- ~17'Y/io=20.3?
r~., Nc=:S. ,lv'p=3C20.37)~61.II~ USE 61
IY '" e 3 ) /118 = 60 I /'It 0= ~.ND " ~/
:s 3
FI IV A-t O,n"VT 5 1"S!Jf? = 5>00 1'-;0 I< 6I == 12..s;L IV',", CJ.I:
C:4A1 A1.So use: No= «z: rHJ:#.-.1ou,.:; 13,.)0 fl,,,
AI p - ~o . 17fEAI .... aer: '" /3.7!r /(,,..

/07
 CHAPTER 9
SPUR GEAR DESIGN

Forces on Spur Gear Teeth

(iIV£I'I~ ¢=20,) 1'= 7.fJ.'J /H1'~/?SlJUM..INP~2o",Ntf='7Z.~

~'=IZ
A) _ M . JVp "/750£1'11 • .1.2. =' 9&.IIel',.,
.... /11,; - " Nli 7l.
h) Y~~-l!i" A/6/#'p ~ 72-/Zo =- :1.6'':>0
c) PI"" JV~ = Zr}z:: I.D£7//W i .94 = .N~ ~ 7};Z:: 6.6IJ()/,N
J) C ~ '/vP f-/VG = 20 r7Z =- 3. 83.s NJ
z I'J 2C/Z-)

't!) I'V"t" IT 01'Alp/;2 = T/{/.1.67){/7.1lJ ~~ =- 7£Y h;('.w.

f) r; '" b3 OIJO tP) - 6.3lJooC7.r) = ZJOL.&'/N

1""'1" /7SD
r & =- 6300,/}>;>.. L.~c>ool7.r) = 'Ill US-//II
Alt; ¥ ~6-/
,.) IN t - rp .: 270 U,/,N :. 3.2Y LIS
D,/Z /.6.t7"N/7
CJ£ t./b" .3.3 O<Jo I:.PJ =- 13060L7. sJ -= 3ZYut.
l'V"e 7£y
J..) Nil =- hJ~ b.-¢j={-ny..Jt}t;.... ZtJ'= //8LI3

.-i) IN'N :: ~ / ~, =- 32$/ U/ =' 3yS- US

/Co! 20'

A S/M/tAtt. nC"r'HoO /s UJcO FUR ?tI('I!(..~J 2-6.

5/'tJ2c/t05..11€Er 5OLu17IM/J AR.E SHO",uJ ON :ntE' P/JU4W1N0

FA ees . 1"I1~ Sdc,tJno.,) t:,1L I'tlO&u:,. I 1(' AL~0 ShOw,",
Fall. CD,.",al/fllTot</ To 7?fl; 5tk./1 174., :sl'lowv ~ove,

loa
Ij----'Ff';;o:;:rc:::e::s:-:o::n:-:S;:p::u~r:-:G:;:e::a:':r~T~e~et::h:-----

RESULTS:
a Gear speed = 486.1 rpm
b VR=mG= 3.600
c pinion PO = 1.667 in
gear PO = 6.000 in
d center distance = C = 3.833 in
e pilch line speed = 764 fIImin
f torque on pinion shaft = 270 Ib in
torque on gear shaft = 972 Ib in
g tangential force = 324 Ib
h radial force = 118 Ib
I normal force = 345 Ib

Problem 2
Chapter 9

RESULTS:
a Gear speed = 304.4 rpm
b VR=mG= 3.778
c pinion PO = 3.600 in
gear PO = 13.600 in
d center distance = C = 8.600 in
e pitch line speed = 1084 fIImin
f torque on pinion shaft = 2739 Ib in
torque on gear shaft = 10348 Ib in
g tangential force = 1522 Ib
h radial force = 5541b
I nonnal force = 1620lb

/0'1
 Forces on Spur Gear Teeth

Problem 3 "
Chapter 9

RESULTS:
Gear speed = 752.7 rpm
a
b VR=mG= 4.583
c pinion PO = 1.000 in
gear PO = 4.583 in
d center distance = C = 2.792 in
e pitch line speed = 903 ftImin
f torque on pinion shaft = 13.70 Ib in
torque on gear shaft = 62.77 Ibin
g tangential force = 27.40 Ib
h radial force = 9.97 Ib
I normal force = 29.16 Ib

Problem 4
Chapter 9

RESULTS:
a Gear speed = 486.1 rpm
b VR=mG= 3.600
c pinion PO = 1.667 in
gear PO = 6.000 in
d center distance = C = 3.833 in
e pitch line speed = 764 ftImin
torque on pinion shaft = 270lbin
torque on gear shaft = 972 Ib in
g tangential force = 3241b
h radial force = 151 Ib
I normal force = 3581b

//0
 Forces on Spur Gear Teeth

Problem 5
. Chapler9.

RESULTS:
a Gear speed = 304.4 rpm
b VR= mG= 3.778
c pinion PO = 3.600 in
gear PO = 13.600 in
d center distance = C = 8.600 in
e pitch line speed = 1084 ftImin
f torque on pinion shaft = 2739 Ibin
torque on gear shaft = 10348 Ibin
g tangential force = 1522 Ib
h radial force = 710 Ib
I normal force = 1680 Ib

RESULTS:
a ·Gearspeed= 752.7 'rpm
b VR=mG= 4.583
c pinion PO = 1.000 in
gear PO = 4.583 in
d center distance = C = 2.792 in
e pitch line speed = 903 ftImin
torque on pinion shaft = 13.70 Ib in
torque on gear shaft = 62.77 Ib in
g tangential force : 27.401b
h radial force = 12.781b
I normal force = 30.241b

ILl
Gear Manufacture and Quality

7. See Section 9-4. Fonn milling, shaping, and hobbing.

For Problems 8 - 16 refer to Table 9-2 for recommended quality numbers. Some judgment is required
based on more detailed knowledge of the application. The total composite tolerance (fCT) is estimated
from Table 9-1. Rough interpolation has been used. If more precise data are required, refer to AGMA
Standard 2000-88 Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook.
8. Grain harvester. Use Q = 5. For Pd = 8, Np = 40, No = 100: TCT p = 0.0130 in; TCT 0 = 0.0150 in.
9. Printing press: Q= 10. For Pd = 20, Np = 40, No = 100: TCT p = 0.0015 in; TCT G = 0.0017 in.
10. Auto transmission: Q = 10. For Pd = 8, Np = 40, No = 100: TCTp = 0.0047 in; TCT 0 = 0.0055 in.
11. Gyroscope: Q = 14. For Pd = 32, Np = 40, No = 100: TCT p = 0.00031 in; TCT 0 = 0.00035 in.
=
12. Using Q 10 as compared with Q = 5, with all other data being equal, requires tooth accuracy
approximately three times greater.
13. Quality number is increasing because of the application. The size of the teeth is also decreasing
because of the increasing numerical value of the diametral pitch. This results in a dramatic increase
of the accuracy required in the tooth fonn as represented by the TCT values. For the pinion the TeT
moves from 0.0130 in to 0.0047 in to 0.00031 in. Similar reductions for the gear.
For Problems 14, 15, and 16, use the lower part of Table 9-2. For precision machine tool, the quality
number choice is related to the pitch line speed of the gears, with a higher quality number for faster
speeds because the dynamic effects become more pronounced. See solutions for Problems 1,2, and 3
for pitch line speeds.
14. Pitch line speed = 764 fIImin (From Prob. 1) Use Q = 8. For Pd = 12, Np = 20, No = 72: TCTp =
0.0037 in; TCT 0 = 0.0044 in. (Rough interpolation)
15. Pitch line speed = 1064 fIImin (From Prob. 2) Use Q = 10. For Pd = 5, Np = 18, No = 68: TCTp =
0.0037 in; TCT G = 0.0039 in. (Rough interpolation)
16. Pitch line speed = 764 fIImin (From Prob. 3) Use Q = 10. For P d = 24, Np = 24, No = 110: TeT p =
0.0013 In; TCT 0 = 0.0016 in. (Rough interpolation)

Gear Materials

Answers for Problems 17 - 25 are found in Section 9-7. Only brief statements are given here.

17. Bending stre~s are created by the tang~ntial force on the gear teeth acting in a manner similar to
th.at on a.cantilever. The maximum bending stress occurs in the root of the tooth where it blends
with the mvolute tooth fonn. High levels of contact stress (sometimes called Hertz stress) occur in
the face of the t~eth near the pitch line as forces are exerted between the pinion and the gear teeth.
The probable failure mode is pitting of the tooth surface.

18. ~e~:t:;t~h=~~drdanrdeSssglVo'
fethallOWatbl~
bending stress numbers and allowable contact stress numbers
e ma enal of the teeth.
19. Gear steels are typically medium carbon pi . II
hardening using a quenching dt . am or a oy steels that are heat treated by through-
3140 4140 4340 6150 t an empenng process. Examples are given in Section 9-7. 1040,
I I • e c.
•

20. The AGMA recommends hardnesses from HB 180 to HB 400.

21. Grade 1 steel is typical commercial qualit G d' .
quality controls on the alloy content and y. ra es 2 and 3 require progressively more stnngent
higher grades. See also AGMA Sta d rdcle2aOnliness of the materials. Costs also increase for the
n a 04-B89 Gear Materials and Heat Treatment.

II~
22. Grades 2 and 3 may be specified for high-speed aerospace applications, turbine engine driven
systems, ship propulsion drives, and high-capacity industrial gears such as those in steel rolling mills.

23. Flame or induction hardening, carburizing, and nitriding.

24. AGMA Standard 2001-C95 (or latest revision).

25. Gray cast iron, ductile (nodular) iron, and bronze. See Table 9-4.
26. Allowable bending stress numbers are obtained from Figure 9-10 or by computing values from the
equations given in the figure. Use Figure 9-/1 for allowable contact stress number.

a) Grade 1, 200 HB: Sat = 28 200 psi; Sao=93 500 psi

b) Grade 1, 300 HB: Sat= 26 000 psi; Sac=125 700 psi

c} Grade 1, 400 HB: Sat = 23 700 psi; Sac=157 900 psi

d) Grade 1, 450 HB: Using HB > 400 in not recommended.

e) Grade 2, 200 HB: Sat = 36 800 psi; Sac=104 100 psi

f) Grade 2,300 HB: Sat = 47 000 psi; Sac=139 000 psi

g) Grade 2, 400 HB: Sat= 57 200 psi; Sac=173 900 psi

27. Grade 1, 300 HB; Grade 2,192 HB from Figure 9-/0.

28. 55-64 HRC. See Table 9-3.

29. From Appendix 5: AIS11020, AISI 4118, AISI 8620 as examples.

30. 50-54 HRC with materials having good hardenability. See Tabte 9-3.

31. AIS14140. AISI 4340, AISI 6150. All must have good hardenability.

32. 83.5 on the HR15N hardness scale used for thin-case materials.

33. Data are found in Tables 9-3, 9-4, and 9-11,

a} Sat= 45 000 psi; sao= 170 000 psi
b} Sat= 45 000 psi; Sao=175 000 psi

c} Sat = 55 000 psi; Sac=180 000 psi

d} Sat= 65 000 psi; Sac=225 000 psi
e) Sat = 55 000 psi; Sao= 180000 psi
f) Sat= 39 000 psi; sao= 155 000 psi
g} Sat = 51 500 psi; Sac=168000 psi
h} Sat = 63 500 psi; Sac=216 000 psi
i} Sat = 5 000 psi; sao= 50 000 psi
j} Sat = 13 000 psi; Sao=75 000 psi
k} Sat = 27 000 psi; sao= 92 000 psi
I} Sat = 5 700 psi; sao=30 000 psi
m} Sat = 23 600 psi; sao=65 000 psi

n} Sat = 12000 psi; Notlisted

0) Sal= 9 000 psi; Not listed
34. Depth = 0.027 in. Figure 9-'1:1..
35. Depth = 0.90 mm. Figure 9- JJ...

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