INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH

D. Reddy and S. Ramasamy, Vol.7, No.4, 2017

Design of a Three-phase Boost Type Vienna

Rectifier for 1kW Wind Energy Conversion System
DamodharReddya, Sudha Ramasamya*

a
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

a*
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

Email Id: [email protected], a* [email protected]

Corresponding Author, Dr. Sudha Ramasamy, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tel: 91 9578409526, [email protected]

Received: 12.04.2017 Accepted: 25.07.2017

Abstract- This paper accords a novel 3-ϕ (three-phase) boost type Vienna rectifier for AC/DC power conversion. The
proposed circuit topology is employed for the power conversion of AC into DC with the enhanced output voltage and reduced
switching losses. It is a preferable front side conversion unit for AC power generated renewable energy systems and also for
AC input fed DC applications. Vienna rectifier is adequate where a unidirectional power flow is essential in the system with
high power density and low voltage stress across the switches. The AC to DC Vienna Rectifier provides approximately a unity
PF (Power Factor), sinusoidal input current and low THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) at the supply side. İn this paper, the
Vienna Rectifier is engaged in the conversion of a 230V AC to 400V DC with 50% reduction of voltage stress across the
switches. The SVPWM (Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation) controller based proposed circuit topology is designed for
1kW PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator) wind energy conversion system (WECS) in MATLAB/Simulink and
results are validated.

Keywords- Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), PMSG, Vienna Rectifier, DC-link voltage, SVPWM Controller.

1. Introduction the system bulky and costly. In order to overcome these

issues, a 3-ϕ boost type Vienna rectifier is presented to
In the existing energy scenario, the lossless power rectify and regulate the supply voltage of AC system.
distribution is at most dominant aspect due to a consistent Similarly, power factor correction (PFC) [4], high power
shortage of fossil fuels. The distributed energy recourses density, low voltage stresses across the switch [5],
(DERs) are made effectively utilized among the natural harmonic reduction [6, 7, 8], voltage balance [9] and
resources due to enormous advancement in power overall conversion efficiency are the possible
electronic converters. Various power conversion systems considerations to enhance the system performance by the
have been developed by the researchers to track and Vienna rectifier. The Z-source inverter with DVR
convert the energy from the renewable energy resources (Dynamic Voltage Restorer) and resonant fault current
i.e. from wind, solar, fuel cell and tidal etc. The AC/DC limiter circuit topologies have proposed for power quality
converter topologies are proposed by the researchers on improvement and protection of DERs in [10, 11]
diode bridge rectifiers, six-pulse controlled bridge respectively. A half-controlled bridge rectifier is used for a
rectifiers and three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) 3-ϕ system based on PWM (pulse width modulation)
rectifiers [1] etc. But the switching losses and input current control strategy [12], as it's integrated with the low power
harmonic distortions are increases as the number of active high-speed permanent magnet synchronous generator
power switches increases in the circuit. The researchers (PMSG) [13, 14, 15] the controlling of overall system at
have proposed a hybrid Cuk-SEPIC converter strategy [2] higher speed is a considerable factor to achieve a stable
to reduce the switching losses. But the number of passive system operation. The electrical spring control strategy is
elements are more in the circuit which reduces the overall proposed [16, 17] for the renewable energy sources with
efficiency of the system. The interleaved boost converter battery storage when there is a deficit in power generation
topologies are proposed in [3] in order to reduce the ripple due to environmental changes.
current and increase the voltage gain. But the interleaved
boost converter is incorporated with the coupled inductor A 3-ϕ three switch buck type PWM rectifier [18,
topology which reduces the overall efficiency and makes 19], is preferred with combined EMI (Electromagnetic
Interference) filter design concept to avoid the noise with the current injected network (CIN) and current
disturbance produced by the supply system and/or injected device (CID) at the input side reduces the overall
surrounding unit components, the design of EMI filter performance because of power dissipation in CIN resistors.
section with large inductors and capacitors makes the Apart from all the issues in conversion system, a Vienna
system very complex and so that the size of the filter rectifier with SVPWM current control strategy [30, 31] is
design need to be minimized with the design modifications initiated in this paper to minimize the power loss across
[20]. A closed loop 12-pulse rectifier is used with EMI switches, to improve the input current near to sine wave, to
filter [21, 22, 23], for low input current distortions, where maintain the power factor at unity and reduced THD.
the control of voltage cannot be possible by the diode
rectifier unit. A 5kW 3-ϕ PFC (power factor correction) 2. Proposed Model Description
buck type rectifier is modeled [24, 25], for 400V DC
distribution system which can step down to 48V for low The proposed model is carried out primly by the
voltage applications like data centers and WECS and Vienna rectifier unit as shown in Fig.1, where
telecommunications [26, 27] etc. the kinetic energy is transformed into mechanical energy
and then it is converted into electrical energy of AC form
Similarly, ultra-flat magnetic components with by the WECS. The generated AC voltage can be converted
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) integrated core are explained into DC voltage by the Vienna rectifier by enhancing the
[28], for future low voltage & high power density voltage level at the output side which is connected to DC
appliances such as LED drivers, screen power sources, and load of required rating and/or to the DC distribution
ultra-flat conversion devices. In [29] the diode rectifier system.

Fig.1 Proposed circuit model of a 3-ϕ boost type Vienna Rectifier

2.1 Wind energy conversion system system, the kinetic energy is transformed into
mechanical energy and then it is converted to electrical
In the process of effective energy energy. WECS consists of the mechanical gearbox
production, the chief criterion is to fulfill the power with two or more blades connected, which transforms
demand of end users with the low cost. Power can be low rotational wind turbine speed to high rotational
produced by the available renewable and non- PMSG speed. A PMSG is connected to the mechanical
renewable resources of distinct forms. Apart from gearbox which transforms mechanical energy into
conventional resources, many renewable resources are electrical energy. The mechanical power output
available in nature; one of them is wind energy which characteristics of the wind turbine for the different
plays a crucial role in the power system. In this speed input at zero pitch angle are shown in Fig.2.

Fig.2 Speed vs power characteristics of the wind turbine

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 Therefore, the wind turbine dynamic model equation is
A) Wind Turbine Modeling expressed as,
dm
The wind turbine can transform kinetic energy J  TElec  Tm  Fm ] (8)
into mechanical energy at variable speed and the dt
torque developed by the turbine will be derived from Where J= moment of inertia & F= Viscous friction
the mathematical modeling. The wind turbine and coefficient.
PMSG parameters considered in the system design are Three phase input voltage is written as,
shown in Table.1. The mechanical torque (Tm) 
produced by the wind turbine is expressed as, E A = E m sin ( wt ) 
1 1 
Tm  ACp (, ) 3 3 (1) 2 
2  E B = E m sin (wt - )  (9)
3 
Where,  =Air density (kg/m3), C p =Power 2 
E C = E m sin (wt + )
Coefficient, A= Sweep area of turbine blades (m2), 3 
 = Pitch angle (deg),  = Wind speed (m/s),  Table. 1: Wind turbine unit parameters
=Rotor angular velocity (rad/sec) and  = Tip-ratio. S.No Wind system parameters Ratings
And  can be expressed as, 1 Maximum output power 1kW
2 Wind base speed 12m/s
m r 3 Pitch angle 0o
 , where r = Rotor radius (m) (2) 4 Torque constant 1.8
 5 Flux linkage 1.2Wb-
Similarly, the mechanical power produced by the wind t
turbine is expressed as 6 Stator phase resistance 3.07Ω
1 7 Armature inductance 6.57mH
Pm  ACp (, ) 3 (3) 8 Maximum PMSG output 230V
2 voltage
B) PMSG Modeling
2.2 Vienna Rectifier (AC/DC converter)
The mechanical energy is converted into electrical
The Vienna Rectifier is an advantageous
energy using PMSG at high speed and fed to the
unidirectional PFC (power factor correction) rectifier with
AC/DC and/or AC/DC/AC converters for the DC
less number of active power switches, sinusoidal input
utility and/or AC mains. The mathematical modeling
current, and balanced output DC-link voltage, low voltage
of PMSG can be derived from machine parameters.
stress across switches, high switching operation and high
The electrical energy (voltage) developed by the
efficiency. The boost type rectifier is used for the wind,
PMSG is expressed as,
microturbines, low voltage DC (LVDC), high voltage DC
Vgq  (R g  pLq )i q  e (Ldi d   f ) (4)
distribution (HVDC) and AC mains at the front side for
Vgd  (R g  pLd )i d  e Lqi d (5) higher voltages of 400V-750V-1500V. It consists of 3-
switches and 18-diodes with DC-link capacitor at the
Where, id ,Vgd and iq,Vgq are the d-q axis stator current output. The current flow in the circuit depends on the
and voltage respectively, Ld and Lq are the d-q axis switching pattern, as mentioned in Table.2. As shown in
inductance of generator,  f = Magnetic flux (wb) and Fig.3a & 3b, for S1=0 (switch-OFF) current flows through
Rg refers to the resistance of the generator (Ω). the diodes from phase to neutral when is IA +ve and current
e is the electrical speed of the generator. The e is flows through the diodes from neutral to phase when IA is –
ve. Similarly, for S1=1 (switch-ON) current flows through
expressed as the switch S1 from phase to neutral when IA +ve and
e = pn m (6) current flows the switch S1 from neutral to phase when IA
The electromagnetic torque (TElec) of the PMSG is is –ve as shown in Fig.3c & 3d. In this way, circuit
expressed as, operation can be expressed for switch S2 and S3 i.e. for all
three phase voltage and current equations.
3
TElec  [ f i q  (Ld  Lq )i d i q ] (7)
2

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 a) b)

c) d)
Fig.3 Current flow in the circuit when S1=0 (Fig3a: IA +ve & Fig3b: IA -ve) and S1=1 (Fig3c: IA +ve & Fig3d: IA -ve)

Table.2: Switching Pattern

S1 S2 S3 VAN VBN VCN Charge Discharge
0 0 0 VDC VDC VDC C1, C2 -
+ - -
2 2 2
0 0 1 V V 0 C1, C2 -
+ DC - DC
2 2
0 1 0 V 0 VDC C1 C2
+ DC -
2 2
0 1 1 VDC 0 0 C1 C2
+
2
1 0 0 0 VDC V DC C1, C2 -
- -
2 2
1 0 1 0 V 0 C2 C1
- DC
2
1 1 0 0 0 VDC C1 C2
-
2
1 1 1 0 0 0 - C1, C2
VAN ,VBN and VCN are the terminal voltages which can be
The state-space equations for the input side voltage of written as the function of current and state of the switch.
rectifier are written as, VDC 
di  VAN  sgn( i A )(1  S1 ) 
E AN = Ri A + L A + VAN 2
dt  
 V 
di  VBN = DC sgn (i B )(1 - S2 )  (11)
E BN = Ri B + L B + VBN  (10) 2 
dt  V 
di  VCN = DC sgn (i c )(1 - S3 ) 
E CN = Ri C + L C + VCN 
2 
dt  Where, ‘sgn’ is the signum function of iA,B,C and the
where, R= source resistance, L=source inductance and output capacitor voltage of the Vienna rectifier is split
EA,B,C = terminal voltage of Vienna rectifier which depends VDC1 (+ VDC ) and VDC2 (- VDC ) at C and C
on the switching state and flow of current in the circuit. into 1 2
2 2

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 respectively. This voltage control ensures the balanced frame for a three-phase Vienna rectifier with eight
output and reduces to half of the DC – link voltage switching patterns which finds a voltage space vector.
across the switches. Therefore, the DC – link capacitor The switching patterns can be divided into six-sectors
voltage is written as, excluding V0 and V7 with the same magnitude of 2/3Vdc.
Each of the voltage vectors can be synchronized by the
VDC = VDC1 + VDC2  adjacent vector of the sector which minimizes the
 (12) switching time and current harmonic distortion. In this
V = VDC1 - VDC2  the three-phase current abc (iABC) can be transformed into
The current through the output capacitor is written as, (id & iq) d-q frame which compared by the reference
currents of idref and iqref , an error signal is given to the PI
d VDC1  (Proportional-Integral) controller where the reference
i C1 = C1 
dt currents can be taken from the output voltage VDC and
 (13) VDCref . Here id and iq in d-q frame transformed into abc
d VDC2 
i C2 = C2 frame which is given to SVPWM controller where the
dt  desired switching pulses will be generated. The following
equations are derived from the controller circuit. The
3. SVPWM Controller mathematical equations of voltage and current in
stationary d-q frame are expressed as,
The SVPWM current controller as shown in Fig.4
is used to generate the desired voltage vectors in the d-q

Fig.4 Proposed model of an SVPWM based three phase boost type Vienna Rectifier

d VDC 3 
C  (i q Sq  i d Sd ) - i L  Ki 
dt 2
 Vdref  (K  )(i dref  i d )  Li q  E d 
(14) S 
di q   (16)
L  Li d  Ri q  E q  VDCSq  K
dt  Vqref  (K  i )(i qref  i q )  Li d  E q 
S 
di d 
L  Li q  Ri d  E d  VDCSd 
dt  4. Result Analysis

di d  A 3-ϕ boost type Vienna rectifier is presented

Vd  E d  Li q  L  Ri d  E q  VDCSq  based on SVPWM current controller for a 1kW WECS.
dt 
 (15) The parameters considered for the system modeling are
di q  shown in Table.3. In this, the maximum of 230V is
Vq  E q  Li q  L  Ri q  E d  VDCSd
dt  generated by the PMSG of WECS, which is connected to
three phase Vienna rectifier (1kW) through a filter
Where Vd= VDCSd and Vq = VDCSq are the part of AC capacitor. The switches are operated as per the sequence of
voltages in thed-q frame. Similarly, reference voltage is pulse generation for the desired output of the rectifier i.e.
derived in d-q frame as, to get the 400V DC from 230V AC input. Fig.5 shows the
generated switching pulses for the switches S1, S2 and S3
and Fig.6 shows the given wind input to the turbine blades
with the variation of 8m/s to 16m/s and turbine speed in

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rad/sec (pu). Similarly, Fig.7 shows the results of turbine 2 Maximum output voltage of Vienna 400V
speed (Wm) (rad/sec), mechanical torque (Tm), phase Rectifier
voltage (VA) and phase current (IA). The 3-ϕ voltage 3 Input inductance (LA=LB=LC) 10mH
(VABC) and current (IABC) input are given to rectifier from 4 Input filter capacitance (CA=CB=CC) 100uF
WECS are shown in Fig.8. 5 DC-link capacitance (C1 + C2) 200µF
Table.3: Proposed circuit parameters 6 Diode resistance (RON) 0.001Ω
7 Load resistance (R) 160 Ω
S.No Circuit parameters Ratings 8 Maximum output power 1kW
1 Three phase input voltage 230V

Fig.5 Switching pulses (S1, 2, 3) generated by the SVPWM controller

Fig.6 Simulation results of wind input and rotor speed (Wm) (pu)

Fig.7 Results of turbine speed (Wm) (rad/sec), mechanical torque (Tm), phase voltage (VA) and phase current (IA)

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 Fig.8 Simulation results of three phase voltage (VABC) and current (IABC)

The output active power (PAC), apparent power Fig.11 for DC output voltage (VDC), current (IDC) and
(PAPP) and reactive power (PReac) of the PMSG are shown power (PDC). And one of the main desirable parameters is
in Fig.9, which states the maximum power generation from voltage stress and power loss across the switches, which
the PMSG even for low-speed wind turbines in the small- results in the high-efficiency power conversion of the
scale WECS. The output of the AC/DC converters is converter. The voltage across the switches is reduced to
mainly depended on the DC-link capacitors, which is half of the DC-link voltage which results in reduced
maintained at a constant value even for large input switching losses, and the voltage (VSW), current (ISW) and
variations as shown in Fig.10. Similarly, the desired power (PSW) waveforms are plotted for the switch S3 as
output waveforms of the proposed rectifier are depicted in shown in Fig.12 and similar to the other the switches.

Fig.9 Simulation results of Active power (PAC), Apparent power (PAPP) and Reactive power (PReac) at output of PMSG

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 Fig.10 Simulation results of voltage across the DC-link capacitors C1 and C2

Fig.11 Simulation results of DC output voltage (VDC), current (IDC) and power (PDC)

Fig.12 Simulation results of voltage (VSW), current (ISW) and power (PSW) at switch S3

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 5. Conclusion [6] Foureaux NC, Oliveira JH, de Oliveira FD, Cardoso
Filho BD, de Faria RS. Command Generation for
In this paper, the SVPWM current controller based Wide-Range Operation of Hysteresis-Controlled
boost type Vienna rectifier is proposed for a 1kW PMSG Vienna Rectifiers. IEEE Transactions on Industry
wind conversion energy conversion system with reduced Applications. 2015 May; 51(3):2373-80.
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