A Comparison Study Between Traditional and Modern Methods of Performance Appraisal System
A Comparison Study Between Traditional and Modern Methods of Performance Appraisal System
A Comparison Study Between Traditional and Modern Methods of Performance Appraisal System
appraisal as the systematic periodic and impartial rating of an employee’s excellence in the
matters pertaining to his present job and his potential for a better job. Performance appraisal is a
successful process when it benefits the employee, the manager and as well as the organization as
a whole. The employee tends to develop a deeper understanding of their on-job roles and his/her
strengths, weaknesses and developmental needs. Also, the goals of the employee become clear
and concrete when they get a chance to discuss their career objectives and gain direction. The
process of Performance appraisal is also crucial for managers as it serves as an opportunity for
them to interact and exchange opinions with employees, motivate them and coach them better.
The organizations also receive up to date information about its employee’s performance and
aspirations which can be used further to plan succession and better develop both employees and
organization parallelly.
The literature on performance appraisal has seen many milestone changes since 1980’s. Till
1980’s the focus was to develop sound rating scales and test their psychometric properties.
During the 1980s there was a shift towards the cognitive characteristics of the raters (Fieldman,
1981; Landy and Farr, 1980). They developed models on how raters judge the employee,
attribution errors, stereotyping and all the different biases leading to faulty judgment. The major
development of Performance appraisal system took place when researches suggested that context
in which appraisal occurs is important to understand. This was because appraisal takes place in a
social context, therefore there must be imperative components present that influence and
George Strauss and Leonard R.Sayles have classified performance appraisal methods into two
broad categories which are most commonly used in all organizations, Traditional Methods and
Modern Methods. The key difference between traditional and modern methods is how traditional
methods focus more on an individual’s personal traits and modern method focus on traits of an
Essay or Free Form is a short essay written by the evaluator based on the employee’s
performance. It can be a narrative about the employee’s strengths, weaknesses and past
performance. It should be concrete and mostly has suggestions for improvement. However easy
to use the essays can be also widely depend on the writing skills of the rater and how he/she
perceives the individual to be personally. Thus, it contains a lot of rater’s biases. Also, absence
of quantitative data reduces the subjectivity of the method. Critical Incident method is similar
to essay method, here the appraiser keeps a detailed record of all the crucial job behaviors of the
employees. These behaviors can be polarized both ways, exceptionally good or low. Later on,
these incidents form the premises on the basis of which evaluation takes place. Along with being
a very time-consuming process it is not continuous. The incident may be important to employee
behavior but not help determine job performance, this is a major drawback of method. As an
advantage of this method is providing description and proofs of the behavior sometimes only
some negative events can be prioritized which dooms the process overall.
Straight Ranking Method is one of the simplest forms of ranking, when the employer ranks the
subordinates from the best of worst, with only providing rank orders. The method does not
justify how and why does the person stand where it does. It also does not explain how the person
can move up ranks and improve. The method also does not keep in mind the behavioral aspects
and personal traits of the subordinates. In order to evolve some drawbacks, Paired comparison
Method was formulated where employees are compared with each other but only two at a time
usually based on one trait only. As each employee will be ranked again and again it becomes a
Force Distribution Method was introduced by Tiffen. This method forces the raters to
distribute scores such that they confirm to a normal distribution. Again, like other methods, this
Checklist method as the name suggest the data uses a checklist to weigh and evaluate the
performance of an employment. The list of questions is usually long and thus the process takes
time. Also, the gathering and interpreting the data is teddies process. Felid review method is a
method which requires the managers to answer detailed questions about his subordinate’s
performance, work progress strengths and weakness. This evaluation is done by a third person
As traditional method tend to be time consuming these cannot be carried out in larger
organizations due to time constraints. Also, many of these above mentions are subjective to
rater’s skill set and judgement for evaluation. Therefore, practitioner felt a need to shift towards
job traits of employee under evaluation. The modern methods lay emphasis on aspects of job
achievement making the process objective. Depending on the objectivity alone one can say that
the modern method of a appraisals are less biased. Some of the modern methods are explained.
Assessment center method in assessment centers multiple assessment takes place through
incorporating role playing, business games and in-basket exercises. This method can be traced
back to 1930s when Germany used this to appraise army officers. With its spread to US, UK it
became popular in India in 1960s. Companies like Hindustan liver, Modi Xerox have adopted it.
These assessments are conducted by trained evaluators and experienced managers. Along with a
summarized report for each individual feedback is also provided. This is one of the most
important stage which is not incorporated in traditional methods. These assessments are done for
appraisals and also help determine future needs. All these exercises are derived by on-job needs
and thus painting a realistic picture. As a group of assessors are involved evaluation cannot be
biased or skewed, in-fact different perspectives can help better feedbacks. However, the
technique limits the number of individuals that can participate and therefore is not a god option
for a large organization. Also, it might lead unhealthy competitions among employees during
DAC.
360 Degree Appraisal as the name suggests data is collected from all sources which play and
role in job performance. There are managers, subordinates, peers as well as customers, this has
proven to enhance overall performance (Atwater et al., 1995; Reilly et al., 1996). This perhaps
the only method that incorporates reviews from customers. It provides a holistic 360◦ view of an
individual’s performance. General Electric Company (USA) developed this method in 1992 and
is now popular with Indian companies like Reliance Industries, Wipro Corporations, Infosys
Technologies, Thermax and Thomas Cook. All the appraisers answer survey questionnaire about
the employee, this information is then collected and presented in form of a report. This report
highlights feedback and potential growth areas. Mostly computerized these require lesser time
than traditional Essay or Critical Incident reports. Despite its efforts to reduce biases, this method
is still subjected to biases by the appraiser. If the peer or manager dislike the employee, they may
tend to provide a negative review despite the employee’s good performance. Researches have
shown that when ratings were low, employees reacted negatively, expressed anger, and rejected
Management By Objective
appraiser bias. The manager and employee set goals with respect to organization goals, areas of
responsibility and then these set the criteria for evaluation. This is the only method which
evaluation. This is the only method which allows continuous and long dialogues of interaction
between employee- manager. These should always be seen from motivational point of view. A
serious problem arises when unrealistic goals are set or the goals are ill-defined or vague. For
example, a goal like “will try to be better at managing” is an unmeasurable goal. Also, the
process of setting goals can cause tension between the employee and the manager thus
weakening their relationship. This process is also very time consuming and might hinder with the
It can be clearly understood how traditional methods of performance appraisal did not fulfill the
objective for which performance appraisal is done. They are deficit in providing feedback and
highlighting areas of development and enhancing the potential growth areas which are the need
of the hour. Goal- setting is now a defined periodic process which is done by every employee
and organization, traditional methods failed to incorporate this basic process and were skewed
towards fulfillment of broad organization goals by the employee. Adding to this, using
traditional methods the employee could not focus on self-development and self-growth which the
Modern methods are inclusive, employee himself and managers, peers all take part in this
process and thus employee engagement increases. The employee feels acknowledged and looked
after which increases performance and commitment towards the organization. Traditional
method can be said to be individualistic whereas modern methods are much more systematic.
They follow a step by step process and defined criteria for evaluation which cannot be changed
by the evaluator. Also, traditional methods tend to follow an evaluative style. Modern methods
enhance scope of coaching and follow a motivating style. Modern method focusses on problem
solving and answer questions such as how and why, which traditional methods do not provide.
Therefore, modern methods can be called Developmental. Another key difference is how
traditional methods are occasional and a one-time process and modern methods are frequent and
a continuous on-going process. Lastly the rewards of the appraisal are yielded by the employee
only, when following a traditional approach. Wherein using the modern approach, the employee,
Performance feedback is a very important aspect of performance appraisal process which was
lacking in traditional methods of appraisal. Researches show how tasks that are performed to
satisfy one’s wishes and aspirations (promotion tasks) benefit from positive feedback. Therefore,
References
Appraising the state of performance appraisal, John Edmonstone, University of Keele, Keele,
UK
From Van Dijk, D., Schodl, M.M., 2015. Performance Appraisal and Evaluation. In: James D.
Towards a Sound Performance Appraisal System: An Agenda for Action, Vol.4, No.1, 2013