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Chapter One

Fluid properties
By Ahmed YASHAR

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 What is the Fluid ???
fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows)
under an applied shear stress, no matter how small.

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3
 Why are we studying fluid
mechanics
Fluid mechanics is involved in nearly all areas of Engineering either directly or
indirectly.

· Sea and river (flood);

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 Physical Properties of Fluid.
1. Mass Density
2. Weight Density
3. Relative Density
4. Specific Volume
5. Viscosity
6. Surface Tension (Capillary Rise or
Depression)
7. Compressibility and elasticity

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 Units of Dimension
SI British Dim.
Mass Kg Slug (M)
Length m ft ( L)
Time Sec Sec (T)
Force N lb (F)
Temperature C F

Gravity = 32.2 ft/s2 = 9.81 m/s2

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 Mass Density
is defined as substance mass per unit volume. The symbol most
often used for density is ρ (the Greek letter rho).
ρ is the density (kg/m³) or (slug/ft3 )
m is the mass (kg ) ( slug )
V is the volume (m³) ( ft3 )

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Example (1) & (2)
An unknown liquid substance has a mass of 18.5 g and occupies a
volume of 23.4 ml. (milliliter).

The density can be calculated as

The density of substance is 4507 kg/m3. Calculate the mass of 0.17 m3 !

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 Weight Density
Weight Density : defined as weight per unit volume.( γ )

Note :-
Specific Weight = Weight Density

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 Relative Density
• is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a
substance to the density of a given reference material
(water).

Note:-
1. Specific Gravity ( SG ) = Relative Density (rd)
2. At 4°C or 39.4°F
γ water = 9810 N/m3 = 62.4 lb/ft3
ρ water = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.94 slug/ft3

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 Example ( 3 )
• A container filled with oil that weights 2kN and the volume of the container is
(400 lit).
calculate the weight and mass density and relative density ?

Solution :-

Or

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 Specific Volume
the specific volume of a substance is the ratio of
the substance's volume to its mass. It is the
reciprocal of density:

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 Example ( 4 )
Compute the density and specific weight of mercury in BG units,
if the specific gravity of the mercury is ( 13.56 ) .
Solution :-

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Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed
by shear stress .
 molasses (‫ )دبس‬and tar (‫)قطران‬ are example for viscous
liquid.

Water and air have very small resistance.

The viscosity of gas increase with temp.

The viscosity of liquid decrease with temp.

The substance above has lower viscosity than the substance below 14
Newton low of viscosity
Experimentally shown that

Stress at the upper point

Stress at the any point

dy
y u du

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 Viscosity

units Pa·s, Poise, P

Kinematic viscosity is the viscosity divided by the density (typical units cm2/s,
Stokes, St).

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 Capillary Rise or Depression
adhesiveness - the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining
of surfaces of different composition.
cohesiveness - The force of attraction that holds molecules of a given substance
together. It is strongest in solids, less strong in liquids, and least strong in gases.

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 Surface Tension
(Capillary Rise or Depression)
The weight of liquid = The surface tension force
γ * volume = σ * contact length * cos θ

Where
γ= Weight Density
h
h= Height of the liquid
r= radius of tube
r
σ= surface tension coefficient
θ=angle of contact

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 Capillary Rise or Depression

Note : when the glass clean,

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 Example ( 5 )
A (2 mm ) diameter clean glass tube is immersed in water 15°C . Determine the
height of the water climb up the tube. The water makes a contact angle of zero
with clean glass.
Solution :-

h= 0.0151 m

From table we find σ and γ

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 Compressibility and elasticity
Reduction in volume due to increasing in pressure applied on this
volume.

F1 , V1 F2, V2 F3 , V3

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Compressibility and elasticity
Each pressure Strain

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Compressibility and elasticity
Bulk modulus of elasticity ( β or E) ‫معامل المرونة الحجمي‬

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 Example ( 6 )
A fluid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000 cm3 at 1
MPa and a volume of 995 cm3 at 2 MPa. Determine the bulk
modulus of elasticity ?
Solution :-

Units = ??

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 Example ( 7 )
The volume of tank is (190 lit) the weight of this tank is (200 N) when it’s
empty and (2 kN) when it’s filled by oil, calculate the weight density
(γ), mass density (ρ), relative density (r.d or S ), specific volume of oil.
Solution :-

specific volume = ?

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 Example ( 8 )
The specific gravity of ethyl alcohol is 0.79.
Calculate
1. specific weight ?
2. Mass density ?

Do not forget
1. Specific Weight = Weight Density ( γ )
2. Specific Gravity ( SG ) = Relative Density (rd)
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 Example ( 9 )
Liquid with 0.006 kg/m.sec viscosity and 850 kg/m3
density. Determine it’s kinematic viscosity ?

Solution :-

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 Example ( 10 )
L

F1=500 N F1
V1=1 m/Sec V1
When F2 =1500 N find V2 = ??

Solution :- D

A= π D L t

V2=3 m/Sec

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Example ( 11 )
t=0.1 mm 20°

A=25x25 cm
μ= 0.38 N.s / m2
V= ??

Solution :-
W=400N

20°
V=
400 sin 20 W=400N 400 cos 20
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 Example ( 12 )
Oil with mass density ( 850 kg/m3) is following in a pipe (200 mm), the shear
stress at the pipe wall ( 0.07 N/m2) and the velocity distribution is(v=1-100r2).
Find kinematic viscosity ?
Solution :-

y
R
r

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 H.W 1
mid-plate dimension is 1 x 1 m

V=0.5 m/s
4 cm
2 cm F =41 N

Determine ??
Solution :-

τ1 V=0.5 m/s

F =41 N
τ2

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 H.W 2
t=2 mm
3
A=60x60 cm
μ= ?? 3 θ 4
Solution :- 4

W=100N

W=100N

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H.W3
μ= 0.05 N.S/m2 V=0.5 m/s
0.5 cm
A=30X60 cm
F=?? F= ??
1 cm

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 Water Properties in SI Units
vapor Vapor Surface Kinematic
Bulk modulus head Viscosity
mass Weight
pressure Tension Viscosity density
density
Temp.

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 Water Properties in British Units
vapor Vapor Surface Kinematic mass Weight
Bulk modulus head pressure Viscosity
Tension Viscosity
density density
Temp.

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 Example (13)
• Drive an expression for capillary rise or depression
between two vertical parallel plates separated by
distance (s).

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