See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/268510037

A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-friendly Refrigerants as Alternatives to

R22 using a Simple Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Article  in  Transactions of FAMENA · November 2014

CITATIONS READS

8 2,021

4 authors, including:

B.O. Bolaji olasunkanmi Salami Ismaila

Federal University Oye-Ekiti University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
118 PUBLICATIONS   876 CITATIONS    89 PUBLICATIONS   295 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Computerized inventory management for a manufacturing industry View project

Applicability of Peleg’s equation in predicting water absorption during the soaking of rice View project

All content following this page was uploaded by B.O. Bolaji on 20 November 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Bukola Olalekan Bolaji
Israel Olutunji Abiala
Salami Olasunkanmi Ismaila
Francis Olusesi Borokinni

ISSN 1333-1124
eISSN 1849-1391

A THEORETICAL COMPARISON OF TWO ECO-FRIENDLY

REFRIGERANTS AS ALTERNATIVES TO R22 USING A SIMPLE
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

UDK 621.565.8:536.7

Summary

The paper presents a theoretical investigation into the performance of R432A and
R433A refrigerants as alternatives to the ozone depleting R22 refrigerant. The two
refrigerants have zero ozone depleting potential and a negligible global warming potential.
The results obtained showed that the properties of the three investigated refrigerants are
similar. The saturation vapour pressures for R432A and R433A, between the saturation
temperatures of -30 to 40oC, are 99.6 and 99.3% the same as that of R22. The performance of
R22 in terms of power per ton of refrigeration (PPTR), volumetric refrigeration capacity
(VRC) and coefficient of performance (COP) is slightly better than the performance of the
two alternative refrigerants. The average COPs obtained for R432A and R433A were lower
by only 4.5 and 5.4%, respectively, than those of R22, but the two alternative refrigerants
equally exhibited better pressure ratios, discharge temperatures and pressures than R22. Both
R432A and R433A have higher refrigerating effects than R22. The VRC and COP of R432A
are higher by 3.8% and 0.9%, respectively, than those of R433A. Generally, the performance
of the two alternative refrigerants is quite similar in all operation conditions and they have
shown satisfactory performance as good long term alternatives to R22 refrigeration systems.

Key words: eco-friendly, alternative refrigerants, performance, R432A, R433A

1. Introduction
Nowadays, ozone depleting and global warming issues are recognized as critical aspects
of the most serious global environmental problems [1,2]. For many years,
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been used
successfully as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning solvents, and aerosol propellants. These
refrigerants seem to be an ideal choice due to their unique thermodynamic and thermo-
physical properties, as well as chemical stability in various refrigeration and air-conditioning
applications [3]. However, they also have harmful effect on the Earth’s protective ozone layer

TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014) 59

B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly
S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
[4]. Therefore, they have been phased out due to the environmental concerns about their
ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP). CFCs have been
banned in developed countries since 1996, and from January 1st, 2010, the production and use
of CFCs are prohibited completely all over the world [5, 6].
R22 has been used in virtually all residential air-conditioners and heat pumps because of
its inherent efficiency and high refrigeration capacity; it also has the largest sales volume
among all refrigerants. However, it belongs to the family of hydro-chlorofluorocarbon
(HCFC) refrigerants, which contain the ozone depleting chlorine atom and are now
substances controlled by the Montreal protocol. HCFC refrigerants will be phased out by
2020 in developed countries and 2030 in developing countries [7, 8]. However, in the
European Union, HCFC has been phased out since 2010. Exceptions are recycled and
reclaimed refrigerants which should be phased out by the end of 2014. Therefore, the industry
and researchers in this field are in search of long-term solutions.
The research on refrigerant replacement for R22 has been one of dominant topics in the
refrigeration and air-conditioning industry. No single-component fluid has been identified as a
replacement for R22 that would meet all performance, environmental, and safety
requirements [9]. In the search for ideal alternatives for R22, initially, pure HFCs, such as
R134a, R125, R32 or R143a, were tested. However, only R134a was fairly suitable as single
fluid refrigerant substitute for R22 in air-conditioning and medium temperature applications,
however, with poorer performance [8]. Several alternatives, including binary, ternary and
quartet blends of hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs) have been considered as potential replacement
fluids, since mixing two or more refrigerants can create a new working fluid with desired
characteristics.
Many refrigerants were assessed through the Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation
Program (AREP) as potential replacements for R22 [10, 11]. The most promising alternative
refrigerants that emerged were R410A, R407C and R134a. R407C and R410A were found to
be suitable substitutes in air-conditioning and medium temperature applications [12]. In the
mid-1990s the application of R407C in residential air conditioners and heat pumps has
received wide acceptance in the European market. R407C is a ternary mixture refrigerant
composed of R32/R125/R134a (23/25/52% in weight). The operation pressure and
temperature of R407C are equivalent to those of R22, therefore, just slight modifications on
existing R22 air-conditioners are needed for changing to R407C air-conditioners directly.
Some researchers have carried out theoretical and experimental investigations to assess
azeotropic and zeotropic mixtures as R22 substitutes. A theoretical development of the
thermodynamic properties of two mixtures of HFC refrigerants (R407C and R410A) was
carried out by Monte [13]. Aprea and Greco [14] evaluated the performance of R22 and
R407C in a vapour compression plant with a reciprocating compressor. Aprea et al. [15]
evaluated performances of R22 substitutes in a vapour compression plant with regulated
refrigeration capacity by means of a variable speed compressor. Han et al. [16] studied
experimentally the cycle performance of R32/R125/R161 refrigerant mixture as an alternative
to R407C. Park et al. [17] studied the thermodynamic performance of R433A as an alternative
to R22 used in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps. Also, Fatouh et al. [8] assessed the
performance of a direct expansion air-conditioners working with R407C as an R22 alternative
and showed that the best performance in terms of operating parameters as well as coefficient
of performance (COP) are obtained by using R22.

60 TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014)

A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala
Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
Most of these studies recommended R407C and R410A as potential substitutes for R22.
But these refrigerants are HFC mixtures and the global warming of HFCs has become a
hurdle to accept them as long-term solutions (Table 1). Now, the focus is on the use of natural
refrigerants, such as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons have many advantages including
environmental friendliness, chemical stability, high heat transfer coefficients and low
refrigerant charge. They are compatible with common materials found in refrigeration and air-
conditioning systems and are soluble in conventional mineral oils [18].
The major disadvantage of hydrocarbons as refrigerants is their flammability. It should
be remembered that millions of tonnes of hydrocarbons are used safely every year throughout
the world for cooking, heating, powering vehicles and as aerosol propellants. In these
industries, procedures and standards have been developed and adopted to ensure the safe use
of the product. The same approach has also been adopted by the refrigeration industry.
Various applications have been developed to deal with the flammability and safety problems,
such as the use of enhanced compact heat exchangers, the optimization of system designs, the
reduction in the charge of systems and the establishment of rules and regulations for safety
precautions [19-21].
In the present study, the performance of hydrocarbon mixtures (R432A and R433A)
with zero ODP and negligible GWP (Table 1) is investigated theoretically in a vapour
compression refrigeration system. R432A is a near azeotropic mixture composed of 80%
propylene (R1270) and 20% dimethylether (RE170) by weight. R433A is also a near
azeotropic mixture composed of 30% propylene (R1270) and 70% propane (R290) by weight.
The performance of these refrigerants was evaluated and compared with that of R22.
Table 1 Environmental and thermophysical properties of investigated refrigerants [22, 23]
Environmental and Refrigerants
thermophysical properties R22 R432A R433A R407C R410A
o
Critical temperature ( C) 96.2 97.3 94.4 86.0 71.4
Normal boiling point,
-40.8 -46.6 -44.6 -44.0 -51.0
NBP (oC)
Temperature glide (oC) - 1.0 0.4 5 0.2
Composition - R1270 (80%) R1270 (30%) R32 (23%) R32 (50%)
RE170 (20%) R290 (70%) R125 (25%) R125 (50%)
R134a (52%)
Molar mass (kg/kmol) 86.5 42.8 43.5 86.2 72.6
ODP 0.05 0 0 0 0
GWP 1500 4 4 1525 1725

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Vapour compression refrigeration system
Fig. 1 shows the vapour compression refrigeration cycle on a p-h diagram. The
refrigeration system is made up of four major components: a condenser, an evaporator, a
compressor and an expansion device. In the evaporator, the liquid refrigerant vapourizes by
absorbing latent heat from the material being cooled, and the resulting low pressure vapour
refrigerant then passes from the evaporator to the compressor. The compressor is the heart of
the refrigeration system. It pumps and circulates the refrigerant through the system, and
supplies the necessary force to keep the system operating. It raises the refrigerant pressure and
consequently the temperature, to enable heat rejection in the condenser at a higher
temperature. The condenser is a device used for removing heat from the refrigeration system

TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014) 61

B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly
S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
to a medium which has lower temperature than the refrigerant in the condenser. The high
pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser passes into the evaporator through an
expansion device or a restrictor that reduces the pressure of the refrigerant to the low pressure
existing in the evaporator. The expansion device regulates or controls the flow of the liquid
refrigerant to the evaporator.

Condensation

Expansion
Compression
Evaporation

Fig. 1 Vapour compression refrigeration cycle on a p-h diagram

2.2 Determination of thermodynamic properties of refrigerants

The most fundamental of a working fluid’s thermal properties that are needed for the
prediction of a refrigerant system’s performance are the pressure-volume-temperature (PvT)
in an equilibrium state. Other properties, such as enthalpy and entropy as well as the
Helmholtz and Gibbs functions, may be derived from a PvT correlation utilizing specific heat.
There exists a myriad of equations-of-state, which have been classified into families. These
equations have been used to develop the most widely used refrigerant database software
known as REFPROP [22, 24]. This software was developed and is maintained by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology and is currently in its ninth edition. It uses several
equations-of-state to correlate 33 single component refrigerants and 29 predefined mixtures,
along with the ability to construct virtually any desired mixture of up to five components [25].
This software was used in this work to compute the properties of the investigated refrigerants.
2.3 Data reduction
After the thermodynamic properties of each state of the cycle are determined, the
equations for the cycle analysis are obtained by means of mass and energy conservation. The
data reduction of the theoretical results is analysed with the equations stated below.
Considering the cycle on the p-h diagram in Fig. 1, the heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the
evaporator or refrigerating effect (Qevap, kJ/kg) is calculated as:
Qevap = (h1 – h4) (1)
where, h1 = specific enthalpy of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator (kJ/kg); and
h4 = specific enthalpy of the refrigerant at the inlet of the evaporator (kJ/kg). The compressor
work input (Wc, kJ/kg) is obtained as:
Wc = (h2 – h1) (2)
where, h2 = specific enthalpy of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor (kJ/kg). The
flow of the refrigerant in the throttling valve from point 3 to point 4 is at constant enthalpy
(isenthalpy). Therefore,
h3 = h 4 (3)

62 TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014)

A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala
Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
where, h3 = specific enthalpy of the refrigerant at the outlet of the condenser (kJ/kg). The
pressure ratio (PR) of the cycle is obtained as:
Pcond
PR  (4)
Pevap
where, Pcond = condensing pressure (MPa) and Pevap = condensing pressure (MPa). Power per
ton of refrigeration (PPTR) is obtained as:
3.5Wc
PPTR  (5)
Qevap
The volumetric refrigerating capacity (VRC, kJ/m3) is the cooling capacity per unit of vapour
volume at the exit of the evaporator and is calculated as follows:
VRC  1  Qevap (6)

where, 1 = density of the refrigerant at the exit of the evaporator (kg/m3). The coefficient of
performance (COP) is the refrigerating effect produced per unit of work required; therefore,
COP is obtained as the ratio of Eq. (1) to Eq. (2):
Qevap
COPref  (7)
Wc

3. Results and Discussion

The curves of the variation of the saturation vapour pressure with the evaporating
temperature for the substitute refrigerants (R432A and R433A) compared with the base
refrigerant (R22) are shown in Fig. 2. As shown in this figure, there is no significant deviation
between the curves for the alternative refrigerants and that of the base refrigerant.

Fig. 2 Saturation vapour pressure curves

The saturation vapour pressures for R432A and R433A, between the saturation
temperatures of -30 to 40oC, are 99.6 and 99.3% the same as that of R22. This indicates that
R432A and R433A refrigerants exhibit similar properties to R22 and will work successfully
as alternative refrigerants for R22.

TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014) 63

B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly
S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
Fig. 3 shows the influence of the evaporating temperature on refrigerating effects for
R432A, R433A and R22 at the condensing temperature of 50oC. As shown in the figure, the
refrigerating effect increases as the evaporator temperature increases for all the investigating
refrigerants. This is due to the increase in the latent heat energy of the refrigerant. Very high
latent heat energy is desirable since the mass flow rate per unit of capacity is lower. When the
latent value is high, the energy efficiency and capacity of the compressor are greatly
increased. The refrigerating effects of the alternative refrigerants (R432A and R433A), as
clearly shown in Fig. 3, are higher than that of R22.

Fig. 3 Influence of evaporating temperature on the refrigerating effect

Fig. 4 Compressor energy input versus evaporating temperature

The influence of the evaporating temperature on the compressor energy input for R22
and the two alternative refrigerants at the condensing temperature of 50oC is shown in Fig. 4.
The figure shows that the work of compression decreases as the temperature of the evaporator

64 TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014)

A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala
Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
increases. R432A and R433A refrigerants exhibited a higher compressor energy input than
R22, but they equally exhibited a very high refrigerating effect (Fig. 3), which is a form of
compensation for their high compressor energy input.

Fig. 5 Influence of evaporating temperature on the power per ton of refrigeration

Fig. 5 shows the power consumption per ton of refrigeration for R22 and the two
investigated alternative refrigerants as a function of the evaporating temperature at the
condensing temperature of 50oC. The curves for alternative refrigerants are almost the same,
which indicate the same performance in the system. The average power consumptions per ton
of refrigeration obtained for R432A and R433A were 5.1 and 6.5%, respectively, higher than
that of R22.

Fig. 6 Influence of the evaporating temperature on the pressure ratio

TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014) 65

B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly
S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
The influence of the evaporating temperature on the pressure ratio at the condensing
temperature of 50oC for R22 and the alternative refrigerants is shown in Fig. 6. From the
figure it was observed that the pressure ratios for the investigated refrigerants reduced with
the increase in the evaporating temperature. The increase in the evaporating temperature will
simultaneously increase the pressure, which will reduce the pressure ratio since the
condensing temperature is constant. This justified the curve profile of Fig. 6. The pressure
ratio of R22 was found to be the highest, while that of R433A was the lowest. The average
pressure ratios obtained for R432A and R433A were 7.3 and 11.9%, respectively, lower than
that of R22.
Fig. 7 shows the variation of the discharge temperature for R22 and the two investigated
alternative refrigerants as a function of the evaporating temperature at the condensing
temperature of 50oC. The alternative refrigerants (R432A and R433A) exhibited lower values
of the discharge temperature than R22. High discharge temperature is detrimental to the
performance of the system, therefore, the low discharge temperature exhibited by the two
alternative refrigerants indicates that using them as drop-in substitutes in R22 systems will
produce less strain on the compressor and hence a longer compressor life. The average
discharge temperatures obtained for R432A and R433A were 16.5 and 23.7%, respectively,
lower than that of R22.

Fig. 7 Influence of the evaporating temperature on the discharge temperature

Fig. 8 shows the discharge pressure at the condensing temperature of 50oC for R22 and
its two alternative refrigerants. The discharge pressure is an important parameter that affects
the performance of a refrigerating system. It influences the stability of the lubricants and
compressor components. Also, high discharge temperature is detrimental to the performance
of the system. R432A and R433A exhibited discharge pressure very close to that of R22.
R432A and R433A have an advantage of slightly lower discharge pressure than R22 by 3.7
and 5.9%, respectively, of the average values.

66 TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014)

A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala
Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Fig. 8 Discharge pressure of the refrigerants at condensing temperature of 50oC

The influence of the evaporator temperature on the volumetric refrigerating capacity

(VRC) at the condensing temperature of 50oC for R22 and the two alternative refrigerants is
shown in Fig. 9. As shown in the figure, VRC increases as the evaporator temperature
increases for all the investigating refrigerants. This is due to the increase in the density of
refrigerant vapour at the exit of the evaporator. A high cooling capacity can be obtained from
a high volumetric capacity refrigerant for a given swept volume in the compressor. The VRCs
of the two alternative refrigerants are very close to that of R22, which shows that they can use
the same compressor size with R22. The average VRCs obtained for R432A and R433A were
9.0 and 12.5%, respectively, lower than that of R22.

Fig. 9 Volumetric refrigerating capacity versus evaporator temperature

TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014) 67

B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly
S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
The coefficient of performance (COP) for R22 and its two alternative refrigerant
mixtures at varying evaporating temperature at the condensing temperature of 40oC is shown
in Fig. 10. Similar trends were observed in the curve profiles for all the investigated
refrigerants. The COP increases with an increase in the evaporator temperature. The COPs of
the three alternative refrigerants are very close to that of R22. The average COPs obtained for
R432A and R433A were 4.5 and 5.4%, respectively, lower than that of R22.

Fig. 10 Influence of the evaporating temperature on the coefficient of performance (COP)

4. Conclusions
In this study, the performance of the eco-friendly R432A and R433A as R22
alternatives was investigated theoretically in a standard vapour compression refrigeration
system at the condensing temperature of 50oC. The following conclusions can be drawn from
the analysis and discussion of the results:
(i) There is no significant deviation between the saturation vapour pressure profiles for
R432A, R433A and R22 refrigerants. The saturation vapour pressures for R432A and
R433A, between the saturation temperatures of -30 to 40oC, are 99.6 and 99.3% the
same as that of R22. This indicates the existence of similar properties and that both
R432A and R433A will work successfully as drop-in substitutes for R22.
(ii) R432A and R433A exhibited a much higher refrigerating effect than R22.
(iii) The Power per Ton of Refrigeration (PPTR), the volumetric refrigeration capacity
(VRC) and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the alternative two refrigerants
are very close to those of R22, but R22 exhibited better performance of these three
parameters than the two alternative refrigerants. Average PPTRs of R432A and
R433A are 5.1 and 6.5%, respectively, higher, while their average COPs are 4.5 and
5.4%, respectively, lower than those of R22,.
(iv) The two alternative refrigerants exhibited a better and lower pressure ratio, discharge
temperature and discharge pressure than R22.

68 TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014)

A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala
Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
(v)The performance of the two alternative refrigerants is quite similar in all operation
conditions, but the VRC and the COP of R432a are higher by 3.8 and 0.9%,
respectively, than those of R433A.
Generally, both R432A and R433A have shown satisfactory performance as good long
term alternatives to R22 in vapour compression refrigeration systems.

REFERENCES
[1] Park K., Jung D., Performance of heat pumps charged with R170/R290 mixture, Applied Energy, 86,
2598-2603 (2009).
[2] Bolaji B.O., Akintunde M.A., Falade T.O., Comparative Analysis of Performance of Three Ozone-
Friendly HFC Refrigerants in a Vapour Compression Refrigerator, Journal of Sustainable Energy and
Environment, 2, no. 2, 61-64 (2011).
[3] Jain V., Kachhwaha S.S., Mishra R.S., Comparative performance study of vapour compression
refrigeration system with R22/R134a/R410A/R407C/M20, International Journal of Energy And
Environment, 2, no. 2, 297-310 (2011).
[4] He M., Li T. Liu Z., Zhang Y., Testing of the mixing refrigerants R152a/R125 in domestic refrigerator,
Applied Thermal Engineering, 25, 169-1181 (2005).
[5] UNEP, Handbook for international treaties for protection of the ozone layers, 6th Ed., United Nation
Environment Program (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya (2003).
[6] Dalkilic A.S., Wongwises S., A performance comparison of vapour-compression refrigeration system
using various alternative refrigerants, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 37,
1340-1349 (2010).
[7] Devotta S., Padalkar A.S, Sane N.K., Performance assessment of R22 window air conditioner retrofitted
with R407C, Applied Thermal Engineering, 25, 2937-2949 (2005).
[8] Fatouh M., Ibrahim T.A., Mostafa A., Performance assessment of a direct expansion air conditioner
working with R407C as an R22 alternative, Applied Thermal Engineering, 30, 127-133 (2010).
[9] Bolaji B.O., Investigating the performance of some environment-friendly refrigerants as alternative to
R12 in vapour compression refrigeration system, PhD. Thesis in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, (2008)
[10] ARI, Soft-optimized system tests conducted with several possible R22 and R502 alternatives, Air-
conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, Virginia, USA, (1997).
[11] Bolaji B.O., Performance investigation of ozone-friendly R404A and R507 refrigerants as alternatives to
R22 in a window air-conditioner, Energy and Buildings, 43, 3139-3143 (2011).
[12] Fernandez-Seara J., Uhia F.J. Diz R., Dopazo J.A., Vapour condensation of R22 retrofit substitutes
R417A, R422A and R422D on CuNi turbo C tubes, International Journal of Refrigeration, 33, 148-157
(2010).
[13] Monte F., Calculation of thermodynamic properties of R407C and R410A by the Martin-Hou equation of
state- part I: Theoretical development, International Journal of Refrigeration, 25, 306-313 (2002).
[14] Aprea C., Greco A., An exergetic analysis of R22 substitution, Applied Thermal Engineering, 22, no. 13,
1455-1469 (2002).
[15] Aprea C., Rossi F.D., Greco A., Renno, C., Refrigeration plant exergetic analysis varying the compressor
capacity, International Journal of Energy Research, 27, 653-669 (2003).
[16] Han X.H., Wang Q. Zhu Z.W., Chen G.M., Cycle performance study on R32/R125/R161 as an alternative
refrigerant to R407C, Applied Thermal Engineering, 27, 2559-2565 (2007).
[17] Park K., Shim Y., Jung D., Performance of R433A for replacing R22 used in residential air-conditioners
and heat pumps, Applied Energy, 85, 896-900 (2008).
[18] Palm B., Hydrocarbons as refrigerants in small heat pump and refrigeration systems - a review,
International Journal of Refrigeration, 31, 552-563 (2008).
[19] Thonon B., A review of hydrocarbon two-phase heat transfer in compact heat exchangers and enhanced
geometries, International Journal of Refrigeration, 31, 633-642 (2008).
[20] Fernando P., Palm B., Lundqvist P., Granryd E., Propane heat pump with low refrigerant charge: design
and laboratory tests, International Journal of Refrigeration, 27, 761–773 (2004).

TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014) 69

 B.O. Bolaji, I.O. Abiala A Theoretical Comparison of Two Eco-Friendly
S.O. Ismaila, F.O. Borokinni Refrigerants as Alternatives to R22 Using a Simple
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
[21] Bolaji B.O., Theoretical Analysis of the Energy Performance of Three Low Global Warming Potential
Hydro-fluorocarbon Refrigerants as R134a Alternatives in Refrigeration Systems, Journal of Power and
Energy, 228, 56-63, (2014).
[22] Lemmon E.W., McLinden M.O., Huber M.L., NIST reference fluids thermodynamic and transport
properties REFPROP 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD,
USA, (2002).
[23] Bitzer, Refrigerant Report, Bitzer International, 15th Edition, 71065 Sindelfingen, Germany,
http://www.bitzer.de Accessed on March 8, (2012).
[24] Didion D.A., The influence of the thermophysical fluid properties of the new ozone-safe refrigerants on
performance, International Journal of Applied Thermodynamics, 2, no. 1, 19-35 (1999).
[25] Kumar K.S., Rajagopal K., Computational and experimental investigation of low ODP and low GWP
R123 and R290 refrigerant mixture alternate to R12, Energy Conversion and Management, 48, 3053-
3062 (2007).

Submitted: 23.10.2013 Engr. Prof. Bukola Olalekan Bolaji

Professor, Department of Mechanical and
Accepted: 17.9.2014 Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Ikole Ekiti Campus, Federal
University of Oye-Ekiti, P.M.B. 373, Ekiti
State, Nigeria
[email protected]
Dr. Israel Olutunji Abiala
Department of Mathematics, University of
Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
[email protected]
Engr. Dr. Salami Olasunkanmi Ismaila
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Federal
University of Agriculture, PMB. 2240,
Abeokuta, Nigeria
[email protected]
Engr. Francis Olusesi Borokinni
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Yaba College of Technology, P.M.B.
2011, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
[email protected]

70 TRANSACTIONS OF FAMENA XXXVIII-3 (2014)

View publication stats