EN BANC Eddie Sicat, a 40-year-old farmer and neighbor of Artemio in Barangay

Sapang Tagalog, Tarlac, Tarlac, testified that on the second week of March
[G.R. No. 131636. March 5, 2003.] 1996, between 6:00 and 7:00 a.m., while he was passing by the house of
Artemio on his way to the field to catch fish, he heard somebody crying. He
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Appellee, v. ARTEMIO INVENCION y then peeped through a small opening in the destroyed, portion of the sawali
SORIANO, Appellant. wall of Artemio’s house. He saw Cynthia lying on her back and crying, while
her father was on top of her, doing a pumping motion. Eddie observed them
DECISION for about fifteen seconds, and then he left and proceeded to the field to catch
fish. 5 He reported what he had witnessed to Artemio’s stepfather, Celestino,
later that morning. 6
DAVIDE, JR., C.J.:
Gloria Pagala, the mother of Cynthia and former common-law wife of
Artemio, testified that she and Artemio started living together in Guimba,
Before us for automatic review 1 is the Decision 2 dated 22 September 1997 Nueva Ecija, in February 1969. Out of their common-law relationship, they
of the Regional Trial Court of Tarlac, Tarlac, Branch 65, in Criminal Case No. had six children, one of whom was Cynthia. In March 1982, she and Artemio
9375, finding accused-appellant Artemio Invencion y Soriano guilty beyond parted ways permanently. Later, Gloria and her children lived in Pura, Tarlac.
reasonable doubt of the crime of rape committed against his 16 year-old When Artemio’s mother died sometime in 1996, Cynthia lived with Artemio in
daughter Cynthia P. Invencion, and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of a small one-room dwelling owned by Celestino and located in Barangay
death and to pay Cynthia the sum of P50,000 as moral damages and Sapang Tagalog, Tarlac, Tarlac. 7 On 30 August 1996, her son Novelito told
P25,000 as exemplary damages, as well as the costs of suit.chanrob1es her that Cynthia was pregnant. Gloria then went to the house of Artemio and
virtua1 1aw 1ibrary asked Cynthia about her condition. The latter confessed that she had been
sexually abused by her father. Gloria then went to the office of the National
Artemio was charged before the Regional Trial Court of Tarlac with thirteen Bureau of Investigation (NBI) in Tarlac and reported what Artemio had done
counts of rape in separate complaints docketed as Criminal Cases Nos. 9363 to their daughter Cynthia. 8
to 9375, all dated 17 October 1996. The cases were consolidated and jointly
tried. At his arraignment Artemio entered a plea of not guilty in each case. Dr. Rosario Fider of Tarlac Provincial Hospital testified that she examined
Cynthia on 16 September 1996. She found Cynthia to be five to six months
The witnesses presented by the prosecution in its evidence in chief were pregnant and to have incomplete, healed hymenal lacerations at 3, 5, 8
Elven Invencion, Eddie Sicat, Gloria Pagala, Dr. Rosario Fider, and Atty. o’clock positions, which could have been caused by sexual intercourse or
Florencio Canlas. Presented as rebuttal witnesses were Gloria Pagala and any foreign body inserted in her private part. 9
Celestino Navarro.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Atty. Florencio Canlas, an NBI agent, testified that on 18 September 1996,
Elven Invencion, an 8-year-old grade two pupil of Sapang Tagalog Cynthia, accompanied by her mother, complained before him and NBI
Elementary School in Tarlac, Tarlac, testified that he is a half-brother of Supervising Agent Rolando Vergara that she was raped by her father
Cynthia and son of Artemio with his second common-law wife. Sometime Artemio. She then executed a written statement, 10 which she subscribed
before the end of the school year in 1996, while he was sleeping in one room and sworn to before Atty. Canlas. 11
with his father Artemio, Cynthia, and two other younger brothers, he was
awakened by Cynthia’s loud cries. Looking towards her, he saw his father on The defense did not present Artemio as a witness. Instead, his counsel de
top of Cynthia, doing a pumping motion. After about two minutes, his father parte, Atty. Isabelo Salamida, took the witness stand and testified for the
put on his short pants. 3 defense. He declared that on 24 June 1997 (the same day when he testified
before the court), between 10:45 and 11:00 a.m., he and his secretary went
Elven further declared that Artemio was a very strict and cruel father and a to the house of Artemio in Barangay Sapang Tagalog, The hut was made of
drunkard. He angrily prohibited Cynthia from entertaining any of her suitors. sawali. Its door was padlocked, and its windows were shut. When he went
Whenever he was drunk, he would maul Elven and quarrel with his around the house and tried to peep through the old sawali walls on the front
stepfather, Celestino Navarro. 4 and left and right sides of the hut, he could not see anything inside the room
where Artemio and his children used to sleep. Although it was then about
noontime, it was dark inside. 12 Atty. Salamida then concluded that against him under Section 20(c), Rule 130 of the Rules of Court. 16 Besides,
prosecution witness Eddie Sicat was not telling the truth when he declared Elven’s testimony appears not to be his but what the prosecution wanted him
having seen what Artemio did to Cynthia when he peeped through a small to say, as the questions asked were mostly leading questions. Moreover,
opening in the sawali wall of the house in the early morning sometime on the Elven had ill-motive in testifying against him, as he (Artemio) was cruel to
second week of March 1996. him.

On rebuttal, Gloria Pagala testified that the house where Artemio used to live In another attempt to cast doubt on the credibility of the prosecution
was a small hut with some destroyed portions in its sawali walls. When she witnesses, Artemio points to the following inconsistencies in their
went there to visit her children sometime in December 1995, there was a testimonies: (1) as to the time of the commission of the crime, Elven testified
hole in front and at the sidewall of the hut facing a vacant lot where people having seen Artemio on top of his sister one night in March 1996, while Eddie
passed by to fish in a nearby brook. 13 When she went to the place again Sicat testified having seen them in the same position between 6:00 and 7:00
sometime in September 1996 after she was informed of Cynthia’s pregnancy, a.m. in the second week of March 1996; (2) as to the residence of Cynthia in
she noticed that the destroyed portions of the hut’s sawali walls were not yet 1996, Gloria testified that the former was living with her in Guimba from
repaired. 14 November 1995 to September 1996, while Elven and Eddie declared that
she was in Sapang Tagalog in March 1996; and (3) as to the residence of
The second rebuttal witness Celestino Navarro, stepfather of Artemio, Artemio, Jr., Gloria stated that he was living with the appellant, but later she
testified that he is the owner of the small house where Artemio and his declared that he was living with her in Pura.
children used to reside. At the time that Artemio and his children, including
Cynthia, were living in that house, the hut’s old sawali walls had some small Artemio also argues that since his house had no electricity and was dark
holes in them, thus confirming the testimony of Eddie Sicat. After Artemio even at daytime, it was impossible for Elven and Eddie to see him allegedly
was arrested on the basis of Cynthia’s complaint before the NBI, Celestino doing pumping motion on top of Cynthia. In his Reply Brief, he likewise urges
made some repairs in the hut by, among other things, placing galvanized iron us to disregard the testimonies of rebuttal witnesses Celestino and Gloria.
sheets to cover the holes at the destroyed portions of the sawali walls. According to him, Celestino had an ax to grind against him (Artemio)
Thereafter, a person named Alvin occupied the house. 15 because he had been badgering Celestino for his share of the lot where the
hut stands, which was owned by Artemio’s deceased mother. On the other
In its Decision of 22 September 1997, the trial court convicted Artemio in hand, Gloria wanted to get rid of Artemio because she was already
Criminal Case No. 9375. It, however, acquitted him in all the other twelve cohabiting with another man.
cases for lack of evidence.
In the Appellee’s Brief, the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) prays for the
In his Appellant’s Brief, Artemio contends that the trial court erred in affirmation of Artemio’s conviction and sentence, but recommends that a civil
indemnity in the amount of P75,000 be awarded in addition to the awards of
I moral and exemplary damages.

We find no cogent reason to overturn the findings of the trial court on the
. . . BELIEVING THE TESTIMONIES OF THE PROSECUTION culpability of Artemio.
WITNESSES;
It is doctrinally settled that the factual findings of the trial court, especially on
II the credibility of the witnesses, are accorded great weight and respect and
will not be disturbed on appeal. This is so because the trial court has the
advantage of observing the witnesses through the different indicators of
. . . NOT DISMISSING THIS CASE FOR FAILURE OF THE PROSECUTION truthfulness or falsehood, such as the angry flush of an insisted assertion,
TO PROVE [HIS] GUILT . . . BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT.chanrob1es the sudden pallor of a discovered lie, the tremulous mutter of a reluctant
virtua1 1aw 1ibrary answer, the forthright tone of a ready reply, the furtive glance, the blush of
conscious shame, the hesitation, the yawn, the sigh, the candor or lack of it,
Artemio attacks the competency and credibility of Elven as a witness. He the scant or full realization of the solemnity of an oath, or the carriage and
argues that Elven, as his son, should have been disqualified as a witness mien. 17 This rule, however, admits of exceptions, as where there exists a
fact or circumstance of weight and influence that has been ignored or witnesses. We have held in a number of cases that inconsistencies in the
misconstrued by the court, or where the trial court has acted arbitrarily in its testimonies of witnesses that refer to minor and insignificant details do not
appreciation of the facts. 18 We do not find any of these exceptions in the destroy the witnesses’ credibility. 25 On the contrary, they may even be
case at bar. considered badges of veracity or manifestations of truthfulness on the
material points in the testimonies. What is important is that the testimonies
As to the competency of Elven to testify, we rule that such is not affected by agree on essential facts and substantially corroborate a consistent and
Section 25, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court, 19 otherwise known as the rule coherent whole. 26
on "filial privilege." This rule is not strictly a rule on disqualification because a
descendant is not incompetent or disqualified to testify against an ascendant. Artemio’s allegation that it was impossible for both Elven and Eddie to have
20 The rule refers to a privilege not to testify, which can be invoked or waived seen and witnessed the crime because the room was dark even at daytime
like other privileges. As correctly observed by the lower court, Elven was not was convincingly disputed by rebuttal witnesses Gloria Pagala and Celestino
compelled to testify against his father; he chose to waive that filial privilege Navarro. Furthermore, as observed by the OSG, even if the hut was without
when he voluntarily testified against Artemio. Elven declared that he was electricity, Elven could not have been mistaken in his identification of Artemio
testifying as a witness against his father of his own accord and only "to tell because he had known the latter for a long time. Moreover, Elven was at the
the truth." 21 time only two meters away from Cynthia and Artemio. Even without sufficient
illumination, Elven, who was jostled out of his sleep by Cynthia’s loud cry,
Neither can Artemio challenge the prosecution’s act of propounding leading could observe the pumping motion made by his father. 27
questions on Elven. Section 10(c) of Rule 132 of the Rules of Court 22
expressly allows leading questions when the witness is a child of tender The alleged ill-motives on the part of Gloria and Celestino were not
years like Elven.cralaw : red sufficiently proved. Nothing in the records suggests any reason that would
motivate Gloria to testify falsely against Artemio, who is the father of her
The alleged ulterior motive of Elven in testifying against his father also other children. Moreover, we have repeatedly held that no mother would
deserves scant consideration. Such insinuation of ill-motive is too lame and subject her child to the humiliation, disgrace, and trauma attendant to the
flimsy. As observed by the OSG, Elven, who was of tender age, could not prosecution for rape if she were not motivated solely by the desire to have
have subjected himself to the ordeal of a public trial had he not been the person responsible for her child’s defilement incarcerated. 28 As for
compelled by a motive other than to bring to justice the despoiler of his Celestino, he testified that the lot where the hut stands is owned by his
sister’s virtue. There is no indication that Elven testified because of anger or daughter Erlinda, and not by Artemio’s mother. 29 At any rate, even without
any ill-motive against his father, nor is there any showing that he was unduly Celestino’s testimony, Artemio’s conviction would stand.
pressured or influenced by his mother or by anyone to testify against his
father. The rule is that where there is no evidence that the principal witness The remaining issue for our resolution is the correctness of the penalty of
for the prosecution was actuated by improper motive, the presumption is that death imposed by the trial court. The death penalty was imposed because of
he was not so actuated and his testimony is entitled to full credence. 23 the trial court’s appreciation of the special qualifying circumstances that
Artemio is the father of the victim and the latter was less than 18 years old at
We find as inconsequential the alleged variance or difference in the time that the time the crime was committed.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
the rape was committed, i.e., during the night as testified to by Elven, or
between 6:00 and 7:00 a.m. per the testimony of Eddie. The exact time or Article 335 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by R.A. No. 7659, which
date of the commission of rape is not an element of the crime. What is is the governing law in this case, pertinently reads:chanrob1es virtual 1aw
decisive in a rape charge is that the commission of the rape by the accused library
has been sufficiently proved. Inconsistencies and discrepancies as to minor
matters irrelevant to the elements of the crime cannot be considered grounds Article 335. When and how rape is committed. —
for acquittal. 24 In this case, we believe that the crime of rape was, indeed,
committed as testified to by Elven and Eddie. The crime of rape shall be punished by reclusion perpetua.

The alleged inconsistencies in the testimonies of both Elven and Gloria do The death penalty shall also be imposed if the crime of rape is committed
not impair the credibility of these witnesses. We agree with the trial court that with any of the following circumstances:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
they are minor inconsistencies, which do not affect the credibility of the
1. when the victim is under eighteen (18) years of age and the offender is a proved is that she is less than 7 years old;
parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity or affinity
within the third civil degree, or the common-law spouse of the parent of the b. If the victim is alleged to be below 7 years of age and what is sought to be
victim. proved is that she is less than 12 years old;

To justify the imposition of the death penalty in a rape committed by a father c. If the victim is alleged to be below 12 years of age and what is sought to
on a daughter, the minority of the victim and her relationship with the be proved is that she is less than 18 years old.cralaw : red
offender, which are special qualifying circumstances, must be alleged in the
complaint or information and proved by the prosecution during the trial by the 4. In the absence of a certificate of live birth, authentic document, or the
quantum of proof required for conviction. The accusatory portion of the testimony of the victim’s mother or relatives concerning the victim’s age, the
complaint in Criminal Case No. 9375 reads as follows:chanrob1es virtual complainant’s testimony will suffice provided that it is expressly and clearly
1aw library admitted by the accused.

That on or about the month of March 1996 at Sapang Tagalog, Municipality 5. It is the prosecution that has the burden of proving the age of the offended
of Tarlac, Province of Tarlac, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this party. The failure of the accused to object to the testimonial evidence
Honorable Court, the said accused Artemio S. Invencion did then and there regarding age shall not be taken against him.
willfully, unlawfully and feloniously by using force and intimidation have
carnal knowledge of his daughter Cynthia P. Invencion who was sixteen (16) 6. The trial court should always make a categorical finding as to the age of
years old, in their house. the victim.

CONTRARY TO LAW. 30 In the present case, no birth certificate or any similar authentic document
was presented and offered in evidence to prove Cynthia’s age. The
Although the relationship of Cynthia with her father Artemio was alleged in statement in the medical certificate showing Cynthia’s age is not proof
the complaint and duly established by evidence during trial, the allegation in thereof, since a medical certificate does not authenticate the date of birth of
the complaint regarding her age was not clearly proved. the victim. Moreover, pursuant to Pruna, Gloria’s testimony regarding
Cynthia’s age was insufficient, since Cynthia was alleged to be 16 years old
In the very recent case of People v. Pruna, 31 we set the guidelines in already at the time of the rape and what is sought to be proved is that she
appreciating age either as an element of the crime or as a qualifying was then 18 years old. Moreover, the trial court did not even make a
circumstance:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library categorical finding on Cynthia’s minority. Finally, the silence of Artemio or his
failure to object to the testimonial evidence regarding Cynthia’s age could not
1. The best evidence to prove the age of the offended party is an original or be taken against him.
certified true copy of the certificate of live birth of such party.
It must be stressed that the severity of death penalty, especially its
2. In the absence of a certificate of live birth; similar authentic documents irreversible and final nature once carried out, makes the decision-making
such as baptismal certificate and school records which show the date of birth process in capital offenses aptly subject to the most exacting rules of
of the victim would suffice to prove age. procedure and evidence. 32 Accordingly, in the absence of sufficient proof of
Cynthia’s minority, Artemio cannot be convicted of qualified rape and
3. If the certificate of live birth or authentic document is shown to have been sentenced to suffer the death penalty. He should only be convicted of simple
lost or destroyed or otherwise unavailable, the testimony, if clear and rape and meted the penalty of reclusion perpetua.
credible, of the victim’s mother or a member of the family either by affinity or
consanguinity who is qualified to testify on matters respecting pedigree such As regards the civil liability of Artemio, the awards of moral damages in the
as the exact age or date of birth of the offended party pursuant to Section 40, amount of P50,000 and exemplary damages in the amount of P25,000 are
Rule 130 of the Rules on Evidence shall be sufficient under the following insufficient. Civil indemnity, which is mandatory upon the finding of the fact of
circumstances:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library rape, 33 should also be awarded. In simple rape, the civil indemnity for the
victim shall not be less than P50,000.
a. If the victim is alleged to be below 3 years of age and what is sought to be
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 65, Tarlac,
Tarlac, in Criminal Case No. 9375 is hereby AFFIRMED with the modification
that that accused Artemio Invencion y Soriano is held guilty beyond
reasonable doubt as principal of the crime of simple rape, and is sentenced
to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to pay the victim Cynthia
Invencion the sums of P50,000 as indemnity; P50,000 as moral damages;
and P25,000 as exemplary damages.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary

Costs de oficio.

SO ORDERED.