Kumaun University

B. Sc. Syllabus semester wise 2016-17

CHEMISTRY

SEMESTER- I
B. Sc. Chemistry

CHM1101 Paper I

Inorganic Chemistry

1. Atomic Structure:
Dual nature of matter; de Broglie concept. Heisenberg uncertainty principle; its
significance. Atomic orbitals, Schrödinger wave equation (no derivation);
significance of ψ and ψ2. Quantum numbers, radial and angular wave functions and
probability distribution curves, shapes of s, p and d orbitals. Aufbau energy diagram,
Pauli’s exclusion principle. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. Electronic
configuration of elements (s block, p block and first series of d-block elements).
Effective nuclear charge.

2. Periodic Properties:
Atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity-
definition, methods of determination/evaluation, trends of variation in periodic table
and their application in prediction and explaining the chemical behaviour of elements
and compounds thereof.

3. Redox reactions-I:
Displacement and redox reactions, oxidation state. Balancing of redox reactions (ion-
electron and oxidation state methods). Computation of equivalent weights and
concept of equivalence.

4. Chemical Bonding:
Ionic bond, Covalent bond-valence bond theory and its limitations; directional nature
of covalent bond; various types of hybridization and shapes of different inorganic
molecules and ions. Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) and shapes
of NH3, H2O, H3O+, SF4, ClF3 and other simple molecules/ions.
Chemistry of xenon; structure and bonding in xenon compounds with oxygen and
fluorine.
CHM1102 Paper II

Organic Chemistry
1. Structure and bonding
Hybridization, bond lengths and bond angles, bond energy, localized and
delocalized chemical bond, van der Waals interactions, inclusion compounds,
clatherates, charge transfer complexes, resonance, hyperconjugation, aromaticity,
inductive and field effects, hydrogen bonding.
2. Mechanism of organic reactions
Curved arrow notation, drawing electron movements with arrows, half headed
and double headed arrows, homolytic and heterolytic bond breaking. Types of
reagents- electrophiles and nucleophiles. Types of organic reactions. Energy
considerations. Reactive intermediates; carbocations, carbanions, free radicals,
carbenes, arynes and nitrenes (with examples). Assigning formal charges on
intermediates and other ionic species. Methods of determination of reaction
mechanism (product analysis, intermediates, isotope effects, kinetic and
stereochemical studies).
3. Stereochemistry of organic compounds
Concepts of isomerism. Types of isomerism.Optical isomerism- elements of
symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centers, optical activity,
properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic
centres, diastereomers, threo and erythro diastereomers, meso compounds,
resolution of enantiomers, inversion, retention and racemization. Relative and
absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L and R & S systems of
nomenclature. Geometric isomerism; determination of configuration of geometric
isomers, E & Z system of nomenclature, geometric isomerism in oximes and
alicyclic compounds.
Conformational isomerism; conformational analysis of ethane and n- butane,
conformational conformations of cyclohexane, axial and equatorial bonds,
conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexane derivatives. Newman projection
and Sawhorse formulae, Fischer and flying wedge formulae. Difference between
configuration and conformation.

4 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

IUPAC nomenclature of branched and unbranched alkanes, the alkyl group,
classification of carbon atoms in alkanes. Isomerism in alkanes, sources, methods
of formation ( with special reference to Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction, Corey-
House reaction and decarboxylation of carboxylic acids), physical properties
and chemical reactions of alkanes. Mechanism of free radical halogenation of
alkanes: Mechanism of free radical, halogenation of alkanes: orientation,
reactivity and selectivity.
Cycloalkanes; nomenclature, methods of formation, chemical reactions, Baeyer’s
strain theory and its limitations. Ring strain in small rings (cyclopropane and
cyclobutane), theory of strainless rings. The case of cyclopropane ring-banana
bonds.
CHM1103 Paper III

Physical Chemistry
1. Gaseous States
Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior, van der Waal’s
equation of states, Critical phenomena – PV isotherms of real gases, relationship
between critical constants and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding
states, reduced equation of state.
Molecular velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities,
qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities, collision
number, mean free path and collision diameter, liquification of gases.
2. Liquid State
Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description) Structural
differences between solids, liquids and gases. Physical properties of liquids including
their methods of determination: surface tension, viscosity and refractive index. Liquid
crystals, difference between liquid crystal, solids and liquids.
3. Solid State
Definition of space lattice, unit cell, crystal planes, Miller indices, Laws of
crystallography – (i) law of constancy of interfacial angels (ii) law of rationality of
indices (iii) law of symmetry. Symmetry elements in crystals, X-ray diffraction by
crystals,. Derivation of Bragg’s equation. Determination of crystal structure of NaCl,
KCl and CsCl (Laue’s method and powder method).
4. Colloidal State
Definition of colloids, classification of colloids. Solids in liquids (sols): properties –
kinetic, optional and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze
law, gold number. Liquids in liquids (emulsions): types of emulsions, preparation,
emulsifier. Liquids in solids (gels): classification, preparation and properties,
inhibition, general application of colloids.
Lab course Semester I B. Sc. Chemistry
CHM1104
1. Laboratory hazards and safety precautions
2. Mixture analysis: preparation of sodium carbonate extract, identification of anions
including anions in combination. Preparation of original solution for basic radical
analysis. Home assignments: problems based on Law of mass action, Le Chatelier
Principle; common ion effect, solubility product, pH and buffer solutions.
3. Determination of viscosity and relative viscosity of given liquids using Ostwald’s
viscometer.
4. Volumetric exercise: acid-base titrations; preparation of a solution in
normal/molar terms, its standardization using a primary standard solution,
determination of the strength of unknown solution. For example: preparation of
NaOH solution (secondary standard say N/10), preparation of (COOH)2 solution
(primary standard say N/10), standardization of NaOH solution titrating it against
(COOH)2 solution using phenolphthalein (indicator) and then determination of the
strength of given HCl solution.

One exercise each from inorganic mixture(qualitative 04 anions), physical

chemistry experiment and volumetric exercise (quantitative) shall be given in the
examination.

Distribution of marks shall be as given below:

i) Inorganic mixture for acid radicals
ii) Physical chemistry experiment
iii) Volumetric exercise
iv) Home assignment/internal assessment, lab record and attendance

Note:
 The lab work of the student has to be evaluated and assessed carefully and periodically.
A minimum of 12 experiments covering all the kind of exercises has to be performed
during a semester. The semester record has to be maintained by the department/college
as an official record.
 Less than zero mark will not be awarded.
 The total number of students to be examined per batch shall not be more than sixty.
 Duration of the practical examination shall be of 06 (six) hours.
 Marks have to be submitted to the Registrar/Controller examination in a sealed
envelop making a copy to the Principal/Head of the department.
 SEMESTER- II
B. Sc. Chemistry

CHM1201 Paper I
Inorganic Chemistry

1. Chemical bonding:
Molecular orbital theory as applied to diatomic homonuclear/heteronuclear inorganic
molecules. MO diagrams and bond order of H2, He2, Li2, Be2, B2, C2, N2, O2, F2, Ne2,
CO and NO, difference between VB and MO theories. Multicentre bonding in
electron deficient molecules. Polarization of covalent molecules; percentage ionic
character from dipole and electronegativity difference. Weak interactions-hydrogen
bonding and Van der Waals forces.
2 Ionic solids:
Ionic structures, radius-ratio effects and coordination number. Lattice defects,
semiconductors, lattice energy and Borne-Haber cycle. Solvation energy and
solubility of ionic solids. Polarizing power and polarizability; Fajan’s rule. Metallic
bond- Electron Pool and MO theories.
3 s-Block elements:
General discussion with respect to all periodic and chemical properties, diagonal
relationship, salient features of hydrides, solvation and complexation tendencies, an
introduction to their alkyls and aryls. Role of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions in
bio-systems.
4 p-Block elements:
General discussion and comparative study (all periodic and chemical properties)
including diagonal relationship, of groups 13 to 17 elements; chemistry of elements-
hydrides, oxides & oxy-acids, and halides (including inter-halogen compounds).
Diborane-properties & structure, borohydrides, carbides, fluorocarbons, basic
properties of iodine and polyhalides.
Inert-pair effect: in heavier elements of 13, 14 & 15 group elements; its consequences
in redox properties of their halides.
5 Metallurgical processes:
Minerals & ores; general metallurgical processes-concentration ores, calcinations,
roasting, smelting, slag & flux. Extraction and refining of Lithium and Beryllium.
 CHM1202 Paper II

Organic Chemistry

1. Alkenes, Cycloalkenes, Dienes and Alkynes

Nomenclature of alkenes , methods of formation, mechanism of dehydration of
alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, regioselectivity in alcohol
dehydration. The Saytzeff Rule, Hoffmann Elimination, physical properties and
relative stabilities of alkenes. Chemical reaction of alkenes - mechanism
involved in hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical additions,
Markownikoff’s Rule, hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-reduction.
Epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4,
Polymerization of alkenes. Substitution at the allylic and vinylic positions of
alkenes. Industrial applications of ethylene and propene. Methods of formation,
conformation and chemical reactions of cycloalkenes. Nomenclature and
classification of dienes; isolated, conjugated and cumulative dienes. Structure of
allenes and butadiene, methods of formation, polymerization. Chemical
reactions- 1,2 and 1,4 additions, Diels Alder reaction.
Nomenclature, structure and bonding in alkynes. Methods of formation.
Chemical reactions of alkynes, acidity of alkynes. Mechanism of electrophilic
and nucleophilic addition reactions, hydroboration- oxidation, metal- ammonia
reduction, oxidation and polymerization.
2. Arenes and Aromaticity
Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. The aryl group. Aromatic nucleus and side
chain. Structure of benzene: Molecular formula and Kekule structure. Stability
and carbon –carbon bond length of benzene, resonance structure, MO picture.
Aromaticity –the Hückel rule, aromatic ions.
Aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction –general pattern of the mechanism ,
role of σ and π and complex. Mechanism of nitration , halogenation,
sulphonation, mercuration and Friedel- Crafts reaction. Energy profile diagrams.
Activating and deactivating substituents, orientation and ortho/para ratio. Side
chain reactions of benzene derivatives. Birch reduction. Methods of formation and
chemical reactions of alkylbenzenes, alkynylbenzenes and biphenyl.
3. Alkyl and Aryl Halides
Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides, methods of formation, chemical
reactions. Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides ,
SN2 and SN1 reaction with energy profile diagrams.
Polyhalogen compounds - Chloroform , carbon tetrachloride. Methods of formation
of aryl halides, nuclear and side chain reaction. The addition elimination
mechanism and the elimination addition mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution
reactions. Relative reactivity of alkyl halides vs allyl, vinyl and aryl halides.
Synthesis and uses of DDT and BHC.
 CHM1203 Paper III

Physical Chemistry
1. Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis
Chemical kinetics and its scope, rate of a reaction, factors influencing the rate of a
reaction–concentration, temperature, pressure, solvent, light, catalyst. Concentration
dependence of rates mathematical characteristics of simple reaction – zero order, first
order, second order, pseudo order, half life determination of the order of reaction –
differential method, method of integration, method of half life period and isolation
methods concept of activation energy. Radioactive decay a first order phenomenon.
Catalysis, characteristics of catalyzed reactions, classification of catalysis,
miscellaneous examples.
2. Thermodynamics I
Definition of thermodynamic terms, system, surroundings etc. types of systems,
intensive and extensive properties, state and path functions and their differentials,
thermodynamic process, concept of heat and work, First law of thermodynamics,
definition of internal energy and enthalpy. Heat capacity – heat capacities at constant
volume and at constant pressure and their relationship, Joule – Thomson coefficient
and inversion temperature, calculation of w, q, dU & dH for the expansion of ideal
gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible processes,
Thermochemistry; standard state, Standard enthalpy of formation – Hess’s law of heat
summation and its application, heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant
volume. Enthalpy of neutralization, bond dissociation energy and its calculation from
thermochemical data, temperature dependence of enthalpy, Kirchoff’s equation.
Lab Course SEMESTER II B. Sc. Chemistry
CHM1204

1. Lab Hazards and Safety precautions

2. Inorganic mixture analysis (only cations) including interfering radicals.
3. Determination of surface tension, parachor and relative surface tension of
given liquids using drop pipette.
4. Organic compounds: basic difference between inorganic salts and organic
compounds- solubility in water, unsaturation tests; difference between an
aromatic and unsaturated aliphatic compounds, determination of MP/BP.
Fusion of organic compound with sodium, Preparation of sodium extract- test
for the presence of N, S and halogens in organic compounds; functional
groups.
Home assignments.

One exercise each from inorganic mixture(qualitative 04 radicals), physical

chemistry experiment and organic chem. exercise shall be given in the
examination.

Distribution of marks shall be as given below:

i Inorganic mixture for acid radicals (04) radicals
ii Physical chemistry experiment
iii Organic chemistry exercise
iv Home assignment/internal assessment, lab record and attendance

Note:
 The lab work of the student has to be evaluated and assessed carefully and periodically.
A minimum of 12 experiments covering all the kind of exercises s to be performed
during a semester. The semester record has to be maintained by the department/college
as an official record.
 Less than zero mark will not be awarded.
 The total number of students to be examined per batch shall not be more than sixty.
 Duration of the practical examination shall be of 06 (six) hours.
 Marks have to be submitted to the Registrar/Controller examination in a sealed
envelop making a copy to the Principal/Head of the department .
 SEMESTER III

CHM2301 Paper I

Inorganic Chemistry
1. Chemistry of Transition Elements ( First Transition Series).
Characteristic properties of the elements; ionic radii, oxidation states, complex
compound formation and magnetic properties. Their binary compounds,
illustrating relative stability of their oxidation states, coordination number and
geometry.
2. Chemistry of Transition Elements (Second and Third Series)
General characteristics, comparative treatment with their analogues in respect of
ionic radii, oxidation state, magnetic behaviour and stereochemistry.
3. Acids and Bases
Arrhenius concept, Bronsted-Lowry concept, Lux-Flood and Lewis concept of
acids and bases, role of the solvent and strength of acids and bases. Acid-base
properties in non-aqueous media.
4. Coordination Chemistry-I
Werner’s theory for coordination compounds; its experimental verification,
effective atomic number concept, chelates. Nomenclature of coordination
compounds (IUPAC system), stability of complexes and factors contributing to
the stability. Valence bond theory for coordination compounds, magnetic
properties.
5. Paint industry
Constitution, colouring compounds,
 CHM2302 Paper II

Organic Chemistry

1. Electromagnetic Spectrum; Absorption Spectroscopy

Ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy-absorption laws (Beer-Lambert law),
molar absrptivity, presentation and analysis of UV spectra, types of electronic
transitions, effect of conjugation, concept of chromophore and auxochrome.
Bathochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic and hypsochromic shifts. UV spectra
of conjugated enes and enones.
Infra Red (IR) absorption spectroscopy- molecular vibrations, Hook’s Law,
selection rules, intensity and position of IR bands, measurement of IR spectrum,
finger print region, characteristic absorptions of various functional groups and
interpretation of IR spectra of simple organic compounds.
2. Alcohols
Classification and nomenclature. Monohydric alcohols; methods of formation by
reduction of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters. Hydrogen bonding.
Acidic nature. Reactions of alcohols. Dihydric alcohols-methods of preparation,
chemical reactions of vicinal glycols, oxidative cleavage [Pb(OAc)4 and HIO4]
and pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement. Trihydric alcohols-methods of formation,
chemical reactions of glycerol.
3. Phenols
Nomenclature, structure and bonding. Preparation of phenols, physical properties
and acidic character. Comparative acidic strength of alcohols and phenols,
resonance stabilization of phenoxide ion. Reactions of phenols-electrophilic
aromatic substitution, acylation and carboxylation. Mechanism of Fries
rearrangement, Claisen condensation, Gatterman synthesis, Houben-Hoesch
reaction, Lederer-Manasse reaction and Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
4. Ethers and Epoxides
Nomenclature, methods of preparation. Physical properties. Chemical reactions-
cleavage and auto-oxidation, Ziesel’s method. Synthesis of epoxides. Acid and
base catalyzed ring opening of epoxides, orientation of epoxide ring opening,
reactions of Grignard and organo-lithium reagents with epoxides.
5. Aldehydes and Ketones
Nomenclature and structure of the carbonyl group. Synthesis of aldehydes and
ketones with particular reference to the synthesis from acid chlorides, synthesis
using 1,3-dithianes, synthesis of ketones from nitriles and carboxylic acids.
Physical properties. Mechanism of nucleophilc additions to carbonyl groups with
particular emphasis on benzoin, aldol, Perkin and Knoevenagel condensation.
Condensation with ammonia and its derivatives; Wittig reaction, Mannich
reaction.
Use of acetals as protecting group. Oxidation of aldehydes, Baeyer-Villiger
oxidation of ketones, Cannizzaro reaction, MPV, Clemensen, Wolf-Kishner,
LiAlH4 and NaBH4 reductions. Halogenation of enolizable ketones. An
introduction to α-, β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones.
 CHM2303 Paper III
Physical Chemistry
1. Thermodynamics II
Second law of thermodynamics, need of the law, different statements of the law.
Carnot cycle and its efficiency, Carnot theorem. Thermodynamic scale of
temperature. Concept of entropy: entropy as a state function, entropy as a function
of V and T, entropy as a function of P and T, entropy change in physical and
chemical processes, entropy change in reversible and irreversible processes.
Clausius inequality, entropy as a criteria of spontaneity and equilibrium. Entropy
change in ideal gases and mixing of gases. Gibbs and Helmoltz functions. Gibbs
function (G) and Helmoltz function (A) as thermodynamic quantities, A and G as
criteria for thermodynamic equilibrium and spontaneity, their advantage over
entropy change. Variation of G and A with P, V and T. Gibbs-Helmoltz equation,
Clapeyron equation, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, reaction isotherm and reaction
isochore.
2. Chemical Equilibrium
The law of mass action, free energy and equilibrium constant, factors influencing
equilibrium constant, relationship between Kp and Kc. Thermodynamic
derivation of the law of mass action, application of law of mass action to some
homogenous and heterogeneous equilibrium, Le-Chatelier’s principle.
3. Phase Equilibrium
Statement and meaning of the terms: phase, component and degree of freedom,
derivation of Gibbs phase rule, phase equilibria of one component systems- water,
carbon dioxide and sulphur.
Phase equilibria of two component systems: solid-liquid equilibra, simple
eutectic; Bi-Cd, Pb-Ag systems, desilverisation of lead. Solid solutions-compound
formation with congruent melting point (Mg-Zn) and incongruent melting point
(NaCl-H2O, FeCl3-H2O and CuSO4-H2O systems). Freezing mixtures, acetone-
dry ice. Liquid-liquid mixtures: ideal liquid mixtures, Raoult’s and Henry’s law.
Non-ideal systems-azeotropes; HCl-H2O and ethanol-water systems. Partially
miscible liquids; phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems.
Lower and upper consolute temperature. Effect of impurity on consolute
temperature; immiscible liquids, steam distillation.
Nernst distribution law: its thermodynamic derivation and applications.
 Lab Course SEMESTER III B. Sc. Chemistry
CHM2304

1. Laboratory hazards and safety precautions.

2. Inorganic quantitative analysis-gravimetric estimation of Ba2+, Fe3+ Ni2+, Cu2+
and Zn2+.
3. Inorganic synthesis – cuprous chloride, potash alum, chrome alum, ferrous
oxalate, ferrous ammonium sulphate, tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate and
hexaamminenickel(II) chloride. Crystallization of compounds.
4. Organic qualitative analysis- identification of those classes of organic compounds
which are being covered in lectures (alcohols and phenols, difference among pri-,
sec- and tertiary alcohols, aldehydes and ketones).
Home assignments: based on theoretical aspects of the experiments.

One exercise each from gravimetric estimation, synthesis of compounds and

organic chemistry exercise shall be given in the examination.

Distribution of marks shall be as given below:

a Gravimetric estimation
b Synthesis `
c Organic chemistry exercise
d Home assignment/internal assessment, lab record and attendance

Note:
 The lab work of the student has to be evaluated and assessed carefully and periodically.
A minimum of 12 experiments covering all the kind of exercises has to be performed
during a semester. The semester record has to be maintained by the department/college
as an official record.
 Less than zero mark will not be awarded.
 The total number of students to be examined per batch shall not be more than sixty.
 Duration of the practical examination shall be of 06 (six) hours.
 Marks have to be submitted to the Registrar/Controller examination in a sealed
envelop making a copy to the Principal/Head of the department .
 SEMESTER IV

CHM2401 Paper I

Inorganic Chemistry

1. Redox Reactions II
Standard electrode potential, Reference electrode, determination of electrode
potential, electrochemical series, uses of electrode potential data, reaction
feasibility and related numerical problems.
2. Chemistry of Lanthanides
Electronic structure, oxidation states, ionic radii, lanthanide contraction and its
consequences, complex formation, methods of separation of lanthanides-
fractional crystallization, fractional precipitation, change in oxidation state,
solvent extraction and ion exchange methods.
3. Chemistry of Actinides
General features of actinides-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii,
ionization potential, oxidation states and complex formation.
4. Non Aqueous Solvents
Classification of solvents, their general characteristics, physical properties of the
solvents, reaction in non-aqueous solvents-liquid NH3 and SO2 (auto-ionization,
precipitation reactions, acid-base reaction, oxidation-reduction reactions,
salvation and solvolysis, complex formation, merits and demerits.
5. Corrosion of metal:
Concept of corrosion, theories of corrosion, types of corrosion, atmospheric and
immersed corrosion, protection of metals from corrosion, methods based on
treatment of metals and treatment of medium.
Passivity of metals; concept of passivity, theories, causes of passivity, electronic
interpretation, electro-chemical passivity, applications.
CHM2402 Paper II

Organic Chemistry

1. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Nomenclature, structure and bonding, physical properties, acidity of carboxylic
acids, effects of substituents on acid strength. Preparation of carboxylic acids.
Reactions of carboxylic acids, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. Synthesis of acid
chlorides, esters and amides. Reduction of carboxylic acids, mechanism of
decarboxylation.
Methods of formation and chemical reactions of halo acids, hydroxy acids- malic,
tartaric, and citric acids. Methods of preparation and chemical reactions of
unsaturated monocarboxylic acids. Dicarboxylic acids-methods of preparation and
effect of heat and dehydrating agents.
Carboxylic acid derivatives- Structure and nomenclature of acid chlorides, esters,
amides (urea) and acid anhydrides. Relative stability of acyl derivatives. Physical
properties, interconversion of acid derivatives by nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Preparation of carboxylic acid derivatives, chemical reactions. Mechanism of
esterification and hydrolysis (acid and base)
2 Nitrogen Containing Organic Compounds
Preparation of nitroalkanes and nitroarenes. Chemical reactions of nitroalkanes.
Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in nitroarenes and their reactions in
acidic, neutral and alkaline media. Picric acid.
Halonitroarenes-reactivity, structure and nomenclature of amines. Physical
properties. Separation of mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Structural features affecting basicily of amines. Amine salts as phase-transfer
catalysts. Preparation of alkyl and aryl amines (reduction of nitro compounds,
nitriles), reductive amination of aldehydic and ketonic compounds. Gabriel-
phthalimide reaction, Hofmann bromamide reaction.
Reaction of amines, electrophilic aromatic substitution in aryl amines, reaction of
amines with nitrous acid. Synthetic transformations of aryl diazonium salts, azo
coupling.
3. Organic Synthesis via Enolates
Acidity of hydrogen, alkylation of diethylmalonate and ethylacetoacetate.
Synthesis of ethylacetoacetate, the Claisen condensation. Keto-enol tautomerism
of ethylacetoacetate.
 CHM2403 Paper III

Physical Chemistry

1. Electrochemistry I
Electrical transport-conduction in metals and electrolytic solutions, specific
conductance and equivalent conductance, measurement of equivalent
conductance, variation of equivalent and specific conductance with dilution.
Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation and its limitations, weak and strong
electrolytes, Ostwald’s dilution law, its uses and limitations.
Debye-Hückel theory, equation for strong electrolytes (elementary treatment
only). Migration of ions, Transport number, definition and determination by
Hittorf and moving boundary methods, Kohlrausch’s law. Application of
conductivity measurements-determination of degree of dissociation, Ka of acids,
solubility product of sparingly soluble salts, conductometric titrations.
2. Electrochemistry II
Types of reversible electrodes-gas-metal ion, metal-metal ion, metal-insoluble salt
anion and redox electrodes. Electrode reactions, Nernst equation, derivation of
cell EMF and single electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode-reference
electrode, standard electrode potential, sign conventions, electrochemical series
and its significance. Electrolytic and Galvanic cells-reversible and irreversible
cells, conventional representation of electrochemical cells. EMF of a cell and its
measurements. Computation of cell EMF. Calculation of thermodynamic
quantities of cell reactions (ΔG, ΔH and K), polarization decomposition
potentials, over potential and hydrogen over voltage. Definition of pH and pKa,
determination pH using hydrogen, quinhydrone and glass electrodes by
potentiometric methods. Mechanism of buffer action, Henderson equation.
Hydrolysis of salts.
3. Surface Chemistry
Types of adsorption, Freundlich’s and Langmuir’s adsorption isotherms and their
applications, charge on the colloidal particle, size of the colloidal particle, Perrin’s
method of determination of the Avogadro’s number.
 Lab Course SEMESTER IV B. Sc. Chemistry
CHM2404

1. Laboratory hazards and safety precautions.

2. Organic qualitative analysis- identification of organic compounds ( acids and their
halogen derivatives, nitrogen containing compounds- nitro, amines, difference
among pri-, sec- and tertiary amines).
3 Volumetric exercises (double titration)- based on redox reactions involving internal
as well as external indicators.
Home assignments: based on theoretical aspects of the experiments.

One exercise each from identification of compound and redox titration shall be
given in the examination.

Distribution of marks shall be as given below:

i Organic chemistry exercise
ii Volumetric exercise
iii Home assignment/internal assessment, lab record and attendance

Note:
 The lab work of the student has to be evaluated and assessed carefully and periodically.
A minimum of 12 experiments covering all the kind of exercises has to be performed
during a semester. The semester record has to be maintained by the department/college
as an official record.
 Less than zero mark will not be awarded.
 The total number of students to be examined per batch shall not be more than sixty.
 Duration of the practical examination shall be 06 (six) hours.
 Marks have to be submitted to the Registrar/Controller examination in a sealed
envelop making a copy to the Principal/Head of the department.
 SEMESTER V

CHM3501 Paper I

Inorganic Chemistry

1. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of Coordination Compounds.

A brief outline of thermodynamic and kinetic stability of metal complexes and
factors affecting the stability of coordination compounds. Substitution reactions in
square planar complexes.

2. Metal-Ligand bonding in transition metal complexes

Limitations of valence bond theory, an elementary idea about crystal field theory;
crystal field splitting octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes, factors
affecting the crystal-field parameters.

3 Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes

Types of magnetic behaviour, methods of determining magnetic susceptibility;
Gouy’s and Quincke’s methods, spin only formula, correlation of µs and µeff
values, orbital contribution to magnetic moments, application of magnetic
moment data for 3d metal complexes.

4 Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes

Types of electronic transitions, selection rules for d-d transitions, spectroscopic
ground states, spectrochemical series. Orgel energy level diagram for d1, d2 and
d8, d9 states, discussion of the electronic spectrum of [Ti(H2O)6]3+ complex ion.
5 Electro-analytical techniques
Basic concepts of electrogravimetric and coulometric analysis.
Thermogravimetric analysis. Voltametry; principle of polarography.
 CHM3502 Paper II

Organic Chemistry
1. Spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy; Proton magnetic resonance
(1H NMR) spectroscopy, nuclear shielding and deshielding, chemical shift and
molecular structure, spin-spin splitting and coupling constants, areas of signals,
interpretation of pmr spectra of simple organic molecules such as ethyl bromide,
ethanol, acetaldehyde, 1,1,2-tribromoethane, ethyl acetate, toluene and
acetophenone, Problems pertaining to the structure elucidation of simple organic
compounds using UV, IR and PMR spectroscopic techniques.
2. Organo-metallic Compounds
Organomagnesium compounds; the Grignard reagents-formation, structure and
chemical reactions. Organozinc compounds; formation and chemical reactions.
3. Organo-sulphur compounds
Nomenclature, structural features, methods of formation and chemical reactions
of thiols, thioethers, sulphonic acid, sulphonamides and sulphaguanidine.
4. Hetrocyclic compounds
Introduction: Molecular orbital picture and aromatic characteristics of pyrrole,
furan, thiophene and pyridine. Methods of synthesis and chemical reactions with
particular emphasis on the mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Mechnism of
nucleophilic substitution reactions in pyridine derivatives. Comparison of basicity
of pyridine, piperidine and pyrrole.
Introduction of condensed five- and six membered heterocycles. Preparation and
reactions of quinolene and isoquinolene with special reference to Fischer-Indole
synthesis, Skraups synthesis and Bischler-Napieralski synthesis. Mechnaism of
electrophilic substitution reactions of quinolene and isoquinolene.
6 Carbohydrates
Classification and nomenclature. Monosaccharides, mechanism of osazone
formation, inetrconversion of glucose and fructose, chain lengthening and chain
shortening of aldoses. Configuration of monosaccharides. Erythro and threo
diastereomers. Conversion of glucose into mannose. Formation of glycosides,
ethers and esters. Determination of ring size of monosaccharides. Cyclic structure
of D(+)-glucose. Mechanism of mutarotation. General study of disaccharides
(structure determination not required). General introduction of structure of ribose
and deoxyribose.
 CHM3503 Paper III

Physical Chemistry

1. Elementary Quantum Mechanics

Black-body radiation, Plank’s radiation law, photoelectric effect, Bohr’s model of
hydrogen atom (no derivation) and its defects. Compton effect, de Broglie
hypothesis, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, operator concept, Hamiltonian
operator, Schrödinger wave equation and its importance, physical interpretation of
the wave function.
2. Spectroscopy
Introduction; electromagnetic radiation, regions of the spectrum, basic features of
different spectrometers, statement of the Born-Oppenheimer apporoximation.
Degrees of freedom, types of energies in linear and non-linear molecules,
derivation and applications of Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law.

Lab Course SEMESTER V B. Sc. Chemistry

CHM3504
1. Laboratory hazards and safety precautions.
2. Organic qualitative analysis; binary mixture of organic compounds separable by
H2O.
3. Organic synthesis; through nitration, halogenation, acetylation, sulphonation and
simple oxidation.
4. Physical chemistry experiments based on solubility, transition temperature and
phase equilibria.
5. Demonstrative chromatographic experiments; Paper chromatography (analytical
separation of simple organic molecules).
Home assignments: based on theoretical aspects of the experiments.

One exercise each from organic binary mixture, organic synthesis and physical
chemistry experiments shall be given in the examination.

Distribution of marks shall be as given below:

i. Organic qualitative analysis (water separable binary mixture)
ii. Organic synthesis
iii. Physical chemistry experiment
iv. Home assignment/internal assessment, semester record and attendance

Note:
 The lab work of the student has to be evaluated and assessed carefully and periodically.
A minimum of 12 experiments covering all the kind of exercises has to be performed
during a semester. The semester record has to be maintained by the department/college
as an official record.
 Less than zero mark will not be awarded.
  The total number of students to be examined per batch shall not be more than sixty.
 Duration of the practical examination shall be of 06 (six) hours.
 Marks have to be submitted to the Registrar/Controller examination in a sealed
envelop making a copy to the Principal/Head of the department.

SEMESTER VI

CHM3601 Paper I

Inorganic Chemistry

1. Hard and Soft Acid-Base Theory

Classification of acids and bases as hard and soft. Pearson’s hard and soft acid
base concept, acid base strength and hardness and softness. Symbiosis, theoretical
basis of hardness and softness, electronegativity and hardness and softness.
2. Organometallic chemistry
Definition, nomenclature and classification based on nature of metal-carbon bond.
Metal carbonyls. Mononuclear carbonyls, nature of bonding, structure and
preparation. EAN and 18-electron rule. Definition, nomenclature, classification,
general methods of preparation of organometallic compounds and a brief account
of metal-ethylenic complexes. Applications of organometallic compounds-
Ziegler-Natta catalyst, Wilkinson catalyst (No mechanism).
3. Bioinorganic Chemistry
Role of metal ions in biology, essential and trace elements in biological systems,
toxic elements, elementary idea of structure and oxygen binding mechanism in
metallo-porphyrins with special reference to haemoglobin and myoglobin. Alkali
and alkaline earth metal ions in biological system-mechanism of transport across
cell membrane, biochemistry of magnesium and calcium
4. Inorganic Polymers of Silicon and Phosphorus
Silicones; siloxanes, silicone rubber, polymethylhydrosiloxanes, applications.
Phosphazenes, nature of bonding in triphosphazenes. Zeolites.
5. Some Industrially Important Inorganic Materials
Cement-Manufacture, composition and setting.
Glass- Manufacture, annealing, types and uses.
Ceremics-Definition, traditional and new ceramics, structure of ceramics.
Inorganic fertilizers-essential nutrients for plants- nitrogenous, phosphatic and
potash fertilizers.

CHM3602 Paper II

Organic Chemistry

1. Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins and Nucleic Acids

 Classification, structure and stereochemistry of amino acids. Acid-base behaviour,
isoelectric point and electrophoresis. Preparation and reactions of α -amino acids.
Nomenclature of peptides and proteins. Classification of proteins. Peptide
structure determination, end group analysis, selective hydrolysis of peptides.
Classical peptide synthesis, solid-phase peptide synthesis. Levels of protein
structure. Protein denaturation/renaturation.
Nucleic acids: introduction, constituents of nucleic acids. Ribonucleosides and
ribonucleotides. The double helical structure of DNA.
2. Fats, Oils and Detergents
Natural fats and common fatty acids, glycerides, hydrogenation of unsaturated
oils. Saponification value, iodine value and acid value. Soaps, synthetic
detergents, alkyl and aryl sulphonates.
3. Synthetic Polymers
Addition or chain-growth polymerization. Free radical vinyl polymerization, ionic
vinyl polymerization, Ziegler-Natta polymerization and vinyl polymers.
Condensation or step-growth polymerization. Polyesters, polyamides, phenol
formaldehyde resins, urea formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins and polyurethanes.
Natural and synthetic rubber.
4. Synthetic Dyes
Colour and constitution (electronic concept), classification of dyes. Synthesis and
uses of Methyl orange, Malachite green, Phenolphthalein, Fluorescein, Alizarin
and Indigo.
7 Natural Products
Classification, extraction and general methods of structure determination of
terpenoids (limonene, citral) and alkaloids (nicotine, cocaine).

CHM3603 Paper III

Physical chemistry

1. Photochemistry
Interaction of radiation with matter, difference between thermal and
photochemical processes. Laws of photochemistry; Grothuss-Drapper law,
Lambert’s law, Lamber-Beer’s law, Stark-Einstein law, Jablonski diagram
depicting various processes occurring in the excited state, qualitative description
of fluorescence, phosphorescence, non-radiative processes (internal conversion,
intersystem crossing), quantum yield, photosensitized reactions-energy transfer
processes (simple examples).
2. Physical Properties and Molecular Structure
Optical properties and their relation with chemical constitution, polarization,
Clausius-Mossotti equation, orientation of dipoles in an electric field, dipole
moment, induced dipole moment, measurement of dipole moment-temperature
 method and refractivity method, dipole moment and its application in determining
the structure of molecules.
3. Solutions and Colligative Properties
Ideal and non-ideal solutions, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions,
activity and activity coefficient.
Dilute solutions, colligative properties, Raoult’s law, relative lowering of vapour
pressure, molecular mass determination. Osmosis, law of osmotic pressure and its
measurement, determination of molecular mass from osmotic pressure. Elevation
of boiling point and depression in freezing point. Experimental methods for
determining various colligative properties. Abnormal molar mass, degree of
dissociation and association of solutes.
4. Thermodynamics III
Statement and concept of residual entropy, third law of thermodynamics,
unattainability of absolute zero, Nernst heat theorem. Evaluation of absolute
entropy from heat capacity data.

Lab Course SEMESTER VI B. Sc. Chemistry

CHM3604

1 Organic qualitative analysis; binary mixture of organic compounds separable by

H2O and NaHCO3.
2 Organic synthesis; through nitration, halogenation, acetylation, sulphonation and
simple oxidation.
3 Physical chemistry experiments based on thermochemistry and electrochemistry.
4 Demonstrative chromatographic experiments; Thin Layer chromatography
(analytical separation of simple organic molecules)
Home assignments: based on theoretical aspects of the experiments.

One exercise each from organic binary mixture, organic synthesis and physical
chemistry experiments shall be given in the examination.

Distribution of marks shall be as given below:

i Organic qualitative analysis (binary mixture)
ii Organic synthesis
iii Physical chemistry experiment
iv Home assignment/internal assessment, semester record and attendance

Note:
 The lab work of the student has to be evaluated and assessed carefully and periodically.
A minimum of 12 experiments covering all the kind of exercises has to be performed
during a semester. The semester record has to be maintained by the department/college
as an official record.
 Less than zero mark will not be awarded.
 The total number of students to be examined per batch shall not be more than sixty.
 Duration of the practical examination shall be of 06 (six) hours.
 Marks have to be submitted to the Registrar/Controller examination in a sealed
envelop making a copy to the Principal/Head of the department.