GST Handbook PDF

Background Material on
GST Acts and Rules
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(Set up by an Act of Parliament)
New Delhi
© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
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DISCLAIMER:
The views expressed in this book are of the author(s). The Institute of Chartered Accountants
of India may not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed by the author(s).
The information cited in this book has been drawn primarily from the www.cbec.gov.in
and other sources. While every effort has been made to keep the information cited in this book
error free, the Institute or any office of the same does not take the responsibility for any
typographical or clerical error which may have crept in while compiling the information
provided in this book.
First Edition : July, 2016 (on the basis of June, 2016 MGL)
Second Edition : February, 2017 (on the basis of November, 2016 MGL)
Third Edition : May, 2017
Fourth Edition : August, 2017
Fifth Edition : January, 2018
Sixth Edition : May, 2018
Committee/Department : Indirect Taxes Committee
E-mail : [email protected]
Website : www.icai.org; www.idtc.icai.org
Price : ` 1000/-
ISBN : 978-81-8441-869-9
Published by : The Publication Department on behalf of the Institute of

Chartered Accountants of India, ICAI Bhawan, Post Box No.
7100, Indraprastha Marg, New Delhi - 110 002.
Foreword
GST is a destination based consumption tax levied at multiple stages of production and
distribution of goods and services. Once fully implemented the new system is expected to lead
to a transparent and tax compliant structure in India resulting in generation of more revenue to
the government as well as lower tax rates in total.
With the implementation of GST, a nationwide portal namely www.ewaybillgst.gov.in has been
formulated for the first time in India in case of inter-State as well as intra-State movement of
goods across the country. It has already been implemented in case of inter-State movement of
goods since 1st April, 2018 and total of 20 States/Union Territories have introduced this E-way
bill system with the remaining expected to implement the same by 1st June, 2018.
The Institute has been continuously undertaking various initiatives to support the Government
as well as the stakeholders for smooth implementation of GST. Thus, with the ongoing
developments in the GST law, ICAI came up with the revised publication on “Background
Material on GST Acts and Rules” containing clause by clause analysis of the GST laws along
with the Flowcharts, diagrams and MCQ’s & FAQ’s on GST, etc. updated till April, 2018.
Besides this, Institute has been proactively supporting the Government in creating awareness
and disseminating knowledge of GST among various stakeholders.
I appreciate the efforts put in by CA. Madhukar N. Hiregange, Chairman, CA. Sushil Kumar
Goyal, Vice-Chairman and other members of the Indirect Taxes Committee of ICAI for
undertaking this tedious task and revising the material in such a short span of time.
Readers are welcome for a fruitful and knowledge enriching experience.
CA. Naveen ND Gupta

President, ICAI
Date: 24.05.2018
Place: New Delhi
Preface
The GST roll-out on 1st July 2017 has paved the way for realization of the goal of One Nation
- One Tax - One Market. GST is expected to benefit Indian economy overall with most tax
compliant businesses getting favourably impacted. It should in time reduce the cost of goods &
services, giving a boost to the export of products and services. It would also foster ‘Make in
India’ initiative. GST promotes the concept of common market with common tax rates &
procedures and removal of economic barriers thus improving ease of doing business.
We stand by the Government with our role as “Partner in GST Knowledge Dissemination” and
have always been supporting Government with our intellectual resources, expertise and efforts
to make the GST error-free and a successful venture across in India. To make the knowledge
dissemination process smoother. We have updated the 4 editions of “Background Material on
GST Acts and Rules”. This Background Material is comprehensive containing clause by
clause analysis of the GST Acts, rules, recent notifications, circulars or orders issued by the
Government from time to time along with FAQ’s, MCQ’s, Flowcharts, Diagrams and
Illustrations etc. to make the reading and understanding easier.
We thank CA. Naveen N. D. Gupta, President and CA. Prafulla Premsukh Chhajed, Vice-
President, ICAI for giving us the space to deliver and support for this progressive law initiative.
We would like to acknowledge the members of the Indirect Taxes Committee / Study Groups
for their timely contribution and support in the basic as well as revised edition(s) of the
publication. Special thanks to the untiring effort of CA S. Venkatramani , CA Jatin Christopher
and CA. Yeshwanth G N in this revised edition. We also appreciate the Secretariat for their
unstinted support and efforts.
We welcome the readers to an intellectual learning spree. Interested members may join the
IDT update facility. We also welcome suggestions at [email protected] and may visit website of the
Committee www.idtc.icai.org.
CA. Madhukar Narayan Hiregange CA. Sushil Kumar Goyal

Chairman Vice-Chairman
Indirect Taxes Committee Indirect Taxes Committee
Date: 24.05.2018
Place: New Delhi
Contents
VOLUME 1
I. THE CENTRAL GOODS AND SERVICES TAX ACT, 2017 1-553
CHAPTER I: PRELIMINARY 1-58
1. Short title, extent and commencement 1
2. Definitions 4
CHAPTER II: ADMINISTRATION 59-64
3. Officers under this Act 59
4. Appointment of officers 60
5. Powers of officers 61
6. Authorisation of officers of State tax or Union territory tax as proper officer
in certain circumstances 62
CHAPTER III: LEVY AND COLLECTION OF TAX 65-119
7. Scope of supply 65
8. Tax liability on composite and mixed supplies 93
9. Levy and collection 98
10. Composition levy 107
CHAPTER IIIA: CLASSIFICATION & EXEMPTION 120-139
11. Power to grant exemption from tax 133
CHAPTER IV: TIME AND VALUE OF SUPPLY 140-216
12. Time of supply of goods 140
13. Time of supply of services 163
14. Change in rate of tax in respect of supply of goods or services 177
15. Value of taxable supply 179
CHAPTER V: INPUT TAX CREDIT 217-292
16. Eligibility and conditions for taking input tax credit 218
17. Apportionment of credit and blocked credits 231
18. Availability of credit in special circumstances 249
19. Taking input tax credit in respect of inputs and capital goods sent for job-work 267
20. Manner of distribution of credit by Input Service Distributor 273
21. Manner of recovery of credit distributed in excess 290
CHAPTER VI: REGISTRATION 293-333
22. Persons liable for registration 294
23. Persons not liable for registration 299
24. Compulsory registration in certain cases 302
25. Procedure for registration 305
26. Deemed registration 316
27. Special provisions relating to casual taxable person and non-resident taxable
person 317
28. Amendment of registration 319
29. Cancellation of registration 322
30. Revocation of cancellation of registration 328
CHAPTER VII: TAX INVOICE, CREDIT AND DEBIT NOTES 334-366
31. Tax invoice 334
32. Prohibition of unauthorised collection of tax 359
33. Amount of tax to be indicated in tax invoice and other documents 360
34. Credit and debit notes 360
CHAPTER VIII: ACCOUNTS AND RECORDS 367-383
35. Accounts and other records 367
36. Period of retention of accounts 381
CHAPTER IX: RETURNS 384-432
37. Furnishing details of outward supplies 387
38. Furnishing details of inward supplies 395
39. Furnishing of Returns 400
40. First return 408
41. Claim of input tax credit and provisional acceptance thereof 409
42. Matching, reversal and reclaim of input tax credit 410
43. Matching, reversal and reclaim of reduction in output tax liability 415
44. Annual return 420
45. Final return 422
46. Notice to return defaulters 424
47. Levy of late fee 425
48. Goods and services tax practitioners 427
CHAPTER X: PAYMENT OF TAX 433-467
49. Payment of tax, interest, penalty and other amounts 433
50. Interest on delayed payment of tax 447
51. Tax deducted at source 452
52. Tax Collected at Source 460
53. Transfer of input tax credit 465
CHAPTER XI: REFUNDS 468-519
54. Refund of tax 468
55. Refund in certain cases 506
56. Interest on delayed refunds 509
57. Consumer Welfare Fund 512
58. Utilisation of Fund 518
CHAPTER XII: ASSESSMENT 520-543
59. Self-assessment 520
60. Provisional assessment 523
61. Scrutiny of Returns 530
62. Assessment of non-filers of returns 534
63. Assessment of unregistered persons 538
64. Summary assessment in certain special cases 541
CHAPTER XIII: AUDIT 544-553
65. Audit by tax authorities 544
66. Special audit 549
II. THE INTEGRATED GOODS AND SERVICES TAX ACT, 2017 555-673
2. Definitions 558
3. Appointment of officers 573
4. Authorisation of officers of State tax or Union territory tax as proper officer
in certain circumstances 573
5. Levy and Collection 575
CHAPTER IV: DETERMINATION OF NATURE OF SUPPLY 587-603
7. Inter-State supply 587
8. Intra-State supply 596
9. Supplies in territorial waters 600
CHAPTER V: PLACE OF SUPPLY OF GOODS OR SERVICES OR BOTH 604-641
10. Place of supply of goods other than supply of goods imported into, or
exported from India 604
11. Place of supply of goods imported into, or exported from India 613
12. Place of supply of services where location of supplier and recipient is in India 617
13. Place of supply of services where location of supplier or location of recipient
is outside India 629
14. Special provision for payment of tax by a supplier of online information and
database access or retrieval services 636
CHAPTER VI : REFUND OF INTEGRATED TAX TO INTERNATIONAL TOURIST 642-643
15. Refund of integrated tax paid on supply of goods to tourist leaving India 642
CHAPTER VII: ZERO RATED SUPPLY 644-659
16. Zero rated supply 644
CHAPTER VIII : APPORTIONMENT OF TAX AND SETTLEMENT OF FUNDS 660-664
17. Apportionment of tax and settlement of funds 660
18. Transfer of input tax credit 662
19. Tax wrongfully collected and paid to Central Government or State
Government 664
CHAPTER IX: MISCELLANEOUS 665-673
20. Application of provisions of Central Goods and Services Tax Act 665
21. Import of services made on or after the appointed day 668
22. Power to make rules 669
23. Power to make regulations 671
24. Laying of rules, regulations and notifications 671
25. Removal of difficulties 672
III. THE UNION TERRITORY GOODS AND SERVICES TAX Act, 2017 675-694
2. Definitions 677
3. Officers under this Act 681
4. Authorisation of officers 681
5. Powers of officers 681
6. Authorisation of officers of Central Tax as proper officer in certain
circumstances 681
7. Levy and Collection 683
IV. THE GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (COMPENSATION TO STATES) Act, 2017 695–700
2. Definitions 695
8. Levy and collection of cess 696
9. Returns, payments and refunds 696
11. Other provisions relating to cess 697
V. NOTE ON STATE GST LAWS & RULES 701-702

VOLUME 2
I. THE CENTRAL GOODS AND SERVICES TAX ACT, 2017 703-1087

CHAPTER XIV: INSPECTION, SEARCH, SEIZURE AND ARREST 703-739
67. Power of inspection, search and seizure 703
68. Inspection of goods in movement 712
69. Power to arrest 730
70. Power to summon persons to give evidence and produce documents 733
71. Access to business premises 734
72. Officers to assist proper officers 738
CHAPTER XV: DEMANDS AND RECOVERY 740-794
73. Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or
input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised for any reason other than
fraud or any wilful misstatement or suppression of facts 740
74. Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or
input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised by reason of fraud or any
wilful misstatement or suppression of facts 747
75. General provisions relating to determination of tax 753
76. Tax collected but not paid to the Government 759
77. Tax wrongfully collected and paid to the Central or a State Government 763
78. Initiation of recovery proceedings 764
79. Recovery of tax 766
80. Payment of tax and other amount in instalments 780
81. Transfer of property to be void in certain cases 784
82. Tax to be first charge on property 786
83. Provisional attachment to protect revenue in certain cases 787
84. Continuation and validation of certain recovery proceedings 791
CHAPTER XVI: LIABILITY TO PAY IN CERTAIN CASES 795-825
85. Liability in case of transfer of business 795
86. Liability of agent and principal 801
87. Liability in case of amalgamation or merger of companies 803
88. Liability in case of company in liquidation 808
89. Liability of directors of Private Company 811
90. Liability of partners of firm to pay tax 813
91. Liability of guardians, trustees, etc. 815
92. Liability of Court of Wards, etc. 817
93. Special provisions regarding liability to pay tax, interest or penalty in certain cases 819
94. Liability in other cases 823
CHAPTER XVII: ADVANCE RULING 826-854
95. Definition clause – interpretation 826
96. Authority for Advance Ruling 829
97. Application for Advance Ruling 831
98. Procedure on receipt of application 835
99. Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling 840
100. Appeal to Appellate Authority 841
101. Orders of Appellate Authority 843
102. Rectification of advance ruling 846
103. Applicability of advance ruling 848
104. Advance ruling to be void in certain circumstances 849
105. Powers of Authority and Appellate Authority 852
106. Procedure of Authority and Appellate Authority 854
CHAPTER XVIII: APPEALS AND REVISION 855-892
107. Appeals to Appellate Authority 855
108. Powers of Revisional Authority 862
109. Constitution of Appellate Tribunal and Benches thereof 865
110. President and Members of Appellate Tribunal, their qualification, appointment,
conditions of service, etc. 868
111. Procedure before Appellate Tribunal 871
112. Appeals to Appellate Tribunal 873
113. Orders of Appellate Tribunal 878
114. Financial and administrative powers of President 881
115. Interest on refund of amount paid for admission of appeal 882
116. Appearance by authorised representative 883
117. Appeal to High Court 886
118. Appeal to Supreme Court 889
119. Sums due to be paid notwithstanding appeal, etc. 890
120. Appeal not to be filed in certain cases 891
121. Non-appealable decisions and orders 892
CHAPTER XIX: OFFENCES AND PENALTIES 893-932
122. Penalty for certain offences 893
123. Penalty for failure to furnish information return 902
124. Fine for failure to furnish statistics 903
125. General penalty 904
126. General disciplines related to penalty 905
127. Power to impose penalty in certain cases 909
128. Power to waive penalty or fee or both 910
129. Detention, seizure and release of goods and conveyances in transit 912
130. Confiscation of goods or conveyances and levy of penalty 916
131. Confiscation or penalty not to interfere with other punishments 919
132. Punishment for certain offences 920
133. Liability of officers and certain other persons 923
134. Cognizance of offences 925
135. Presumption of culpable mental state 925
136. Relevancy of statements under certain circumstances 926
137. Offences by companies 927
138. Compounding of offences 929
CHAPTER XX: TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 933-1005
139. Migration of existing taxpayers 933
140. Transitional arrangements for input tax credit 942
141. Transitional provisions relating to job work 977
142. Miscellaneous transitional provisions 985
CHAPTER XXI: MISCELLANEOUS 1006-1087
143. Job work procedure 1007
144. Presumption as to documents in certain cases 1018
145. Admissibility of micro films, facsimile copies of documents and computer
printouts as documents and as evidence 1019
146. Common Portal 1022
147. Deemed exports 1023
148. Special procedure for certain processes 1026
149. Goods and services tax compliance rating 1028
150. Obligation to furnish information return 1030
151. Power to collect statistics 1033
152. Bar on disclosure of information 1034
153. Taking assistance from an expert 1035
154. Power to take samples 1035
155. Burden of proof 1036
156. Persons deemed to be public servants 1037
157. Protection of action taken under this Act 1037
158. Disclosure of information by a public servant 1038
159. Publication of information in respect of persons in certain cases 1042
160. Assessment proceedings, etc., not to be invalid on certain grounds 1046
161. Rectification of errors apparent on the face of record 1048
162. Bar on jurisdiction of Civil Courts 1053
163. Levy of fee 1054
164. Power of Government to make rules 1055
165. Power to make regulations 1058
166. Laying of rules, regulations and notifications 1058
167. Delegation of powers 1059
168. Power to issue instructions or directions 1061
169. Service of notice in certain circumstances 1065
170. Rounding off of tax, etc. 1069
171. Anti-profiteering measure 1071
172. Removal of difficulties 1079
173. Amendment of Act 32 of 1994 1081
174. Repeal and saving 1081
IMPORTANT NOTIFICATIONS 1089-1395

1. Central Tax 1089
2. Central Tax (Rate) 1163
3. Integrated Tax 1357
4. Integrated Tax (Rate) 1370
5. Union Territory 1376
6. Compensation Cess 1381
7. Compensation Cess (Rate) 1382
IMPORTANT CIRCULARS 1397-1521

1. Central Tax 1397
2. Integrated Tax 1515
3. Compensation Cess 1519
IMPORTANT ORDERS 1523-1531

1. Central Tax 1523
2. Union Territory Tax 1531
Chapter I
Preliminary
1. Short title, extent and commencement
2. Definitions
Statutory Provision
(1) This Act may be called the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017.
(2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in
the Official Gazette, appoint:
Provided that different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and
any reference in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be construed
as a reference to the coming into force of that provision.
1. The Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 has been implemented in the State of
Jammu and Kashmir from 8th July, 2017 through Constitution (Application to Jammu
and Kashmir) Amendment Order, 2017, the Central Goods and Services Tax (Extension
to Jammu and Kashmir) Ordinance, 2017 and the Integrated Goods and Services Tax
(Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Ordinance, 2017.
2. Certain provisions were came into force on 22.6.17 and remaining provisions on 1.7.17
as notified by the Central Government and hence appointed day for the CGST Act,
IGST, UTGST Acts, SGST Acts was 1st July, 2017. However, the appointed day for the
State of Jammu and Kashmir was 8th July, 2017.
Title:
All Acts enacted by the Parliament since the introduction of the Indian Short Titles Act, 1897
carry a long and a short title. The long title, set out at the head of a statute, gives a fairly full
description of the general purpose of the Act and broadly covers the scope of the Act.
The short title, serves simply as an ease of reference and is considered a statutory nickname
to obviate the necessity of referring to the Act under its full and descriptive title. Its object is
identification, and not description, of the purpose of the Act.
Extent:
Part I of the Constitution of India states: “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States”. It
provides that territory of India shall comprise the States and the Union Territories specified in
the First Schedule of the Constitution of India. The First Schedule provides for twenty-nine
(29) States and seven (7) Union Territories.
Preliminary Sec. 1-2
Part VI of the Constitution of India provides that for every State, there shall be a Legislature,
while Part VIII provides that every Union Territory shall be administered by the President
through an ‘Administrator’ appointed by him. However, the Union Territories of Delhi and
Puducherry have been provided with Legislatures with powers and functions as required for
their administration.
India is a summation of three categories of territories namely – (i) States (29); (ii) Union
Territories with Legislature (2); and (iii) Union Territories without Legislature (5).
The State of Jammu and Kashmir enjoys a special status in the Indian Constitution in terms of
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. The Parliament has power to make laws only on
Defence, External Affairs and Communication related matters of Jammu and Kashmir. As
regards the laws related on any other matter, subsequent ratification by the Government of
Jammu and Kashmir is necessary to make it applicable to that State.
Therefore, the State of Jammu & Kashmir were required to pass special laws to be able to
implement the Goods and Services Tax Acts. Accordingly, the assembly of J&K passed the
GST bill in the first week of July. Subsequently, Honourable President of India had
promulgated two ordinances, namely, the CGST (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir)
Ordinance, 2017 and the IGST (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Ordinance, 2017 making
the CGST/ IGST applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, w.e.f. 8th July, 2017. Once the
laws are passed by the State of Jammu & Kashmir, the Union Government will have to amend
the Central Goods and Services Act, 2017 to delete the phrase that such provisions do not
apply to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. After the promulgation of ordinance, the India has
adopted GST in its form across the country.
Other Relevant Articles of Constitution
The readers who wish to have a deeper understanding of GST may examine the articles of the
Constitution which are relevant to GST. Brief of each is provided hereunder:
Articles 245(2): Law not invalid on ground that is has extra territorial jurisdiction. Important for
Place of supply – Section 11,13 of Integrated Goods and service tax act 2017,
Article 246: Sets out that Parliament has exclusive powers to tax activities in List I; State
legislature has exclusive powers to tax activities in List II; and both have concurrent powers to
activities in List II.
Article 246A(1): Amendment provides notwithstanding Article 246 and subject to article
254(2),Parliament and State legislature have power to impose tax on goods and services.
Within the State.
Article 246(2): Further only parliament has powers to tax interstate activities.
Article 249: Parliament has overriding power in GST.
Article 250: Parliament has overriding power in case of emergency
Article 254: Inconsistency in law- Parliament has powers to supersede.
2 BGM on GST Acts & Rules

Articles 268: Stamp duties are in Union list- collected by State.

Article 269: Imports deemed to be interstate activity. Interstate taxes collected apportioned as
per GST Council recommendation.
Article 270: Distribution of taxes on stamp duties, consignment sales, surcharge or cess,
central GST and IGST used for paying CGST. This is as decided by the Finance Commission.
Article 279: GST Council composition: Chairman- Union Finance minister; Vice Chairman- 1
chosen from among the State; Union Minister of State; and 1 Minister of Finance or other
Minister of State for each State.
Article 279A: GST on 5 petroleum products, tobacco and immovable property deferred to date
to be specified by GST council.
Article 286: States cannot tax import or export or supply outside the State.
Article 366 (12A): Goods and service tax means any tax on supply of goods or services or
both except alcoholic liquor.
Article 366 ( 26A): Services means anything other than goods.
Relevant Entries in Lists:
Entry 52: List II - Entry Tax ( Now Omitted). Some legal experts have a view that States will
have inherent powers as the basic structure of the Constitution cannot be changed.
Entry 54: List II - Only 5 petroleum Products and alcoholic liquor for human consumption other
than interstate trade.
Entry 55: List II – Advertisement ( Omitted)
Entry 62: List II- Entertainment and amusement to local bodies- restricted
Entry 84: List I - Only 5 petroleum products and tobacco products continue.
Commencement:
The CGST Act came into operation on 01.07.2017, the date appointed by the Central
Government. However, certain provisions i.e. Sections 1,2,3,4,5,10,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,
30, 139, 146,164 were made effective from 22.6.2017 mainly in relation to the provisions of
registration and migration.
Statutory Interpretations and Legal Maxims:
The GST Acts like other recent laws in India is not simple and may need to be read
considering the general principles of interpretation and may also need to follow legal maxims
laid down over centuries. Some principles and legal maxims have been set out below:
(a) When reading the law the plain language is to be given effect. Meanings contrary to
plain language are not permissible.
(b) Apparent omission in law cannot be made good or rectified by Courts. Necessarily to be
amended by making representation. (causes Omisus)
CGST Act 3
(c) Purposive interpretation preferable to advance the remedy and not the mischief. (
Heydons Rule)
(d) Notifications issued to further public welfare the law should be reasonable, just,
sensible and fair. Normally not to cause hardship, inconvenience, injustice and avoid
friction in system.
(e) Law which is vaguely worded the entire provision can be read as a whole harmoniously.
(f) The Act prevails over the rule.
(g) Illustrations cannot modify the law.
(h) Explanation cannot expand the scope of the provision.
(i) Terms which are together need to be of same genere ( ejusdem generis)or gathered by
the company they keep.( noscitur soius)
(j) Multiple non obstante clauses, the last provision would be prevail.
(k) In case of doubt the later provision prevails.
(l) Vested rights not to be affected retrospectively.
(m) Parliament can make law retrospectively to cure defects.
(n) Levy provisions to favour tax payer if not clear.
(o) Exemption provisions to favour revenue.
(p) No presence of guilt needed for penalty unless specified specifically.
The above are some indicative principles. [ Detailed article/ video on [email protected] maybe
referred for more on legal maxims and constitution]
2. Definitions
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires-
(1) “actionable claim” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 3 of the
Transfer of Property Act, 1882;
One may refer to section 130 of Transfer of Property Act, 1882 regarding the manner of
‘transferring’ actionable claims. Transfer of actionable claim can be with consideration or
without consideration as per the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.
Actionable claim represents a debt and the holder of the actionable claim enjoys the right to
demand “action” against any person. Acknowledgement of liability by a creditor to honor a
claim, when made, does not constitute actionable claim in the hands of such creditor.
Examples could be: A claim to any debt other than mortgage- factoring of debtors ; Any
beneficial interest in movable property not in ones possession. Readers may get more from
the European Unions VAT decision.
The following aspects need to be noted:

 Assignment of actionable claim without permanently supplanting the holder of the claim
would not be supply.
 Under the GST regime, actionable claim relating to lottery, betting and gambling alone
will be regarded as ‘goods’ since the definition of goods includes actionable claim.
(2) “address of delivery” means the address of the recipient of goods or services or both
indicated on the tax invoice issued by a registered person for delivery of such goods or
services or both;
“Address of delivery” is relevant to determine Place of Supply of goods (other than imports/
exports).
It is understood that the address of delivery would be a crucial pointer towards the location of
goods at the time of delivery to the recipient. The place of supply of goods or services or both
(other than imports/ exports) would primarily be the location of the goods or services or both at
the time of delivery to the recipient.
(3) “address on record” means the address of the recipient as available in the records of the
supplier;
‘Address on record’ is relevant to determine Place of Supply in case of supplies made by a
registered person to an un-registered person in relation to services. In such cases, where the
Place of Supply has not been specifically provided for under the law, the address on record
available in the records of the supplier would be regarded the Place of Supply.
(4) “adjudicating authority” means any authority, appointed or authorised to pass any order or
decision under this Act, but does not include the Central Board of Excise and Customs, the
Revisional Authority, the Authority for Advance Ruling, the Appellate Authority for Advance
Ruling, the Appellate Authority and the Appellate Tribunal;
The following authorities are not permitted to pass an order/ decision under the GST laws:
(a) The Central Board of Excise and Customs [ To be read as Central Board of Customs
and Indirect Taxes)
(b) Revisional Authority
(c) Authority for Advance Ruling
(d) Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling
(e) Appellate Authority
(f) Appellate Tribunal
Under the Act, the Revisional Authority, Appellate Authority and the Appellate Tribunal are
empowered to pass/ issue order as they think fit, after affording the parties a reasonable
opportunity of being heard. However, such powers are limited to cases where an order has
been passed by an authority of a lower rank, before it becomes a subject matter of revision/
appeal.
CGST Act 5
(5) “agent” means a person, including a factor, broker, commission agent, arhatia, del credere
agent, an auctioneer or any other mercantile agent, by whatever name called, who carries on
the business of supply or receipt of goods or services or both on behalf of another;
This definition appears to illustrate the principle of agency defined in Section 182 of the Indian
Contract Act, 1872. Agency is a relationship that can be formed validly even without
consideration in terms of Section 185 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Agent can work purely
on commission basis. Even e-commerce companies like Flipkart, Amazon and Uber may be
covered in some fact situations. But the relevance of being an agent is more pronounced while
examining whether a transaction between a principal and agent is itself a supply under para 3,
schedule I. Very often, the word agent or agency is used without necessarily implying that the
transaction is one of agency as understood under Indian Contract Act such as, recruitment
agency, travel agency etc. Care must be taken to identify whether the parties intended to
constitute an agency as understood in law and nothing less.
(6) “aggregate turnover” means the aggregate value of all taxable supplies (excluding the
value of inward supplies on which tax is payable by a person on reverse charge basis),
exempt supplies, exports of goods or services or both and inter-State supplies of persons
having the same Permanent Account Number, to be computed on all India basis but excludes
central tax, State tax, Union territory tax, integrated tax and cess;
The phrase “aggregate turnover” is widely used under the GST laws. Aggregate Turnover is
an all-encompassing term covering all the supplies effected by a person having the same
PAN. It specifically excludes:
 Inward supplies effected by a person which are liable to tax under reverse charge
mechanism; and
 Various taxes under the GST law, Compensation cess.
The different kinds of supplies covered are:
(a) Taxable supplies;
(b) Exempt Supplies:
 supplies that have a ‘NIL’ rate of tax;
 supplies that are wholly exempted from SGST, UTGST, CGST, IGST or Cess;
and
 supplies that are not taxable under the Act (alcoholic liquor for human
consumption and articles listed in section 9(2) and in schedule III);
(c) Export of goods or services or both, including zero-rated supplies.
The following aspects among others need to be noted:
 Aggregate turnover is relevant to a person to determine:

o Threshold limit to opt for composition scheme: Rs. 75 Lakhs in a financial year;
o Threshold limit to obtain registration under the Act: 20 Lakhs (or 10 Lakhs in case
of supplies effected from Special Category States, as explained in our analysis
on Section 22) in a financial year.
 Inter-State supplies between units of a person with the same PAN will also form part of
aggregate turnover.
 For an agent, the supplies made by him on behalf of all his principals would have to be
considered while analysing the threshold limits.
 For a job-worker, the following supplies effected on completion of job work would not be
included in his ‘aggregate turnover’:
o Goods returned to the principal
o Goods sent to another job worker on the instruction of the principal
o Goods directly supplied from the job worker’s premises (by the principal): It would
be included in the ‘aggregate turnover’ of the principal.
(7) “agriculturist” means an individual or a Hindu Undivided Family who undertakes cultivation
of land—
(a) by own labour, or
(b) by the labour of family, or
(c) by servants on wages payable in cash or kind or by hired labour under personal
supervision or the personal supervision of any member of the family;
An individual or HUF undertaking cultivation of land, whether own or not, would be regarded
as an agriculturist. The cultivation should be undertaken by own labour/ family labour/
servants on wages or hired labour.
It may be noted that the scope of the definition is restricted to an Individual or a Hindu
Undivided Family. Any other “person” as defined in section 2(84), carrying on the activity of
agriculture will not be considered as an Agriculturist and hence will not be exempted from
registration provisions as provided in section 23 (1)(b), of the Act.
Agriculturist providing taxable supplies need to confirm that the aggregate turnover is not
exceeded when taking a decision not to register.
(8) “Appellate Authority” means an authority appointed or authorised to hear appeals as
referred to in section 107;
It refers to an authority before whom a person aggrieved by a decision/ order under the CGST/
SGST/ UTGST Act may appeal. An order passed by the Appellate Authority would be final and
binding on all the parties. If a person is further aggrieved by the order passed by the Appellate
Authority, he may prefer an appeal before the Appellate Tribunal or Courts.
CGST Act 7
(9) “Appellate Tribunal” means the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal constituted
under section 109;
It refers to an authority before whom a person aggrieved by a decision/ order under the CGST/
SGST/ UTGST Act passed by the Appellate Authority/ Revision Authority may appeal. An
order passed by the Appellate Tribunal would be final and binding on all the parties. If a
person is further aggrieved by the order passed by the Appellate Tribunal, he may prefer an
appeal before the High Court.
(10) “appointed day” means the date on which the provisions of this Act shall come into force;
Most of the provisions of the CGST Act are implemented with effect from 1st July 2017 with
powers vested to notify different dates for effective date of commencement of different
provisions of the Act.
Registration provisions were before appointed date enable easy transition.
(11) “assessment” means determination of tax liability under this Act and includes self-
assessment, re-assessment, provisional assessment, summary assessment and best
judgment assessment;
The types of assessment covered under the Act are:
(a) Self-assessment (Section 59)
(b) Provisional assessment (Section 60)
(c) Summary assessment (Section 62) including best judgement assessment
The CGST Act also provides for determination of tax liability by:
(a) Scrutiny of returns filed by registered persons (Section 61)
(b) Assessment of non-filers of returns (Section 62)
(c) Assessment of un-registered persons (Section 63)
It may, however, be noted that there is no provision permitting a Proper Officer to re-assess
the tax liability of taxable person. As such, reference to such re-assessment in the definition
may have to be suitably read down.
(12) “associated enterprises” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 92A of
the Income-tax Act, 1961;
‘Associated enterprise’ is referred to only in the context of time of supply of services where the
supplier is an associated enterprise (located outside India) of the recipient ( reverse charge
attracted under sec 9(3)).
 In such cases, the time of supply will be the date of entry in the books of account of the
recipient of supply or the date of payment, whichever is earlier.

 This in turn means that provisional entries made at the time of closure of books of
account for a year (on accrual basis) may trigger GST liability in the hands of the
recipient, under section 7(1)(b).
It may be noted that in addition to associated enterprise, the Act also defines ‘related person’,
the reference to which is made in the context of deemed supply (Schedule I) and valuation.
(13) “audit” means the examination of records, returns and other documents maintained or
furnished by the registered person under this Act or the rules made thereunder or under any
other law for the time being in force to verify the correctness of turnover declared, taxes paid,
refund claimed and input tax credit availed, and to assess his compliance with the provisions
of this Act or the rules made thereunder;
The definition of ‘audit’ under the Act is a wide term covering the examination of records,
returns and documents maintained/ furnished under this Act or Rules and under any other law
in force. Any document, record maintained by a registered person under any law can thus be
called upon and audited. It becomes critical for the person to maintain true documents/
records to ensure correctness and smooth conduct of audit.
However it may be important to note that this is neither an investigation nor a revenue leakage
exercise and may lead to claim of benefits as well as short payment of taxes being identified.
(14) “authorised bank” shall mean a bank or a branch of a bank authorised by the Government
to collect the tax or any other amount payable under this Act;
The date of credit to the account of the Government (i.e., the Central Government in respect
of CGST, IGST, UTGST and CESS or the relevant State Government in respect of SGST) in
the authorized bank will be considered as the date of deposit in electronic cash ledger.
(15) “authorised representative” means the representative as referred to in section 116;

An authorized representative is a person authorized on one’s behalf to appear before an
Officer of the Act, Appellate Authority or Appellate Tribunal in connection to proceedings under
the Act. Any of the following persons can act as authorized representatives:
(a) His relative/ regular employee;
(b) Practicing advocate who is not debarred;
(c) Practicing Chartered Accountant, Cost Accountant or Company Secretary who is not
debarred;
(d) Retired Officer of the Commercial Tax Department of any State/ Union Territory not
below the post of Group-B Gazetted Officer of 2 years’ service;
(e) GST practitioner
CGST Act 9
The following persons cannot act as authorized representatives:

(a) Who is dismissed/ removed from Government service;
(b) Who is convicted of an offence under any law dealing with imposition of taxes;
(c) Who is guilty of misconduct by the prescribed authority;
(d) Who is adjudged as an insolvent.
(16) “Board” means the Central Board of Excise and Customs constituted under the Central
Boards of Revenue Act, 1963
(17) “business” includes––
(a) any trade, commerce, manufacture, profession, vocation, adventure, wager or any other
similar activity, whether or not it is for a pecuniary benefit;
(b) any activity or transaction in connection with or incidental or ancillary to sub-clause (a);
(c) any activity or transaction sub-clause (a), whether or not there is volume, frequency,
continuity or regularity of such transaction;
(d) supply or acquisition of goods including capital goods and services in connection with
commencement or closure of business;
(e) provision by a club, association, society, or any such body (for a subscription or any
other consideration) of the facilities or benefits to its members;
(f) admission, for a consideration, of persons to any premises;
(g) services supplied by a person as the holder of an office which has been accepted by
him in the course or furtherance of his trade, profession or vocation;
(h) services provided by a race club by way of totalisator or a licence to book maker in such
club; and
(i) any activity or transaction undertaken by the Central Government, a State Government
or any local authority in which they are engaged as public authorities;
Excise / Service tax laws do not define the term ‘business’. However, it is defined under the
CST Act / State VAT laws. The definition in the GST law is a modified version of the definition
under CST / VAT laws, in as much as the scope is substantially expanded to include among
others wager, profession and vocation. This definition is very wide and covers all the
transactions that were subjected to various taxes that are being subsumed in the GST Laws.
This definition assumes significance as the proposed levy is on supplies undertaken in the
course or furtherance of business. The definition may be understood in two parts, namely:
(a) General activity - trade, commerce, etc., including incidental activities whether or not
there is volume, frequency, continuity or regularity of such transactions. Principle of
ejusdem generis provides that similar activity would be determined by the previous
enumerated ones.

(b) Specific activity – acquisition of goods including capital goods, supply by association/
club, admission of persons to a premises and services by a race club.
 ‘Wager’ is also included in the definition of business to impose GST on betting
transactions;
 Educational services would be covered under profession or business however the sale
of uniforms, mess facilities could be covered.;
 Charitable or religious activities are not specifically covered however fund raising
activities like letting out of hoardings, sale of books could be considered as business ;
 Clause (g) may require understanding of employment as differentiated from profession.
For instance, if a CA in practice provides services as Independent Director, the service
provided by him may be treated as ‘business’ and not ‘employment’.
 Clause (i) is also very important as ‘any’ activity or transaction by Government is
included in the definition of business this will have far-reaching implications as the
responsibility to pay tax in respect of services by Government is covered under reverse
charge mechanism. Due to the expansive words used here, there is no room to
differentiate payments made to any Government department on the ground that it is not
‘business’ activity.
(18) “business vertical” means a distinguishable component of an enterprise that is engaged in
the supply of individual goods or services or a group of related goods or services which is
subject to risks and returns that are different from those of the other business verticals.
Explanation––For the purposes of this clause, factors that should be considered in
determining whether goods or services are related include––
(a) the nature of the goods or services;
(b) the nature of the production processes;
(c) the type or class of customers for the goods or services;
(d) the methods used to distribute the goods or supply of services; and
(e) the nature of regulatory environment (wherever applicable), including banking,
insurance, or public utilities;
A person having multiple business verticals in a State/ Union Territory is permitted to obtain
separate registrations for each such business vertical. Therefore, the person will have an
option to avail a single registration (covering all business verticals in a State or Union
Territory) or separate registration for each business vertical in a State or Union Territory.
 The component must be a distinguishable component of the person, which is capable
of being transferred or to function without affecting any other business of that person. A
CGST Act 11
component cannot become a ‘business vertical’ merely based on geographical

differentiation;
 The supplies made by one business vertical unit should be:
(a) individual goods or services or a group of related goods or services; and
(b) subject to risks and returns different from those of the other business verticals;
 The risk and returns of supplies forming part of a business vertical should be same;
 Interestingly, graphical separation by itself cannot be a criterion to segregate the
business into distinct business verticals;
 Supplies between business verticals are deemed to be taxable supplies;
 Lastly, the option to avail composition scheme is PAN-based and hence, a person has
to opt for composition scheme for all the business verticals across India. He cannot opt
for the scheme only in a particular business vertical;
(19) “capital goods” means goods, the value of which is capitalised in the books of account of
the person claiming the input tax credit and which are used or intended to be used in the
course or furtherance of business;
An attempt has been made to align the meaning of capital goods to the generally accepted
standards of accounting of what is considered as revenue and what as capital
Goods will be regarded as capital goods if the following conditions are satisfied:
(a) The value of such goods is capitalised in the books of account of the person claiming
input tax credit;
(b) Such goods are used or intended to be used in the course or furtherance of business.
(a) Assuming that the value of capital goods was not capitalised in the books of account,
the person purchasing the capital goods would still be eligible to claim input tax credit
on such capital goods since the definition of ‘input tax’ applies to goods as a whole
(including capital goods).
(b) Capital goods lying at the job-workers premises would also be considered as ‘capital
goods’ in the hands of the purchaser as long as the said capital goods are capitalized in
his books of account.
It maybe noted that only value of goods is to be capitalized and not services. In case of
turnkey works contract (necessarily an immovable property) it would be deemed to be a
service.
However in a composite supply of plant and machinery the services or commissioning or
erection etc. would be included and capitalized. In case of mixed supply part could be
capitalized and the balance would be revenue.

(20) “casual taxable person” means a person who occasionally undertakes transactions
involving supply of goods or services or both in the course or furtherance of business, whether
as principal, agent or in any other capacity, in a State or a Union territory where he has no
fixed place of business;
A person would be regarded as a casual taxable person if he undertakes supply of goods or
services or both:
(a) Occasionally, and not on a regular basis;
(b) Either as principal or agent or in any other capacity;
(c) In a State/ Union Territory where he has no fixed place of business.
A trader, businessman, service provider, etc. undertaking occasional transactions like supplies
made in trade fairs would be treated as a ‘casual taxable person’ and will have to obtain
registration in that capacity and pay tax. E.g., A jeweller carrying on a business in Mumbai,
who conducts an exhibition-cum-sale in Delhi where he has no fixed place of business, would
be treated as a ‘casual taxable person’ in Delhi.
Although in most cases a registered taxable person in one State may be a casual taxable
person in any other State, there is no necessity that this must always be the case. A non-
resident who holds a PAN number undertaking occasional business-like activities may also be
a casual taxable person.
 The threshold limits for registration would not apply and he would be required to obtain
registration irrespective of his turnover;
 He is required to apply for registration at least 5 days prior to commencement of
business;
 The registration would be valid for 90 days or such period as specified in the
application, whichever is shorter;
 An advance deposit of the estimated tax liability is required to be made along with the
application for registration.
(21) “Central tax” means the central goods and services tax levied under section 9;
Tax levied under this Act is referred to as “Central tax” as opposed to “CGST” as used in the
model GST laws. It refers to the tax charged under this Act on intra-State supply of goods or
services or both (other than supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption). The rate of tax
is capped at 20% and thereafter, the rates for goods and services will be notified by the
Central Government based on the recommendation of the Council.
(22) “cess” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in the Goods and Services Tax
(Compensation to States) Act;
It refers to the ‘cess’ levied on certain supplies (inter-State or intra-State) as notified, for the
CGST Act 13
purposes of providing compensation to the States for loss of revenue arising on account of
implementation of GST, for a period of five years (or extended period, as may be prescribed).
(23) “chartered accountant” means a chartered accountant as defined in clause (b) of sub-
section (1) of section 2 of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949;
(24) “Commissioner” means the Commissioner of central tax and includes the Principal
Commissioner of central tax appointed under section 3 and the Commissioner of integrated
tax appointed under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
(25) “Commissioner in the Board” means the Commissioner referred to in section 168;
It refers to the Commissioner or Joint Secretary posted in the Central Board of Excise and
Customs. Such a Commissioner or Joint Secretary is empowered to exercise the function of
the Commissioner with the approval of the Board.
(26) “common portal” means the common goods and services tax electronic portal referred to
in section 146;
The Common Goods and Service Tax Electronic Portal (“GST portal”) is a common electronic
portal set up by the Goods and Service Tax Network (GSTN) that facilitates among others
registration, payment of tax, filing of returns, computation and settlement of IGST, electronic
way-bill and other functions under the Act.
(27) “common working days” in respect of a State or Union territory shall mean such days in
succession which are not declared as gazetted holidays by the Central Government or the
concerned State or Union territory Government;
Common working days refer to such days in succession which are not a declared holiday for
the Centre as well as State/ Union Territory.
The relevance of working days primarily arises in relation to registration provisions. Every
person obtaining a registration under the Act is required to make an online application in the
GST portal. The application for registration, along with the accompanying documents will be
examined by the Proper Officer and if found in order, the registration will be granted within 3
working days. If the proper officer fails to take any action within 3 working days, the
application is deemed approved.
Since the reference to ‘common workings days’ has been replaced by ‘working days’, it
remains to be seen whether the applicant will be granted a deemed registration after 3 working
days in case of inaction by the Proper Officer even if the third day was a holiday for a State.
(28) “company secretary” means a company secretary as defined in clause (c) of sub-section
(1) of section 2 of the Company Secretaries Act, 1980;
(29) “competent authority” means such authority as may be notified by the Government;
In terms of Explanation to entry 5(b) of the Schedule II to the Act, “Competent Authority” in
relation to construction of a complex, building, civil structure covers:

(a) Authority authorised to issue completion certificate (local municipal authorities like BDA/
BBMP in Bangalore, PMC in Pune)
(b) Architect
(c) Chartered Engineer
(d) Licensed Surveyor
(30) “composite supply” means a supply made by a taxable person to a recipient consisting of
two or more taxable supplies of goods or services or both, or any combination thereof, which
are naturally bundled and supplied in conjunction with each other in the ordinary course of
business, one of which is a principal supply;
Illustration– Where goods are packed and transported with insurance, the supply of goods,
packing materials, transport and insurance is a composite supply and supply of goods is a
principal supply.
A supply will be regarded as a ‘composite supply’ if the following elements are present:
(a) The supply should consist of two or more taxable supplies;
(b) The supplies may be of goods or services or both;
(c) The supplies should be naturally bundled;
(d) They should be supplied in conjunction ( event, time or contract) with each other in the
ordinary course of business;
(e) One of the supplies should be a principal supply (Principal supply means the
predominant supply of goods or services of a composite supply and to which any other
supply is ancillary).
 The way the supplies are bundled must be examined. Mere conjoint supply of two or
more goods or services does not constitute composite supply.
 The two (or more) supplies must appear natural when bundled and presented to the
recipient.
 The ancillary supply becomes necessary only because of the acceptance of the
predominant supply. Such predominance is neither guided by the predominant
component in the total price of the supply nor guided by the predominant material
involved. The test of predominance must be gathered from the ‘predominant object’ for
which the recipient approached the supplier;
 The method of billing, assignment of separate prices etc. may not be relevant. In other
words, whether separate prices are charged for each of the components of supply or a
single consolidated price charged, the identity of each of the components of supply
must be unmistakably distinct in the arrangement;
CGST Act 15
 The tax treatment of a composite supply would be as applicable to the principal supply.
Illustrations of composite supply are as follows:
(a) Accommodation with breakfast;
(b) Supply of laptop and carry case;
(c) Supply of equipment and installation of the same;
(d) Supply of repair services on computer along with requisite parts- Comprehensive AMC;
(e) Supply of health care services along with medicaments.
It may be noted that Buffet with alcohol for a couple on new year eve for a single price would
not be composite supply as only taxable supplies are covered.;
Not all supplies which are given together is a composite supply merely because there are
more than one taxable supplies simultaneously supplied. Unrelated, unconnected and
independent taxable supplies that are supplied simultaneously for individual prices where
each of them are intended to be the predominant object for which the recipient approached the
supplier and may, to contrast with composite supply, be referred as non-composite supply.
This is other than the mixed supply examined further.
(31) “consideration” in relation to the supply of goods or services or both includes––
(a) any payment made or to be made, whether in money or otherwise, in respect of, in
response to, or for the inducement of, the supply of goods or services or both, whether
by the recipient or by any other person but shall not include any subsidy given by the
Central Government or a State Government;
(b) the monetary value of any act or forbearance, in respect of, in response to, or for the
inducement of, the supply of goods or services or both, whether by the recipient or by
any other person but shall not include any subsidy given by the Central Government or
a State Government:
Provided that a deposit given in respect of the supply of goods or services or both shall not be
considered as payment made for such supply unless the supplier applies such deposit as
consideration for the said supply;
 It refers to the payment received by the supplier in relation to the supply, whether from
the recipient or any other person. Therefore, a third party to a contract can also
contribute towards consideration;
 Consideration, therefore, is not the amount that the recipient pays but the amount that
the supplier collects whether from the recipient or any third party. This would be
particularly relevant in dealing with complex arrangements in digital economy and new-
age business;
 Consideration can be in the form of money or otherwise. E.g.: Under a JDA model, the
flats handed by the developer to the landowner will be considered as ‘consideration’ for
the development rights given to the developer by the landowner;

 Clause (b) appears to cost the net so wide to leave nothing to escape its grasp.
Reference may be had to the discussion under section 15 on valuation for the far-
reaching implications of the expansive language used in this clause. Sufficient to state
here that every act or abstinence that is a motivation to induce a person is already
consideration and there is no requirement for it to be in monetary form. Transactions
that involve negative consideration or abstinence from doing anything are all examples
of consideration due to the language in this clause. Consideration can therefore be –
increase in cash or other assets, increase in debt or other liabilities or abstinence/
tolerance of any act;
 Deposits, as such, are not liable to tax. However, where such deposits have been
applied as consideration for the supply it would tantamount to making of advances and
in such cases, will be liable to tax. Merely altering the nomenclature of the payment as
‘deposit’ would not change the nature of the receipt. However, trade practices and the
terms, used play an important role in identifying whether an amount is a ‘deposit’ or an
‘advance’ or any payment as consideration for the supply;
 The suppliers may have to place the deposits in a separate bank account in case of
refundable deposits, to comply with this provision. However, whether the amount is
refundable or not is not a criterion to determine whether such amount is a ‘deposit’;
 This is an inclusive definition.
(32) “continuous supply of goods” means a supply of goods which is provided, or agreed to be
provided, continuously or on recurrent basis, under a contract, whether or not by means of a
wire, cable, pipeline or other conduit, and for which the supplier invoices the recipient on a
regular or periodic basis and includes supply of such goods as the Government may, subject
to such conditions, as it may, by notification, specify;
In the definition “provided” may be read as supplied.
It refers to supply of goods continuously or on recurrent basis under a contract, with periodic
payment obligations.
 It should be a contract for supply on a recurrent basis and cannot be a one-time supply
contract;
 The contract should be a case of periodic billing and periodic payments - viz., the billing
and receipts thereto should be on a periodic basis (e.g.: every fortnight; every Monday
etc.) and not one-time. Further, the contract should specify this periodicity/ frequency of
billing/ payment;
 The mode of supply would not be relevant - viz., such supply may be through a wire,
cable, pipeline or other conduit or any other mode;
 The Government is empowered to notify certain supplies as continuous supply of
goods.
CGST Act 17
Examples of continuous supply of goods are:

(a) Open purchase orders with daily delivery schedule (Just In Time- JIT) and
understanding of fortnightly billing;
(b) VMI (vendor managed inventory) where the agreed periodicity for billing is, say,
monthly/ fortnightly etc.;
(c) Supply of gases through pipeline with a weekly billing schedule;
(d) Supply of say, 5 litre water cans on an as and when required basis with a frequency of
monthly billing under a contract.
(33) “continuous supply of services” means a supply of services which is provided, or agreed
to be provided, continuously or on recurrent basis, under a contract, for a period exceeding
three months with periodic payment obligations and includes supply of such services as the
Government may, subject to such conditions, as it may, by notification, specify;
It refers to supply of services continuously or on recurrent basis under a contract for a period
exceeding 3 months, with periodic payment obligations.
The determination of stage of completion of services is an abstract one, unless specifically
defined by contract, unlike in the case of goods where the volume of goods supplied can be
easily tracked/ identified. Hence, a contract for supply of service spanning over a definite
period has been treated as a continuous supply, so that the tax dues are collected
periodically.
The law categorically provides for time limit to issue invoices as under:
(a) where due date of payment is ascertainable: On or before the due date of payment;
(b) where the due date of payment is not ascertainable: Before or at the time of receipt of
payment;
(c) where the payment is linked to the completion of an event (milestones): On or before
the date of completion of that event.
 It should be a contract for supply on a recurrent basis and cannot be a one-time supply
contract;
 The period of contract of supply should be more than 3 months - viz., services should
be supplied on a recurring basis for at least 3 months;
 The contract should be a case of periodic billing and periodic payments - viz., the billing
and receipts thereto should be on a periodic basis (say for e.g.: every fortnight; every
Monday etc.) and not one-time. Further, the contract should specify this periodicity/
frequency of billing/ payment;
 The Government is empowered to notify certain supplies as continuous supply of
goods.

Examples of continuous supply of services:

(a) Annual maintenance contracts;
(b) Licensing of software or brand names;
(c) Renting of immovable property; and
(d) Software as a service ( SAAS) with monthly billing based on usage.
It may be noted that at times the accounting standard on revenue recognition may be a
variance with the time of supply.
(34) “conveyance” includes a vessel, an aircraft and a vehicle;
It can be understood as a medium of transportation.
(35) “cost accountant” means a cost accountant as defined in clause (c) of sub-section (1) of
section 2 of the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959;
(36) “Council” means the Goods and Services Tax Council established under article 279A of
the Constitution;
GST Council is an authority constituted under the Constitution of India and will be the
governing body responsible for the administration of the GST across India. The administrative
powers will be vested with this authority for taxing goods and services.
The Council will consist of the Union Finance Minister (as Chairman), the Union Minister of
State in charge of Revenue or Finance, and the Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation, or
any other nominated by each State government, thereby ensuring a proper blend of the
Central and State ministry.
The GST Council will be the body responsible for the following (primarily):
(a) Administration of the GST laws
(b) Specify the taxes to be levied and collected by the Centre, States and Union Territories
under the GST regime
(c) Specify the goods or services or both that will be subjected/ exempted under the GST
regime
(d) Specify the GST rates
(e) Specify the threshold limits for registrations and payment of taxes
(f) Apportionment of IGST between Centre and States/ Union Territories
(g) Approval of compensation to be paid to the States (for loss on account of
implementation of GST)
(h) Levy of any special rate or rates of tax for a specified period, to raise additional
resources during any natural calamity or disaster.
(i) Resolution of disputes arising out of its recommendations
CGST Act 19
(j) Imposition of additional taxes in times of calamities and disasters

(37) “credit note” means a document issued by a registered person under sub-section (1) of
section 34;
A credit note can be issued by a supplier only in the following circumstances:
(a) The taxable value shown in the invoice exceeds the taxable value of the supply;
(b) The tax charged in the invoice exceeds the tax payable on the supply;
(c) The goods supplied are returned by the recipient;
(d) The goods/ services are found to be deficient.
 Where there is no change in the taxable value/ tax amount, a credit note need not be
issued unlike existing business practices;
 A credit note has to be issued by the supplier. A credit note issued by a recipient, say
for accounting purposes, is not a relevant document for GST purposes;
 Once a credit note is issued, the details of the credit note should be declared by the
supplier in the return of the month of the issue of credit note. However, if not declared in
that month, it can be declared in any return prior to September of the year following the
year in which the original tax invoice was issued (or filing of annual return, whichever is
earlier);
 The supplier will not be permitted to claim reduction in the output tax liability if the
incidence of tax and interest has been passed on to any person, or if the recipient fails
to declare the details of the credit note in his returns;
 The issuance of credit note would not be relevant if the recipient treats the return of
goods as an outward supply and raises a tax invoice in this regard;
 Credit note that is issued in any other circumstance (not permitted by section 34) would
not be permissible and make itself indicate a supply in the opposite direction (requiring
an invoice under section 31). Care should be taken while examining any practice of
issuing financial or accounting credit note that is not in accordance with section 34.
(38) “debit note” means a document issued by a registered person under sub-section (3) of
section 34;
A debit note should be issued by a supplier in the following circumstances:
(a) The taxable value shown in the invoice is lesser than the taxable value of the supply; or
(b) The tax charged in the invoice is less than the tax payable on the supply.
 Where there is no change in the taxable value/ tax amount, a debit note need not be
issued;

 A debit note has to be issued by the supplier. A debit note issued by a recipient, say for
accounting purposes, is not a relevant document for GST purposes;
 The details of the debit note have to be declared by the supplier in the return of the
month of the issue of debit note;
 Debit note includes a supplementary invoice.
(39) “deemed exports” means such supplies of goods as may be notified under section 147;
Deemed exports are those supplies of goods that are notified as ‘deemed exports’ where:
(a) The goods supplied do not leave India;
(b) Payment for such supplies is received in Indian Rupees/ Convertible Foreign Exchange;
and
(c) Such goods are manufactured in India.
The definition of ‘deemed exports’ under this Act is in line with the definition of ‘Deemed
Exports’ under Chapter 07.01 of the Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20. ‘Deemed Export’ under the
FTP 2015-20 covers supply of goods to EOU/STP/EHTP/BTP, supply of goods under advance
authorisation etc. and hence provides for refund, drawback and advance authorisation to the
supplier of goods. On the other hand, the relevance of ‘deemed export’ under the GST laws is
limited to the grant of refund of taxes on supply of goods as ‘deemed export’.
Therefore, a provision has been made under the Act to notify certain transactions as ‘deemed
export’ to avoid situations where the persons might claim refund of taxes on ‘deemed export’
defined in the FTP 2015-20. While deemed exports may be notified under section 147, the
nature of benefit available in respect of deemed exports requires a provision in the Act
conferring such entitlement. Section 54 would be the machinery provision for disposal of
refund applications. And deemed exports will not come within section 54(3).
(40) “designated authority” means such authority as may be notified by the Board;
Currently, the term does not find a reference in the Act and will be notified by the Board from
time to time.
(41) “document” includes written or printed record of any sort and electronic record as defined
in clause (t) of section 2 of the Information Technology Act, 2000;
An electronic record, in terms of Section 2(t) of the Information Technology Act, 2000 means
data, record or data generated, image or sound stored, received or sent in an electronic form
or micro film or computer generated micro fiche. A document includes both manual and
electronic forms of records. This is an important provision that can play a significant role going
forward bringing various electronic communications within the scope of admissible
documentary proof of the underlying transaction. Digitally signed documents are also
admissible but using words such as ‘the season electronically generated document and does
not require signature’ do not enjoy the status of being a admissible document.
CGST Act 21
(42) “drawback” in relation to any goods manufactured in India and exported, means the
rebate of duty, tax or cess chargeable on any imported inputs or on any domestic inputs or
input services used in the manufacture of such goods;
This is relevant to understand the contours of refund under the GST laws. Refund of unutilized
input tax credit is allowed in case of zero-rated supplies (including exports) and inverted tax
rate structure. The law provides that refund of unutilized input tax credit will not be allowed if
the supplier has availed drawback of such tax.
(43) “electronic cash ledger” means the electronic cash ledger referred to in sub-section (1) of
section 49;
Electronic cash ledger means a cash ledger maintained in electronic form by each registered
person. The amount deposited through various modes of payment (viz., internet banking,
debit/ credit cards, NEFT/ RTGS or by any other mode), shall be credited to the electronic
cash ledger. The amount available in this ledger can be used for the payment of:
(a) Tax
(b) Interest
(c) Penalty
(d) Fees or
(e) Any other amount payable.
(44) “electronic commerce” means the supply of goods or services or both, including digital
products over digital or electronic network;
Physical stores/ outlets that supply goods or services or both with the help of a digital network
which is facilitated by a third party will fall within the scope of this definition. Electronic
commerce is not to be understood as the activity of the operator of the digital network alone.
Some experts believe that there is a certain amount of ambiguity as to whether a platform run
by a person to supply own goods or services would also be covered in this definition.
Digital or electronic network does not always mean website on mobile app. A telephone
network or a call centre using the fancy/easy number can also constitute digital or electronic
network.
(45) “electronic commerce operator” means any person who owns, operates or manages
digital or electronic facility or platform for electronic commerce;
It includes every person who, directly or indirectly, owns, operates or manages a digital/
electronic facility or platform for supply of goods or services or both. There is a certain
ambiguity as to whether persons engaged in supply of such goods or services on their own
behalf would also be covered in this definition.
While an aggregator (Ola, Swiggy, etc.) only connects the customer with the supplier/ service
provider, an e-commerce operator (Flipkart) facilitates the entire process of the supply of

goods/ provision of service. Under the GST law, even aggregators would be covered under the
definition of ‘electronic commerce operator’.
Setting up a website by a supplier for ‘own use’ also comes within the scope of this definition
however the compliances that are triggered by being such an electronic commerce operator
under section 52 cannot be attracted unless there are three distinct persons – customer,
supplier and electronic commerce operator. A supplier creating an online channel for sale of
product in addition to his off-line retail chain of stores is included in the definition of electronic
commerce operator. The implications of being an electronic commerce operator will apply in
such cases only if the distinct person who owns or manages the electronic or digital network
and the distinct person who stores and distributes the product are independent of each other.
It may be noted that the threshold limits for registration would not apply and he would be
required to obtain registration irrespective of his turnover;
(46) “electronic credit ledger” means the electronic credit ledger referred to in sub-section (2)
of section 49;
Electronic credit ledger means the input tax credit register required to be maintained in an
electronic form by each registered person. As a process, based on details of outward supplies
filed by the suppliers, the electronic credit ledger of the recipient of goods/ services would be
auto populated in the GSTN under the categories matched, un-matched and provisional. The
tax payer claiming input credits should review the same and accept the relevant ones for
claiming input credit.
The electronic credit ledger will be debited with the amount of tax liability so adjusted against
the input tax credit lying in the ledger, and will stand reduced to the extent of the claim of
refund of unutilised input tax credit, if any.
The amount of CGST credit available in this ledger can be used only towards discharging the
liability on account of output tax under CGST/ IGST/ UTGST law only. Similarly, the amount of
credit of other GST taxes can be used only towards discharging the liability of taxes under the
GST laws, and not towards payment of interest, penalty or other sums due.
It is relevant to note that since ‘output tax’ excludes tax payable under reverse charge basis,
some experts are of the view that the tax payable under reverse charge basis must be
discharged by cash only and credit cannot be utilized for discharging such a liability.
(47) “exempt supply” means supply of any goods or services or both which attracts nil rate of
tax or which may be wholly exempt from tax under section 11, or under section 6 of the
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, and includes non-taxable supply;
The meaning of exempt supply is like the meaning assigned to it under the UTGST law with
the exception that supplies that are partly exempted from tax under this Act will not be
considered as ‘exempt supply’. On the contrary, partially exempted supplies would be
considered as ‘exempt supplies’ under the UTGST Act.
Exempt supplies comprise the following 3 types of supplies:
CGST Act 23
(a) Supplies taxable at a ‘NIL’ rate of tax;

(b) Supplies that are wholly or partially exempted from CGST or IGST, by way of a
notification;
(c) Non-taxable supplies as defined under Section 2(78) – supplies that are not taxable
under the Act (viz. alcoholic liquor for human consumption).
The activities covered under Schedule III which are neither a supply of goods not a supply of
services would not be included in exempt supply. Examples- Employees to employer, land or
completed building sale etc.
Note: The definition of exempt supply for the purpose of reversal of input tax credit is different.
 Zero-rated supplies such as exports would not be treated as supplies taxable at ‘NIL’
rate of tax;
 Input tax credit attributable to exempt supplies will not be available for utilisation/ set-
off.
(48) “existing law” means any law, notification, order, rule or regulation relating to levy and
collection of duty or tax on goods or services or both passed or made before the
commencement of this Act by Parliament or any Authority or person having the power to make
such law, notification, order, rule or regulation;
This covers all the erstwhile Central and State laws (along with the relevant notifications,
orders, and regulations), relating to levy of tax on goods or services like Service Tax law,
Central Excise law, State VAT laws, etc. Therefore, laws that do not levy tax or duty on goods
or services, such as the Indian Stamp Act, 1899, would not be covered here.
(49) “family” means, ––
(i) the spouse and children of the person, and
(ii) the parents, grand-parents, brothers and sisters of the person if they are wholly or
mainly dependent on the said person;
The relevance of the term ‘family’ is to:
 Understand whether two persons are related persons under the Act and the
consequential valuation provisions applicable in case of related persons;
 Examine whether a person is an agriculturalist as defined under Section 2(7) of the Act.
(50) “fixed establishment” means a place (other than the registered place of business) which is
characterised by a sufficient degree of permanence and suitable structure in terms of human
and technical resources to supply services, or to receive and use services for its own needs;
The following three elements are critical to determine whether a place is a ‘fixed
establishment’:

(a) Having a sufficient degree of permanence;

(b) Having a structure of human and technical resources; and
(c) Other than a registered place of business.
 A fixed establishment refers to a place of business which is not registered;
 The person should undertake supply of services or should receive and use services for
own needs in such place;
 Not every temporary or interim location of a project site or transit-warehouse will
become a fixed establishment of the taxable person.
 Temporary presence of staff in a place by way of a short visit to a place or so does not
make that place a fixed establishment;
 E.g.: A service provider in the business of renting of immovable property services has
his registered office at Bangalore (place of business) and the property for rent along
with an office is located in Chennai (place of supply). In this case, the registered office
will be the principal place of business but the property in Chennai will NOT be regarded
as a fixed establishment of the service provider as the degree of permanence required
in representing the interests of the supplier does not exist in Chennai.
 E.g.: A contract is for supply and installation of equipment where the duration of
installation work at the site is (say) 15 days at Indore and the fabrication of equipment
undertaken at the factory at Jaipur. After the fabrication is completed, the material is
transported to the site along with installation team. For the limited duration that the
installation team will be present at the site (Indore), surely the supplier will not put in
place all the resources – technical and human – so as to create at the site an
establishment with sufficient degree of permanence ‘to supply’ or ‘to receive’ services.
In this case also, the factory will be the principal place of business (Jaipur) but the site
(Indore) will NOT be regarded as a fixed establishment of the supplier.
 E.g.: A project undertaken for construction of a highway (expansion, strengthening and
resurfacing of two-lane carriageway into four-lane carriageway) is expected to be
undertaken over a three-year duration in Gandhidham. As such, the supplier cannot
practically manage to undertake the activities that the project site (entire length of the
alignment) remotely from the registered office in Delhi. Although all decisions are
authorized by the central team in Delhi, these decisions are effectively delegated to be
carried out by it competent team located at the site with all necessary resources –
technical and human – so as to create act the site and establishment with sufficient
degree of permanence ‘to supply’ or ‘to receive’ services. In this case, the site
(Gandhidham) WILL BE a fixed establishment of the supplier.
CGST Act 25
(51) “Fund” means the Consumer Welfare Fund established under section 57;
This refers to the Consumer Welfare Fund constituted by the Government where the unutilized
input tax credits of a person will be credited if an application to that effect has been made. The
amount will be credited to the Fund only upon an order being passed by the Proper Officer
after being satisfied that the amount claimed as refund is refundable.
(52) “goods” means every kind of movable property other than money and securities but
includes actionable claim, growing crops, grass and things attached to or forming part of the
land which are agreed to be severed before supply or under a contract of supply;
 Although various courts have held that the term ‘goods’ includes actionable claim under
the VAT laws, as trade practice, actionable claims were kept outside the taxation net
under the current laws. Now, the GST law seeks to change this understanding by
including actionable claim in the definition of goods. Thus, under the GST laws,
actionable claims would be reckoned as goods;
 The words ‘but includes’ is an exception to the “exclusion” of money and securities. In
other words, if the actionable claim represents property that is money or securities, it
can be held that such forms of actionable claims continue to be excluded;
 Actionable claim, other than lottery, betting and gambling will not be treated as supply
of goods or services by virtue of Schedule III (Activities or transactions which shall be
treated neither as a supply of goods nor a supply of services);
 Intangibles like DEPB license, copyright and carbon credit would continue to be covered
under ‘goods’.
(53) “Government” means the Central Government;
(54) “Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act” means the Goods and Services
Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017;
The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act (for brevity “Compensation Act”)
provides for compensation to the States for the loss of revenue arising due to implementation
of GST for a period of 5 years from the said date of implementation. The cess paid on the
supply of goods or services will be available as credit for utilization towards payment of said
cess on outward supply of goods and services on which such cess is leviable.
(55) “goods and services tax practitioner” means any person who has been approved under
section 48 to act as such practitioner;
A goods and service tax practitioner (GST practitioner) is a person who can undertake the
following activities on behalf of a registered person (if so authorized):
(a) Furnish details of outward and inward supplies;
(b) Furnish monthly, quarterly, annual or final return;

(c) Make deposits in the Electronic Credit Ledger;

(d) File a claim for refund;
(e) File an application for amendment/ cancellation of registration.
 A person desirous of being enrolled as a GST Practitioner should make an application
in Form GST PCT-1 and satisfy the conditions required;
 The GST practitioner is required to affix his digital signature on the statements prepared
by him/ electronically verify using his credentials;
 The responsibility of correctness of the details furnished will lie on the registered person
only.
(56) “India” means the territory of India as referred to in article 1 of the Constitution, its
territorial waters, seabed and sub-soil underlying such waters, continental shelf, exclusive
economic zone or any other maritime zone as referred to in the Territorial Waters, Continental
Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976, and the air space above
its territory and territorial waters;
The definition of India extends not only to the landmass, but also to the territorial waters and
the air space above the Indian territory and territorial waters. Hence, all the supplies made in
such areas will be treated as supplies made in India.
E.g.: Musical performance by an artist on board a ship sailing from Chennai to
Vishakhapatnam, food supplied on an aircraft flying from Delhi to Trivandrum.
(57) “Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act” means the Integrated Goods and Services Tax
Act, 2017;
It refers to the Act which provides for principles to determine what is an inter-State or intra-
State supply, and levy of tax on inter-State supply of goods or services or both (other than
supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption).
(58) “integrated tax” means the integrated goods and services tax levied under the Integrated
Goods and Services Tax Act;
Tax levied under the IGST Act is referred to as “Integrated tax”. It refers to the tax charged
under the IGST Act on inter-State supply of goods or services or both (other than supply of
alcoholic liquor for human consumption). The rate of tax is capped at 40% and will be notified
by the Central Government based on the recommendation of the Council.
(59) “input” means any goods other than capital goods used or intended to be used by a
supplier in the course or furtherance of business;
The term “input” refers to goods as defined under the GST law, and excludes capital goods.
Unlike the definitions given to the term “capital goods” in the erstwhile laws such as Central
Excise, VAT, etc., the term is given a very simple meaning in the GST law.
CGST Act 27
It is sufficient for any goods which are used or intended for use in the course or furtherance of
business to be capitalised in the books of account, for them to be treated as capital goods
under GST. Accordingly, if a person who is engaged in the sale of laptops capitalises one
laptop in his books of account, and such laptop is for business-use, (say for invoicing
purposes), that laptop shall be treated as capital goods under GST law as well.
The second condition for goods to be treated as inputs, is that they must be used or intended
to be used by the person who has inwarded (say by way of purchase, exchange, etc.) those
goods ‘in the course or furtherance of business’. This phrase encompasses a wide range of
functions within the business.
 The term “business” as defined under the GST law includes any activity or transaction
which may be connected, or incidental or ancillary to the trade, commerce,
manufacture, profession, vocation, adventure, wager or any other similar activity.
 There is neither a requirement of continuity nor frequency of such activities or
transactions for them to be regarded as ‘business’.
 The law poses no restriction that the goods must be used on the shop floor, or that they
must be supplied as such/ as part of other goods/ services. It would be sufficient if the
goods are used in the course of business, of for furthering the business.
 The term ‘course of business’ is one that can be stretched beyond the boundaries
consolidating activities that have direct nexus to outward supply. What is usually done
in the ordinary routine of a business by its management is said to be done in the
“course of business”. Moreover, the term “ordinary” is missing before “course” in the
phrase.
 From the above, it can be inferred that the purchase/ inward supply of goods need not
be a regular activity, and may even be a one-time procurement. This is further clarified
with the other phrase “furtherance of business”, which has not been of use in the
indirect taxes thus far.
 “Furtherance of business” is a new term, and an entirely new concept, that has been
introduced with GST.
Additionally, there is no other condition attached to the term “input”, especially in relation to
the outward supply. Consequently, a person engaged in supplying services would also be
entitled to treat the goods inwarded as “inputs”, where the conditions of not being capital
goods, and the usage in the course or furtherance of business, Thus, laptops procured by a
supplier of pure services which are meant for use of the employees for business making
reports, will be eligible to be treated as “inputs” for such a person, and consequently, the taxes
paid on such goods will be available as credit to the service provider, on meeting other
conditions mandated for claiming credit.
Further, the law provides a flexibility for this purpose by inserting the words “or intended to be
used” before “in the course…”. By this, the law secures the meaning of the term “input” even

for cases where goods have been purchased but, are yet to be used in the business. Thus,
the conditions of ready-to-use and put-to-use would not be relevant for considering goods as
“inputs”, unless the condition takes route through rules/ other sections. However, no such
conditions appear even for claiming input tax credit.
(60) “input service” means any service used or intended to be used by a supplier in the course
or furtherance of business;
Any services that is used or intended to be used by a supplier of goods or services, or both, in
the course or furtherance of business would be treated as “input service”.
The meaning of the term “service” under the GST law is very vast to include everything that is
not goods, barring securities, and monies that do not amount to activity relating to the use of
money or conversion of money. Therefore, anything received by a person who is a supplier,
which is not goods, and is neither securities nor money as such, would be treated as ‘input
service’, so long as it is used or meant to be used in the course or furtherance of business.
Unlike the erstwhile law, there is no requirement for it to have direct nexus with the outward
supply. In other words, the service received may not be directly linked to the outward supply of
the supplier receiving the service, and the outward supply may be goods or services.
Regardless of the outward supply, the service received would qualify as “input service” to him,
when the same is used in the course or furtherance of business. Therefore, a retailer who
receives housekeeping services of the business premised will be eligible to treat the services
as ‘input services’ given that such services are received in due course of business.
Further, while the erstwhile law required that the services must be received only up to the
place of removal for them to qualify as “input services”, there is no such condition attached to
the term under GST, where such services are received in the course or furtherance of
business. This means that goods transportation services availed by the supplier, would qualify
as input services to him, even if the transportation is up to the place of delivery to the
recipient, say the factory of the recipient, although the transportation does not add value to the
goods itself, but adds value to the supply made by him.
(61) “Input Service Distributor” means an office of the supplier of goods or services or both
which receives tax invoices issued under section 31 towards the receipt of input services and
issues a prescribed document for the purposes of distributing the credit of central tax, State
tax, integrated tax or Union territory tax paid on the said services to a supplier of taxable
goods or services or both having the same Permanent Account Number as that of the said
office;
The concept of input service distributor exists even in the current service tax law. This has
been borrowed into GST, entitling a person who is registered as an Input Service Distributor
(ISD) to distribute the credit in respect of input services (and not inputs) received in its name.
Given that services are intangible, it is not practicable to trace every service to the ultimate
recipient of the service, as is distinguishable in case of goods, justifying the need for a
distributor to services.
CGST Act 29
Generally, the head office of the person, or the corporate office, by whatever name called,
would be the location to which the services would be billed. However, there is no implication
by law that an ISD must be the head office. In order to ensure that the office registered as ISD
does not itself undertake any activity in the nature of outward supply, not receive inward
supplies of its own or not attract RCM liability. Therefore, a single company may choose to
have multiple regional offices based on its business requirements.
To distribute the credit of input services, the ISD would be required to follow the manner
prescribed by the rules, including:
 Issue of an ISD invoice to each recipient of credit on every distribution.
 Recipients of credit to are those taxable persons to whom it is attributable (whether or
not they are registered), being persons having the same PAN (as issued under the
Income Tax Law) as that of the ISD.
 The credit of integrated tax should be distributed as integrated tax irrespective of the
location of the ISD, and so also:
o Where the ISD is located in a State other than that of the recipient of credit, the
aggregate of Central tax, State tax and Union territory tax, as integrated tax.
o Where the ISD is located in the same State as that of the recipient, the Central
tax and State tax (or Union territory tax) should be distributed as the Central tax
and State tax (or Union territory tax), respectively.
 Each type of tax must be distributed through a separate ISD invoice. However, there is
no requirement to issue ISD invoices at an invoice-level (received from the supplier of
the service).
(62) “input tax” in relation to a registered person, means the central tax, State tax, integrated
tax or Union territory tax charged on any supply of goods or services or both made to him and
includes—
(a) the integrated goods and services tax charged on import of goods;
(b) the tax payable under the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 9;
(c) the tax payable under the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 5 of the
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
(d) the tax payable under the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 9 of the
respective State Goods and Services Tax Act; or
(e) the tax payable under the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 7 of the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act,
but does not include the tax paid under the composition levy;
From the opening of the definition, it can be understood that input tax can arise only in respect
of registered persons, and the tax is only available on supplies made to him. Therefore, no

tax paid on outward supplies can ever qualify as input tax to the person making the supply
(who may or may not be registered), and shall only be treated as ‘input tax’ by the person
receiving the supplies.
The law also makes it amply clear that input tax is to a registration, and cannot be loosely
associated with various GST registrations of the single legal person.
Further, for ‘input tax’, the law makes no distinction between Central tax, State tax, Union
territory tax and integrated tax.
The law specifically provides certain inclusions and an exclusion to clarify the scope of the
term:
 The specific inclusions are of two types, i.e., the integrated tax applicable on import of
goods (in lieu of the previously applicable CVD and SAD), and the taxes payable on
reverse charge basis on account of supplies being those supplies that are notified in
this regard, or on account of being inward supplies from unregistered persons. From the
language used, it must be understood that these inclusions are not limited to those that
have been discharged, on the premise that the law used the words “charged” or
“taxable” and not “paid”.
 While it is clear that composition suppliers will not be entitled to collect taxes, from this
definition, it can be inferred that the amounts paid by composition in lieu of tax, cannot,
in turn, be treated as input tax either for the composition supplier or for the recipient of
the supplies.
Further, the GST Compensation law reserves right to levy cess on certain supplies. However,
this cannot be treated as input tax for the purposes of GST. Although the GST Compensation
law provides that the provisions of input tax would apply mutatis mutandis to cess, it
categorically specifies that the input credit of cess can only be utilised for discharging the
liability on such cess.
(63) “input tax credit” means the credit of input tax;
For a tax to qualify as “input tax credit”, it must first be “input tax”. The law creates a separate
terminology for this purpose as all input tax would not qualify as credit. Credit of input tax
would be available subject to specific conditions and restrictions, and to specific persons
being registered persons.
(64) “intra-State supply of goods” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 8
of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
The principles for determining a supply as an intra-State supply are provided in the IGST law.
Drawing reference to the relevant Section, every supply of goods, where the location of the
supplier of the goods and the place of supply as determined under Section 10 of the Act, are
in the same State (or same Union Territory), would be an intra-State supply of such goods.
Accordingly, an import or export of goods can never be an intra-State supply.
CGST Act 31
Every taxable supply that is an intra-State supply shall be liable to both Central tax and the
respective State tax (or Union territory tax), unless otherwise exempted.
The ‘place of supply’ referred to in this regard is a legal terminology and should not be
understood for the colloquial usage, if any. Section 10 of the IGST Act provides situation-
specific conditions for determining the ‘place of supply’.
(65) “intra-State supply of services” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 8
of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
As in case of goods, where the location of the supplier of the service and the place of supply
as determined under Section 12 of the IGST Act, are in the same State (or same Union
Territory), the supply would be an intra-State supply of such services.
Every taxable supply of service that is an intra-State supply shall be liable to both central tax
and the respective State tax (or Union territory tax), unless otherwise exempted. The ‘place of
supply’ should be determined in accordance with Section 12 or Section 13, as the case may
be, of the IGST Act that provides situation-specific conditions for determining the ‘place of
supply’.
Note: Section 13 of the IGST Act specifies the conditions for determining place of supply in
cases where either the location of the supplier or the location of the recipient (or both) are
located outside India.
(66) “invoice” or “tax invoice” means the tax invoice referred to in section 31;
On a plain reading of the law, it appears that the terms “invoice” and “tax invoice” have been
used inter-changeably to refer to that document that is prescribed by law, as a document that
shall be issued by the registered person on making taxable supplies. The tax invoice should
contain all the prescribed details such as the description of the goods, quantity, value and tax
charged on the supply. The possibility of denial of credit due to prescribed details not being
available even if not important is real unless law provided for condonation which was there in
earlier laws.
 In respect of goods: A tax invoice can be issued at or before the time of removal of the
goods for making the supply, where the supply involves movement of the goods (either
by the supplier or by the recipient, or any other person).
o However, where the supply to the recipient does not involve movement of the
goods, the tax invoice would be due at the time of delivery or making the goods
available to the recipient. It is not necessary that every supply requires
movement of goods on the basis that all goods are movable in nature.
o The time of removal would matter only in cases where the removal of goods and
the movement of goods is by virtue of the supply.
o Consider the case of sale on approval basis. Goods would be removed at a
certain time, and may be delivered to the location of the recipient. However, it is

not known at the time of removal, whether the transaction results in a supply.
Therefore, the time of confirmation by the recipient that he wishes to retain the
goods would be the due date for issuing the tax invoice.
o The Government is also empowered to notify certain categories of supplies in
respect of which it can prescribe a separate time limit for issuance of tax invoice.
 In respect of services: A tax invoice for supplying services should be issued within 30
days from the date of supply of the taxable service.
o However, the Government is empowered to notify certain categories of services
wherein any other document relatable to the supply would be treated as the tax
invoice, or for which no tax invoice is required to be issued at all.
The provisions of Section 31 of the CGST Act also provide for invoices or other documents
such as bill of supply, payment voucher, receipt voucher, etc. in for specific situations.
(67) “inward supply” in relation to a person, shall mean receipt of goods or services or both
whether by purchase, acquisition or any other means with or without consideration;
Inward supplies may be of goods or of services, or of both. The key in this definition is to note
that ‘inward supply’ is not necessarily a supply and has a larger scope by covering ‘receipt’ of
goods or services.
It may be questioned as to whether an inward supply is not particular to a registration, or
whether an inward supply can be associated with any of the registered persons having the
same pan, on the premise that it is in relation to “a person”. However, that would not be the
intent of the law; it is to enable correlation with a person, whether or not he is a taxable
person. In other words, reference to inward supply may be in relation to any person, whether
he is registered, or unregistered taxable person, or person not liable to tax.
(68) “job work” means any treatment or process undertaken by a person on goods belonging
to another registered person and the expression “job worker” shall be construed accordingly;
To start with, the expression “job work” refers to a “treatment” or “process”, which is
undertaken by one person, who may or may not be registered, to another registered person.
While treatment and processing are commonly understood as services, there is no implication
that job work is purely services, or that goods would not be used for such treatment or
processing. However, Schedule II of the CGST Act which specifies activities to be treated as
supply of goods or supply of services, inter alia provides that any treatment or process which
is applied to another person's goods is a supply of services. Such a deeming fiction in respect
of job work is given effect to, based on the primary objective of any job work, which is to
provide a service.
 Capital goods may be sent for job work, or for the purpose of carrying out the treatment
or process.
CGST Act 33
 A job worker is free to effect inward supplies on his own account for carrying out the job
work. The law does not require that goods applied for the treatment or process must
also be sent by the registered person on whose goods the job work is undertaken.
 As regards the job worker per se, the law makes no insistence that such person must
be a registered person.
 The law requires that the treatment or process undertaken by the job worker must be on
goods belonging to “another” registered person.
o From the usage of the term “another” before “registered person”, it is clear that
the law intends to segregate the units being different persons, or different
registrations.
o The reference to the principal is made by using “another registered person” and
not “another person”.
o It may be safely be understood that, if one unit of a company supplies goods for
further processing to another unit of the same company, having a different
registration from that of the supplying unit, the unit undertaking the processing
activity can be treated as a job worker.
 If the Principal is an unregistered person, then the job worker is not a job worker.
Classification of the work undertaken may need to be examined whether it is
manufacture or not to attract the appropriate rate of tax applicable to the goods so
manufactured and not rate of tax applicable to services of job-work;
 is important to note that the job worker is not an Agent of the Principal and the
relationship inter se are that of Principal to Principal.
(69) “local authority” means––
(a) a “Panchayat” as defined in clause (d) of article 243 of the Constitution;
(b) a “Municipality” as defined in clause (e) of article 243P of the Constitution;
(c) a Municipal Committee, a Zilla Parishad, a District Board, and any other authority
legally entitled to, or entrusted by the Central Government or any State Government
with the control or management of a municipal or local fund;
(d) a Cantonment Board as defined in section 3 of the Cantonments Act, 2006;
(e) a Regional Council or a District Council constituted under the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution;
(f) a Development Board constituted under article 371 of the Constitution; or
(g) a Regional Council constituted under article 371A of the Constitution;
A ‘local authority’ is also a ‘person’ for the GST law. A local authority would enjoy the same
treatment as is received by a ‘Government’ such as in the case of supplies that shall be
treated as neither a supply of goods nor a supply of services, requirement to deduct tax at
source on supplies made to it, etc.

(70) “location of the recipient of services” means, —

(a) where a supply is received at a place of business for which the registration has been
obtained, the location of such place of business;
(b) where a supply is received at a place other than the place of business for which
registration has been obtained (a fixed establishment elsewhere), the location of such
fixed establishment;
(c) where a supply is received at more than one establishment, whether the place of
business or fixed establishment, the location of the establishment most directly
concerned with the receipt of the supply; and
(d) in absence of such places, the location of the usual place of residence of the recipient;
Given that services are not tangible, the determination of the location of the recipient of
service could result in complications. The ‘location of the recipient of services’ is essential to
determine whether the supply is an inter-State or an intra-State supply, as such location is the
residuary clause for determining the place of supply of services.
Broadly, the meaning given to the phrase “location of the recipient of services” is oriented
towards determining the place of supply of the services. The most relatable location of the
recipient can be determined in the following order – if the place of supply of the service
happens to be:
(a) a ‘place of business’ which is a registered place of business, such place;
(b) a ‘place’ which is a fixed establishment (i.e., a place of business not registered, but
having a sufficient degree of permanence involving human and technical resources),
such fixed establishment;
(c) at multiple ‘places’ which may include places of business or fixed establishments, that
one place to which the supply is most directly attributable;
(d) a place that cannot be identified from the above three clause, the usual location of the
recipient (address where the person is legally registered/ constituted in case of
recipients other than individuals).
(71) “location of the supplier of services” means, —
(a) where a supply is made from a place of business for which the registration has been
(b) where a supply is made from a place other than the place of business for which
(c) where a supply is made from more than one establishment, whether the place of
concerned with the provisions of the supply; and
(d) in absence of such places, the location of the usual place of residence of the supplier;
CGST Act 35
The determination of the location of the supplier of services is equally complicated, as is in

case of the recipient. The ‘location of the supplier of services’ is principally essential to
determine whether the supply is an inter-State or an intra-State supply (i.e., where location of
supplier and place of supply are in the same State or Union Territory, the supply would be an
intra-State supply, and will be an inter-State supply in any other case).
(72) “manufacture” means processing of raw material or inputs in any manner that results in
emergence of a new product having a distinct name, character and use and the term
“manufacturer” shall be construed accordingly;
The meaning of the term “manufacture” comes with a great deal of significance in the erstwhile
indirect tax regime, given that chargeability excise duty relies solely on whether an activity
results in manufacture. However, in the GST regime, the triggering taxable event is a “supply”
and tax is leviable whether or not the supply followed ‘manufacture’ of goods. Hence, the term
loses its significance in the GST regime. However, a definition has been provided as
references to this term are inadvertently essential even in the GST law, listed below:
 Composition levy: The composition tax rate in case of manufacturers is different as
compared to that of suppliers not being manufacturers (expected cap rate of 2% as
against 1%, respectively, being the aggregate of central and State tax/ Union Territory
tax). Further, manufacturers of certain notified goods would not be eligible to exercise
the option to avail the benefit of composition scheme. Such a restriction is however, not
placed on other classes of persons, say traders of the same notified goods.
 Concept of deemed exports: One of the pre-conditions for any such supply to qualify as
deemed export is that the goods in question must be manufactured in India. Therefore,
even where the goods are of the nature that are notified by the Government as goods
that qualify as “deemed exports” on meeting certain conditions, if such goods are not
manufactured in India (or, any processing performed on any imported goods does not
result in manufacture), they cannot enjoy the benefit of the deeming fiction.
 Maintenance of accounts: A manufacturer shall be required to maintain a record of
production/ manufacture of goods, in addition to recording the details of inward and
outward supplies.
(73) “market value” shall mean the full amount which a recipient of a supply is required to pay
in order to obtain the goods or services or both of like kind and quality at or about the same
time and at the same commercial level where the recipient and the supplier are not related;
This term finds reference only in the provisions in relation confiscation of goods or conveyance
arising on account of contravention of the provisions of the law (say supplies made by a
taxable person who has failed to obtain registration, etc.). The law provides that the owner of
the goods will be given an option to pay a fine, not exceeding the market value of the goods in
question, to safeguard his goods or conveyance from being confiscated.

Goods or services of like kind and quality means any other goods or services (“comparables”)
made under similar circumstances that, in respect of the characteristics, quality, quantity,
functional components, materials, and reputation of the goods or services in question, is the
same as, or closely or substantially resembles, that of the comparable.
The meaning of the term ‘related’, must be understood from the definition provided in respect
of ‘related persons’ under Section 15.
This definition should not be confused with Open market value as this definition appears to be
restricted to cases where there is confiscation where the value is from the recipients
perspective..
(74) “mixed supply” means two or more individual supplies of goods or services, or any
combination thereof, made in conjunction with each other by a taxable person for a single
price where such supply does not constitute a composite supply.
Illustration: – A supply of a package consisting of canned foods, sweets, chocolates, cakes,
dry fruits, aerated drinks and fruit juices when supplied for a single price is a mixed supply.
Each of these items can be supplied separately and is not dependent on any other. It shall not
be a mixed supply if these items are supplied separately;
When two (or more) goods, or two or more services ( need not be taxable) , or a combination
of goods and services, that each have individual identity and can be supplied separately, are
deliberately supplied conjointly for a single consolidated price, the supply would be treated as
a mixed supply.
Most importantly, such a supply should not qualify as a composite supply, for it to be treated
as a mixed supply, i.e., in case of a mixed supply:
 The two or more supplies are not naturally bundled and supplied conjointly in the
ordinary course of business;
 The principal supply cannot be identified – more than one of the supplies form the
“predominant element” of the supply.
Where the conjoint supply is neither a composite supply, nor supplied for a single price, the
two or more supplies would be treated as individual supplies or non-composite supply, and not
as a ‘mixed supply’.
Illustrations for consideration:
(a) Supply of toothpaste, brush, plastic container for the two: The three goods can be said
to be naturally bundled and supplied in the ordinary course of business. While the
plastic container is ancillary to the supply, both toothbrush and toothpaste could be the
predominant elements of the supply. In a composite supply, there can be only one
principal supply and therefore, this supply would be a mixed supply.
(b) Supply of laptop and printer: Although a printer is used for the purpose of printing, the
commands for which can be given through the laptop, the two goods are not naturally
bundled and supplied conjointly in the ordinary course of business. Therefore, this
supply is a mixed supply.
CGST Act 37
(c) Supply of repair service for an accident vehicle for a single consolidated price.
(d) Supply of lectures in a coaching centre and monthly excursions such as trekking, etc.:
The two services are not naturally bundled in the ordinary course of business.
Therefore, this supply is a mixed supply as it is for a single price.
The tax rates applicable in case of mixed supply would be the rate of tax attributable to that
one supply (goods, or services) which suffers the highest rate of tax from amongst the
supplies forming part of the mixed supply. Therefore, a mechanism for separating the supplies
could be examined, in case of mixed supplies where tax rates are differing.
It is important to ensure there is a single price is assigned in respect of the various supplies
that are involved. And the supplies so involved are unnaturally bundled together for such
single price. If the price were not one single amount but the visible aggregation of individual
prices then, even if supplied together, each of them may be regarded as an individual non-
composite supply.
(75) “money” means the Indian legal tender or any foreign currency, cheque, promissory note,
bill of exchange, letter of credit, draft, pay order, traveller cheque, money order, postal or
electronic remittance or any other instrument recognised by the Reserve Bank of India when
used as a consideration to settle an obligation or exchange with Indian legal tender of another
denomination but shall not include any currency that is held for its numismatic value;
The meaning attributed to this term in the GST law is a polished adoption of the definition
provided under the Service Tax law. Additionally, money as defined in the GST law includes
any foreign currency as well. The significance of this term is that it is out of the scope of
taxation under GST. Money would neither be goods nor services under the GST law. However,
there is no exemption given to activities relating to the use of money or its conversion. So
also, sale of money, say a coin collection set of 100 coins, would be chargeable to tax, as
such coins are held for their numismatic value.
It is also interesting to note that this term is no longer relevant for understanding whether a
transaction is for consideration, as the meaning assigned to the term ‘consideration’ under the
GST law may be in money or in another form.
The words “…or any other instrument recognised by the Reserve Bank of India…” demands a
mention of the Payments and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 which allows RBI to authorize the
development and distribution of a system of settlement of payments in the form of prepaid
instruments (PPIs) that are not Indian legal tender but are yet used as a consideration to settle
an obligation. Such PPIs are often confused with voucher (defined in section 2(119) below).
This form of interchangeable usage would be an error. Since the PPI is included in the
definition of money it cannot also be included in the definition of voucher. PPIs are not
vouchers but money. Tax treatment applicable on the receipt of money must be applied even
when receipt is through PPI’s.

(76) “motor vehicle” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (28) of section 2
of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988;
Section 2(28) reads as under:
“motor vehicle" or "vehicle" means any mechanically propelled vehicle adapted for use upon
roads whether the power of propulsion is transmitted thereto from an external or internal
source and includes a chassis to which a body has not been attached and a trailer; but does
not include a vehicle running upon fixed rails or a vehicle of a special type adapted for use
only in a factory or in any other enclosed premises or a vehicle having less than four wheels
fitted with engine capacity of not exceeding twenty-five cubic centimetres.
From this, it can be understood that all vehicles such as cars, scooters, bikes, auto-rickshaws,
trucks, buses, tempo-travellers, etc. that are meant for usage on roads will be covered within
the meaning of ‘motor vehicles’. The implication of this definition is that input tax credit is not
available in respect of inward supply of motor vehicles, unless they are used for specific
purposes (being transportation of goods, or for making taxable supplies of further supply of
such vehicles, or supplying passenger transportation services or for imparting training in
relation to such vehicles). The barring of rent a cab ( less than 12 persons) credit means that
there is a need to examine the applicability of the permits and its harmonious understanding
with the Motor Vehicles Act.
When motor vehicle has been defined by reference to another Act, all interpretation that is
allowed under that Act be equally apply under GST. Motor vehicles such as its excavators,
wheel loaders, back hoe, road rollers, etc. will also come within the same restrictions
applicable to motor vehicles under GST law. Merely because these articles are used more in
the nature of plant and machinery and less in the form of motor vehicles is of no avail.
(77) “non-resident taxable person” means any person who occasionally undertakes
transactions involving supply of goods or services or both, whether as principal or agent or in
any other capacity, but who has no fixed place of business or residence in India;
The meaning of the term ‘non-resident taxable person’ covers all person who undertake
transactions involving supply of goods or services or both, whether or not such supplies are
taxable, so long as such person neither has a fixed place of business nor residence in India.
Every such person who intends to affect any taxable supplies under the GST law, should
compulsorily obtain registration under the GST law before commencing business, irrespective
of the turnover during the year. The application for registration shall be made at least 5 days
prior to the commencement of business.
However, a person who does not undertake transactions involving any supplies “occasionally”,
he would not be treated as a non-resident taxable person. The law does not define the
frequency implied by the expression “occasionally”. Therefore, where there is a reasonable
frequency of occurrence of supplies in India, it must be construed as transactions occurring
occasionally.
CGST Act 39
Due to applicability of higher rate of withholding under Income-tax Act on remittances made
from India, non-residents who have no active business presence in India are also found to
have secured PAN numbers. Accordingly, such non-residents would not be NRTPs but CTPs
under GST law.
(78) “non-taxable supply” means a supply of goods or services or both which is not leviable to
tax under this Act or under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
A transaction must be a ‘supply’ as defined under the GST law, to qualify as a non-taxable
supply under the GST law.
 Stock transfers to unit within the State for which no separate registration is obtained,
which does not qualify as a ‘supply’ as defined under Section 7 of the CGST Act, cannot
be said to be a non-taxable supply.
 Transactions specified in Schedule III which are treated as neither a supply of goods
nor a supply of services, would also not qualify as non-taxable supplies.
 Supplies that enjoy the benefit of being wholly exempted from taxes, nil-rated supplies
and zero-rated supplies are also not covered under the umbrella of ‘non-taxable
supplies’ given that the goods or services are in fact liable to tax, and such tax is
exempted by virtue of an exemption notification, or the tax rate is nil.
 Only those supplies that are excluded from the scope of taxation under GST are
covered by this definition – i.e., alcoholic liquor for human consumption, articles listed in
section 9(2) or in schedule III.
(79) “non-taxable territory” means the territory which is outside the taxable territory;
A taxable territory means the territory to which the provisions of the GST law applies.
Accordingly, in case of CGST law, the taxable territory would cover all locations covered under
the extent of the law – i.e., whole of India.
 Accordingly, locations outside India would be considered as non-taxable territory, being
the territory outside the taxable territory.
 Similarly, for the State GST law, non-taxable territory would cover all those locations
where the provisions of the particular State GST law would not apply. For instance, for
the purpose of the State GST law of Maharashtra, all other States and Union Territories
of India, and locations outside India, would be non-taxable territory.
In this regard, it would be relevant to understand the geographical extent covered within the
meaning of the term ‘India’ – refer analysis of Section 2(56).
Supply taking place in a ‘non-taxable territory’ would be outside the jurisdiction for imposing
any GST. High sea sales (first supply) are not liable to GST because goods that involve
movement are located outside the taxable territory even though the recipient may be inside.

(80) “notification” means a notification published in the Official Gazette and the expressions
“notify” and “notified” shall be construed accordingly;
The Central Government and the State Governments are empowered to issue notifications to
give effect to certain provisions such as goods and services that would be liable to tax on
reverse charge basis, supplies that are exempted from tax, supply of goods that shall be
treated as supply of services, etc. For a notification to be valid under GST, it must be
published in the Official Gazette of India, as published by the Government of India’s
Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development.
Every notification published in the Official Gazette will come into force from the date of such
publication, unless another date is specified for this purpose, in the notification.
(81) “other territory” includes territories other than those comprising in a State and those
referred to in sub-clauses (a) to (e) of clause (114);
By definition, the expression ‘other territory’ is inclusive of all territories that do not form part of
any State (including the two Union Territories with Legislature being Delhi and Puducherry),
and excludes the Union Territories (i.e., the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep,
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Chandigarh).
All territories that fall into the ambit of ‘other territory’ as defined above would also form part of
the meaning of the term ‘Union territory’ as defined under Section 2(114), to leave no territory
that is claimed by any of the States or Union Territories, outside the scope of taxation under
GST, so long as such territory is in India. Although there is no specific explanation that the
extent of the term should be limited to the territory of India, we should not consider locations
outside India to also fall into the scope of ‘other territory’ defined above, as it would defeat the
purpose of law.
(82) “output tax” in relation to a taxable person, means the tax chargeable under this Act on
taxable supply of goods or services or both made by him or by his agent but excludes tax
payable by him on reverse charge basis;
The output tax chargeable on intra-State taxable supply of goods or services can be
summarised as under:
Type of Supply Output tax Reference

Supplies within a State (or CGST + Specific SGST Section 8(1) and 8(2) of the
UT with Legislature) (intra-State supply) IGST Act
Supplies within a UT without CGST + UTGST Section 8(1) and 8(2) of the
Legislature (intra-State supply) IGST Act

 While input tax is in relation to a registered person, output tax is in relation to a taxable
CGST Act 41
person. Evidently, the law excludes persons who are not registered under the law from
being associated with any input tax. However, where there is a liability due to the
Government, the law paves the way to cover those persons who are liable to tax, but
who have failed to obtain registration.
 The amount covered under this term is the amount of tax that is ‘chargeable’, and not
the amount that is ‘charged’. Therefore, in case a person wrongly charges tax, or
charges an excess rate of tax, as compared to the applicable tax rate, such excess
would not qualify as output tax.
 Some experts are of the view that taxes payable by recipient of supply, on account of
making inward supplies of such categories of supply as are notified for the purpose of
reverse chargeability of tax, or making inward supplies from unregistered persons,
would also be out of the scope of ‘output tax’.
 The implication of the exclusions mentioned above is that the input tax credit cannot be
utilised for making payment of any amount that does not qualify as output tax.
Discharge of liability in such cases has to be by way of cash payments (i.e., through the
electronic cash ledger, on depositing money by means of cash, cheque, etc.).
 The law makes a specific inclusion in respect of supplies made by an agent on behalf of
the supplier, to treat the tax paid on such supplies as output tax in the hands of the
supplier.
(83) “outward supply” in relation to a taxable person, means supply of goods or services or
both, whether by sale, transfer, barter, exchange, licence, rental, lease or disposal or any
other mode, made or agreed to be made by such person in the course or furtherance of
business;
For any transaction or activity to qualify as an outward supply, it must first be a ‘supply’ in
terms of the GST law, unlike inward supplies, which could merely be receipts, not amounting
to supply. Further, an outward supply is closely associated with a ‘taxable person’ being, a
unit of a person that has, or is required to have, a separate registration.
The phrase ‘outward supply’ can be applied to a supply only when such supply is made in the
course or furtherance of business. Say, for instance, business assets are put to personal use.
In such a case, even if the transaction is deemed to be a supply (made without consideration),
it cannot be treated as an ‘outward supply’, since the application of the business asset for
personal use was neither in the course nor furtherance of business.
 Supplies not qualifying as outward supplies would also be included for the purpose of
computing the ‘aggregate turnover’;
 In case of a composition supplier, where he engages with a recipient outside the State,
and if the transaction does not result in an ‘outward supply’, (say, sending goods for job
work outside the State), the conditions imposed on him as a composition supplier would
not be violated (i.e., making inter-State outward supplies);

 Details of supplies on which tax is payable, but which do not amount to ‘outward
supplies’ would also have to be declared in the return for outward supplies (GSTR-1);
 By treating goods or services agreed to be supplied as ‘outward supply’, the law
authorises imposition of GST on advance payments.
(84) “person” includes—
(a) an individual;
(b) a Hindu Undivided Family;
(c) a company;
(d) a firm;
(e) a Limited Liability Partnership;
(f) an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, in India
or outside India;
(g) any corporation established by or under any Central Act, State Act or Provincial Act or
a Government company as defined in clause (45) of section 2 of the Companies Act,
2013;
(h) any body corporate incorporated by or under the laws of a country outside India;
(i) a co-operative society registered under any law relating to co-operative societies;
(j) a local authority;
(k) Central Government or a State Government;
(l) society as defined under the Societies Registration Act, 1860;
(m) trust; and
(n) every artificial juridical person, not falling within any of the above;
This definition is to be read along with the fiction in Section 2(107) where a ‘taxable person’ is
understood to be sub-units of a person such that transactions between two taxable persons is
also a taxable supply. Every ‘person’ is understood to have a separate identity, under the GST
law.
For instance, a trust set up by a company will be treated as a separate person from the
company, or a limited liability partnership holding all the shares of a company will be treated
as a separate person from the company.
It is common to see entities who contribute assets and have a basket of different interests
which are in the nature of partnerships. The sharing of risks could indicate such associates or
joint venture. On the other hand one sided contract of revenue sharing maybe considered
different.
CGST Act 43
(85) “place of business” includes––

(a) a place from where the business is ordinarily carried on, and includes a warehouse, a
godown or any other place where a taxable person stores his goods, supplies or
receives goods or services or both; or
(b) a place where a taxable person maintains his books of account; or
(c) a place where a taxable person is engaged in business through an agent, by whatever
name called;
The inclusive nature of the definition indicates that the places or locations listed in the
definition are illustrative and not exhaustive. From the three clauses of such illustrative
locations, each clause makes a reference to ‘taxable person’. Therefore, place of business
should be understood as a term that is specific to each taxable person, having (or requiring)
distinct registrations. Say, in the case of a company having operations across 10 cities in two
States, the set of cities being the places of business for one State would be mutually exclusive
from that of the other.
Place of business therefore is not only any place where business is ordinarily carried on but it
would also be a place where goods are located and kept ready for supply. Ex-works supplies,
to a registered person from another State, without the goods immediately being transported
out to that State, would also come within the definition of place of business. Therefore, there is
no need to be concerned that location of supplier of goods is not defined in the law because
unlike services, there is sufficient trail available in transactions involving supply of goods.
Below are other implications in relation to place of business:
 Registration of such places as additional place of business – although there is no
explicit requirement under law to declare all places of business as additional places of
business. This would facilitate transportation of goods between places of business, or
from the job worker’s premises to any of the places of business, which can be
supported with the delivery challan, the details of which would form part of Form
Waybill;
 Maintenance of separate accounts in relation to each place of business such as details
of production or manufacture of goods, inward and outward supply, stock records of
goods, input tax credit availed, output tax payable and paid;
 Departmental audit can be carried out in respect of registered persons at any of its
places of business; this apart, authorised officers can demand access to any such
places to inspect books, documents, computers, etc.
(86) “place of supply” means the place of supply as referred to in Chapter V of the Integrated
Chapter V of the IGST Act provides for determination of the ‘place of supply’ in respect of any
supply of goods or supply of services. This expression has the utmost significance in

determining the nature of tax payable on a supply. Simply put, a supply shall be intra-State
(liable to CGST, SGST) where the location of the supplier and place of supply as determined
under the said Chapter are in the same State (or Union Territory), and neither the supplier nor
the recipient are SEZ units/ developers. In any other case, the supply would be treated as an
inter-State supply, liable to IGST.
There is no provision in the law that declares that GST is a ‘destination based tax’. Place of
supply is therefore the destination of supply attracting tax under this law. Place of supply is
not left out as a question of fact that each supplier has to determine but is a question of law
that is left to only be discovered by an application of the law.
Chapter V deals with determination of ‘place of supply’ under the following brackets:
(a) Goods, other than supply of goods imported into, or exported from India.
(b) Goods imported into, or exported from India.
(c) Services where location of supplier and recipient is in India.
(d) Services where location of supplier or location of recipient is outside India.
(e) Online information and database access or retrieval services (OIADARS) provided by a
person located in a non-taxable territory to a non-taxable online recipient (i.e.,
Government, governmental or local authorities, individuals, other persons receiving
such services for purpose other than commerce, industry, business, profession, but
located in taxable territory).
(87) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act on the recommendations of
the Council;
The law empowers the Government to issue rules to facilitate the implementation of the
provisions of the Act, or to carry out the objects of the law. Whenever the term ‘prescribed’ is
used in the Act, one must draw reference to the relevant rules that may be issued in respect
thereof.
Some experts are of the view that post facto or retrospective prescription may not be possible.
(88) “principal” means a person on whose behalf an agent carries on the business of supply or
receipt of goods or services or both;
The law uses the term ‘principal’ in the context of two relationships – one in case of the
principal and job worker, and the other in case of principal and agent. However, in the
provisions relating to job work, the term has a separate meaning, the reference of which is
separately provided for. Therefore, one must understand the meaning of the term ‘principal’
wherever else the term finds a mention, as a reference to the principal-agent relationship.
Agent of the principal is one who carries on the business of supply or receipt of goods or
services or both on behalf of another person, being the principal. The agent functions as an
extended arm of the principal and therefore, supplies (inward and outward) effected by an
agent on behalf of the principal will be treated as supplies effected by the principal.
CGST Act 45
Note the remarkable resemblance to the reference in parallel to paragraph 3, schedule I.

(89) “principal place of business” means the place of business specified as the principal place
of business in the certificate of registration;
The principal place of business could be any of the places of business of a person, which is
located in the same State in which the registration is intended to be obtained. Generally, this
location would be the head office or the corporate office or the billing address of the person, or
the address registered under a statute such as the Companies Act, or as specified in the
partnership deed. Once a location is chosen, it would be used for correspondence by the GST
officers, and should therefore be mentioned on the certificate of registration. For mutli
locational tax payers they would have 1 principal place per State.
The law requires that the books of account shall be maintained at the principal place of
business, or may be maintained electronically, on fulfilling the conditions prescribed by the
rules.
(90) “principal supply” means the supply of goods or services which constitutes the
predominant element of a composite supply and to which any other supply forming part of that
composite supply is ancillary;
The concept of ‘a principal supply’ emerges only for determining whether a supply is a
composite supply or not, and where it is a composite supply, the rate of tax applicable to the
composite supply.
Principal supply recognises two or more supplies, and arranges them in a two-step hierarchy –
a single predominant supply and the ancillary supply(ies).
(a) Supply of laptop and a carry case – In this case, the case only adds value to the supply
of laptop and therefore, the case would be ancillary while the laptop comprises the
predominant element of the supply. Even where the brand of the case is not the same
as that of the laptop, and the supplier can establish that the case is naturally bundled
with the laptop in the ordinary course of his business, the supply can be treated as a
composite supply.
(b) Supply of equipment and installation/ commissioning of the same – While the recipient
actually purchases the equipment, making the equipment the principal supply, the
installation makes the equipment usable by the recipient. Even if there is a separate
charge for the installation of the equipment, since the service is naturally bundled and
provided in the ordinary course of business, the supply would be a composite supply.
(c) Supply of repair services of laptop with parts – As such, it is the skill and expertise of
the supplier that makes the laptop function as desired. Whether replacement is
necessary or a mere resetting of the existing parts restores the functionality of the
laptop is not known to the customer. Where the object of the contract is unknown to the
customer, that object cannot be the purpose of the contract. The only object that is
known to the customer is the ‘repair service’ which makes it the predominant object of

supply. This would be the position even if the cost of the parts replaced is higher than
the cost of service. However, this theory can apply only where such a replacement is
done in the ordinary course of the business of repairing laptops, and such a
replacement is naturally bundled with the repair service.
(91) “proper officer” in relation to any function to be performed under this Act, means the
Commissioner or the officer of the central tax who is assigned that function by the
Commissioner in the Board;
The Government would appoint persons to act as officers of specified classes. However, all
such officers would not be ‘proper officers’ under the GST law. It may be understood that the
term ‘proper officer’ is to a case or a category of cases. Therefore, a Commissioner having
jurisdiction in respect of a taxable person, may authorise certain officers of the GST law to act
as proper officer in respect of such taxable person.
Further, the officers appointed under the SGST and UTGST laws are authorised to be the
proper officers for the purposes of the CGST law.
(92) “quarter” shall mean a period comprising three consecutive calendar months, ending on
the last day of March, June, September and December of a calendar year;
In terms of the definition provided above, we can understand that the following would be the
four quarters for the purposes of GST:
(a) January, February and March;
(b) April, May and June;
(c) July, August and September; and
(d) October, November and December.
For any reason, whatsoever, the term ‘quarter’ cannot be associated with three consecutive
months other than those mentioned above. For instance, a composition supplier is required to
furnish returns on a quarterly basis – this does not entitle him to furnish a return for the
periods June, July and August, even if he obtained registration only on 29th June.
(93) “recipient” of supply of goods or services or both, means—
(a) where a consideration is payable for the supply of goods or services or both, the person
who is liable to pay that consideration;
(b) where no consideration is payable for the supply of goods, the person to whom the
goods are delivered or made available, or to whom possession or use of the goods is
given or made available; and
(c) where no consideration is payable for the supply of a service, the person to whom the
service is rendered,
and any reference to a person to whom a supply is made shall be construed as a reference to
the recipient of the supply and shall include an agent acting as such on behalf of the recipient
in relation to the goods or services or both supplied;
CGST Act 47
In transactions involving more than 2 persons, it could result in an ambiguity as to who should
be treated as the ‘recipient’ for filing the return of inward supplies, paying tax on reverse
charge basis, determining whether the relationship with the supplier will impact valuation, etc.
In this regard, the definition specified the following:
 Where consideration payable: The recipient of supply and place of supply do not affect
one another where a consideration is payable for the supply. Irrespective of the place of
supply, the person who is liable for payment of consideration would be the recipient.
This would hold good even in the case where the supply is made to person on the
instruction of another – i.e., even if the goods are received by a person, if the person on
whose instruction the goods are delivered is the person liable to pay consideration,
such person giving the instruction would be the recipient.
 Where no consideration payable:
o Goods: The actual receiver of the goods would be the recipient. Say, for instance,
a supplier keeps a counter in the premises of another company for issuing free
samples to the employees of the company. The recipients would be the
employees, and not the company permitting the use of its premises.
o Services: The actual receiver of the services would be the recipient.
 The definition of ‘consideration’ in Section 2(31) clearly provides that the consideration
can be from the recipient or by any other person. However, the law provides that the
person paying the consideration shall be treated as the ‘recipient’. It appears that the
term ‘recipient’ referred to in Section 2(31) should be read as ‘receiver of the supply’,
and not ‘recipient’ as defined above.
 In case an agent is appointed by the principal, such agent may also be treated as the
recipient of the goods or services or both.
(94) “registered person” means a person who is registered under section 25 but does not
include a person having a Unique Identity Number;
The law makes several references to this term. The most significant implication of this
reference is that it is confined to a registration of a person, who may have (or is required to
have) more than one registration.
Every person/ unit of a person requiring registration, i.e., every taxable person, will be treated
as a registered person the moment registration is granted to it, excluding cases where a
Unique Identity Number (“UIN”) is granted.
A specialised agency of the United Nations Organisation or any Multilateral Financial
Institution and Organisation notified under the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act,
1947, Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries and any other persons who are notified by
the Commissioner shall be granted a UIN for certain purposes – such as for refund of taxes on
the notified supplies of goods or services or both received by them.

(95) “regulations” means the regulations made by the Board under this Act on the
recommendations of the Council;
The Central Board of Excise and Customs* constituted under the Central Boards of Revenue
Act, 1963 (“Board”) is empowered to make regulations consistent with the Act and the rules
made under the Act, to carry out the provisions of the Act.
Every regulation made by the Board under the Act would be laid after it is made or issued,
before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, at the earliest. Where both Houses
agree in making any modification, or that the regulation should not be made, the regulation
shall have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect from such date (i.e., no
retrospective effect of the modifications/ rejection by the Houses of the Parliament).
*Note: The name of the Board may be altered to ‘Central Board of Indirect Taxes.
(96) “removal’’ in relation to goods, means—
(a) despatch of the goods for delivery by the supplier thereof or by any other person acting
on behalf of such supplier; or
(b) collection of the goods by the recipient thereof or by any other person acting on behalf
of such recipient;
The term “removal’’ is relevant in the case of supply of goods. Under the Central Excise Rules,
2002, the term 'removal' also included the act of issue of the goods for captive consumption.
However, under the GST law, there must be a supplier, and a recipient who is distinct person.
Therefore, removal of goods used within the factory would not constitute an outward supply
(while input tax credit restriction implications could arise).
Under the GST law, the significance of this term arises for raising invoice, which in turn, is an
element essential to determine the time of supply. The law clearly specifies that the removal
need not be effected by the supplier himself, but could also be a result of collection of the
goods by the recipient or a person acting on his behalf [ job worker, agent]. Further, this term
would be relevant only to the extent of supplies requiring movement of goods.
(97) “return” means any return prescribed or otherwise required to be furnished by or under
this Act or the rules made thereunder;
The term ‘return’ is used in this law, as under other taxation laws, to refer to a document by
which details of transactions are furnished to the relevant tax department. This term is also
used under the GST law, to refer to return of goods upon after they have been received
(commonly known as purchase returns, sale returns). However, the term defined above also
refers to documents to be furnished by persons who are required to furnish the prescribed
details, in the form and manner prescribed by the rules.
Further, this term does not refer to a return under the GST law, but refers to “any return”
prescribed under the law.
CGST Act 49
(98) “reverse charge” means the liability to pay tax by the recipient of supply of goods or
services or both instead of the supplier of such goods or services or both under sub-section
(3) or sub-section (4) of section 9, or under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) of section 5 of
the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
The scheme of payment of tax under reverse charge mechanism would prevail under the GST
Law, as is existent in specific cases of services, and in case purchases from unregistered
dealers under the VAT law. [ kept in abeyance till 30th June 2018] However, in the GST law,
the scope of reverse charge is expanded to include:
(a) Goods (in addition to services) that may be notified, even if the supplier is registered;
(b) Services (in addition to goods), for taxation on reverse charge basis where the supplier
is unregistered, and the recipient is registered. [ kept in abeyance till 30 th June 2018]
 The scheme of partial reverse charge of joint charge, previously prevailing under the
Service tax laws has been discontinued;
 Persons required to pay tax under reverse charge are required to obtain registration
under the GST whether or not they make any outward supplies, and without having
regard to the threshold limits for registration – in case of notified goods and services;
 Composition suppliers being recipients of supplies on which tax is payable on reverse
charge basis, will have to remit tax at the applicable rates, and not the concessional
composition tax rates;
 The recipient paying tax on reverse charge basis, should issue a ‘payment voucher’ at
the time of making payment to the supplier;
 The recipient paying tax on reverse charge basis on account of effecting inward
supplies from unregistered persons, should issue an invoice in respect of the goods or
services inwarded, at the time of receipt of such goods or services.
(99) “Revisional Authority” means an authority appointed or authorised for revision of decision
or orders as referred to in section 108;
The Revisional Authority is empowered to pass an order to enhance or modify or annul a
decision/ order under CGST/ SGST/ UTGST Acts as is passed by an officer sub-ordinate to
him, where he finds it to be prejudicial to the interest of revenue if it is erroneous, illegal,
improper or has not considered material facts (whether or not available at the time of the
original decision/ order). However, such powers are not available to him in case of non-
appealable orders.
(100) “Schedule” means a Schedule appended to this Act;
The following three schedules are provided under the CGST Act to describe the extent/
limitation of the meaning of the term ‘supply’:

(a) Schedule I: Activities to be treated as supply even if made without consideration

 Permanent transfer or disposal of business, supplies between related persons or
taxable persons having the same PAN, supply of goods by a principal to his agent and
vice versa, import of services for business purpose, by a taxable person from a related
person.
(b) Schedule II: Activities to be treated as supply of goods or supply of services
 Goods: Transfer of title in goods under an agreement where property in goods passes
upon payment of full consideration, supply of goods by any unincorporated association
or body of persons to a member for cash, deferred payment or other valuable
consideration, etc.
 Services: Transfer of right or undivided share in goods without transfer of title,
treatment/ process applied to another person's goods, renting of immovable property,
temporary transfer/ permitting the use or enjoyment of IPRs, development, design,
programming, customisation, adaptation, upgradation, enhancement, implementation of
information technology software, works contract, etc.
(c) Schedule III: Activities or transactions which shall be treated neither as a supply of
goods nor a supply of services
 Services by employee to employer in the course/ relation to employment, Services of
funeral, burial, crematorium or mortuary, sale of land, sale of completed buildings,
actionable claims (other than lottery, betting and gambling), services by any court or
Tribunal, the functions performed by the Members of Parliament, etc.
(101) “securities” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (h) of section 2 of
the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956;
Section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 provides an inclusive definition
to the term “securities”, listing the following—
(i) shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable
securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate;
(ia) derivative;
(ib) units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme to the
investors in such schemes;
(ic) security receipt as defined in clause (zg) of section 2 of the Securitisation and
Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act,
2002;
(id) units or any other such instrument issued to the investors under any mutual fund
scheme;
CGST Act 51
(ii) Government securities;

(iia) such other instruments as may be declared by the Central Government to be
securities; and
(iib) rights or interest in securities.
Securities are neither treated as goods nor as services, by way of a specific exclusion in the
respective definitions. For this reason, ‘securities’ would not be included in the meaning of
‘non-taxable supplies’ which are in turn included within the meaning of ‘exempt supplies’.
Therefore, for the limited purpose of restricting input tax credits, the meaning of exempt
supplies would include ‘securities’, and therefore, input tax credit attributable to transactions in
securities would be liable for reversal
(102) “services” means anything other than goods, money and securities but includes activities
relating to the use of money or its conversion by cash or by any other mode, from one form,
currency or denomination, to another form, currency or denomination for which a separate
consideration is charged;
Express exclusion of goods implies its inclusion within the definition of services. Therefore,
understanding the exact scope and boundaries of the definition of goods is required to
recognize all those transactions or activities that would fall under the meaning of ‘services’, on
being left out of the definition of ‘goods’. Transactions in money (other than its conversion) are
excluded both from the definition of goods and from the definition of services. ‘Anything’
includes everything and leaves nothing – services includes goods and for this reason ‘other
than goods’ appears in the definition. But for such exclusion it would have been included. And
services includes immovable property as well. Transactions involving immovable property to
the extent excluded by paragraph 5, schedule III only. All other transactions involving
immovable property comes squarely within the scope of services.
Services is therefore not a verb but a noun. As such, there is no need to search for the activity
performed in a transaction involving services but sufficient to note that it is not goods then it
will be services. If this manner of drafting the definition that allows tax to be imposed on
transactions of tolerating an act or abstaining from an act as found in paragraph 5(e),
schedule II.
 The word “anything” could be read as “everything”, i.e., services means everything that
is not goods, and is not specifically excluded (such as money, securities, transactions
specified in Schedule III, etc.)
 Schedule II of the CGST Act lists down matters which shall be regarded as a supply of
goods, or supply of services.
 The GST law empowers the Government to require treatment of supply of notified
goods as supply of services, and vice versa.

(103) “State” includes a Union territory with Legislature;

Each State derives its respective meaning provided in the First Schedule in the Constitution of
India. There are 29 States and 7 Union Territories in India. Of the 7 Union Territories, Delhi
and Puducherry have Legislatures of their own. Therefore, for the GST law, by the expression
‘State’, Delhi and Puducherry, though Union Territories, will be included.
The Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Puducherry would pass State GST Acts for intra-
State levies, while the remaining 5 Union Territories will be governed commonly under the
UTGST Act.
(104) “State tax” means the tax levied under any State Goods and Services Tax Act;
Tax levied under the State GST laws is referred to as “State tax”. State tax is that component
of GST that levied on intra-State supplies by the State Governments (of the Legislatures of
Delhi and Puducherry), under the respective State-specific GST laws.
(105) “supplier” in relation to any goods or services or both, shall mean the person supplying
the said goods or services or both and shall include an agent acting as such on behalf of such
supplier in relation to the goods or services or both supplied;
The reference to whom the meaning of the term ‘supplier’ is fitted is ‘person’, as against
‘taxable person’ or ‘registered person’. This is because the law does not keep persons who
are not liable to tax under GST, outside the scope of this term. For instance, in case of
purchases from unregistered persons, who are not liable for registration, would also be treated
as suppliers, while the recipient of the supply is liable to pay tax on reverse charge basis if
such recipient is registered.
Agents supplying on behalf of the supplier are also included within the meaning of ‘supplier’.
This is to ensure that invoices raised by the agent on behalf of the supplier for effecting sales
on his behalf qualify as valid invoices, as if they were issued by the supplier himself.
(106) “tax period” means the period for which the return is required to be furnished;
Given that the term ‘return’ is not limited to any particular return, the term tax period can also
vary for each return prescribed under the law. A ‘tax period’ would ordinarily be the calendar
months (or quarters ending on the last dates of March, June, September and December in
case of composition suppliers). However, it can also include a period of one financial year, for
the annual return.
(107) “taxable person” means a person who is registered or liable to be registered under
section 22 or section 24;
Every ‘supplier’ shall be liable to be registered under the GST law in the State (or Union
territory) from where he makes any taxable supply of goods or services or both, if his
aggregate turnover in a financial year exceeds the specified limit (Rs. 20 Lacs or Rs. 10 Lacs
– refer Section 22 for details).
CGST Act 53
The following persons (amongst others) are also compulsorily required to obtain registration,
whether or not their turnover exceeds the threshold limit:
 Non-resident taxable persons, casual taxable persons making any taxable supply
 Persons making any inter-State taxable supply;
 Recipients of supplies of goods or services that are notified for tax on reverse charge
basis;
 Persons such as agents who make taxable supplies on behalf of other taxable persons;
 Electronic commerce operator and persons effecting supplies through them;
 Person supplying OIADAR services from a place outside India to an unregistered
person in India.
(108) “taxable supply” means a supply of goods or services or both which is leviable to tax
under this Act;
For a transaction to qualify as a taxable supply, the following components are compulsory:
 The transaction must involve either goods or services, or both of them;
 Such goods or services should not be specified under Schedule III (neither a supply of
goods nor a supply of services);
 The transaction should fall within the meaning of ‘supply’ in terms of Section 7 of the
CGST Act;
 The supply should be leviable to GST – i.e., it should not be covered within the meaning
of ‘non-taxable supply’ as defined under Section 2(78) – i.e., alcoholic liquor for human
consumption. This implies that supplies enjoying a full exemption from tax by way of an
exemption notification would also be treated as taxable supplies.
(109) “taxable territory” means the territory to which the provisions of this Act apply;
The scope of taxable territory extends to the whole of India.
(110) “telecommunication service” means service of any description (including electronic mail,
voice mail, data services, audio text services, video text services, radio paging and cellular
mobile telephone services) which is made available to users by means of any transmission or
reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature, by wire,
radio, visual or other electromagnetic means;
The scope of the term ‘telecommunication service’ is so vast that it covers services starting
from the landline facility for making calls, text messages, voice messages, communication
through media such as WhatsApp, Skype, etc., to services provided by Gmail, yahoo, etc.
(111) “the State Goods and Services Tax Act” means the respective State Goods and
Services Tax Act, 2017;

The SGST Act means that SGST Act of the relevant State (or Delhi or Puducherry), as the
case may be, which provides for levy and collection of tax on all intra-State supplies of goods
or services or both (except alcoholic liquor for human consumption), i.e., the supply of goods
or services or both where the location of the supplier and the place of supply as determined
under Chapter V of the IGST Act are located within the same State. Upon passing of the GST
law in each of the “States”, there would be 31 SGST Acts in India.
(112) “turnover in State” or “turnover in Union territory” means the aggregate value of all
taxable supplies (excluding the value of inward supplies on which tax is payable by a person
on reverse charge basis) and exempt supplies made within a State or Union territory by a
taxable person, exports of goods or services or both and inter-State supplies of goods or
services or both made from the State or Union territory by the said taxable person but
excludes central tax, State tax, Union territory tax, integrated tax and cess;
The expression ‘turnover in State’ (or UT,) is a replica of the expression ‘aggregate turnover’,
but for the fact that ‘turnover in State’ is restricted to the turnover of a taxable person, as
opposed to aggregate turnover with is PAN-based (i.e., all taxable persons having the same
PAN, across States). The following references are made in to the phrase in the Act:
 Payment of tax under composition scheme: The tax rate will be applicable on the
‘turnover in State’ particular to a taxable person, which should be paid by him in the
State in which he has obtained registration;
 Distribution of input tax credit by an ISD: In case of the distribution of credit that is
attributable to two or more units of the person, the credit shall be distributed amongst
such units on a pro rata basis (i.e., ratio of their respective ‘turnover in State’ to the
aggregate of the ‘turnover in State’ of all such units).
(113) “usual place of residence” means––
(a) in case of an individual, the place where he ordinarily resides;
(b) in other cases, the place where the person is incorporated or otherwise legally constituted;
The expression ‘usual place of residence’ comes of use to determine the location of supplier/
recipient of services where no other location is relatable to the supply/ receipt of service.
(114) “Union territory” means the territory of—
(a) the Andaman and Nicobar Islands;
(b) Lakshadweep;
(c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli;
(d) Daman and Diu;
(e) Chandigarh; and
(f) other territory.
CGST Act 55
Explanation. ––For the purposes of this Act, each of the territories specified in sub-clauses (a)
to (f) shall be considered to be a separate Union territory;
All the Union Territories and “other territory” (as defined in Section 2(81) supra) in India will be
governed under the UTGST Act, except Delhi and Puducherry. Given that the said two UTs
have a Legislature, they will be regarded as ‘States’ for the purpose of GST, and will be
governed by their respective SGST laws, instead of the UTGST law.
(115) “Union territory tax” means the Union territory goods and services tax levied under the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act;
It refers to the tax charged under the UTGST Act on intra-State supply of goods or services or
both (i.e., supplies effected within a Union Territory not having a Legislature), in addition to the
tax levied under the CGST law. The rate of UT tax is capped at 20%, and will be notified by
the Central Government based on the recommendation of the Council.
(116) “Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act” means the Union Territory Goods and
Services Tax Act, 2017;
The UTGST Act provides for levy and collection of tax on all intra-State supplies of goods or
services or both (except alcoholic liquor for human consumption), i.e., the supply of goods or
services or both where the location of the supplier and the place of supply as determined
under Chapter V of the IGST Act are located within the same UT.
(117) “valid return” means a return furnished under sub-section (1) of section 39 on which self-
assessed tax has been paid in full;
The term ‘valid return’ is attributable only to the monthly return in Form GSTR-3, to be filed by
every registered person (except a composition supplier, non-resident taxable person, ISD,
person liable to deduct tax at source and person liable to collect tax at source). The return will
be treated as a valid return only where the tax liability determined in the return is fully
remitted.
 The law mandates that the liability determined in the returns of previous months must
be discharged prior to discharging the liability determined in the returns of current
month;
 Input tax credit will become available to the recipient only if the return furnished by the
supplier is a ‘valid return’.
(118) “voucher” means an instrument where there is an obligation to accept it as consideration
or part consideration for a supply of goods or services or both and where the goods or
services or both to be supplied or the identities of their potential suppliers are either indicated
on the instrument itself or in related documentation, including the terms and conditions of use
of such instrument;

‘Voucher’, for the purposes of GST, necessarily means that instrument which should be
accepted as consideration (wholly or partly) for a supply. Therefore, a voucher is an asset for
the recipient, and without a recipient, a ‘voucher’ would lose its meaning. Therefore, in a case
of a supplier issuing a voucher to a recipient of goods, on his making a purchase from the
supplier, the voucher is not being viewed as an additional outcome of the supply made to the
recipient. Rather, it is an instrument that can be used in place of money (or other
consideration) which can be used on effecting yet another inward supply. E.g. coupons,
tokens, promo-codes, etc.
However, where the supply can be identifiable at the time of issue of voucher, the tax should
be remitted for the month in which the voucher is issued, as if it were an advance received for
a supply to be made at a future date.
Reference maybe had to the discussion in the context of money under section 2(75) about
Payments and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 where RBI is authorized to issue pre-paid
instruments (PPIs) apart from Indian legal tender to be used to settle obligations to pay
consideration. All vouchers are not money if they are not so recognized by RBI. And if the
vouchers are recognized by RBI then they will take the character of money. Reference may be
had to the discussion in the context of time of supply under section 12(4)/13(4) for a detailed
discussion on the types of vouchers and implications in GST.
(119) “works contract” means a contract for building, construction, fabrication, completion,
erection, installation, fitting out, improvement, modification, repair, maintenance, renovation,
alteration or commissioning of any immovable property wherein transfer of property in goods
(whether as goods or in some other form) is involved in the execution of such contract;
The expression ‘works contract’ is limited to contracts to do with immoveable property, unlike
the erstwhile understanding of the phrase which also extends to moveable property. A contract
will amount to a ‘works contract’ only where the resultant which is immovable property.
Transactions resulting in movable property, however, would be treated as a ‘composite supply’
of goods or services depending on the principal supply (refer analysis of Section 8).
The 14 adjectives used in the definition of works contract are neither exhaustive nor limiting
the scope of works contract. Conspicuous by their absence are adjectives like manufacture,
assembly, printing and so on. As stated earlier the presence of certain objectives of the
absence of certain others limit the scope of what works contract is under GST. If the resultant
is bringing into existence of immovable property, then the supply is a works contract.
Obviously, pre-existing immovable property being involved in a transaction will be saved to the
extent of paragraph 5, schedule III.
For GST law, works contract as defined above will be treated as a supply of service, thereby
putting a closure to the deliberation on the methodology of segregating the works contract
between goods and services. Due to such treatment as a supply of services, transactions such
as sales returns, cancellation, non-approval of work done, carrying forward of work-in-
progress, etc. are faced with restrictions in GST as no provision appears to be made to
CGST Act 57
accommodate such transactions which are akin to goods even when works contracts are
treated as supply of services.
(120) words and expressions used and not defined in this Act but defined in the Integrated
Goods and Services Tax Act, the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act and the Goods
and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act shall have the same meaning as assigned to
them in those Acts;
Certain words and expressions like exports, import, etc. defined in the IGST/ UTGST/
Compensation laws as are used under the CGST law will have the same meaning as assigned
in such laws.
(121) any reference in this Act to a law which is not in force in the State of Jammu and
Kashmir, shall, in relation to that State be construed as a reference to the corresponding law,
if any, in force in that State.
From the extent-clause provided in Section 1 of the CGST Act, the CGST Act is now
applicable in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Wherever a reference to another law is drawn
in the CGST Act, (say reference to the Service tax laws), for the State of Jammu and Kashmir,
such a reference should be understood as a reference to the corresponding operational law in
the State (i.e., the Jammu and Kashmir General Sales Tax Act,1962).
Extract of the CGST Rules, 2017
2. Definitions
In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) ”Act” means the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (12 of 2017);
(b) “FORM” means a Form appended to these rules;
(c) “Section” means a section of the Act;
(d) “Special Economic Zone” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (za)
of section 2 of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 (28 of 2005);
(e) Words and expressions used herein but not defined and defined in the Act shall have
the meanings respectively assigned to them in the Act.

Chapter II
Administration
3. Officers under this Act
4. Appointment of officers
5. Powers of officers
6. Authorisation of officers of State tax or Union territory tax as proper officer in
certain circumstances
Statutory Provision
The Government shall, by notification1, appoint the following classes of officers for the
purposes of this Act, namely: ––
(a) Principal Chief Commissioners of Central Tax or Principal Directors General of Central
Tax,
(b) Chief Commissioners of Central Tax or Directors General of Central Tax,
(c) Principal Commissioners of Central Tax or Principal Additional Directors General of
Central Tax,
(d) Commissioners of Central Tax or Additional Directors General of Central Tax,
(e) Additional Commissioners of Central Tax or Additional Directors of Central Tax,
(f) Joint Commissioners of Central Tax or Joint Directors of Central Tax,
(g) Deputy Commissioners of Central Tax or Deputy Directors of Central Tax,
(h) Assistant Commissioners of Central Tax or Assistant Directors of Central Tax, and
(i) any other class of officers as it may deem fit:
Provided that the officers appointed under the Central Excise Act, 1944 shall be deemed to be
the officers appointed under the provisions of this Act.
The Government vide Notification No.2/2017 – Central Tax dated 19.06.2017 has appointed
the following classes of officers for the purposes of this Act: ––
(a) Principal Chief Commissioners of Central Tax and Principal Directors General of Central
Tax,
(b) Chief Commissioners of Central Tax and Directors General of Central Tax,
(c) Principal Commissioners of Central Tax and Principal Additional Directors General of
Central Tax,
Administration Sec. 3-6
(d) Commissioners of Central Tax and Additional Directors General of Central Tax,
(e) Additional Commissioners of Central Tax and Additional Directors of Central Tax,
(f) Joint Commissioners of Central Tax and Joint Directors of Central Tax,
(g) Deputy Commissioners of Central Tax and Deputy Directors of Central Tax,
(h) Assistant Commissioners of Central Tax and Assistant Directors of Central Tax,
(i) Commissioners of Central Tax (Audit),
(j) Commissioners of Central Tax (Appeals),
(k) Additional Commissioners of Central Tax (Appeals) and
(i) any other class of Central Tax officers sub-ordinate to them as central tax officers may
deem fit:
3.1 Introduction
The CGST Act confers powers for performing various statutory functions on various officers.
Officers who are to discharge these functions derive their power and authority from section 3.
It is therefore necessary for the efficient administration of the law that often Authority be
conferred on designated persons who will be the incumbents occupying positions identified in
the law as being the authorized persons to discharge the said functions.
3.2 Analysis
Specific categories of officers have been named in this section whose appointment requires
notification by the government. Notifications issued under this section do not require to be laid
before Parliament as ‘laying before Parliament’ is a requirement limited only to exemption
notifications and not designating officers under section 3. Only recently, Central excise act has
been amended perhaps to align itself in the administrative framework in view of the imminent
introduction of GST. Accordingly, Officers under the Central excise act are deemed to be
officers appointed under this act.
Statutory Provision
4. Appointment of Officers
(1) The Board may, in addition to the officers as may be notified by the Government
under section 3, appoint such persons as it may think fit to be the officers under this
Act.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), the Board may, by order,
authorise any officer referred to in clauses (a) to (h) of section 3 to appoint officers of
central tax below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of central tax for the
administration of this Act.

Relevant Circulars, Notifications and Clarifications

1. Notification No. 02/2017-Central Tax, dated 19.06.2017 notifying the jurisdiction of
Central Tax Officers;
2. Notification No. 14/2017-Central Tax, dated 01.07.2017 issued to assign the
jurisdiction and powers of various directorates;
3. Notification No. 39/2017-Central Tax, dated 13.10.2017 read with Notification No.
10/2018-Central Tax, dated 23.01.2018 issued to cross-empower State Tax officers
for processing and granting of refunds;
4. Circular No. 3/3/2017 dated 05.07.2017 read with Circular No. 31/05/2018 dated
09.02.2018 issued to clarify the functions of the Proper officers;
5. Circular No. 9/9/2017 dated 18.10.2017 issued regarding the officer authorized for
enrollment of GST Practitioners.
4.1 Introduction
All statutory functions cannot be performed by executive officers. There is a necessity to
appoint administrative staff to assist executive officers.
4.2 Analysis
The power to appoint executive officers remains with the government but the authority to
appoint administrative staff is left to the Board – Central Board of Excise and Customs
constituted under the Central Boards of Revenue Act, 1963. The administrative staff make up
the entire working team of administrative staff also called ‘field formations’. While the authority
to appoint administrative staff is vested with the Board, express provision is made to permit
officers under section 3 to appoint, for the purposes of Central Tax, certain administrative
staff.
This provision ensures an executive order issued by (say) Principal Chief Commissioner or
Principal Director-General or any subordinate officer to immediately confer status
administrative staff to the erstwhile field formations for purposes of Central Tax.
Statutory Provision
5. Powers of Officers
(1) Subject to such conditions and limitations as the Board may impose, an officer of
central tax may exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred or imposed on
him under this Act.
(2) An officer of central tax may exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred or
imposed under this Act on any other officer of central tax who is subordinate to him.
(3) The Commissioner may, subject to such conditions and limitations as may be specified
in this behalf by him, delegate his powers to any other officer who is subordinate to
him.
CGST Act 61
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, an Appellate Authority shall not
exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred or imposed on any other
officer of central tax.
5.1 Introduction
Delgatus potest non delegare – the delegate must exercise the power conferred and not sub-
delegate. While this is true on the principle of construction of statutes, the very law that
creates the power also empowers creation of exception to this principle.
5.2 Analysis
An officer duly appointed under this act needs to be supplied with guidance as regards the
manner of exercise of his authority including the boundaries for the same. The more is
required to prescribe conditions and limitations for the exercise of powers conferred on
officers of central tax during discharging their duties under this act.
Apart from the boundaries laid down, very interestingly power of sub-delegation is conferred
on officers of Central Tax. Please note in the event of sub-delegation, the duty to provide
superintendence is implicit. While sub-delegation appears to subvert the course of
administrative power, in the wisdom of the lawmaker the liberty to sub-delegate can at least be
enabled in such a historical and hard-to-amend legislation. It would be interesting to see how
this power would be exercised without causing too much dilution and subversion. All the
administrative flexibility is provided or at least enabled have been wisely limited to executive
officers and not to appellate authorities.
Statutory Provision
(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of this Act, the officers appointed under the State
Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act are
authorised to be the proper officers for the purposes of this Act, subject to such
conditions as the Government shall, on the recommendations of the Council, by
notification, specify.
(2) Subject to the conditions specified in the notification issued under sub-section (1), ––
(a) where any proper officer issues an order under this Act, he shall also issue an
order under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods
and Services Tax Act, as authorised by the State Goods and Services Tax Act
or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as the case may be, under
intimation to the jurisdictional officer of State tax or Union territory tax;
(b) where a proper officer under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union
Territory Goods and Services Tax Act has initiated any proceedings on a subject
matter, no proceedings shall be initiated by the proper officer under this Act on
the same subject matter.

(3) Any proceedings for rectification, appeal and revision, wherever applicable, of any
order passed by an officer appointed under this Act shall not lie before an officer
appointed under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods
and Services Tax Act.
6.1 Introduction
With the similarity of the taxing base, it is necessary to develop a mechanism to avoid
duplication of tax administration by officers of Central Tax and by officers of State /UT Tax.
6.2 Analysis
For the purposes of administration of this act, it is permitted to authorise officers of State/UT
Tax to simultaneously also be the officer of Central Tax. It is interesting to note that officers of
State/UT Tax do not relinquish their authority but accept additional authority as officers of
Central Tax. However, to do so requires the recommendations of the Council and adherence
to the conditions that the government may impose in this regard.
In order to establish non-overlapping of administrative power, it is provided that an officer in
respect of central tax is required to duly exercise his authority even in respect of State/UT Tax
where the executive action is in respect of the same taxing base. In so doing, the officer of
central tax is required to intimate the officer of State/UT Tax in respect of all his actions.
Further administrative power has been invoked by the officer of the State/UT Tax in any
proceeding, such action will preclude the officer of central tax from exercising any
administrative power in respect of transactions covered by the said proceedings.
The officer who has exercised administrative power in any proceeding will continue to be the
forum to entertain appeal, rectification or revision in respect of that matter until it is concluded.
Surely, this will not result in competition for tax administration enable clear and unambiguous
jurisdiction in respect of each proceeding. Industry will closely examine who will exercise
administrative power without causing duplication in appearing before tax administration for
GST compliance.
Please note that this provision enabling mutual allocation of administrative power between
officers of central tax and officers of State/UT Tax opens with the words “Without prejudice
….”. As such the provisions conferring power to officers of central tax will prevail over the
provisions enabling its mutual allocation. The role of the Council in guiding such mutual
allocation is paramount as also the conditions that the government is authorised to impose in
such an exercise.
It is very important to examine in every GST proceeding whether the officer initiating the said
proceedings is vested with the authority so to do. It is not uncommon that officers are
conferred the authority after they have initiated the any proceedings. In such a situation, the
entire proceedings become illegal and in certain cases cannot be restarted due to supervening
circumstances or actions taken.
CGST Act 63
Acquiescence is a hotly contests topic where a person who is unaware of the lack of authority
submits to the proceedings initiated is treated to have acquiesced. Such acquiescence robs
the person of the right to subsequently question the lack of authority. A hot contest is on the
question of whether acquiescence can furnish legality to a patently illegal action. Tax
administration will, however, claim it to be so. This itself requires a careful consideration of the
scope of authority being exercised and it does good to raise objections on this issue, if it
exists, at the earliest opportunity.
Please note the notifications and circulars referred earlier must be carefully studied to
understand the scope and extent as well as limits to the powers conferred. The general rule in
section 5(2) that – a superior office is empowered to exercise authority vested with the
subordinate – does not hold good in all instances. The notification granting the said power
must be examined if the powers are conferred on ‘an officer of certain rank’ or ‘officers below
the rank’.
The notifications under section 3 and 5 of CGST Act listed earlier are further detailed in the
circulars specifying internal allocation of powers. There are yet other sections where the
officers are not notified such as Revisional Authority, Appellate Authority, etc. Care should to
take to consider the limits of authority vested under the Act so as not to contaminate
proceedings undertaken in the absence of lawful authority.

Chapter-III
Levy and Collection of Tax
Sections Rules
7. Scope of supply 3. Intimation for composition levy
8. Tax liability on composite and mixed 4. Effective date for composition levy
supplies 5. Conditions and restrictions for composition
9. Levy and collection levy
10. Composition levy 6. Validity of composition levy
7. Rate of tax of the composition levy
Statutory Provisions
7. Scope of supply
(1) For the purposes of this Act, the expression “supply” includes––
(a) all forms of supply of goods or services or both such as sale, transfer, barter,
exchange, licence, rental, lease or disposal made or agreed to be made for a
consideration by a person in the course or furtherance of business;
(b) import of services for a consideration whether or not in the course or
furtherance of business;
(c) the activities specified in Schedule I, made or agreed to be made without a
consideration; and
(d) the activities to be treated as supply of goods or supply of services as referred
to in Schedule II.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), ––
(a) activities or transactions specified in Schedule III; or
(b) such activities or transactions undertaken by the Central Government, a State
Government or any local authority in which they are engaged as public
authorities, as may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of
the Council,
shall be treated neither as a supply of goods nor a supply of services.
(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2), the Government may, on the
recommendations of the Council, specify, by notification, the transactions that are to
be treated as—
(a) a supply of goods and not as a supply of services; or
(b) a supply of services and not as a supply of goods.
Ch-III: Levy and Collection of Tax Sec. 7-10
SCHEDULE I
[See section 7]
ACTIVITIES TO BE TREATED AS SUPPLY EVEN IF MADE WITHOUT CONSIDERATION
1. Permanent transfer or disposal of business assets where input tax credit has been
availed on such assets.
2. Supply of goods or services or both between related persons or between distinct
persons as specified in section 25, when made in the course or furtherance of
business:
Provided that gifts not exceeding fifty thousand rupees in value in a financial year by
an employer to an employee shall not be treated as supply of goods or services or
both.
3. Supply of goods—
(a) by a principal to his agent where the agent undertakes to supply such goods on
behalf of the principal; or
(b) by an agent to his principal where the agent undertakes to receive such goods
on behalf of the principal.
4. Import of services by a taxable person from a related person or from any of his other
establishments outside India, in the course or furtherance of business
SCHEDULE II
[See section 7]
ACTIVITIES TO BE TREATED AS SUPPLY OF GOODS OR SUPPLY OF SERVICES
1. Transfer
(a) any transfer of the title in goods is a supply of goods;
(b) any transfer of right in goods or of undivided share in goods without the transfer
of title thereof, is a supply of services;
(c) any transfer of title in goods under an agreement which stipulates that property
in goods shall pass at a future date upon payment of full consideration as
agreed, is a supply of goods
2. Land and Building
(a) any lease, tenancy, easement, licence to occupy land is a supply of services;
(b) any lease or letting out of the building including a commercial, industrial or
residential complex for business or commerce, either wholly or partly, is a supply of
services.

3. Treatment or process
Any treatment or process which is applied to another person's goods is a supply of
services.
4. Transfer of business assets
(a) where goods forming part of the assets of a business are transferred or disposed of
by or under the directions of the person carrying on the business so as no longer to
form part of those assets, whether or not for a consideration, such transfer or
disposal is a supply of goods by the person;
(b) where, by or under the direction of a person carrying on a business, goods held or
used for the purposes of the business are put to any private use or are used, or
made available to any person for use, for any purpose other than a purpose of the
business, whether or not for a consideration, the usage or making available of such
goods is a supply of services;
(c) where any person ceases to be a taxable person, any goods forming part of the
assets of any business carried on by him shall be deemed to be supplied by him in
the course or furtherance of his business immediately before he ceases to be a
taxable person, unless—
(i) the business is transferred as a going concern to another person; or
(ii) the business is carried on by a personal representative who is deemed to be
a taxable person.
5. Supply of services
The following shall be treated as supply of services, namely:—
(a) renting of immovable property;
(b) construction of a complex, building, civil structure or a part thereof, including a
complex or building intended for sale to a buyer, wholly or partly, except where the
entire consideration has been received after issuance of completion certificate,
where required, by the competent authority or after its first occupation, whichever is
earlier.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause—
(1) the expression "competent authority" means the Government or any authority
authorised to issue completion certificate under any law for the time being in force
and in case of non-requirement of such certificate from such authority, from any of
the following, namely:—
(i) an architect registered with the Council of Architecture constituted under the
Architects Act, 1972; or(20 of 1972)
CGST Act 67
(ii) a chartered engineer registered with the Institution of Engineers (India); or

(iii) a licensed surveyor of the respective local body of the city or town or village
or development or planning authority;
(2) the expression "construction" includes additions, alterations, replacements or
remodelling of any existing civil structure;
(c) temporary transfer or permitting the use or enjoyment of any intellectual
property right;
(d) development, design, programming, customisation, adaptation, upgradation,
enhancement, implementation of information technology software;
(e) agreeing to the obligation to refrain from an act, or to tolerate an act or a
situation, or to do an act; and
(f) transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose (whether or not for a
specified period) for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration.
6. Composite supply
The following composite supplies shall be treated as a supply of services, namely:—
(a) works contract as defined in clause (119) of section 2; and
(b) supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner whatsoever, of
goods, being food or any other article for human consumption or any drink (other
than alcoholic liquor for human consumption), where such supply or service is for
cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration.
7. Supply of Goods
The following shall be treated as supply of goods, namely:—
Supply of goods by any unincorporated association or body of persons to a member
thereof for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration.
SCHEDULE III
[See section 7]
ACTIVITIES OR TRANSACTIONS WHICH SHALL BE TREATED NEITHER AS A SUPPLY OF
GOODS NOR A SUPPLY OF SERVICES
1. Services by an employee to the employer in the course of or in relation to his
employment.
2. Services by any court or Tribunal established under any law for the time being in force.
3. (a) the functions performed by the Members of Parliament, Members of State

Legislature, Members of Panchayats, Members of Municipalities and Members of

other local authorities;
(b) the duties performed by any person who holds any post in pursuance of the
provisions of the Constitution in that capacity; or
(c) the duties performed by any person as a Chairperson or a Member or a Director in
a body established by the Central Government or a State Government or local
authority and who is not deemed as an employee before the commencement of
this clause.
4. Services of funeral, burial, crematorium or mortuary including transportation of the
deceased.
5. Sale of land and, subject to clause (b) of paragraph 5 of Schedule II, sale of building.
6. Actionable claims, other than lottery, betting and gambling.
Explanation.—For the purposes of paragraph 2, the term "court" includes District Court,
High Court and Supreme Court.
Relevant circulars, notifications, clarifications issued by Government

1. Notification No. 14/2017-Central Tax (Rate),dt. 28.06.2017 to notify the supplies which
shall be treated neither as a supply of goods nor a supply of service;
2. Circular No. 35/9/2018 dated 05.03.2018 regarding taxable services provided by a
member of the Joint Venture (JV) to the JV and vice versa and inter se between the
members of the JV;
3. Circular No. 34/8/2018 dated 01.03.2018 clarifying on the taxability of certain services;
4. Circular No. 1/1/2017-IGST dated 07.07.2017 regarding Inter-state movement of
various modes of conveyance, carrying goods or passengers or for repairs and
maintenance;
5. Circular No. 21/21/2017 dated 22.11.2017 to clarify on Inter-state movement of rigs,
tools and spares, and all goods on wheels like cranes;
6. Chapter three of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIT can be
referred to for a gist of the statutory provisions, titled ‘The Meaning and Scope of
Supply’.
Related provisions of the Statute

Section or Rule Description
Section 2(31) Definition of Consideration
Section 2(17) Definition of Business
Section 2(5) Definition of Agent
CGST Act 69
Section 2(88) Definition of Principal

Section 15 Value of taxable Supply
Section 25 Registration
Section 16 Input tax credit
Chapter IV – Rules Determination of Value of Supply Rules
7.1 Introduction
While the definition of the word ‘supply’ is inclusive, the legislature has carefully chosen not to
use the word/s such as “means”, or “means and includes”, “shall mean”, or “shall include”, etc.
A careful consideration of the above explanation would indicate that the draftsman is uncertain
about any transaction of supply that could escape the ambit of levy. It is for this reason that
despite being exhaustive, the legislature has used the word “includes”.
A plain reading of the definition of the word ‘supply’ contained in Section 7(1) would invite
anybody’s attention to the 8 words – sale, transfer, barter, exchange, license, rental, lease or
disposal. Look at these 8 words – they are arranged in a descending order. Words 2 to 8 was
a subject matter of challenge under the erstwhile State-level VAT Laws. This ambiguity has
been done away with in the GST Laws. These 8 words together form a ‘continuum’. The last 7
words complete the absoluteness of the word ‘sale’ and / or supply.
The Model GST Law released in June 2016 had included the meaning of the term ‘Supply’
within the clauses of the definition Section. However, in GST law, the term ‘supply’ is defined
by way of a separate and distinct Section, Section 7.One understands that the meaning
attributed to the term “Supply” is of very wide amplitude, but yet, an inclusive one. It must be
noted that this term is ordinarily attributable to an ‘outward supply’, unless the context so
requires that the term refers to an inward supply - say in case of importation of services or in
respect of transactions without consideration etc.
The word ‘supply’ could be understood as actual or implied. Implied supplies are governed by
the relevant Schedules. The three pillars of a supply would be:
(a) subject – viz. goods, services or goods treated as services. One cannot find an instance
in the GST statute where a supply of services is treated as a supply of goods.
(b) place of supply – to identify whether the transaction is an inter-State supply or an intra-
State supply
(c) the legislature times the supply for goods as well as services.
7.2 Analysis
Supply:
(a) Generic meaning of ‘supply’: Supply includes all forms of supply (goods and / or
services) and includes agreeing to supply when the supply is for a consideration and in
the course or furtherance of business (as defined under Section 7 of the Act). It
specifically provides for the inclusion of the following 8 classes of transactions:

(i) Sale
(ii) Transfer
(iii) Barter
(iv) Exchange
(v) License
(vi) Rental
(vii) Lease
(viii) Disposal
The word ‘supply’ is all-encompassing, subject to exceptions carved out in the relevant
provisions. There are various ingredients that differentiate each of these eight forms of
supply. On a careful consideration of the purposeful usage of these eight adjectives to
enlist them as ‘forms’ of supply, it becomes clear that the legislature makes its intention
known by the choice of words that are deliberate and unambiguous.
Barter means a “thing or commodity” given in exchange for another. In other words, no
value is fixed- viz., bartering a wrist watch with a wall clock. While exchange means:
 Mutual grant of equal interests, the one in consideration of another.
 When two persons mutually transfer ownership inter-se, at a price agreed upon or
for goods and / or services plus money.
Disposal means distribution, transferring to new hands, extinguishment of control over,
forfeit or pass over control to another.
Transfer means to pass over, convey, relinquishment of a right, abandonment of a
claim, alienate, each or any of the above acts, lawfully.
A tentative attempt at identifying the characteristics of each of these forms of supply is
provided below for consideration:
Consensus
Two Persons Consideration Permanent
Forms of Willing Willing Delivery of as to Identity
capable to in Money alienation of
Supply Buyer Seller Possession of Object of
Contract (Price) Title
Supply
Sale       
Transfer       
Barter       
Exchange  /     
License       
Rental       
Lease       
Disposal       
CGST Act 71
On an understanding of the above chart, one may infer that ‘supply’ is not a boundless
word of uncertain meaning. The inclusive part of the opening words in this clause may
be understood to include everything that supply is generally understood to be PLUS the
ones that are enlisted. It must be admitted that the general understanding of the word
‘supply’ is but an amalgam of these 8 forms of supply.
Any attempt at expanding this list of 8 forms of supply, in case of goods, must be
attempted with great caution. Attempting to find other forms of supply has in the normal
course not yielded the desired results. However, transactions that do not amount to
supply have been discovered viz., - transactions in the nature of an assignment where
one person steps into the shoes of another, appears to slip away from the scope of
supply, as well as transactions where goods are destroyed without a transfer of any
kind taking place. Perhaps, the case of destruction of goods is not included within the
meaning of ‘supply’ considering that the input tax credits in respect of destroyed goods
is a blocked credit. However, the contradiction may continue until a clarification is
issued to state whether the blocked credits is in respect of goods that have been
destroyed before the availment of credits, or is applicable even in case where goods are
destroyed after the credits have been availed in respect of such goods.
Now looking at ‘services’, we find that the adjectives used to describe the 8 forms of
supply in this clause are akin to transactions involving goods and not services. Services
other than licensing, rental and leasing services have not been specifically included in
the meaning of the term ‘supply’. However, transactions involving services are also
required to be passed through the same criteria for determination of supply. In doing
so, a slight adjustment in the way of looking at transactions involving services is
necessary so as to substitute the object of supply from goods to services while
administering the tests for determining the forms of supply involving services. In other
words, the same 8 forms of supply must be applied in relation to services but with
adjustment that is understood by the expression mutatis mutandis.
The law has provided an inclusive meaning to the word ‘supply’ which implies that the
specific transactions which are listed in the said Section are only illustrative.
The word ‘supply’ should be understood as follows:
— It should involve delivery of goods and / or services to another person; The word
‘delivery’ must be understood from allied laws such as The Sale of Goods Act,
1930 or the Contract Laws; Delivery could be actual, physical, constructive,
deemed etc.
— Supply will be treated as ‘wholly one supply’ – if the goods and / or services
supplied are listed in Schedule II or could be classified as a composite supply or
mixed supply;
— It should involve quid-pro-quo – viz., the supply transaction requires something in
return, which the person supplying will obtain, which may be in money / monetary

terms / in any other form(except in cases of activities specified in Schedule I

which are deemed to be supplies, even when made without consideration);
— Transfer of property in goods from the supplier to recipient is not necessary viz.,
lease or hiring of goods;
It is essential that all the above forms of transactions including the extended and
generic meaning given to the word ‘supply’ should be made for a ‘consideration’. The
only exception for this rule of construction will be cases specified in Schedule I.
Absence of consideration (as defined in Section 2(31)) will take away the character of
the word ‘supply’ under this clause, and accordingly, the transaction will not attract tax.
It is important to note supplies listed in Schedule I would nevertheless attract the wrath
of tax, even when made without consideration. One has to therefore, be very careful,
while analysing the tax implications in respect of supplies listed in Schedule I.
(b) Supply should be in the course or furtherance of business: For a transaction to
qualify as ‘supply’, it is essential that the same is ‘in the course’ or ‘furtherance of
business’. This implies that it is only such of those supplies of goods and / or services
by a business entity would be liable to tax, so long as it is ‘in the course’ or ‘furtherance
of business’. Supplies that are not in the course of business or in furtherance of
business will not qualify as ‘supply’ for the purpose of levy of tax, except in case of
import of service for consideration, where the service is treated as a supply even if it is
not made in the course or furtherance of business.
The expression ‘in the course of’ must be construed differently from ‘in the course or’.
The GST Laws use the expression ‘in the course or’ and careful analysis is therefore,
essential. The expression ‘in the course’ appearing in Section 7(1)(a) does not appear
in Section 7(1)(b) or Section 7(1)(c) or Section 7(1)(d). However, one cannot lose sight
of the fact that the expression ‘in the course’ is used selectively in respect of
transactions listed in Schedule I, II or III. The import of this would mean that the
meaning attributable to the expression ‘ in the course’ would apply only in respect of
such of those transaction, so listed, in the relevant Schedules.
Let us now try to understand the meaning of the phrase ‘in the course’. The expression
‘in the course’ implies not only a period of time during which the movement or
transaction is in progress, but postulates a connected relationship. Therefore, the class
of transactions needs to be analysed and cannot be randomly applies to the provisions
of Section 7 or Section 8. So construed, the word ‘or’ appearing in the phrase or
expression ‘in the course or furtherance of business’ assumes importance. When read
in a proper perspective, the preposition ‘or’ actually bisects the entire phrase into two
limbs. Therefore, the 8 forms of supply would tantamount to transaction of supply when
such supplies are in the course of business, or in the furtherance of business.
Therefore, the legislature has supplied huge amount of elasticity in understanding the
meaning of the term ‘supply’.
CGST Act 73
The term ‘business’ has been defined under the GST Laws to include:
(i) a wide range of activities (being “trade, commerce, manufacture, profession,
vocation, adventure, wager or any similar activity”),
(ii) “whether or not it is for a pecuniary benefit”,
(iii) regardless of the “volume, frequency, continuity or regularity” of the activity.
(iv) and those “in connection with or incidental or ancillary to” such activities.
A recent order of the Authority for Advance Ruling – Kerala has ruled, in a matter
involving recovery of food expenses from employees for the canteen facility provided by
a Company, that such recovery falls within the definition of ‘outward supply’ and are
therefore taxable outward supplies under the GST law. In para 9 of the order, the AAR-
Kerala has concluded that the supply of food by the applicant (Company) to its
employees would definitely come under clause (b) of Section 2(17) as a transaction
incidental or ancillary to the main business and thereby the test of ‘in the course or
furtherance of business’ is met by the applicant. – Order No. CT/531/18-C3 dated
26.03.2018.
Drawing similarities from the erstwhile State-level VAT laws, it follows that the said
transaction should be with a commercial motive, whether or not there is a profit motive
in it or its frequency / regularity. E.g.: sale of goods in an exhibition, participation in a
trade fair, warranty supplies, sale of used assets / scrap sales, etc. would be activities
in the course of business.
(c) Import of service will be taxable in the hands of the recipient (importer): The word
‘supply’ includes import of a service, made for a consideration (‘consideration’ as
defined in Section 2(31)) and whether or not in the course or furtherance of business.
This implies that import of services even for personal consumption would qualify as
‘supply’ and therefore, would be liable to tax. This would not be subject to the threshold
limit for registration, as tax would be payable in case of import of services on reverse
charge basis, requiring the importer of service to compulsorily obtain registration in
terms of Section 24(ii) of the Act. However, the GST law has ensured that persons who
are not engaged in any business activities will not be required to obtain registration and
pay tax under reverse charge mechanism, and it turn, requires the supplier of services
located outside India, to obtain registration for the OIDAR (online information and
database access and retrieval) services only
Note: Import of services is included within the meaning of ‘supply’ under the CGST /
SGST Acts. However, it would be liable to IGST since it would not be an intra-State
supply. In fact, Section 2(21) of IGST Act has adopted the meaning of ‘supply’ from
CGST/SGST Act.
(d) Transactions without consideration: The law lists down, exhaustively, cases where a
transaction shall be treated as a ‘supply ‘even though there is no consideration. Such

transactions are listed in Schedule I. Once an activity is deemed to be a ‘supply’ under

the entry listed in Schedule I, the value of taxable supply shall be determined in terms
of provisions of Section 15(4) of the Act read with Chapter IV (Determination of Value of
Supply) of CGST Rules, 2017.
In this regard, it may be noted that on careful consideration of the essential ingredients of
a valid contract, it cannot be disputed that a contract without consideration is not a contract
at all. The reference made to ‘transactions without consideration’ In Schedule I does not
imply that a void contract is being made valid, by GST laws. It can be argued that
transactions listed in Schedule I, are not contracts at all owing to lack of consideration in
terms of the Contract Laws. Even though they are not contracts, by legal fiction, flowing from
section 7(1)(c) read with Schedule I, they will be nevertheless regarded as a ‘supply’ and
made taxable. As can be seen from the above, in all other clauses of section 7(1), supply
exists within a valid contract, but in select circumstances supply is imputed by legal fiction in
the absence of a contract. It is therefore important not to extrapolate this legal fiction beyond
the specific cases to which the law imputes this fiction.
The activities specified in Schedule I are analysed in the ensuing paragraphs:
1. Permanent transfer or disposal of business assets where input tax credit has
been availed on such assets.
a. Of the 8 forms of supply, the only forms that qualify as a supply, under this category
are ‘transfer’ and ‘disposal’. Other 6 forms of supply listed in section 7(1)(a) would
not stand categorised in this entry, given that there is (a) an element of a
consideration that is intrinsic to the form, such as the case of a sale or barter or
exchange, or (b) there is no business asset that is permanently transferred such as
in the case of a licence or rental or lease, or any other service for that matter.
b. Ordinarily, there can be no permanent transfer in case of goods sent for job work.
The aspect of sending goods on job work is not a supply, has been clarified vide
Circular No.38/12/2018 dated 26.03.2018. However, where a registered person has
purchased any moulds, tools, etc. and has sent the same to the job worker, there is
a good chance that the goods are never returned, given that the time limits
specified in Section 143 for good sent for job work does not apply to moulds, tools
and other specified goods.
c. It may be noted that this entry looks to tax such of those permanent transfers or
disposals where input tax credit has been availed on the business asset being
transferred or disposed. For instance, where a capital asset has been procured,
say, by a distillery for the purpose of manufacture of alcoholic beverages, no input
tax credit would have been availed on such asset. Accordingly, there would be no
output tax payable if the asset is permanently transferred to another entity
(unrelated), if the transfer lacks consideration. However, if a consideration exists,
there can be no escape from the levy.
CGST Act 75
d. While the word ‘transfer’ in this Entry suggests that there should be another person
who would receive the business assets, there is no requirement of another person
in the case of ‘disposal’. Therefore, if a business asset on which credit is claimed
has been discarded, the transaction shall be regarded as a supply.
e. Business assets procured for the purpose of serving the requirements of ‘Corporate
Social Responsibility’, being a statutorily imposed obligation’ may be contended to
be a procurement made in the course or furtherance of business, and an attempt
can be made to avail input tax credit. The issue would however remain contentious
and there are no precedents. However, there would be no escape from the levy of
tax on the transaction, if the asset is permanently transferred. The treatment would
be no different even in the case of a donation.
2. Supply of goods or services or both between related persons or between
distinct persons as specified in section 25, when made in the course or
furtherance of business:
Provided that gifts not exceeding fifty thousand rupees in value in a financial
year by an employer to an employee shall not be treated as supply of goods
or services or both
a. The deemed supplies covered in this entry are based on a relationship between
the supplier and recipient. The relationship referred are as follows:
i. Related persons: The meaning of this term is defined by way of an
explanation to Section 15, and is limited to the following relationships,
including legal persons:
1. Officers or directors of one another’s businesses;
2. Legally recognised partners in business;
3. Employer and employee;
4. Persons where any third person directly / indirectly owns, controls or
holds 25% or more of the outstanding voting stock or shares of both of
them;
5. One of them directly or indirectly controls the other;
6. Persons who are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person;
7. Persons who directly or indirectly control a third person;
8. Members of the same family; and
9. Persons who are associated in one another’s business where one is
the sole agent or sole distributor or sole concessionaire.

ii. Distinct person in terms of Section 25(4) and 25(5) of the Act: The term
‘distinct person’ is used in specific cases provided under the law, and
cannot by attributed to any two different persons. Distinct persons are:
1. GST registrations obtained under a single PAN (including business
verticals in the same State having separate registrations);
2. Establishments under a single PAN liable to be registered separately –
say a registration obtained in one State and a branch located in
another State that is required to obtain a registration, or SEZ
registration and a non-SEZ place of business in the same State that is
liable to obtain a registration;
3. Establishments under a single PAN, located in different States – say a
registration obtained in one State and an office located in another
State from where no supplies are effected (i.e., not required to obtain a
registration).
b. Transactions with distinct persons are normally without consideration since
they are part of the same entity located in different geographies, unless the
accounting system is so sophisticated or so devised, that it treats the locations
in each State as a separate / independent entity even for book-keeping
purposes and effects payments in monetary terms. Let us take instances of
transactions between distinct persons that are not traceable in the books of
account, but requires attention from the perspective of this entry in the
Schedule:
i. Stock transfers e.g., transfer of sub-assemblies, semi-finished goods or
finished goods;
ii. Transfer of new or used capital goods/fixed assets – including movement
of laptops when employees are transferred from one location to another;
iii. Bill-to ship-to transactions wherein the vendor issues the invoice to the
corporate office and ships the goods to the branch office;
iv. Centralised management function like Board of Directors, Finance,
Accounts, HR, Legal, procurement functions and other corporate functions
at one location say corporate office and the entity having multiple
registrations in various states results in supply of management services by
the corporate office to distinct persons;
v. A transaction of sale of goods from one registration and providing after
sales support or warranty services/replacement services by another
registration of the same entity;
vi. Contract awarded by a customer to an entity at the corporate office from
where the centralized billing to the customer is made but the execution of
CGST Act 77
the contract is carried out through various registrations of the same entity
located in other / multiple States.
vii. Permitting employees to make use of the office assets for personal use –
say usage of motor vehicles, laptops, printers, scanners, etc.
c. It appears that this entry, has an overriding effect on the first entry of the
Schedule relating to transfer or disposal. In other words, in case a business
asset in respect of which ITC has not been availed is permanently transferred
to a distinct person, the transaction although out of scope of entry 1, would be
treated as a supply in terms of this entry, considering that this entry does not
impose any such condition on the transaction. The provisions would equally
apply even in the case of assets procured in the pre-GST regime.
d. The explanation appended to Section 15 of the CGST Act provides that an
employer and employee will be deemed to be “related persons”. Accordingly,
supplies by employer to employees would be liable to tax, if made in the course
or furtherance of business, even though these supplies are made without
consideration, except:
i. Gifts by an employer to an employee of value up to Rs 50,000 (to be
understood as inclusive of taxes, as read with Rule 35 of the CGST Rules,
2017)in a financial year (whether this value needs to be pro-rated in the
first year of implementation of GST / first year of commencement of
business is a moot question; however, the presumption is that a part of the
financial year would be construed as a whole year);
ii. Cash gifts of any value, given that the ‘transaction in money’ is not a
subject matter of supply;
iii. Services by employee to the employer in the course of or in relation to his
employment – treated as neither a supply of goods nor a supply of
services.
e. The question that arises as to what constitutes a gift is discussed in the
following paras.
i. Gift has not been defined in the GST laws.
ii. In common parlance, gift when made without consideration is voluntary in
nature and is normally made occasionally.
iii. It cannot be demanded as a matter of right by the employee and the
employee cannot move a court of law for obtaining a gift. However, if any
gift, by whatever name called, is a right of the employee in terms of the
employment contract / employee policy of the entity, then such gift shall be
treated as emoluments arising out of the employment(including
perquisites),and cannot be treated as a supply.

iv. As a corollary, one can argue that the scope and ambit of the word ‘supply’
also includes a transaction of a barter / exchange, in which case, the
transaction may be regarded a taxable supply. In such a case, the question
that would arise is as to whether a salary paid in non-monetary terms will
attract GST?.
v. The credit restriction on membership of a club, health and fitness centre
[under Section 17 (5) (b) (ii)] would not apply where the employer provides
the facilities to its employees, whether or not for a consideration, given that
such a supply without consideration, would also be deemed to be an
outward supply under this entry of the Schedule.
vi. Where gifts are liable to tax under this Schedule, it would be fair and
proper to treat such gifts as taxable outward supplies, and therefore, credit
thereon may not be required to be restricted under Section 17(5)(h).
vii. It may also be noted that a gift need not always be in terms of goods. A
service can also constitute a gift, such as gift vouchers for a beauty
treatment.
3. Supply of goods—
(a) by a principal to his agent where the agent undertakes to supply such
goods on behalf of the principal; or
(b) by an agent to his principal where the agent undertakes to receive such
goods on behalf of the principal.
a. The definition of the terms ‘agent’ and ‘principal ‘have to be understood
contextually and have been reproduced below:
 Section 2(5) of the Act – “Agent means a person, including a factor,
broker, commission agent, arhatia, del credere agent, an auctioneer or
any other mercantile agent, by whatever name called, who carries on
the business of supply or receipt of goods or services or both on
behalf of another”.
 Section 2(88) of the Act – “Principal means a person on whose behalf
an agent carries on the business of supply or receipt of goods or
services or both”.
b. Where an Agent receives goods directly from the Principal, or if the
Principal’s vendor directly dispatches goods to the location of the agent,
the Principal shall be required to treat the movement as an outward supply
of goods by virtue of this clause. If understood in its proper perspective,
when an agent receives goods on behalf of the Principal and thereafter
issues the goods to the Principal, the transaction will be regarded as a
supply by the Agent to the Principal.
CGST Act 79
c. An important question that may arise is - as to how the transaction would

appear to the ultimate recipient of a supply, when effected by the Principal
through the Agent, or to the supplier who effects the supply to the Principal
through an Agent. An analysis of the transaction where the Principal
effects a supply through an Agent is provided as follows:
i. The Principal shall recognise the transfer of goods to the Agent as a
supply, at the time of such transfer.
ii. When the Agent supplies such goods to the third-party recipient, the
Principal would recognise revenue as a supply (sale) in his books of
account.
iii. The Agent would, however, issue the invoice to the third-party
recipient in the name of the Principal, while also incorporating the
Agent’s own details as the supplier, and discharge taxes on the
supply.
iv. The third-party recipient would receive the credits on account of this
supply from the GSTIN of the Agent and not the Principal.
v. To this extent, the Principal’s supplies in the GST returns will reflect a
lower value as compared to the actual revenue against the supplies,
since the value of supply to an Agent would normally, be lower than
the actual sale price.
vi. The value of supplies in the GST returns of the Agent would be much
higher than the actual revenues earned, which would be limited to the
commission income.
vii. It is pertinent to note that the Agent shall be required to issue an
invoice on the Principal for the value service provided by him to earn
his commission income.
4. Import of services by a taxable person from a related person or from any of
his other establishments outside India, in the course or furtherance of
business.
a. The expression ‘import of service’ has been defined to bear an innate
requirement of an inflow of foreign convertible currency, and therefore,
excludes any form of importation of services without consideration. Therefore,
this clause is inserted to encompass such of those services, that are received
from related persons / their establishments outside India. It is important for one
to refer to Explanation 1 to Section 8 of the IGST Act, 2017 which deems any
establishment outside India as an establishment of a distinct person. By virtue
of this treatment, all services received by a taxable person in India from its

branches / establishments located outside India would be considered to be a

supply, even when made without consideration.
b. For instance, say A Ltd is a holding company in USA and B Ltd a subsidiary in
India. Many business operations are centralized in the USAsuch as accounting,
ERP and other software, servers for the backup, legal function, etc. For the
purpose of this clause, the back-end support provided by the holding company
to the subsidiary company in India shall be regarded as a supply, whether or
not there is a cross charge, even if the same is not recognised in the books, or
any contracts, since it is categorized as an import of service by a taxable
person from a related person without consideration, in the course of business.
(e) Activities to be treated as supply of goods or supply of services:
It is important to understand as to what constitutes a transaction of supply of goods or a
transaction of supply of service. Section 7(1)(d) creates a deeming fiction under the
statute and specifies ‘what is’ and ‘what is not’ either a transaction of supply of goods or
a transaction of supply of service. So understood, one can list out 18 classes of
transactions enlisted Schedule II of which 5 classes of transactions are listed out as
supply of goods while 13 others would tantamount to supply of services. On a careful
consideration of the relevant clauses, it can be noticed that all the 6 classes of
transactions listed out in Article 366(29A) of the Constitution of India are covered within
the scope and ambit of Schedule II. While 2 transactions, out of the 6, are treated as
supply of goods, the other 4 are deemed to be supply of services.
Importantly, para 6 (a) relating to works contracts (as defined in Section 2(119)) is
treated as a composite supply, of services. However, Section 2(119) has 14 distinct
words, all of which are required to be read in conjunction with the words “immovable
property”. Contracts relating to construction of immovable property are specifically
covered in Para 5(b) of Schedule II. Therefore, all works contracts other than those
relating to immovable property would amount to composite supply in terms of Section
2(30) read with Section 8.
It is important for one to understand that what is specified/listed in Schedule II not only
provides clarity but also what has to be treated as supply of goods or supply of
services. Transactions listed out in schedule II enlarges the scope of supply as defined
under Section 7(1) of the Act. Clause (d) of sub section (1) to Section 7 is part and
parcel of definition of ‘supply’, thereby bringing within its scope and ambit, such of those
activities that are not covered under the other clauses of sub section (1) to section 7.
It would be interesting to note that certain paragraphs in Schedule II specifies the
requirement of “consideration” whereas several others do not. In such a situation, it is
important to understand the intent of the legislature. For example, Para 5(a) of
Schedule II reads “renting of immovable property”. In this situation, how does one
understand the taxability of the transaction where consideration is not involved? The
only way to understand this lacuna is that such transactions that lack consideration
CGST Act 81
would be relegated to valuation principles, but, importantly, the transaction would be

treated as a supply.
The activities pertaining to this clause are listed in Schedule II to the Act, and discussed
in the following paragraphs.
Entry in Schedule II Analysis
1. Transfer
a. Any transfer of the title in This would be a clear case of a transfer of goods. It
goods is a supply of goods; may be noted that this entry covers even a plain
vanilla transfer of title in goods, either by way of sale
or otherwise. Accordingly, where any goods are gifted
to any person, say a motor car gifted by a
businessman to his successor would be a supply of
goods, provided there is a transfer of “title in” such
goods. In legal parlance the phrase “title in” and “title
to” have different connotations.
b. Any transfer of right in This entry can be construed to be a case of a
goods or of undivided share temporary transfer whereas a transfer of title in goods
in goods without the transfer would be a sale simpliciter. One must pay attention to
of title thereof, is a supply of the language employed in this entry which speaks of
services; transfer of right and not transfer of title. Even though
the activity is categorized as a supply of service, the
rate of tax applicable on the supply has been linked to
the rate of tax as applicable to the supply of same
goods involving transfer of title in goods. Hence, for
all practical purposes to determine the rate of tax on
such services, all notifications in respect of that
particular goods would merit equal consideration to
determine the rate of tax for the service.
Refer the entries for Heading 9971 and 9973 to the
Notification 11/2017 dt. 28.06.2017 prescribing the
rate of tax on services, as amended from time to time.
Illustration: Notification 37/2017 Central Tax (Rate)
dated 13.10.2017 was issued to reduce the rate of tax
on motor vehicle to 65% of the tax rate as applicable
with certain conditions. Considering the rate of tax for
leasing of such motor vehicle to be same as that of
the rate of tax as applicable on the motor vehicle,
even the rate of tax on leasing services stands
reduced if the conditions specified in the notification
are met.


c. Any transfer of title in Any instalment sale or hire purchase transaction with
goods under an agreement a precondition that the possession is transferred on
which stipulates that day one but the ownership is subject to payment of full
property in goods shall pass consideration/ all instalments, would get categorized
at a future date upon as a supply of goods at the time of transfer of
payment of full possession. However, where the transaction is to be
consideration as agreed, is valued at the open market value, due care needs to
a supply of goods. be exercised so as to determine the value of
instalments as against the value of the goods being
transferred. One may also note that transactions of
movables that could get covered under BOOT, BOLT,
BOT etc., may also get covered under this entry.
2. Land and Building
a. Any lease, tenancy, While a transfer (sale) of land is outside the scope of
easement, licence to GST laws, the law seeks to tax certain other transfers
occupy land is a supply of pertaining to land, by way of this entry.
services; Notification No. 4/2018 Central Tax (Rate) dated
25.01.2018 warrants attention in this regard. One
issue which clearly emerges from the notification is
that in case of a joint development agreement (JDA),
the activity of providing the right to construct on a land
belonging to the owner, is an independent supply in
the hands of the owner and that supply, is treated as a
supply of service in terms of this clause. It is inferred
that such a service is independent of the construction
service which the developer provides to the land
owner. The challenge that arises would relate to the
valuation for both these supplies. It is important to
note that such transactions are vivi-sected for the
purposes of levy of tax and have not been construed
as a single demise.
b. Any lease or letting out of The activity of leasing or letting out of complexes for
the building including a the purpose of business or commerce is covered
commercial, industrial or under this clause, and not those used for the purpose
residential complex for of residence. It may be noted that the services by way
business or commerce, of renting of residential dwelling for use as residence
either wholly or partly, is a is exempt vide Notification No.12/2017 – Central tax
supply of services. (Rate) dated 28.06.2017. While on the subject, it is
pertinent to note the distinction between a transaction
CGST Act 83

of rent, lease and a transaction of “letting out”. A
transaction of rent is what is lawfully payable by a
tenant, a transaction of lease is an alienation or
conveyance for the purpose of enjoyment whether or
not for a specified period. The word ‘Let’ is to be
understood as a verb meaning allow, permit, grant or
hire.
3. Treatment or process
Any treatment or process While this transactions may not be pari-materia with a
which is applied to another works contract the activity which could get categorized
person's goods is a supply under this clause it appears would be “job work” as
of services. defined under Section 2(68) of the Act.
The only difference between the definition clause in
terms of section 2(68) and this entry - is that the
activity would be regarded as a job work only if carried
out for a registered principal. However, regardless of
the registration of the principal, the activity would be
categorized as service under this clause.
Certain clarifications have been provided vide Circular
No.38/12/2018 dated 26.03.2018 on job work which
would be relevant and can make a useful read.
4. Transfer of business assets
a. Where goods This clause provides for taxability of such of those
forming part of the assets of transactions where business assets stand transferred.
a business are transferred Typically, assets donated could be an example of
or disposed of by or under such a transaction. One must pay attention to the fact
the directions of the person that this clause abstains from the usage of the
carrying on the business so expression “in the course or furtherance of business”
as no longer to form part of or “consideration”. Thus, it is possible to infer that all
those assets, whether or not such transactions which escape the attention of
for a consideration, such Section 7(1)(a) or 7(1)(c), are covered under this
transfer or disposal is a clause, so as to be treated as supply of goods.
supply of goods by the Random thought: A permanent transfer of business
person; asset on which no ITC had been availed may be
regarded as a supply of goods under this clause.
However, since there exists a competing entry 1 of
schedule 1,being the entry more specific would stand
attracted. Courts alone can settle this understanding.


b. Where, by or under the Any part of the business assets if put to use for private
direction of a person purpose of any purpose other than for business, then
carrying on a business, such usage is termed as supply of services under this
goods held or used for the clause. Therefore, where the law deems this activity
purposes of the business as a supply and subjects the same to tax, it can be
are put to any private use or contended that there would be no requirement to
are used, or made available reverse the input tax credit availed on the goods
to any person for use, for although the same is put to non-business use, on the
any purpose other than a premise that the activity is considered to be a taxable
purpose of the business, outward supply and subjected to tax.
whether or not for a Normally, the words “private” and “personal” are used
consideration, the usage or inter-changeably. But the legal connation is that
making available of such private is “non official concerning one or more
goods is a supply of individuals” while ‘personal’ does not relate to a
services; business scenario. For example: Audio-visual
equipment owned by a business can be put to private
use by a group of individuals or by an individual for
his or her use.
One must exercise caution while determining what
amounts to private use / non-business use, since this
will have a direct bearing on the deductions claimed
under the Income tax law.
In this regard, it may be noted that a service by way of
transfer of a going concern, as a whole or an
independent part thereof, is an exempted service in
terms of Notification 12/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated
28.06.2017 as amended from time to time.
c. where any person The supply under this clause can be understood to be
ceases to be a taxable a supply of goods, although the entry does not
person, any goods forming explicitly specify so.
part of the assets of any Attention is drawn to Section 29(5) of the Act dealing
business carried on by him with “Cancellation of Registration”, wherein the law
shall be deemed to be provides that the person applying for cancellation of
supplied by him in the registration is required to pay an amount equivalent to
course or furtherance of his the credit of input tax or the output tax payable
business immediately thereon, in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs
before he ceases to be a contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in
taxable person, unless— stock or capital goods or plant and machinery on the
i. the business is day immediately preceding the date of such
CGST Act 85

transferred as a going cancellation, whichever is higher.
concern to another It is important to understand the subtle usage of the
person; or expression “ceases to be a taxable person”. Cessation
ii. the business is carried of being a taxable person could result from either
on by a personal closure of business, voluntarily or otherwise, while the
representative who is clause also speaks of transfer of business in the latter
deemed to be a taxable part. One can reasonably infer that in terms of this
person. clause if a business is transferred on a lock, stock and
barrel basis as a going concern then such
transactions cannot be subjected to tax; even in
situations where the transfer of business takes place
and a representative (acting as a taxable person)
carries on such business, the question of subjecting
such a transaction to tax, as a cessation of business
does not arise.
5. Supply of services: The following shall be treated as supply of service,
namely: —
a. renting of immovable Renting wholly or partly of any immovable property is
property; treated as a service. Therefore, unless the supply is
otherwise exempted (such as renting of residential
dwelling for the purpose of residence), the activity
shall be regarded as a supply.
b. Construction of a Schedule III of the Act at SI No.5 reads “sale of land
complex, building, civil and, subject to clause b of paragraph 5 of schedule II,
structure or a part thereof, sale of building. We need to pay attention as to how
including a complex or this clause is to be read and understood. Let us now
building intended for sale to read the clause as follows:
a buyer, wholly or partly,  Sale of land;
except where the entire  Sale of building;
consideration has been
 Sale of land and sale of building;
received after issuance of
completion certificate,  Sale of land and building in which an undivided
where required, by the share in land stands transferred.
competent authority or after It must be noted with caution, that entry 5 of schedule
its first occupation, III is ‘subject to clause b of para 5 of schedule II’. It
whichever is earlier. means that, clause b of para 5 of schedule II overrides
the entry 5 to schedule III. It is for this reason that
development contracts in the real estate sector have
been a subject matter of tax in terms of entry 5(b) of


the second schedule.
Any agreement for sale of an immovable property
(being in the nature of transfer if UDI in land plus
building or in case of revenue share agreements
which equally stipulates transfer of UDI in land plus
constructed port) would be subject to tax as a service.
In this backdrop, it is important to note that some
experts are of the view, that the legislature intends to
overcome the constitutional bench decision of the
Supreme Court in the Larsen & Toubro’s case (65
VST 1). So understood, any part of the consideration
if received, prior to obtaining completion certificate or
first occupation in a building would stand to be taxed
while all transactions entered into thereafter, would be
construed asa sale of immovable property.
c. Temporary transfer or The words ‘or’ in this clause is to be understood as a
permitting the use or disjunctive particle that carves out alternatives. So
enjoyment of any intellectual understood, this clause envisages three separate
property right; classes of transactions which could be read as
follows:
 Temporary transfer of any IPR;
 Permitting the use of any IPR;
 Permitting the use or enjoyment of any IPR.
In respect of temporary transfer or usage of IPRs one
needs to travel to the relevant notification to
understand their import. The scheme of classification
of services for the heading 9973 provides for
temporary as well as permanent transfer of IPR in
respect of goods.
However, with effect from 15.11.2017, the rate
notification for goods has also incorporated an entry
for the permanent transfer of IPR in respect of goods
and there has been no corresponding deletion of the
words “or permanent” in the rate notification for
services.
Due care needs to be exercised by the registered
person in order to determine whether supply is of
goods or services.
CGST Act 87

d. Development, design, The dichotomy which prevailed in the erstwhile service
programming, tax and VAT regime (i.e., the question of whether
customisation, adaptation, software should suffer service tax or VAT or both) has
upgradation, enhancement, been put to rest under GST.
implementation of While this entry takes care of certain activities in
information technology respect of IT software, it must be noted that the supply
software; of pre-developed or pre-designed software in any
medium/storage (commonly bought off-the-shelf), or
making available of software through the use of
encryption keys, is treated as a supply of goods,
classifiable under heading 8523.
e. Agreeing to the Some examples that may get covered under this
obligation to refrain from an clause are as under:
act, or to tolerate an act or a  Non-compete agreement for a fee;
situation, or to do an act;  Notice period recovery;
 Additional amount agreed upon for settlement of
any dispute/matter etc.
 Look at a situation where a supplier would supply
product ‘A’ only if the recipient agrees to buy
product ‘B’- readers can think as to whether such
transactions would amount to supply of goods or
supply of services?;
f. Transfer of the right to use Transfer of ‘right to use goods’ is treated as a supply
any goods for any purpose of service and taxed at par, with the rate of tax as
(whether or not for a applicable to the goods involved in the transaction.
specified period) for cash, (Refer discussion under clause 1(a) of Schedule II).
deferred payment or other
valuable consideration.
6. Composite supply: The following composite supplies shall be treated as a
supply of services, namely: —
a. Works contract as Our understanding of works contract under the
defined in clause (119) of erstwhile VAT / sales tax / service tax laws has no
section 2; relevance in the GST regime. In the GST regime, only
such of those contract that results in an immovable
property is a ‘works contract’. Every other contract
which was understood to be a ‘works contract ‘under
the erstwhile laws will be treated as a composite /
mixed supply under the Act. In such cases, the


transaction may be treated as goods or services,
based on the principles laid down in Section 8
(discussed separately in this Chapter).
b. Supply, by way of or as The Law categorises the supplies referred to in this
part of any service or in any clause as a composite supply, given that there are
other manner whatsoever, multiple goods and/or services which are essentially
of goods, being food or any involved in such a transaction culminating into a
other article for human composite supply of service.
consumption or any drink Under this clause both restaurant and outdoor
(other than alcoholic liquor catering services get covered. It may also be
for human consumption), contended that the clause also covers other forms
where such supply or such as parcels, take-away, home-delivery, etc.
service is for cash, deferred Irrespective of the rate of tax as applicable on
payment or other valuable independent goods or services that are being
consideration. supplied, the rate of tax as applicable to a restaurant
service or outdoor catering service would be
applicable to the goods being supplied. E.g.: Aerated
drink which is served in a restaurant would be subject
to tax at the rate applicable to the entire supply
(restaurant service) regardless of the fact that aerated
drinks are otherwise subjected to a higher rate of tax
as well as cess. By this logic, some experts argue that
tobacco products which are sold in a restaurant and
billed along with the supply of food/beverage must
also be taxed at the rate as applicable to restaurant
services - as a composite supply. The test that one
needs to apply in the given situation is find out as to
whether tobacco products are “food” or “an article for
human consumption”. A plain reading would imply that
tobacco products are certainly not “food”. However,
the phrase “any other article for human consumption”
must be construed in a sense as to how a common
man would understand. Meaning, the test of common
parlance must be applied. So understood, in plain and
simple terms tobacco products cannot get classified
under this clause.
This entry is not purely for restaurants / outdoor
caterers, and is applicable to any person who is
engaged in the supply of food / beverages. It may be
noted that there is no requirement that such a supply
CGST Act 89

is in the course or furtherance of business. It would be
sufficient if the supply is for a consideration. Circular
No.28/02/2018 dated 08.01.2018 has provided
clarifications regarding GST on college hostel / mess
which reads:
“It is immaterial whether the service is provided by the
educational institution itself or the institution
outsources the activity to an outside contractor”.
7. Supply of Goods: The following shall be treated as supply of goods,
namely: —
Supply of goods by any The definition of the term ‘business’ under Section
unincorporated association 2(17) includes “provision by a club, association,
or body of persons to a society, or any such body (for a subscription or any
member thereof for cash, other consideration) of the facilities or benefits to its
deferred payment or other members;” In order to clarify that the supply of goods
valuable consideration by such association etc., to its members is to be
treated as a supply of goods and not as a service of
providing facilities, this clause has been included.
(f) Certain supplies will be neither a supply of goods, nor a supply of services: The
law lists down matters which shall not be considered as ‘supply’ for GST by way of
Schedule III. Since these are transactions that are not regarded as ‘supply’ under the
GST Laws, there is no requirement to report the inward / outward supply of such
activities in the returns.
Activities listed in Schedule III Analysis

Services by an employee to the employer The entry includes only services and not
in the course of or in relation to his goods. Further, the entry only covers
employment. those services provided by an employee
to the employer and not vice versa.
Therefore, services such as serving of
beverages in the office may possibly be
regarded as a supply of service under
Entry 2 of Schedule I.
Services by any Court or Tribunal
established under any law for the time
being in force;
The term "court" includes District Court,
High Court and Supreme Court.


Functions performed by MPs, MLAs, etc.;
the duties performed by a person who
holds any post in pursuance of the
provisions of the Constitution in that
capacity; the duties performed by
specified persons in a body established
by the Central State Government or local
authority, not deemed as an employee;
Services of funeral, burial, crematorium or
mortuary including transportation of the
deceased.
Sale of land and, subject to clause (b) of It is intriguing as to why two activities
paragraph 5 of Schedule II, sale of being (i) sale of land and (ii) sale of
building building, have been clubbed into a single
(i.e., excluding sale of under-construction entry. However, one may expand the
premises where the part or full entry to read the two activities as distinct
consideration is received before issuance activities, so as to treat a sale of land
of completion certificate or before its first without the sale of building, also to be
occupation, whichever is earlier); outside the purview of GST. Refer to
discussions schedule II para 5(b) supra.
Actionable claims, other than lottery, A plain reading of this entry would mean
betting and gambling that actionable claims are neither a
supply of goods nor a supply of services.
However, the three classes of actionable
claims listed in this entry warrant
attention.
The definition of the word ‘goods’
includes the words ‘actionable claims’. It
has to therefore, be necessarily
understood that the three classes of
actionable claims viz. lottery, betting and
gambling, if and when subjected to tax,
must be taxed as goods. The irony is,
while lottery is subject to tax as goods,
betting and gambling have been
subjected to tax as services under the
heading 9996.
CGST Act 91

It appears that this faux pas can be set-
right only through a legislative
amendment.
(g) To be notified: The Government has vested in itself the powers to notify ‘activities or
other transactions’ which shall neither be treated as supply of goods nor a supply of
services in terms of section 7(2). Such notification would be issued from time to time
based on the recommendations of the GST Council.
 The Government has notified the following supplies in this regard:
Services by way of any activity in relation to a function entrusted to Panchayat
under Article 243G of the Constitution
(Inserted vide Notification No. 14/2017- Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017)
 The inter-State movement of goods like movement of various modes of
conveyance, between ‘distinct persons’ as explained in this Chapter, including
trains, buses, trucks, tankers, trailers, vessels, containers & aircrafts, carrying
goods or passengers or both, or for repairs and maintenance, would also not be
regarded as supplies except in cases where such movement is for further supply of
the same conveyance.(Clarified vide Circular No. 1/1/2017-IGST dated
07.07.2017).
 The above logic would apply to the issue pertaining to inter-State movement of jigs,
tools and spares, and all goods on wheels like cranes, except in cases where
movement of such goods is for further supply of the same goods, and consequently
no IGST would be applicable on such movements.(Clarified vide Circular No.
21/21/2017-GST dated 22.11.2017).
(h) The Government is also empowered to specify what shall be treated as a supply of
goods / services, as is the function of Schedule II, based on the recommendation of the
GST Council, by specifying that a supply is to be treated as:
i) A supply of goods and not a supply of service;
ii) A supply of service and not a supply of goods.
(i) In summary, supply can be understood as follows:

(j) The GST Law also treats certain transactions to be supplies by way of a deeming fiction
imposed in the statute.
(a) The law expressly uses the phrase ‘deemed supply’ in Section 19(3) and 19(6) in
respect of inputs/capital goods sent to a job worker but are not returned within the
time period of 1 year/ 3 years permitted for their return.
(b) The bill-to-ship-to transactions wherein the supply is deemed to have been made to
the person to whom the invoice is issued, imposes an intrinsic condition that such
person who receives the invoice should in turn issue an invoice to the recipient
unless the transaction demands a treatment otherwise. For instance, where an
order is placed on a vendor based on an order received from a customer, the
registered person any request the vendor to directly ship the goods to the
customer. In this case, although there is a single movement of goods, there is a
dual change of title to goods, and therefore, there would be 2 supplies.
8. Tax liability on composite and mixed supplies
The tax liability on a composite or a mixed supply shall be determined in the following
manner, namely: —
(a) a composite supply comprising two or more supplies, one of which is a principal
supply, shall be treated as a supply of such principal supply; and
(b) a mixed supply comprising two or more supplies shall be treated as a supply of that
particular supply which attracts the highest rate of tax.

2. Circular No. 13/13/2017 dated 27.10.2017 regarding unstitched salwar suits;
3. Circular No. 11/11/2017 dated 20.10.2017 regarding taxability of printing contracts;
4. Chapter four of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIT can be
referred to for a gist of the statutory provisions, titled ‘Composite Supply and Mixed
Supply’.

Section 2(30) Definition of Composite Supply
Section 2(90) Definition of Principal Supply
Section 2(74) Definition of Mixed Supply
Schedule II Activities to be treated as a supply of goods or a supply of services
CGST Act 93
8.1. Introduction
Every supply should involve either goods, or services, or a combination of goods or a
combination of services, or a combination of both. The law provides that such supplies would
be classifiable for the purpose of tax treatment, either as wholly goods or wholly services, in
the case of all such combinations. Schedule II of the Act provides for this classification in
some of the listed instances thereunder.
8.2. Analysis
Where a supply involves multiple (more than one) goods or services, or a combination of
goods and services, the treatment of such supplies would be as follows:
(a) If it involves more than one goods and / or services which are naturally bundled
together and supplied in conjunction with each other in the ordinary course of
business and one such supply would be a principal supply:
(i) These are referred to as composite supply of goods and / or services. It shall be
deemed to be a supply of those goods or services, which constitutes the principal
supply therein. Only where all of the conditions specified for a supply of a
combination of goods and/or services to be treated as a composite supply are
satisfied, the supply can be regarded as a composite supply. The conditions are as
follows:
1. The supply must be made by a taxable person: This condition presumes that
composite supplies can only be effected by a taxable person.
2. The supply must comprise2 / more taxable supplies: The law merely specifies
that the supplies included within a composite supply must contain 2 or more
taxable supplies. A question may then arise as to what would be the treatment
in case of a supply that fulfils all the conditions, but involves an exempt supply
– say, purchase of fresh vegetables from a store which offers home delivery for
an added charge. Fresh vegetables are exempt from tax, whereas the service
of home delivery would attract tax. No clarification has been issued in this
regard. However, on a plain reading of the provision, it appears that this
condition would not be satisfied where the composite supply involves an
exempt supply.
3. The goods and / or services involved in the supply must be naturally bundled:
The concept of natural bundling needs to be examined on a case to case basis.
What is naturally bundled in one set-up may not be regarded as naturally
bundled in another situation. For instance, stay with breakfast is naturally
bundled in the hotel industry, while the supply of lunch and dinner, even if they
form part of the same invoice, may not be considered as naturally bundled
supplies along with room rent.
4. They must be supplied in conjunction with each other in the ordinary course

of business: Where certain supplies could be naturally bundled, it is essential

that they are so supplied in the ordinary course of business of the taxable
person. For instance, it is possible to consider the supply of a water purifier
along with the first-time installation service as a naturally bundled supply.
However, if a supplier of water purifiers does not ordinarily provide the
installation service, and arranges for a person to provide the installation service
in the case of an important business customer, the supply would not satisfy the
said condition.
5. Only one of the supplies involved must qualify as the principal supply: In
every composite supply, there must be only one principal supply. Where a
conflict between the various components of the supply, as to which of those
qualify as the principal supply, cannot be resolved and results in multiple
predominant supplies, the supply cannot be regarded as a composite supply.
(a) A principal supply is defined to mean the predominant element of a
composite supply to which any other supply forming part of that composite
supply is ancillary.
(b) Therefore, mere identification of the predominant element would not
suffice, and it must be ascertained that all other supplies composed in the
composite supply are ancillary to that predominant element of the supply.
(c) Consider the case of a supply of dining table with chairs. There would
normally be no issue in this regard if both the components are made of the
same material. However, if the dining table is made of granite, while the
chairs are made of superior quality wood, there would be a conflict.
Normally, the dining table would be regarded as the principal supply to
which the supply of chairs is ancillary. However, in this case, it may not be
possible to determine which of the two make the principal supply.
Where any of the aforesaid conditions are not satisfied, the transaction cannot
be treated as a composite supply.
(ii) The matters such as time of supply, invoicing, place of supply, value of supply, rate
of tax applicable to the supply, etc. shall all be determined in respect of the
principal supply alone, since the entire supply shall be deemed to be a supply of
the principal supply alone.
(iii) Some Illustrations and cases of composite supplies have been discussed in the
following paragraphs:
 Illustration (provided in Section 2(27)): Where goods are packed, and
transported with insurance, the supply of goods, packing materials, transport
and insurance is a composite supply and supply of goods is the principal
supply. This implies that the supply will be taxed wholly as supply of goods.
CGST Act 95
 Para 5(3) of Circular No.32/06/2018-GST dated 12.02.2018 clarifies that “food

supplied to the in-patients as advised by the doctor/nutritionists is a part of
composite supply of health care and not separately taxable”. It also goes on
to clarify further that supplies of food by hospital to patients (not admitted) or
their attendants or visitors are taxable.
 Circular No.11/11/2017-GST dated 20.10.2017 has provided clarification on
treatment of printing contracts. It is clarified that:
 In the case of printing of books, pamphlets, brochures, annual reports, and
the like, where only content is supplied by the publisher or the person who
owns the usage rights to the intangible inputs while the physical inputs
including paper used for printing belong to the printer, supply of printing of
the content supplied by the recipient of supply is the principal supply.
 In case of supply of printed envelopes, letter cards, printed boxes, tissues,
napkins, wall paper etc. falling under Chapter 48 or 49, printed with design,
logo etc. supplied by the recipient of goods but made using physical inputs
including paper belonging to the printer, the predominant supply is that of
goods and the supply of printing of the content supplied by the recipient of
supply is ancillary to the principal supply of goods and therefore such
supplies would constitute supply of goods falling under respective
headings of Chapter 48 or 49 of the Customs Tariff.
 Circular No. 34/8/2018-GST dated 01.03.2018 provides a clarification on some
matters including the following:
 The activity of bus body building is a composite supply. As regards which
of the components is the principal supply, the Circular directs that it be
determined on the basis of facts and circumstances of each case.
 Re-treading of tyres– In re-treading of tyres, which is a composite supply, the
pre-dominant element is the process of re-treading which is a supply of service,
and the rubber used for re-treading is an ancillary supply. The Circular also
specifies that “Value may be one of the guiding factors in this determination,
but not the sole factor. The primary question that should be asked is what is
the essential nature of the composite supply and which element of the supply
imparts that essential nature to the composite supply”.
 Other examples: If a contract is entered for (i) supply of certain goods and
erection and installation of the same thereto or (ii) supply of certain goods
along with installation and warranty thereto, it is important to note that these
are naturally bundled and therefore would qualify as ‘composite supply’.
Accordingly, it would qualify as supply of the goods therein, which is essentially
the principal supply in the contract. Thus, the value attributable to erection and
installation or installation and warranty thereto will also be taxable as if they are
supply of the goods therein.

(b) If it involves supply of more than one goods and / or services which are not
naturally bundled together but sold for a single price:
(i) These are referred to as mixed supply of goods and / or services. It shall be
deemed to be a supply of that goods or services therein, which are liable to tax at
the highest rate of GST. The characteristics of a mixed supply is as follows:
1. It involves 2 / more individual supplies: It may be noted that the term used in
the case of mixed supply is “individual supplies” as against “taxable supplies”.
Therefore, a mixed supply can include both taxable and non-taxable supplies
2. It is made by a taxable person;
3. The supply is made for a single price: The fact that a composite supply does
not include this condition merits consideration. Where a supply of 2 / more
goods or services is made for different prices, the supplies cannot be regarded
as mixed supplies.
4. The supply does not constitute a composite supply: The expression
“constitute” has a large ambit to include cases where the supply results in a
composite supply, as well as a case where some of the components together
make a composite supply, whereas the bundle together would make a mixed
supply. While the condition as such is not explicit, given that there is no
provision for treatment of a bundled supply where only some components
together qualify as a composite supply, it may be safe to interpret that a mixed
supply is one which is not regarded as a composite supply.
(ii) The matters such as time of supply, invoicing, place of supply, value of supply, rate
of tax applicable to the supply, etc. shall all be determined in respect of that supply
which attracts the highest rate of tax. However, the law remains silent on what is
the treatment required to be undertaken where more than one component is
subjected to the highest rate of tax. For instance, consider a case where a
commercial complex is let out for a consideration of monthly rentals, and the owner
of the complex also supplies parking lots to those tenants who opt for the facility.
While both the supplies attract tax @ 18%, the law does not prescribe for treatment
of the transaction as that of only one of the two supplies.
(iii) Some Illustrations and cases of mixed supplies have been discussed in the
following paragraphs:
 Illustration (provided in Section 2(66)): A supply of a package consisting of
canned foods, sweets, chocolates, cakes, dry fruits, aerated drink and fruit
juices when supplied for a single price is a mixed supply. Each of these items
can be supplied separately and is not dependent on any other. It shall not be a
mixed supply if these items are supplied separately. This implies that the
supply will be taxed wholly as supply of those goods which are liable to
the highest rate of GST.
CGST Act 97
 Other examples: If a tooth paste (say for instance it is liable to GST at 12%) is
bundled along with a tooth brush (say for instance it is liable to GST at 18%)
and is sold as a single unit for a single price, it would be reckoned as a mixed
supply. This would therefore be liable to GST at 18% (higher of 12% or 18%
applicable to each of the goods therein).
(c) While there are no infallible tests for such determination, the following guiding principles
could be adopted to determine whether a supply would be a composite supply or a
mixed supply. However, every supply should be independently analysed.
Description Composite Mixed Supply
Supply
Naturally bundled Yes No
Each supply available for supply individually No Yes / No
One is predominant supply for recipient Yes Yes / No
Other supply(ies) are ancillary or they are Yes No
received because of predominant supply
Each supply priced separately Yes / No No
Supplied together Yes Yes
All supplies can be goods Yes Yes
All supplies can be services Yes Yes
A combination of one / more goods and one / Yes Yes
more services
9. Levy and Collection
(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), there shall be levied a tax called the central
goods and services tax on all intra-State supplies of goods or services or both, except on the
supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption, on the value determined undersection 15
and at such rates, not exceeding twenty per cent., as may be notified by the Government on
the recommendations of the Council and collected in such manner as may be prescribed and
shall be paid by the taxable person.
(2) The central tax on the supply of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit
(commonly known as petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel shall be levied with effect
from such date as may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council.
(3) The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify
categories of supply of goods or services or both, the tax on which shall be paid on reverse
charge basis by the recipient of such goods or services or both and all the provisions of this
Act shall apply to such recipient as if he is the person liable for paying the tax in relation to the
supply of such goods or services or both

(4) The central tax in respect of the supply of taxable goods or services or both by a supplier,
who is not registered, to a registered person shall be paid by such person on reverse charge
basis as the recipient and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such recipient as if he is
the person liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of such goods or services or both.
categories of services the tax on intra-State supplies of which shall be paid by the electronic
commerce operator if such services are supplied through it, and all the provisions of this Act
shall apply to such electronic commerce operator as if he is the supplier liable for paying the
tax in relation to the supply of such services:
Provided that where an electronic commerce operator does not have a physical presence in
the taxable territory, any person representing such electronic commerce operator for any
purpose in the taxable territory shall be liable to pay tax:
Provided further that where an electronic commerce operator does not have a physical
presence in the taxable territory and also, he does not have a representative in the said
territory, such electronic commerce operator shall appoint a person in the taxable territory for
the purpose of paying tax and such person shall be liable to pay tax.

1. All rate notifications issued under the law;
3. Circular No. 32/06/2018 dated 12.02.2018 clarifying on the taxability of certain
services;
4. Circular No. 30/4/2018 dated 25.01.2018 regarding supplies made to the Indian
Railways classifiable under any chapter other than Chapter 86;
5. Circular No. 29/3/2018 dated 25.01.2018 regarding applicability of GST on
Polybutylene feedstock and Liquefied Petroleum Gas retained for the manufacture of
Poly Iso Butylene and Propylene or Di-butyl para Cresol;
6. Circular No. 28/02/2018 dated 08.01.2018 regarding GST on College Hostel Mess
Fees;
7. Circular No. 27/01/2018 dated 04.01.2018 regarding levy of GST on accommodation
services, betting and gambling in casinos, horse racing, admission to cinema,
homestays, printing, legal services etc.;
8. Circular No. 21/21/2017 dated 22.11.2017 regarding Inter-state movement of rigs,
tools and spares, and all goods on wheels [like cranes];
9. Circular No. 20/20/2017 dated 22.11.2017 regarding classification and GST rate on
Terracotta idols;
CGST Act 99
10. Circular No. 19/19/2017 dated 20.11.2017 regarding taxability of custom milling of
paddy;
11. Circular No. 16/16/2017 dated 15.11.2017 regarding applicability of GST on certain
services;
12. Circular No. 13/13/2017 dated 27.10.2017 regarding unstitched Salwar Suits;
13. Circular No. 12/12/2017 dated 26.10.2017 regarding applicability of GST on the
superior kerosene oil [SKO] retained for the manufacture of Linear Alkyl Benzene
[LAB]
14. Circular No. 11/11/2017 dated 20.10.2017 regarding taxability of printing contracts;
15. Circular No. 6/6/2017 dated 27.08.2017 regarding classification and rate of GST on
lottery tickets.

Section 1 Short title, extent and commencement
Section 2(84) Definition of Person
Section 2(107) Definition of Taxable Person
Section 2(108) Definition of Taxable Supply
Section 2(45) Definition of Electronic Commerce Operator
Section 2(98) Definition of Reverse Charge
Section 10 Composition levy
Section 11 Power to grant exemption from tax
Section 7 (IGST) Inter-State supply
Section 8 (IGST) Intra-State supply
Section 15 Value of supply
Section 25 Registration
9.1. Introduction
Article 265 of the Constitution of India mandates that no tax shall be levied or collected except
by the authority of law. The charging section is a must in any taxing statute for levy and
collection of tax. Before imposing any tax, it must be shown that the transaction falls within the
ambit of the taxable event and that the person on whom the tax is so imposed also gets
covered within the scope and ambit of the charging Section by clear words used in the
Section. No one can be taxed by implication. The scope of the taxable event being ‘supply’
has been discussed in the earlier part of this Chapter. This Section will provide an insight into

the chargeability of tax on a supply. Section 9 is the charging provision of the CGST Act. It
provides the maximum rate of tax that can be levied on supplies leviable to tax under this law,
the manner of collection of tax and the person responsible for paying such tax.
It is interesting to note that the 4 pillars of taxation that together constitute the cornerstone for
levy are couched in Section 9(1). The taxable event, tax rate, collection or levy, and the
person to pay are so worded that there is no escape. It appears that the law laid down by the
Honourable Supreme Court in Govind Saran Ganga Saran’s Case has been carried to its
logical end.
9.2. Analysis
The IGST Law provides the basis for determination of a supply as an intra-State supply or an
inter-State supply – simply put, if the location of the supplier and the place of supply are within
the same State, the transaction will be an intra-State supply, barring the case of supplies
made by / to SEZ, and all other supplies will be regarded as inter-State supplies. Please refer
to the discussion in the IGST Chapters for a holistic understanding of ‘Levy’ as a concept
under the GST law.
(i) Taxable supply: Every taxable supply will be subjected to GST. A taxable supply refers
to any supply of goods or services or both, which qualifies as a supply in terms of
Section 7. The exception to this rules would be all supplies that the levy Section forgoes
to tax, as also all those supplies that have been notified to be nil-rated or exempted
from tax. The provisions imposing GST are phrased in such a manner so as to exclude
the supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption from the scope of levy itself.
However, the law specifies certain other goods whereby the levy of GST has been
deferred until such time the goods are notified in this regard to be taxable supplies (by
the Government, based on the recommendation of the GST Council):
(1) petroleum crude
(2) high speed diesel
(3) motor spirit (commonly known as petrol)
(4) natural gas and
(5) aviation turbine fuel
(ii) Tax payable: The nature of tax would depend upon the nature of supply, viz., inter-State
supplies will be liable to IGST and intra-State supplies will be liable to CGST and
SGST/UTGST (i.e., UTGST in case intra-State supplies within a particular Union
Territory).Every intra-State supply will attract CGST as well as SGST, as follows:
(1) Imposition of CGST by the Union Government of India
(2) Imposition of SGST by the respective State Government or (in case of UTGST, by the
Central Government through the appointed Administrator)
CGST Act 101

(iii) Tax shall be payable by a ‘taxable person’: The tax shall be payable by a ‘taxable person’
i.e., a person who is liable to obtain registration, or a person who has obtained registration.
Please note that there can be multiple taxable persons for a single person. It comprises
separate establishments of persons registered or liable to be registered under sections 22 or
section 24 of the CGST Act. Please refer to the discussion under Section 25 for a thorough
understanding of this concept. Under the GST law, the person liable to pay the tax levied
on a supply under the Statute would be one of the following:
(1) The supplier, in terms of Section 9(1)–Referred to as forward charge. This is
ordinarily applicable in case of all supplies unless the supplies qualify under the other
two categories, i.e., this would be the residual category of supply wherein the supplier
would be liable to pay tax. (In this regard, it must be noted that the term ‘supplier’ is
attributed to an establishment, and not to the PAN as a whole. Therefore, if the supply
is effected from an establishment in Karnataka, the establishment of the same entity
located in say Delhi, cannot discharge the liabilities);
(2) The recipient – Referred to as tax under reverse charge mechanism; In such a
case, all the provisions of the Act as are applicable to the supplier in a normal case,
would apply to the recipient of supply (being a taxable person, and not the PAN as
explained above). A supply would be subjected to tax in the hands of the recipient
only in the following cases:
1. Notified supplies under Section 9(3): The supply of goods or services is notified
as a supply liable to tax in the hands of the recipient vide Notification No.
4/2017-Central Tax (Rate) in case of goods and Notification No. 13/ 2017-
Central Tax (Rate) in case of services, as amended from time to time. Please
note that the supplier discharging this liability would not render the liability
discharged, since the law imposes the obligation on the recipient. The recipient
of supply would nevertheless be liable to discharge the taxes, and the relief
available to the supplier would be only by way of an application for refund;
2. Supplies received from unregistered persons under Section 9(4): The supply is
an inward supply of goods and / or services effected by a registered person
from an unregistered supplier. In this regard, it may be noted that the levy
under this clause has been exempted upto 30.06.2018. It is important to note
that a supply which has been notified under Section 9(3) will be categorised as
a notified supply attracting tax under reverse charge mechanism even if the
supply is effected by an unregistered supplier, thereby requiring the recipient to
remit taxes thereon, although supplies received from unregistered persons are
exempted from tax upto the said date.
(3) The e-commerce operator, in terms of Section 9(5): The Government is empowered
to notify categories of services wherein the person responsible for payment of taxes
would nether be the supplier nor the recipient of supply, but the e-commerce
operator through which the supply is effected. It is important to note that, in case of

such supplies, the e-commerce operator is neither the supplier nor does it receive
the services. The e-commerce operator is merely the person who person who
owns, operates or manages digital or electronic facility or platform for e-commerce
purposes. Under the erstwhile service tax law, the e-commerce operator in such an
arrangement was referred to as an ‘aggregator’.
1. The Government has notified certain services in this regard vide Notification
No. 17/2017-Central Tax (Rate) as amended from time to time, including
services by way of transportation of passengers by a radio-taxi, motor cab,
maxi cab and motor cycle, etc.
2. Where the e-commerce does not have a physical presence in the taxable
territory, any person representing his in the taxable territory would be liable to
pay the taxes. If no such representative exists, the e-commerce operator is
liable to appoint such a person in order to discharge this obligation.
3. All other provisions of the Act will apply to the e-commerce operator or his
representative (as the case may be) in respect of such services, as if he is the
supplier liable to pay tax on the services.
4. In this regard it may be noted that liability to pay tax on the supply by the e-
commerce operator is not another provision imposing tax on the reverse charge
basis. Reference to the definition of reverse charge in section 2(98) makes it
clear that reverse charge is limited to tax payable under section 9(3) and 9(4).
It is very important to note that the language employed in Section 9(5) makes it
clear that the liability to pay tax on the supply is placed on the e-commerce
operator, “as if” the e-commerce operator were the “supplier liable to tax”. The
marked departure of the language from that used in case of the reverse charge
provisions suggests that:
a. The tax that is applicable on the supply is to be paid by the e-commerce
operator ‘” as if” such e-commerce operator was the supplier liable to tax. The
provisions require the e-commerce operator to step into the shoes of the actual
supplier, for the limited purpose of discharging his liability, and the supply by
the e-commerce operator to the actual supplier (facilitation services,
commission services or by any service inter se) will be taxable separately, in
the hands of the e-commerce operator as a supplier of service to the actual
supplier.
b. The actual supplier is no longer liable to pay any tax. This means that the
suppliers will not be the persons liable to pay tax on such services effected
through an e-commerce operator, even if they have obtained registration.
(iv) Rate of tax: The rate of tax will be applicable as specified in the Notification No.
1/2017- Central Tax (Rate) for goods and Notification No. 11/2017- Central Tax (Rate)
for services issued in this regard, and read with other Rate Notifications which may be
CGST Act 103

issued to partially exempt any other goods or services from payment of tax. The rates of
tax contained in these notifications cannot exceed 20% under each limb (i.e., 20%
under CGST Law and 20% under SGST), as amended from time to time. These rates
would be notified based on the recommendation of the GST Council. In order to
determine the applicable rate of tax, the following approach is to be adopted:
(i) Identify whether the supply is an intra-State supply;
(ii) Identify whether the supply is a plain supply / composite supply / mixed supply and
adopt the treatment accordingly;
(iii) Identify HSN of the goods or services and applicable rate of tax as per rate
notification;
(iv) Identify whether the HSN applies to more than one description-line. If yes, analyse
which of the description is most specific to the supply in question;
(v) Once classification is ascertained, identify whether such goods or services qualify
for any exemption (partially or wholly) from payment of tax.
(v) Taxable value: The rate of tax so notified will apply on the value of supply as
determined under Section 15. The transaction value would be accepted subject to
inclusions / exclusions specified in the said Section, where the price is the sole
consideration for the supply and the supplier and recipient are not related persons. In all
other cases, the value of supply will be that value which is determined in terms of the
valuation rules (i.e., Chapter IV of the CGST Rules, 2017).
9.3 Comparative review
Under the erstwhile tax laws, Central Excise is levied on ‘manufacture of goods’, VAT / CST is
levied on ‘sale of goods’ and service tax is charged on ‘service provided or agreed to be
provided’. Unlike such different incidences, under the GST law, it is ‘supply’ which would be
the taxable event. Under the erstwhile law, e.g.: while stock transfers are liable to Central
Excise (if they are removed from the factory), it would not be liable to VAT / CST on
production of necessary forms – however, under the GST law, it would be taxable as a ‘supply’
if such supplies are between distinct persons under section 25(4) or 25(5). Further, free
supplies were liable to excise duty, while under the VAT laws, free supplies would require
reversal of input tax credit; under the GST law, we have to be careful to analyse whether there
is any non-monetary consideration (inducement) present in the supplies (free-marketed as), if
yes then we have to get into valuation of such free supplies to arrive at a transaction value. If
not, then the treatment would be similar to the erstwhile VAT laws, where the supplies are
made without any consideration (monetary/ otherwise). However, where the free supplies are
made between distinct persons or between related persons then such supplies may be
regarded as supply under Schedule I, para 2.
In the erstwhile law, there are multiple transactions which apparently qualify as both ‘sale of
goods’ as well as ‘provision of services’. E.g.: license of software, providing a right to use a

brand name, etc. To avoid this situation, GST law clarifies as to whether a transaction would
qualify as a ‘supply of goods’ or as ‘supply of services’ by introducing a deeming fiction. A
transaction of supply under composite contracts would either qualify as supply of goods or as
services, under the GST law (Schedule II of the Act, concept of composite supply and mixed
supply).
The payment of VAT in the hands of the purchaser (registered dealer) on purchase of goods
from an unregistered dealer and the circumstances where the Service Tax is payable under
the reverse charge mechanism in respect of say, advocate services, import of services,
sponsorship services etc. are comparable to the ‘reverse charge mechanism’ prescribed
herein. However, the concept of partial reverse charge is not continuing in the GST regime,
viz., every supply will be liable either to forward charge or full reverse charge, Further, under
erstwhile law, the concept of reverse charge only exists in relation to services. The GST law,
however, permits the supply of goods also to be subjected to reverse charge.
9.4 Issues and concerns
1. While the law lays down that the intent of Schedule II is to clarify whether the supplies
listed in the Schedule is a supply of goods or a supply of services, it must also be noted
that the Schedule II is provided in terms of clause (d) to Section 7(1) which reads “For
the purposes of this Act, the expression “supply” includes –”. Therefore, a reader of the
statute must pay attention to the dual implications of the Schedule.
2. The activity of import of service is subjected to tax, whether or not such import is in the
course or furtherance of business. While the relaxation from obtaining registration is
provided to a ‘non-taxable online recipient’ who imports OIDAR services, there is no
relaxation to other persons who import services for personal use, and they shall be
mandated to obtain registration regardless of the turnover, given that the service is
listed as a supply attracting tax on reverse charge basis. For instance, say a person
engages an artist from a different country to send designs for apparel manufacture,
which he wishes to gift, the transaction would be a taxable supply, and liable to tax in
the hands of such person importing the service.
3. The phrase ‘in the course or furtherance of business’ has not been defined in the Act.
The meaning that can be derived from this phrase is so wide that it can include every
activity undertaken by a business concern, including activities in the course of
employment, since employment is a subset of the activities undertaken in the course of
business.
4. A plain reading of the meaning of the terms ‘composite supply’ and ‘mixed supply’
suggests that the concepts pre-suppose a condition that they are effected by taxable
persons. Say in case of a supply effected by a non-taxable person to a registered
person attracting tax under reverse charge, the supply would not be regarded as a
composite supply even where all the conditions are satisfied, and cannot be regarded
as a mixed supply either, for the same reason. Such an understanding would defeat the
very purpose of the legislative intent. Therefore, in case of reverse charge transactions,
CGST Act 105

the supply must be understood to have been made by the registered person who is the
recipient of supply, i.e., even supplies effected by unregistered persons may be
qualified to be termed ‘composite supply’ or mixed supply’, subject to the normal
conditions which would otherwise apply.
5. While the concept of ‘mixed supplies’ requires that the goods and / or services supplied
in the mixed supply must be supplied for a single price, there is no such requirement in
the case of composite supplies. Therefore, a person effecting a mixed supply of goods
would certainly have an option to strategically alter the bundle of supplies so that all the
goods / services included in the mixed supply would not all be subjected to the highest
rate of tax applicable on the said supplies.
On the other hand, a supplier who effects a composite supply wishes to charge for the
supply of two or more goods or services separately, which otherwise constitute a
composite supply, a question may arise as to whether the rate of tax applicable on all
the supplies would continue to be the rate applicable to the principal supply. Say, a
supplier of air conditioners (taxable @ 28%) who always effects the supply along with
the installation service, now chooses to split the cost of the service in order to tax such
service portion at the rate of 18%. Such a split-up may be questioned, given that there
is no escape from treatment as a composite supply merely because the values are
ascertained separately. Generally, transactions that are intentionally broken up with an
intent to minimise the impact of tax would be subject to scrutiny / valuation.
9.5 FAQs
Q1. In respect of exchange of goods, namely gold watch for restaurant services, will the
transaction be taxable as two different supplies or will it taxable only in the hands of the
main supplier?
Ans. Yes, the transaction of exchange is specifically included in the scope of “supply” under
Section 7. Thus, exchange could be taxable both ways. Provided the person
exchanging gold watch is in the business of selling watches (A contrary view could also
be taken. It depends on the facts of each and every case).
Q2. What are examples of ‘disposals’ as used in ‘supply’?
Ans. “Disposals” could include donation in kinds or supplies in a manner other than sale.
Q3. Will a not-for-profit entity be liable to tax on any supplies effected by it – e.g.: sale of
assets received as donation?
Ans. Yes, it would be liable to tax on value as may be determined under Section 15, for said
sale of donated assets.
Q4. Is the levy under reverse charge mechanism applicable only to services?
Ans. No, reverse charge applies to supplies of both goods and services.
Q5. What will be the implications in case of purchase of goods from unregistered dealers?

Ans. The receiver of goods who will be registered under this Act would be liable to pay tax
under reverse charge. However, the provisions have been deferred till June 30, 2018.
9.6 MCQs
Q1. As per Section 9, which of the following would attract levy of CGST?
(a) Inter-State supplies, in respect of supplies within the State to SEZ;
(b) Intra-State supplies;
(c) Both of the above;
(d) Either of the above.
Ans. (b) Intra-State supplies
Q2. Which of the following forms of supply are included in Schedule I?
(a) Permanent transfer of business assets on which input tax credit has been
claimed
(b) Agency transactions for services
(c) Barter
(d) None of the above
Ans. (a) Permanent transfer of business assets on which input tax credit has been claimed
Q3. Who can notify a transaction to be supply of ‘goods’ or ‘services’?
(a) CBIT
(b) Central Government on the recommendation of GST Council
(c) GST Council
Ans. (b) Central Government on the recommendation of GST Council
10. Composition levy
(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act but subject to the
provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 9, an eligible registered person, whose
aggregate turnover in the preceding financial year did not exceed fifty lakh rupees, may
opt to pay, in lieu of the Central tax payable by him, an amount calculated at such rate as
may be prescribed, but not exceeding,–
(i) one per cent. of the turnover in State or turnover in Union territory in case of a
manufacturer,
(ii) two and a half per cent. of the turnover in State or turnover in Union territory in case
CGST Act 107

of persons engaged in making supplies referred to in clause (b) of paragraph 6 of

Schedule II, and
(ii) half per cent. of the turnover of Taxable Supplies in State or turnover in Union
territory in case of other suppliers,
subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Government may, by notification, increase the said limit of fifty lakh
rupees to such higher amount, not exceeding one crore rupees, as may be recommended
by the Council
(2) The registered person shall be eligible to opt under sub-section (1), if:—
(a) he is not engaged in the supply of services other than supplies referred to in clause
(b) of paragraph 6 of Schedule II;
(b) he is not engaged in making any supply of goods which are not leviable to tax under
this Act;
(c) he is not engaged in making any inter-State outward supplies of goods;
(d) he is not engaged in making any supply of goods through an electronic commerce
operator who is required to collect tax at source under section 52; and
(e) he is not a manufacturer of such goods as may be notified by the Government on the
recommendations of the Council:
Provided that where more than one registered persons are having the same Permanent
Account Number (issued under the Income-tax Act, 1961), the registered person shall not
be eligible to opt for the scheme under sub-section (1) unless all such registered persons
opt to pay tax under that sub-section.
(3) The option availed of by a registered person under sub-section (1) shall lapse with effect
from the day on which his aggregate turnover during a financial year exceeds the limit
specified under sub-section (1).
(4) A taxable person to whom the provisions of sub-section (1) apply shall not collect any tax
from the recipient on supplies made by him nor shall he be entitled to any credit of input
tax.
(5) If the proper officer has reasons to believe that a taxable person has paid tax under sub-
section (1) despite not being eligible, such person shall, in addition to any tax that may be
payable by him under any other provisions of this Act, be liable to a penalty and the
provisions of section 73 or section 74 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply for determination of
tax and penalty.

3. Intimation for composition levy.
(1) Any person who has been granted registration on a provisional basis under clause (b)

of sub-rule (1) of rule 24 and who opts to pay tax under section 10, shall electronically
file an intimation in FORM GST CMP-01, duly signed or verified through electronic
verification code, on the common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation Centre
notified by the Commissioner, prior to the appointed day, but not later than thirty days
after the said day, or such further period as may be extended by the Commissioner in
this behalf:
Provided that where the intimation in FORM GST CMP-01 is filed after the appointed
day, the registered person shall not collect any tax from the appointed day but shall
issue bill of supply for supplies made after the said day.
(2) Any person who applies for registration under sub-rule (1) of rule 8 may give an option
to pay tax under section 10 in Part B of FORM GST REG-01, which shall be considered
as an intimation to pay tax under the said section.
(3) Any registered person who opts to pay tax under section 10 shall electronically file an
intimation in FORM GST CMP-02, duly signed or verified through electronic verification
code, on the common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by
the Commissioner, prior to the commencement of the financial year for which the option
to pay tax under the aforesaid section is exercised and shall furnish the statement in
FORM GST ITC-03 in accordance with the provisions of sub-rule (4) of rule 44 within a
period of sixty days from the commencement of the relevant financial year.
(3A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rules (1), (2) and (3), a person who has
been granted registration on a provisional basis under rule 24 or who has been granted
certificate of registration under sub-rule (1) of rule 10 may opt to pay tax under section
10 with effect from the first day of the month immediately succeeding the month in
which he files an intimation in FORM GST CMP-02, on the common portal either
directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner, on or before the
31st day of March, 2018, and shall furnish the statement in FORM GST ITC-03 in
accordance with the provisions of sub-rule (4) of rule 44 within a period of one hundred
and eighty days from the day on which such person commences to pay tax under
section 10:
Provided that the said persons shall not be allowed to furnish the declaration in FORM
GST TRAN-1 after the statement in FORM GST ITC-03 has been furnished.
(4) Any person who files an intimation under sub-rule (1) to pay tax under section 10 shall
furnish the details of stock, including the inward supply of goods received from
unregistered persons, held by him on the day preceding the date from which he opts to
pay tax under the said section, electronically, in FORM GST CMP-03, on the common
portal, either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner,
within a period ofninety days from the date on which the option for composition levy is
exercised or within such further period as may be extended by the Commissioner in this
behalf.
CGST Act 109

(5) Any intimation under sub-rule (1) or sub-rule (3) or sub-rule (3A)in respect of any place
of business in any State or Union territory shall be deemed to be an intimation in
respect of all other places of business registered on the same Permanent Account
Number.
4. Effective date for composition levy.
(1) The option to pay tax under section 10 shall be effective from the beginning of the
financial year, where the intimation is filed under sub-rule (3) of rule 3 and the
appointed day where the intimation is filed under sub-rule (1) of the said rule.
(2) The intimation under sub-rule (2) of rule 3, shall be considered only after the grant of
registration to the applicant and his option to pay tax under section 10 shall be effective
from the date fixed under sub-rule (2) or (3) of rule 10.
5. Conditions and restrictions for composition levy.
(1) The person exercising the option to pay tax under section 10 shall comply with the
following conditions, namely:-
(a) he is neither a casual taxable person nor a non-resident taxable person;
(b) the goods held in stock by him on the appointed day have not been purchased in
the course of inter-State trade or commerce or imported from a place outside India
or received from his branch situated outside the State or from his agent or principal
outside the State, where the option is exercised under sub-rule (1) of rule 3;
(c) the goods held in stock by him have not been purchased from an unregistered
supplier and where purchased, he pays the tax under sub-section (4) of section 9;
(d) he shall pay tax under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) of section 9 on inward
supply of goods or services or both;
(e) he was not engaged in the manufacture of goods as notified under clause (e) of
sub-section (2) of section 10, during the preceding financial year;
(f) he shall mention the words ―composition taxable person, not eligible to collect tax
on supplies‖ at the top of the bill of supply issued by him; and
(g) he shall mention the words ―composition taxable person‖ on every notice or
signboard displayed at a prominent place at his principal place of business and at
every additional place or places of business.
(2) The registered person paying tax under section 10 may not file a fresh intimation every
year and he may continue to pay tax under the said section subject to the provisions of
the Act and these rules.
6. Validity of composition levy.
(1) The option exercised by a registered person to pay tax under section 10 shall remain
valid so long as he satisfies all the conditions mentioned in the said section and under
these rules.

(2) The person referred to in sub-rule (1) shall be liable to pay tax under sub-section (1) of
section 9 from the day he ceases to satisfy any of the conditions mentioned in section
10 or the provisions of this Chapter and shall issue tax invoice for every taxable supply
made thereafter and he shall also file an intimation for withdrawal from the scheme in
FORM GST CMP-04 within seven days of the occurrence of such event.
(3) The registered person who intends to withdraw from the composition scheme shall,
before the date of such withdrawal, file an application in FORM GST CMP-04, duly
signed or verified through electronic verification code, electronically on the common
portal.
(4) Where the proper officer has reasons to believe that the registered person was not
eligible to pay tax under section 10 or has contravened the provisions of the Act or
provisions of this Chapter, he may issue a notice to such person in FORM GST CMP-
05 to show cause within fifteen days of the receipt of such notice as to why the option
to pay tax under section 10 shall not be denied.
(5) Upon receipt of the reply to the show cause notice issued under sub-rule (4) from the
registered person in FORM GST CMP-06, the proper officer shall issue an order in
FORM GST CMP-07within a period of thirty days of the receipt of such reply, either
accepting the reply, or denying the option to pay tax under section 10 from the date of
the option or from the date of the event concerning such contravention, as the case
may be.
(6) Every person who has furnished an intimation under sub-rule (2) or filed an application
for withdrawal under sub-rule (3) or a person in respect of whom an order of withdrawal
of option has been passed in FORM GST CMP-07 under sub-rule (5), may
electronically furnish at the common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation
Centre notified by the Commissioner, a statement in FORM GST ITC-01 containing
details of the stock of inputs and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods
held in stock by him on the date on which the option is withdrawn or denied, within a
period of thirty days from the date from which the option is withdrawn or from the date
of the order passed in FORM GST CMP-07, as the case may be.
(7) Any intimation or application for withdrawal under sub-rule (2) or (3) or denial of the
option to pay tax under section 10 in accordance with sub-rule (5) in respect of any
place of business in any State or Union territory, shall be deemed to be an intimation in
respect of all other places of business registered on the same Permanent Account
Number.
7. Rate of tax of the composition levy.
The category of registered persons, eligible for composition levy under section 10 and the
provisions of this Chapter, specified in column (2) of the Table below shall pay tax under
section 10 at the rate specified in column (3) of the said Table:-
CGST Act 111

Sl. No. Category of registered persons Rate of tax

1 Manufacturers, other than half per cent. of the turnover in the
manufacturers of such goods as may State or Union territory
be notified by the Government
2 Suppliers making supplies referred to two and a half per cent. of the turnover
in clause (b) of paragraph 6 of in the State or Union territory
Schedule II
3 Any other supplier eligible for half per cent. of the turnover of taxable
composition levy under section 10 supplies of goods of the turnover in the
and the provisions of this Chapter State or Union territory

1. Notification No. 1/2018-Central Tax dated 23.01.2018 issued for revision of Rules and
for reduction of rate of composition tax;
2. Notification No. 46/2017- Central Tax dated 13.10.2017issued to increase the
threshold limit on aggregate turnover to opt for composition scheme (1 crore / 75
Lakhs);
3. Order No. 11/2017-GST dated 21.12.2017 issued to extend the time limit to furnish
intimation for opting into the Composition Scheme;
4. Order No. 01/2017-Central Tax being the CGST (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 2017
dated 13.10.2017 issued to clarify that outward supply of services for which the
consideration is in the form of interest, shall not be taken into account for composition
taxpayers;
5. Chapter eleven of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC can be
referred to for a gist of the statutory provisions, titled ‘Composition Levy Scheme in
GST’.
10 Related provisions of the Statute
Section Description
Section 9 Levy and collection
Section 2(6) Definition of Aggregate turnover
Section 2(102) Definition of Services
Section 2(78) Definition of Non-taxable supply
Section 2(112) Meaning of Turnover in a State
Section 52 Collection of tax at source

10.1 Introduction
This Section provides for a registered person to opt for payment of taxes under a scheme of
composition, the conditions attached thereto and the persons who are entitled, but not
mandated, to make payment of tax under this Scheme. The conditions, restrictions,
procedures and the documentation in respect of this scheme are contained in Chapter II of the
Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017 from Rule 3 to Rule 7 (Composition Rules).
10.2 Analysis
Tax payment under this scheme is an option available to the taxable person. This scheme
would be available only to certain eligible persons.
(a) Payment of tax: The composition scheme offers to a registered person, the option to
remit taxes on the turnover as against outward supply-wise payment of taxes. In other
words, the registered person opting to pay tax under the composition scheme needs
only to ascertain the aggregate value of outward taxable supplies, and compute the tax
thereon at a fixed rate, regardless of the actual rate of tax applicable on the said
outward supply. The rate of tax prescribed in this regard is as under:
i. In case of manufacturers: 1% (0.5% CGST+ 0.5% SGST) of the turnover in the
State/UT (Note: The rate applicable has been reduced from 2% to 1% vide
Notification No. 1/2018-Central Tax dated 23.01.2018 effective 01.01.2018);
ii. In case of food/restaurant services:5% (2.5% CGST+ 2.5% SGST) of the turnover
in the State/UT(i.e., in case of composite supply of service specified in Entry 6(b) of
Schedule II);
iii. In case of other suppliers: 1% (0.5% CGST+ 0.5% SGST) of the turnover of taxable
supplies in the State/UT (such as like traders, agents for supply of goods, etc.)
(b) Eligibility to pay tax under composition scheme: The conditions for eligibility to opt
for payment of tax under the composition scheme is as follows:
i. Registered persons having an ‘aggregate turnover’ as defined under Section 2(6) of
the Act (i.e., aggregate of turnovers across all States under the same PAN,
including exempt supplies, supplies specified under Schedule I, etc.) does not
exceed the prescribed limit in the preceding financial year will be eligible to opt for
payment of tax under the composition scheme. Please refer to the discussion on
aggregate turnover as explained in the definitions Chapter for a better
understanding of the expression. In this regard, the following may be noted:
1. The prescribed threshold limit is Rs. 1 crore (and Rs. 75 lacs in case of Special
Category States being Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and Himachal Pradesh);
2. The aggregate turnover of the registered person should not exceed the
said prescribed limit during the financial year in which the scheme has been
availed;
CGST Act 113

3. The ‘aggregate turnover’ as computed for a composition taxpayer shall not

include any interest income, which is earned by way of supply of services such
as extending deposits, etc. where such interest or discount is exempted under
the GST Law.
ii. The scheme cannot be opted for during the middle of a financial year, except in the
case where the person obtains registration, and opts for composition scheme at the
time of applying for registration under the GST Law:
1. Taxable Person obtaining a new registration under GST laws: Such option
can be exercised at the time of obtaining registration under section 22 in Part B
of Form GST-REG-1. Such new application may also include cases of
migration from the erstwhile laws. In both cases, the option to pay tax under
composition scheme shall be effective from the effective date of registration.
[Refer Rule 3 of CGST Rules]
2. Registered person switches over to composition scheme: A person is
required to file an intimation before the commencement of the financial year for
which he opts to pay tax under the scheme. In such cases, the provisions of
section 18(4) shall stand attracted and the registered person shall be required
to file a statement containing details of stock and inward supply of goods
received from un-registered persons, held in stock, on the date immediately
preceding the date. Please refer to the discussion in Section 18 for a better
understanding.
iii. In order to be eligible to opt for the scheme, the registered person must not be in
possession of stock of goods which has been purchased from unregistered
persons. In any such case, due tax ought to have been paid thereon under Section
9(4);
Note: In case of migrated registrations from the erstwhile laws, the GST Law
imposes an additional condition that the stock of goods held on the GST appointed
day (01.07.2017) does not include any goods which have been procured in the
course of inter-State trade or commerce or received from his branch / his agent /his
principal situated outside the State or imported from a place outside India.
iv. The registered person would not be eligible to effect any:
1. Supply of goods through an e-commerce operator who is liable to collect tax
at source (TCS) – while there is no restriction on goods supplier through a
portal owned and operated by the same person;
In this regard, it may be noted that the provision for TCS has not been notified as
yet. Therefore, it appears that composition suppliers are not restricted from
effecting supplies through an e-commerce portal, regardless of who owns/ operates
the portal.
2. Supply of non-taxable goods, i.e., alcoholic liquor for human consumption,

petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly known as petrol),
natural gas and aviation turbine fuel;
3. Supply of services, other than services specified in Entry 6(b) to Schedule II.
This would mean, a trader opting for composition scheme will not be entitled to
provide any after-sales support services, howsoever trivial they may be (unless
such supply is a composite or mixed supply of goods). In this regard, it must be
noted that the Government has issued an order for the removal of difficulties to
clarify that any services provided by a composition taxpayer shall not be taken
into account where the consideration for the said service is by way of “interest”
which is exempted from tax under the GST Law.
4. Inter-State outward supplies, including supplies to SEZ unit / developer.
Please note that this condition implies that the registered person will not be in a
position to effect inter-State stock transfers to its own establishments located
outside the State. It is also important to note that the condition is not limited to
taxable supplies alone, and extends to exempt supplies as well.
v. The registered person must not be:
1. A manufacturer of such goods as may be notified by the Government (based on
the recommendations of the GST Council), in the year for which he opts for the
scheme, or in the preceding financial year (E.g. Ice cream, pan masala,
tobacco). However, there is no restriction in trading of such goods, i.e., where
the person has not manufactured the goods.
2. A casual taxable person;
3. A non-resident taxable person;
vi. All the registrations obtained under a single PAN are also mandated to opt for
payment under the composition scheme, i.e., all the registered persons under the
PAN will also be mandated to comply with all the conditions mentioned above,
including the business verticals having separate registrations within the same State
under the same PAN. The scheme would become applicable for all the registrations
and it cannot be applied for select verticals only. E.g.: Say a company has the
following businesses separately registered:
— Sale of mobile devices (Registered in Kerala)
— Franchisee of branded restaurant (Registered in Goa)
The scheme would be applicable for the said 2 units. The company cannot opt for
composition scheme for the registration in Kerala and opt to pay taxes under the
regular scheme for the registration in Goa.
vii. The scheme will be applicable to all the outward supplies. The option of the scheme
will be qua-person and not qua-class of goods – once opted it will be applicable for
all supplies by effected by the registered person; it must be noted that a taxable
CGST Act 115

person cannot opt for payment of taxes under composition scheme for supply of
one class of goods and opt for regular scheme of payment of taxes for supply of
other classes of goods or services.
(c) Conditions applicable on a composition supplier: Once a person has opted to pay
tax under the composition scheme, the following conditions would stand attracted:
i. Every notice or signboard in every registered place of business, displayed at a
prominent place, shall carry the words “Composition taxable person”;
ii. Every bill of supply issued by the composition suppliers shall carry the declaration
“Composition taxable person, not eligible to collect tax on supplies” on top of the
bill;
iii. RCM on inward supplies: The composition supplier shall be liable to make payment
at the rate applicable on the supply in respect of every inward supply liable to tax
under the reverse charge mechanism, regardless of the rate of tax that is applied
by him on the outward supplies effected by him. It may be noted that the value of
such inward supplies would not be included in the aggregate turnover of the
composition taxpayer although the liability is discharged by him on such inward
supplies;
iv. Not entitled to collect tax: The composition taxpayer is prohibited from collecting
any GST / Cess applicable on the outward supplies effected by him. Accordingly,
the recipients of supply would also not be eligible to claim any credits where the
inward supply is from a composition taxpayer;
v. Not entitled to claim credit of taxes paid: The composition taxpayer is not entitled to
claim credit in respect of taxes paid by him on any of the inward supplies effected
by him, including inward supplies on which he pays tax under reverse charge
mechanism.
However, if the composition taxpayer switches over to become a regular taxpayer, he
will be entitled to take input tax in respect of inputs held in stock (as inputs, contained in
semi-finished or finished goods) on the day immediately preceding the date from which
he becomes liable to pay tax under Section 9 (regular taxpayer. Refer the discussion in
Section 18(1)(c) for a better understanding of the provisions.
(d) Important Note: The option to pay tax under the composition scheme will remain valid
so long as the registered persons comply with all of the aforesaid conditions in (b) and
(c) above. The composition suppliers will be treated as any other registered supplier
with effect from the date on which any of the said conditions cease to be complied with.
The composition suppliers would not be entitled to re-enter the scheme until the expiry
of the financial year.
i. The registered person would be required to file an intimation (suo motu) for
withdrawal from the scheme within 7 days of the non-compliance;
ii. The registered person may also file an intimation if he wishes to withdraw from the

scheme, before the effective date of withdrawal, and such withdrawal can be
applied for anytime during the financial year.
Once granted, the eligibility would be valid unless the permission is cancelled or is
withdrawn or the person becomes ineligible for the scheme.
iii. Cancellation of permission: Where the proper officer has reasons to believe that the
taxable person was not eligible to the composition scheme, the proper officer may
cancel the permission and demand the following:
a. Differential tax and interest – viz., tax payable under the other provisions of the
Act after deducting the tax paid under composition scheme;
b. Penalty determined based on the demand provisions under Section 73 or 74.
(e) Comments specific to migration cases (transition from the erstwhile law to the
GST regime): In case of migration of old registration into registration under GST, option
to avail composition scheme under GST Laws can be exercised only if the goods held in
stock by such taxable person, on the appointed day have not been purchased in the
course of inter-state trade or commerce or imported from a place outside India or
received from his branch situated outside the State, or from his agent or principal
outside the State.
(i) As per rule 3(1) of the CGST Rules, in cases involving migration, there is need to
exercise such Option for composition in Form GST CMP 01 prior to appointed date
or within 30 days after the appointed date. In this case, the option to pay tax under
composition scheme shall be effective from the appointed date. This date has
further been extended to 16.08.2017. Such person would be required to file stock
statement under Rule 3(4) in Form GST-CMP03 within a period of 90 days
(extended from 60 days to 90 days by Notification No.22/2017) from the date on
which the option for composition levy is exercised or within such further period as
may be extended by the Commissioner in this behalf. However, the due date was
extended further till 31.01.2018 vide Order No. 11/2017-GST dated 21.12.2017.
(ii) A new sub-rule (3A) was inserted by Notification No.34/2017 – Central Tax
dtd.15.09.2017 which has an overriding effect on provisions of sub-rule (1), (2) and
(3). It may be noted that, the purpose of rule (3A) is only to enable the persons to
opt for composition scheme in the first year of GST implementation, without making
them to wait up to the next financial year. This is on account of the fact that, the
threshold limit for the purposes of Composition scheme u/s 10 was enhanced twice
i.e. once on 27.06.2017 and then again on 13.10.2017. Hence, sub-rule (3A) would
only cover cases, where the application is made prior to 31.03.2018. For all
applications made during the financial year 2018-19, the matter would be governed
by Rule 3(3).
Under the erstwhile tax laws, the scheme of composition is provided for in most State level
CGST Act 117

VAT laws. The conditions prescribed under the GST law for composition scheme is broadly
comparable to the conditions / restrictions under the State level VAT laws.
10.4 Issues & concerns
1. While it is clear that a composition supplier is not entitled to effect a supply of services,
there is no specific provision in case of a composite supply / a mixed supply which are
taxed as supply of goods. Therefore, based on the principles specified in Section 8 of
the Act, it may be safe to infer that a supplier opting for composition scheme would be
entitled to effect a composite supply containing services, where the principal supply is
goods, considering that the “supply shall be treated as a supply of such principal
supply”. On the other hand, a mixed supply shall be treated as a “supply of that
particular supply which attracts the highest rate of tax”. Given this position, there is
no clear case for mixed supplies wherein both services and goods contained in the
mixed supply suffer the highest rate of tax, from amongst the rates of tax applicable on
each of the individual supplies contained in the mixed supply. Due care must be
exercised in this regard.
2. An amendment of the rate applicable to the supplies effected by composition suppliers was
made with effect from 01.01.2018. In this regard, attention is drawn to the rate applicable to
traders which reads as follows – “half per cent of the turnover of taxable supplies of goods
in the State or Union territory”. It must be noted that the highlighted expression, more
specifically, “of taxable supplies” is missing in the rate entries applicable to manufacturers
and restaurant service providers. Therefore, the said 2 classes of persons would be liable to
pay tax on the turnover in State, whether or not the supplies are exempted from tax.
10.5 FAQs
Q1. Will a taxable person be eligible to opt for composition scheme only for one out of 3
business verticals?
Ans. No. Composition scheme would become applicable for all the business verticals /
registrations which are separately held by the person with same PAN.
Q2. Can composition scheme be availed if the taxable person has inter-State inward
supplies?
Ans. Yes. Composition scheme is applicable subject to the condition that the taxable person
does not engage in making inter-state outward supplies, while there is no restriction on
making any inter-State inward supplies.
Q3. Can the taxable person under composition scheme claim input tax credit?
Ans. No. Taxable person under composition scheme is not eligible to claim input tax credit.
Q4. Can the customer who buys from a taxable person who is under the composition
scheme claim composition tax as input tax credit?
Ans. No. customer who buys goods from taxable person who is under composition scheme is
not eligible for composition input tax credit.

Q5. Can composition tax be collected from customers?

Ans. No. The taxable person under composition scheme is restricted from collecting tax.
Q6. What is the threshold for opting to pay tax under the composition scheme?
Ans. The threshold for composition scheme is up to 1 crore of aggregate turnover in the
preceding financial year and ` 75 lakhs for special category states except for
Uttarakhand.
Q7. How to compute ‘aggregate turnover’ to determine eligibility for composition scheme?
Ans. The methodology to compute aggregate turnover is given in Section 2(6). However,
since composition scheme is applicable only to suppliers making intra-state supplies,
‘aggregate turnover’ means ‘Value of all taxable supplies (excluding the value of inward
supplies on which tax is payable by a person on reverse charge basis), exempt supplies
(except interest income as discussed above), exports of goods or services or both or
inter-state supplies of a person having the same PAN (i.e., across India) excluding
CGST, IGST, SGST, UGST and cess.
Q8. What does a person having the same PAN mean?
Ans. “Person having the same PAN” means all the units across India having the same PAN
as is issued under the Income Tax Law.
Q9. What are the penal consequences if a taxable person is not eligible for payment of tax
under the Composition scheme?
Ans. Taxable person who is not eligible for the said scheme, could be imposed penalty as
determined under Section 73 or 74.
Q10. What happens if a taxable person who has opted to pay taxes under the composition
scheme crosses the threshold limit of `75 lakhs/1 crore during the year?
Ans. In such case, from the day the taxable person crosses the threshold, the permission
granted earlier is deemed to stand withdrawn, and he shall be liable to pay taxes under
the regular scheme i.e. section 9, from such day.
CGST Act 119

Chapter-IIIA
Classification and Exemption
Introduction
GST law does not contain a commodity classification tariff but are contained within the
notification which prescribes the rate of tax. Classification therefore, is an exercise that is
inevitable to identify the specific entry in any of the 6 schedules for determining the rate of tax
on the supply of goods or services. The revenue department could object to the rate adopted
or exemption claimed when the error is observed at the time of assessment, investigation or
revenue audit. This could lead to multiple demands at all stages of supply and also denial of
credit. The customer may object to the classification or the rate. The assesse himself may
come to know of the error due to competitors using different rates, paying or not paying,
attending some awareness session, reading articles, books. Errors may also come to light at
the time of due diligence, internal audit, statutory audit, outsourced consultant changing, etc.
Errors in GST classification – Impact
Many assessees could suffer loss of business in period of uncertainty till proper classification
is arrived at as they may have adopted some rate for their supplies as they could not afford to
stop. After that they may be following the same unless there is any objection.
The cost of errors would include the following:
1. In case of higher tax charged, assessee may have to suffer the loss of orders and cost
of re-establishing business with the customers, the loss of credibility with customers.
The cost of discounts due to incorrect rate is not factored which one is forced to give to
retain the customer.
2. In case of goods or services supplied which are nil rated or exempted the denial of
credit by the revenue up to 5 years can be fatal for the business. Demands maybe
made at multiple stages of the supply chain. This is a major departure from the earlier
regime.
3. In case of short charge due to incorrect classification or claim of exemption which is not
available, would result in non-recoverability of taxes from the customers and cost of
interest. In business, breaking the credit chain could make business unviable.
4. Valuation methods prescribed for certain categories of goods and or services would be
dependent on the classification of such goods and/or services. Wrong classification
would lead to wrong payment of tax.
5. On certain goods and/or services GST is to be discharged by the recipient of supply
under reverse charge mechanism. Wrong classification may result in non-payment of
tax or un-necessary payment of tax.
Ch-IIIA : Classification & Exemption Sec. 11
6. Denial of benefits under FTP such as duty drawback and incentives being provided for
various goods and/or services at varied rates can be the result.
7. Non-payment of compensation Cess, if any, applicable on specified goods and or
services which may result in penal proceedings
8. Getting the liability on Import of goods/Services all wrong or not claiming the ITC (Input
Tax Credit) benefit of export on goods/service exports due to improper classification
could also happen. This could happen when the alternative headings available have
different import/export criterion being applicable to them.
In case of revenue raising the short charge or ineligible exemption issues, in addition to the
above costs: the cost of penalty, denial of credit availed, cost of dispute resolution at
adjudication, appeal, Court stages also would arise. It should be kept in mind that the internal
manpower resources could get substantially involved to resolve the issue inspite of the fact
that a specialist in GST may be outsourced to prepare the reply, appearance etc.
Analysis
i. Classification of Goods or Services:
In order to apply a particular rate of tax, one needs to determine the classification of the
supply as to whether the supply constitutes a supply of goods or services or both. Once
the same is determined in terms of Section 7 and 8, a further classification in terms of
HSN of goods and services has to be made so as to arrive at the rate of tax applicable to
the supply. At the outset, it is important to note that HSN for goods are contained in
Chapters from 1 to 98 and HSN for Services are contained as Chapter 99 Notified as the
‘Scheme of Classification of Services’ provided as an Annexure to the Notification issued
for rate of tax (CGST) applicable to services (i.e., Annexure to Notification No. 11/2017-
Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017).
The Classification of Goods is older and is based on knowledge gathered from
precedents on HSN classification, as an adaptation from that formulated by the World
customs Organisation. The suggested steps for determination of proper classification of
goods are as under:
1. The classification of each supply has to be made separately for every individual
supply, regardless of the form of supply (such as sale / transfer / disposal including
by-products, scraps etc.)
2. Identify the description and nature of the goods being supplied. One must confirm
that the product is also more specifically covered in the Customs Tariff. The Section
Notes and Chapter Notes specified in the Customs Tariff would squarely apply to
the Tariff Schedules under the GST Law, and ought to be read as an integral part of
the Tariff for the purpose of classification.
3. If there is any ambiguity, first reference shall be made to the ‘Rules of
Interpretation’ of the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff Act 1975.
CGST Act 121

(a) As per the Rules, first step to be applied is to find the trade understanding of
the terms used in the Schedule, if the meaning or description of goods is not
clear.
(b) If the trade understanding is not available, the next step is to refer to the
technical or scientific meaning of the term. If the tariff headings have technical
or scientific meanings, then that has to be ascertained first before the test of
trade understanding.
(c) If none of the above are available reference may be had to the dictionary
meaning or ISI specifications. Evidence may be gathered on end use or
predominant use.
4. In case of the unfinished or incomplete goods, if the unfinished goods bear the
essential characteristics of the finished goods, its classification shall be the same
as that of the finished goods.
5. If the classification is not ascertained as per above point, one has to look for the
nature of goods which is more specific.
6. If the classification is still not determinable, one has to look for the ingredient which
gives the goods its essential characteristics.
ii. Rate of tax for goods or services
Purpose of Supply of Goods Supply of Services
Notification
Prescribing the 1/2017-Central Tax (Rate) 11/2017-Central Tax (Rate)
rate of tax (As amended from time to time) (As amended from time to time)
Granting the 2/1017-Central Tax (Rate) 12/2017-Central Tax (Rate)
exemption (As amended from time to time) (As amended from time to time)
A screenshot of the website hosted by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs
(CBIC – Source link: http://www.cbec.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/gst/central-tax-rate-notfns-
2017) containing the list of notifications is provided below:

iii. Requirement of Classification

It may seem like classification may not be so cumbersome, and experience, logic and
common sense are sufficient tools to identify the classification, and to interpret the tariff
notifications. However, a quick look at some examples would drive home the need to pay
close attention to the principles of classification. Let us consider the following examples:
(1) a ‘watch made of gold’ – an article of gold or a watch, albeit an expensive one?
(2) a confectionary product ‘hajmola’ – an ayurvedic medicaments or remains
confectionary sweets?
(3) serving of ‘brandy with warm water’ – classified based on its curative effect on
common cold, or dismissed as alcoholic liquor for human consumption?
(4) surgical gloves – latex products or accessories to healthcare services?
(5) mirror cut-to-size for automobiles – article of glass or accessories to motor vehicles
fitted as rear-view mirror?
CGST Act 123

As can be seen from the few instances mentioned above, classification is not one that is
free from doubt. When coupled with differential rates of tax, the scope for
misclassification would be reinforced with motivation to either reduce the tax incidence /
or to pay a higher tax to circumvent any possible interest and penalty. Both these
motivations can work on either sides – industry as well as tax administration.
Classification cannot, therefore, be left to the whims and fancies of each person, and
reference must be had to the guidance provided in the law itself.
iv. Approach to Classification
The notifications prescribing the rate of tax in respect of goods as well as services
contain explanations as to how the classification must be undertaken. Extracts of some of
those explanations are provided below for ease of reference:
Notification 1/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28 June, 2017
Notification 11/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28 June, 2017

As can be seen from the above, the notification prescribing the rate of tax itself specifies
the approach that is to be followed for purposes of classification, namely:
(a) in respect of goods, the notification requires reference to be had to the First
Schedule to Customs Tariff Act 1975: A quick look at these helps is to recognize the
approach that needs to be followed for classification.

The above table is an adaptation of the Harmonized System of Nomenclature

(HSN) established for aiding in uniformity in Customs classification in international
trade between member countries of World Customs Organization. It was drafted
under the aegis of Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature, Brussels. It was
adopted for Customs purposes by India in 1975 and readapted (with some
changes) for Central Excise in 1985 and now for purposes of GST in 2017. Please
bear in mind that reference to the original HSN would be of much help in
understanding the scope of any entry to understand the full extent of meaning
implied in any entry found while reading Customs Tariff Act. Refer
www.wcoomd.org where the HSN is available for purchase or subscription from
World Customs Organization.
(b) in respect of services, the notification requires reference to be had to the Annexure
which contains the Scheme of Classification: The Annexure is appended to the
CGST rate notification and contains entries under Chapter 99 (although there is no
such chapter for services in the HSN prescribed under the Customs Law):
1. THE CUSTOMS TARIFF ACT, 1975 (51 OF 1975)1

An act to consolidate and amend the law relating to customs duties.
Be it enacted by Parliament in Twenty-sixth Year of the Republic of India as
follows:-
1. (1) This Act may be called the Customs Tariff Act, 1975.
(2) It extends to the whole of India.
CGST Act 125

(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may,
by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.2,3
2. The rates at which duties of customs shall be levied under the Customs act,
1962, are specified in the First and Second Schedules, 4
v. In this regard, it may also be noted that the tariff entries in case of certain services, make
reference to the rate of tax applicable to the relevant goods. In the following cases of
supply of services, the rate of tax applicable as on a supply of like goods involving
transfer of title in goods, would be applicable on the supply of services:
Chapter, Section or Description of Service

Heading
Heading 9971 (ii) Transfer of the right to use any goods for any
(Financial and related purpose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash,
services) deferred payment or other valuable consideration.
(iii) Any transfer of right in goods or of undivided share
in goods without the transfer of title thereof.
Heading 9973 (iii) Transfer of the right to use any goods for any
(Leasing or rental services, purpose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash,
with or without operator) deferred payment or other valuable consideration.
(iv) Any transfer of right in goods or of undivided share
in goods without the transfer of title thereof.
(vi) Leasing or rental services, with or without operator,
other than (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) above.

The only exception to the above table is leasing of motor vehicle which was purchased
by the lesser prior to July 1, 2017, leased before the GST appointed date (i.e.,
01.07.2017 and no credit of central excise, VAT or any other taxes on such motor vehicle
had been availed by him. If all these conditions are fulfilled, then the lessor is liable to
pay GST only on 65% of the GST applicable on such motor vehicle. – Refer notification
No.37/2017- Central Tax (Rate) dated 13.10.2017.
vi. Customs Tariff Act – Rules of Interpretation:
The rules of interpretation are contained in the Customs Tariff Act provides guidance
regarding the approach to be followed for reading and interpreting tariff entries. These
rules are merely summarized and listed below for convenience, whereas a detailed study
of the rules is advised from commentaries and value added updated tariff publications.
Please refer to full set of Rules of Interpretation at page 28 and 29 of the Customs Tariff
Act on http://www.cbec.gov.in/resources//htdocs-cbec/customs/cst2012-13/cst-act-
1213.pdf
 Rule 1: headings are for reference only and do not have statutory force for
classification;
 Rule 2(a): reference to an article in an entry includes that article in CKD-SKD
condition;
 Rule 2(b): reference to articles in an entry includes mixtures or combination;
 Rule 3(a): where alternate classification available, specific description to be
preferred;
 Rule 3(b): rely on the material that gives essential character to the article;
 Rule 3(c): apply that which appears later in the tariff as later-is-better;
 Rule 4: examine the function performed that is found in other akin goods;
 Rule 5: cases-packaging are to be classified with the primary article;
 Rule 6: when more than one entries are available, compare only if they are at same
level.
vii. Role of ‘Manufacture’ in Classification
Classification would be well understood by applying the above rules of interpretation.
Now, the process that goods are passed through can impact their classification. For
example, cutting, slicing and packing pineapple in cans in sugar syrup has primary input
is pineapple and the output is canned fruit with extended shelf-life. Now, the input and
output are not identical but it has held in the case of Pio Food Packers that this is not a
process amounting to manufacture. But, would it be possible to regard the input and the
output to retain the same classification. The answer lies in knowing the scope of each
entry applicable to classification. Another example, kraft paper used to make packing
CGST Act 127

boxes may be sold as it is or after laminating them. It has been held in the case of
Laminated Packaging that this process is manufacture even though the input and output
fall within the same classification entry. GST Law has adopted, in section 2(72), the
general understanding of manufacture that is very similar to that in Central Excise. The
real test from this definition – is the input and output functionally interchangeable or not
in the opinion of a knowledgeable end-user – and not based on the classification entry.
Change in classification entry from one to the other, that is, classification entry for input
is not the same as that of the output, could only arouse suspicion about the possibility of
manufacture. Please note that ‘manufacture’ is included in the definition of ‘business’ (in
section 2(17)) but it is not included as a ‘form of supply’ (in section 7(1)(a) or anywhere
else). Hence, the nature of the process that inputs are put through may not be
manufacture but yet may appear to move the output into a different entry compared to
the input. So, would change of classification entry be relevant or degree of change
produced in the input due to the process carried out must be considered. With the
adoption of HSN based classification from Custom Tariff Act, it is imperative to carefully
consider whether one entry has been split and sub-divided into categories even if they
both carry the similar rate of tax. Hence, the key aspects to consider are:
 Identify the scope of an entry for classification of input or output
 Study the nature of process carried out on the inputs
 Examine by the ‘test’ (above) if result of the process is manufacture
 Now identify the classification applicable to the output
For example, is ‘desiccating a coconut’ a process of manufacture? If yes, the desiccated
coconut ought not to be considered as eligible to the same rate of tax as coconut. Drying
grains may not appear to be a process of manufacture but frying them could be
manufacture as the grains are no longer ‘seed grade’ although it resembles the grain.
Manufacture need not be a very elaborate process. It can be a simple process but one
that brings about a distinct new product – in the opinion of a knowledgeable end-use –
and not just any person with no particular familiarity with the article. Manufacture need
not be an irreversible process. It can be reversible yet until reversed it is recognized as a
distinct new product, again, in the opinion of those knowledgeable in it. Processes such
as assembly may be manufacture in relation to some articles but not in others. So,
caution is advised in generalizing these verbs – assembly, cutting, polishing, etc. – but
examining the degree of change produced and the identity secured by the output in the
relevant trade as to the functional inter-changeability of the output with the input. If a
knowledgeable end-use would accept either input or output albeit with some reservation,
then it is unlikely to be manufacture. But, if this knowledgeable end-user would refuse to
accept them to be interchangeable, then the process carried out is most likely
manufacture. Usage of common description of the input and output does not assure
continuity of classification for the two.

viii. Role of ‘Supplier Status’ in Classification

This is best explained with an illustration – a restaurant buys aerated beverage on
payment of GST at 28% +12% including cess and on resale of this beverage as part of
food served as a combo with ‘composition status’ under Section 10 of CGST Act, the rate
of tax on this beverage would be 5%. Therefore, it is important to note that classification
can undergo a change depending upon the ‘status’ of the Supplier. Another illustration
could be medicaments which are taxed at 5% would be exempt from tax when they are
administered by the hospital to casualty/emergency admissions and to in-patients even if
billed separately in the invoice issued to patient by the hospital.
ix. Classification for Exemptions
In GST law the exemptions are set out under section 11 of the whole of the tax payable
or a part of it. In granting exemptions, it is not necessary that the exemption be made
applicable to the entire entry. In other words, exemption notifications are capable of
carving out a portion from an entry so as differentially alter the rate of tax applicable to
goods or services within that entry. Exemptions can take any of the following forms:
 Supplier may be exempt – here, regardless of the nature of outward supply,
exemption apply to the supplier. Conditions specified may make such exemption be
applicable to the supplier but when the supplies are made to specified recipients
 Supplies may be exempt – here, the supplier is not as relevant and all supplies that
are notified would enjoy the exemption. Conditions specified may help to determine
the supplies that are to be allowed the exemption.
CGST Act 129

x. Role of ‘Conditions’ in Exemptions

It is well understood that conditions in exemption notifications tend to convert the
exemption into an option, that is, the exempted / concessional rate of tax would apply
when the conditions are fulfilled and by deviating from the conditions, the full rate of tax
would apply. This principle has been tested in the context of Section 5A of the Central
Excise Act. However, a quick look at the Explanation to Section 11 of the CGST Act
(reproduced below) appears to indicate that unless an express option is granted in the
exemption notification, the concessional or exempted rate of tax along with attendant
conditions must be availed without any discretion to opt out of it.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, where an exemption in respect of any
goods or services or both from the whole or part of the tax leviable thereon has been
granted absolutely, the registered person supplying such goods or services or both shall
not collect the tax, in excess of the effective rate, on such supply of goods or services or
both.
While there may be alternate views that the above explanation applies only when the
exemption is ‘granted absolutely’ and not in all cases, such a view may find the
contradiction where one entry in an exemption notification prescribes a concessional rate
of tax that applies its restriction on input tax credit, while another entry in the very same
notification prescribes two rates of tax where one of them enjoins restriction on input tax
credit.
And the reason for resisting the view that – exemption with the condition is an option – is
when the Government felt free to specify two alternate tax consequences in respect of a
given entry in one case (GTA, in above illustration), there is no justification to make an
assumption about the existence of an option even when in the very same notification that
government opted to notify only one tax consequence. Accordingly, it would be a
reasonable construction that – exemption is a condition is not an option – and all court
decisions under earlier laws to the contrary are rendered otiose in view of the explanation
to section 11.
Illustration below shows a style where exemption would ‘not be option’:

The following illustration is a style of drafting exemption entries that is ‘not optional’:
xi. Conclusion
In light of the foregoing discussion, the following points of learning can be summarized:
(a) transactions involving goods are, in certain cases, required to be treated as supply
CGST Act 131

of services. As such, the fundamental classification to be undertaken is the

differentiation between goods and services;
(b) classification of goods and services cannot be made based on logic, experience or
common sense. But, recourse to rules of interpretation in the first schedule to
Customs Tariff Act is mandatory in relation to classification of goods. And
reference to the scheme of classification (contained in the annexure) is inevitable
in relation to classification of services. There can be no interchange in the use of
the relevant classification rules between goods and services;
(c) classification in GST requires a deep appreciation of the technical understanding
of words and phrases in each domain and any urge to use the common meaning
of such words and phrases must be actively discouraged. In other words, even if
the common meaning of certain words and phrases appears reasonable, it must
be understood that government has deliberately and mindfully words that each
and in the case and specific interpretation in the relevant trade;
(d) classification is not only required to determine the rate of tax applicable but also
examine the availability of exemptions. There is no compulsion for an exemption
notification to exempt” correctly what is the carveout from an entry a subset of
transactions – supplies or suppliers – to attract a different rate of tax;
(e) exemptions are not optional as are the conditions prescribed in respect of such
exemption. Violation of the condition contracts consequences and not options.
‘Absolutely exempt’ does not mean ‘wholly exempt’ and it does not require to be
‘unconditionally exempt’ to be ‘absolutely exempt’.
Common Errors In Classification
The errors/ deliberate action which could lead to exposure should the extent possible be
avoided. The errors would include many some of them illustrated below:
(i) Classifying the supply for lower rate of GST without merit- This maybe due to
competition or due to fact that the buyer is unable to avail the credit.
(ii) Classifying the supply under higher slab to avoid dispute – Though there may not be
any demand- customer may have some objection and raise a debit note in future. It lead
to higher working capital
(iii) Classifying under wrong heading considering applicability of the same rate- This may
not have any commercial impact as there is no rate difference. However when the rate
changes there may be a problem.
(iv) Classifying the supplies based on convenience of operation – This may not be
advisable as it is bound to lead to disputes for self as well as the customers.
(v) Classifying the supplies incorrectly to claim of exemption – This would also be
disastrous as demands if any can cripple the enterprise.

(vi) Classifying the services considering the place of supply to claim as export etc – This
can lead to a) demand for GST as supply is liable b) denial of credit due to time lapse or
if longer period invoked and c) Demand for excess refund with interest and penalties.
(vii) Similar to above classifying differently to avoid Reverse charge mechanism. – This
could also lead to demand.
(viii) Classifying under residuary entry when specific entry or general entry is available.
Conclusion
The proper classification is the foundation to avoid disputes with customers as well as
demands form the revenue. The applicability of rates (which have changed in between) and
exemptions (have been notified and withdrawn) requires the updated knowledge as well as the
information of the past changes. Readers may refer to value added GST Tariff reckoners and
commentaries to avoid mistakes.
11. Power to grant exemption from tax
(1) Where the Government is satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest so to do, it
may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, exempt generally, either
absolutely or subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, goods or services or
both of any specified description from the whole or any part of the tax leviable thereon
with effect from such date as may be specified in such notification.
may, on the recommendations of the Council, by special order in each case, under
circumstances of an exceptional nature to be stated in such order, exempt from payment
of tax any goods or services or both on which tax is leviable.
(3) The Government may, if it considers necessary or expedient so to do for the purpose of
clarifying the scope or applicability of any notification issued under sub-section (1) or
order issued under sub-section (2), insert an explanation in such notification or order, as
the case may be, by notification at any time within one year of issue of the notification
under sub-section (1) or order under sub-section (2), and every such explanation shall
have effect as if it had always been the part of the first such notification or order, as the
case may be.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, where an exemption in respect of any goods or
services or both from the whole or part of the tax leviable thereon has been granted absolutely,
the registered person supplying such goods or services or both shall not collect the tax, in
excess of the effective rate, on such supply of goods or services or both.
11.1 Introduction
This provision confers powers on the Central Government to exempt either absolutely or
conditionally goods or services or both of any specified description from whole or part of the
CGST Act 133

central tax, on the recommendations of the Council. It also confers power on the Central
Government to exempt from payment of tax any goods or services or both, by special order,
on recommendation of the Council.
11.2 Analysis
The Central or the State Governments are empowered to grant exemptions from tax, subject
to the following conditions:
(i) Exemption should be in public interest;
(ii) By way of issue of notification;
(iii) On recommendation from the Council;
(iv) Absolute / conditional exemption may be for any goods and / or services of any
specified description. In this regard, it may be noted that the exemption would be in
respect of the supply and not specifically for any classes of persons. E.g.: An absolute
exemption could be granted in respect of supply of water. Whereas, a conditional
exemption could be granted for supply of goods to canteen stores department.
(v) Exemption by way of special order (and not notification) may be granted by citing the
circumstances which are of exceptional nature.
(vi) The GST Law specifies that a registered person supplying the goods and / or services
is not entitled to collect a tax higher than the effective rate, where the supply enjoys an
absolute exemption.
Effective date of the notification or special order:
The effective date of the notification or the special order would be date which is so mentioned
in the notification or special order. However, if no date is mentioned therein, it would be:
— Date of its issue for publication in the official gazette;
— Date on which it is made available on the official website of the Government
Department.
The analysis of above provision in a pictorial form is summarised as follows:

Exemption under one GST Law and the effect on another GST Law:
An exemption issued under the CGST Act will ‘automatically’ exempt the same supply from the
levy of tax under the SGST/UTGST Act. This is provided under the SGST/UTGST Act. But the
converse is not necessarily applicable, that is, exemption under an SGST/UTGST Act will not
exempt levy of tax under the CGST Act.
Deemed to be exempt under SGST Act
Exemption under CGST Act Deemed to be exempt under UTGST Act
No auto-application of exemption under IGST Act
Exemption under IGST Act No auto-application of exemption under CGST Act
Clarification on a Notification / Special Order

The law also provides for the Government to embed a clarification to such notification or
special order, by way of an “Explanation”, at any time within a period of 1 year from the date of
the said notification or special order. Such explanation inserted within the timelines would
have a retrospective effect, viz., from the effective date of the relevant notification or special
order.
Section11 – Illustrations
1. Absolute exemption: Exemption to following taxable services from tax leviable thereon:
 Services by way of renting of residential dwelling for use as residence.
CGST Act 135

 Services by Reserve Bank of India.

 Services by a veterinary clinic in relation to health care of animals or birds.
Notification No. 12/2017 - Central Tax (Rate) dt.28.06.2017
2. Conditional Exemption: The Central Government has exempted the tax payable under
the CGST/ UTGST/ IGST Acts by any taxable person on supply of "Services by a hotel,
inn, guest house, club or campsite, by whatever name called, for residential or lodging
purposes, having declared tariff of a unit of accommodation less than ` 1000/- per day".
Notification No. 12/2017 - Central Tax (Rate) dt.28.06.2017
3. Conditional, partial exemption: Intra-State supplies of goods or services or both
received by a registered person from an unregistered person is exempted from payment
of tax under reverse charge provided the aggregate value of such supplies received by
a registered person from all or any of the suppliers does not exceed ` 5000/- in a day.
Notification No. 08/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 (Please note that this
Notification has been amended by Notification 38/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated
13.10.2017, and yet again by Notification 10/2018-Central Tax (Rate) dated
25.01.2018).
Glimpse of notifications issued for exemption from payment of tax
Notification No. Particulars Comments
02/2017 - Central Exempted supplies of around 149
Tax (Rate) dated items of goods in terms of Section
28.06.2017 11(1) of the CGST Act, 2017. Ex.
Electricity, Salt, fresh fruits, plastic
bangles, passenger baggage etc.
Amended vide Notification No.
28/2017, 35/2017,42/2017, 7/2018
- Central Tax (Rate)
Notification No. Goods specified in the List annexed
03/2017-Central required in connection with various
Tax (Rate) dated kinds of petroleum operations
28.06.2017 undertaken are given concessional
rate i.e. at the rate of 2.5% under
CGST i.e. 5% IGST.
Notification No. Exemption to supplies by CSD to
07/2017-Central Unit Run Canteens and supplies by
Tax (Rate) dated CSD / Unit Run Canteens to
28.06.2017 authorised customers
Notification No. Exemption granted from levy of Exemption in respect of all


08/2017-Central CGST under RCM on supplies supplies has been granted up to
Tax (Rate) dated received from unregistered 31.03.2018 by Notification
28.06.2017 persons. (if value of supplies does No.32/2017 dated.13.10.2017.
not exceed ` 5000 from any or all However, given that a
the suppliers in a day) notification corresponding to
Amended vide Notification No. Notification No.08/2017 is
38/2017 and 10/2018-Central Tax missing in the IGST Law, it may
(Rate) be understood that all inter-
Scope of this exemption has been State supplies remain taxable
enhanced to all supplies without under Section 5(4) of the IGST
any monetary limit, by way of an Act, 2017 upto 13.10.2017, from
amendment, upto 31.06.2018. which date, all supplies, without
any monetary limit, are exempt
upto 30.06.018.
Notification No. Exemption granted to supplies to a This exemption notification is
09/2017-Central TDS deductor by a unregistered not available under IGST
Tax (Rate) dated supplier (Rate).
28.06.2017
Notification No. Exemption to Supplies of This exemption notification is
10/2017 - Central second hand goods received by not available under IGST
Tax (Rate) dated registered person dealing in buying (Rate).
28.06.2017 & selling of second hand goods
from unregistered person provided
the dealer pays central tax on
supply of such second-hand goods
as per CGST Rules
Notification No. Exemption to supply specified
12/2017-Central services under the CGST Act. More
Tax (Rate) dated or less, all the exemptions were
28.06.2017 available earlier under the erstwhile
service tax law
Amended vide Notification No.
21/2017, 25/2017, 32/2017 and
47/2017, 2/2018 - Central Tax
(Rate)
Notification Exemption to supply of heavy water
No.26/2017- and nuclear fuels falling in Chapter
Central Tax 28 of the First Schedule to the
(Rate) Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of
CGST Act 137


dated.21.09.2017 1975) by the Department of Atomic
Energy to the Nuclear Power
Corporation of India Ltd
Notification Exempting supply of services
No.30/2017- associated with transit cargo to
Central Tax Nepal and Bhutan
(Rate)
dated.29.09.2017
Notification Exempting the Central
No.5/2018- Government’s share of Profit
Central Tax Petroleum
(Rate) dated
25.01.2018
Notification Exemption from IGST to SEZs on Corresponding Notification
No.18/2017- import of Services by a would not apply in case of intra-
Integrated Tax unit/developer in an SEZ State supplies, given that all
(Rate) dated supplies by SEZ are inter-State
05.07.2017 supplies

The provisions relating to exemption are broadly similar to the exemption provisions under the
erstwhile tax regime. There are no significant differences.
1. The law provides that tax shall not be collected at a rate higher than the effective rate of
tax applicable on a supply enjoying an absolute exemption. In this regard, there is one
school of thought wherein it is inferred that this provision is specific to absolute
exemptions only, and in case of conditional exemptions, there is an option available to
the registered supplier to collect tax from a recipient (Such a methodology, if adopted
by suppliers, would imply that the requirement for input tax credit reversals under
Section 17(2) of the Act would not stand attracted). The other view is that the
conditional exemptions are not optional, but are mandatory when the conditions relating
to the exemption are satisfied.
2. On similar lines, it is to be noted that the restriction imposed by law is upon the
“collection” of tax. Therefore, certain registered suppliers may resort to payment of tax
without collection thereof, in order to effect only taxable supplies whereby they would
not be required to undergo the hassle of reversal of input taxes. However, the issue
would arise as regards the documentation. A registered supplier may consider issuing a
tax invoice instead of a bill of supply, against a supply that is wholly exempt, and

specifying in the tax invoice prominently, that the recipient is not required to pay the tax
charged on the invoice on the basis that the supply is exempted under law. However,
this practice is frowned upon, as this methodology is not entirely in compliance with the
provisions of the law. It is also important to note that the GST Law casts an obligation
on the supplier to prove that he has not collected taxes in such situations.
11.5 FAQs
Q1. When exemption from whole of tax leviable on goods and/or services has been granted
unconditionally, can taxable person collect tax?
Ans. No, the taxable person providing goods and/or services shall not collect the tax on such
goods and/or services in respect of those supplies which are notified for absolute
exemptions.
Q2. Under what circumstances can a special order be issued?
Ans. The Government may in public interest, issue a special order on recommendation of
GST council, to exempt from payment of tax, any goods and/or services on which tax is
leviable. The circumstances of exceptional nature would also have to be specified in the
special order.
11.6 MCQs
Q1. Which of the following can be issued by Central Government/ State Government to
exempt goods and/or services on which tax is leviable in exceptional cases?
(a) Exemption Notification
(b) Special order
(c) Other notifications
Ans. (b) Special Order
CGST Act 139

Chapter IV
Time and Value of Supply
Sections Rules
12. Time of supply of goods 27 Value of supply of goods or services
13. Time of supply of services where the consideration is not wholly
in money
14. Change in rate of tax in respect of
supply of goods or services 28 Value of supply of goods or services or
both between distinct or related
15. Value of taxable supply persons, other than through an agent
29 Value of supply of goods made or
received through an agent
30 Value of supply of goods or services or
both based on cost
31 Residual method for determination of
value of supply of goods or services or
both
31A Value of supply in case of lottery,
betting, gambling and horse racing.
32 Determination of value in respect of
certain supplies
33 Value of supply of services in case of
pure agent
34 Rate of exchange of currency, other
than Indian rupees, for determination
of value
35 Value of supply inclusive of integrated
tax, central tax, State tax, Union
territory tax
12. Time of supply of goods
(1) The liability to pay tax on goods shall arise at the time of supply, as determined in
accordance with the provisions of this section.
(2) The time of supply of goods shall be the earlier of the following dates, namely: —
Ch-IV : Time and Value of Supply Sec. 12-15
(a) the date of issue of invoice by the supplier or the last date on which he is
required, under sub-section (1) of section 31, to issue the invoice with respect to
the supply; or
(b) the date on which the supplier receives the payment with respect to the supply:
Provided that where the supplier of taxable goods receives an amount up to one
thousand rupees in excess of the amount indicated in the tax invoice, the time of supply
to the extent of such excess amount shall, at the option of the said supplier, be the date
of issue of invoice in respect of such excess amount.
Explanation 1.––For the purposes of clauses (a) and (b), “supply” shall be deemed to
have been made to the extent it is covered by the invoice or, as the case may be, the
payment.
Explanation 2.––For the purposes of clause (b), “the date on which the supplier
receives the payment” shall be the date on which the payment is entered in his books of
account or the date on which the payment is credited to his bank account, whichever is
earlier.
(3) In case of supplies in respect of which tax is paid or liable to be paid on reverse charge
basis, the time of supply shall be the earliest of the following dates, namely: —
(a) the date of the receipt of goods; or
(b) the date of payment as entered in the books of account of the recipient or the
date on which the payment is debited in his bank account, whichever is earlier; or
(c) the date immediately following thirty days from the date of issue of invoice or any
other document, by whatever name called, in lieu thereof by the supplier:
Provided that where it is not possible to determine the time of supply under clause (a)
or clause (b) or clause (c), the time of supply shall be the date of entry in the books of
account of the recipient of supply.
(4) In case of supply of vouchers by a supplier, the time of supply shall be—
(a) the date of issue of voucher, if the supply is identifiable at that point; or
(b) the date of redemption of voucher, in all other cases.
(5) Where it is not possible to determine the time of supply under the provisions of sub-
section (2) or sub-section (3) or sub-section (4), the time of supply shall––
(a) in a case where a periodical return has to be filed, be the date on which such
return is to be filed; or
(b) in any other case, be the date on which the tax is paid.
(6) The time of supply to the extent it relates to an addition in the value of supply by way of
interest, late fee or penalty for delayed payment of any consideration shall be the date
on which the supplier receives such addition in value.
CGST Act 141


1. Notification No. 9/2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017 Seeks to appoint 01.07.2017
as the date on which the provisions of Section 12 are effective.
2. Notification No. 66/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.11.2017 Seeks to exempt all
taxpayers from payment of tax on advances received in case of supply of goods (This
notification is issued superseding the earlier Notification No. 40/2017 – Central Tax
dated 13.10.2017 wherein the exemption from payment of tax on receipt of advances
was extended to to a registered person whose aggregate turnover is less than ` 1.5
crores);
3. Notification No. 4/2017 – Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 Specifies goods the
supply of which is liable to CGST under reverse charge mechanism;
4. Notification No. 8/2017 – Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 Exemption from
payment of CGST under reverse charge for supplies where value do not exceed
` 5,000/-;
5. Notification No. 10/2017 – Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 CGST exemption for
dealers in buying and selling second hand goods operating under margin scheme;
6. Circular No. 38/12/2018 dated 26.03.2018 is issued clarifying the levy of GST, time of
supply of goods and value of supply in case of goods sent for job-work.

(CGST / SGST)
Section 2(41) Definition of Document
Section 2(52) Definition of Goods
Section 2(66) Definition of Tax Invoice or Invoice
Section 2(93) Definition of Recipient
Section 2(97) Definition of Return
Section 2(105) Definition of Supplier
Section 2(118) Definition of voucher
Section 7 Scope of Supply
Section 9 Levy and Collection
Section 14 Change in rate of tax in respect of supply of goods or services

Section 15 Value of taxable supply

Section 31 Tax invoice, credit note and debit note
Section 39 Furnishing of Returns
12.1 Analysis
(a) Introduction
Supply has been understood to hold the key to the incidence of GST, but it is the ‘time of
supply’ that dictates the occasion when this incidence will come to rest. Taxable supply has
been defined to mean a supply of goods and/or services which is chargeable to tax under this
Act. It is interesting to note the use of the expression ‘chargeable to tax’ as opposed to
‘leviable to tax’. It has been held that ‘chargeable to tax’ encompasses not only the incidence
of tax but also its assessment.
The opening words in section 12(1) are very interesting and forceful as it is here that the
liability to pay GST arises. The subject matter of levy – goods or services – becomes
encumbered with the tax upon occurrence of the taxable event – supply. But the tax levied in
terms of section 9, comes to reside only at the time determined by section 12 and 13.
Accordingly, these sections play a stellar role in the imposition of GST.
The provisions state that the time of supply “shall be” and as such is a “must” to be examined
closely. It signifies that “time of supply” is not a fact to be inquired by the taxable person but
one that is to be admitted as the time of supply appointed by the will of legislature as declared
in the section. In order to not allow any opportunity for a suggestion by the taxable person or
even the tax administration as to any alternative to what could be the time of supply, the
legislature retains for itself the exclusive authority to appoint the time of supply by employing
the words “shall be”. Therefore, the time of supply is what is stated in the law to be the time of
supply and nothing else.
Invoice is commonly understood as ‘proof of sale’ but this common understanding is far from
the truth. Invoice is a document recording the terms of an arrangement already entered - the
underlying arrangement. Lease agreement, as an analogy, is a document in present
evidencing the agreement reached between two parties is for the lease of property for certain
duration in exchange for a certain consideration. A lease arrangement verbally entered into
previously when documented by an indenture or deed does not bring into existence the lease
when the document is prepared. In fact, the document merely is a record of an arrangement of
lease entered previously, albeit verbally. Verbal arrangements are no less agreements in the
eyes of law. Similarly, an invoice does not bring into existence a sale agreement but merely
records the terms of whatever arrangement that may have been entered into by the parties,
involving the subject matter. Tax laws require the preparation of an invoice not as if the
absence of an invoice defeats the levy but prescribes an unambiguous occasion when the tax
may become recoverable with a proper record of the terms of the underlying arrangement.
Therefore, an invoice can evidence not only a sale but every other form of supply such as
CGST Act 143

transfer, barter, exchange, license, rental, lease or disposal. If issuance of an invoice is

uncommon for barter or a rental arrangement, then it is to do with our own unfamiliarity and
nothing to do with its impermissibility.
(b) Time of Supply – Forward Charge
Time of supply is prescribed (legislative will) to be the earlier of (a) date of issue of invoice or
last date on which the invoice is required to be issued with respect to the supply and (b) date
of receipt of payment. Date of issue of invoice requires us to examine section 31 which deals
with the requirement to issue a “tax invoice”. Here two kinds of situations are contemplated,
namely:
(i) A case where the supply involves movement of goods
(ii) Any other case
Before proceeding, it is necessary to admit the concept of ‘person and taxable person’. Person
is defined in the most familiar manner in section 2(84) but taxable person is explained in detail
in section 25 (please refer to the relevant Chapter for a detailed discussion). A proper reading
of section 25 helps us understand – a State is the smallest registrable unit in GST – except
where multiple business verticals are registered separately under section 25. A taxable person
is, therefore, the presence of the person in a State where taxable supplies are made from in
the name of such person. When a person becomes liable to be registered in a State at any
place from where taxable supplies are made therein, every place in that State such person
shall be a taxable person.
Now, we may return to our discussion regarding the two kinds of cases that are discussed on
time of supply. It is noticeable that section 31 uses two expressions – ‘removal of goods’ and
‘movement of goods’ – which are not merely expressions of distinction without a difference.
There is deliberate purpose for legislating in this manner. ‘Removal of goods’ is defined in
section 2(96) and identifies the steps that may follow once the decision to supply is made. But,
‘movement of goods’ is not defined and is, therefore, an attribute of the goods at the time of
supply.
Illustration 1: Machine tools on display at an exhibition in Mumbai agreed to be purchased by
executives of an engineering company from Indore attending the exhibition, is a case of
‘supply involving movement’ even though the transportation is undertaken by representatives
of the purchaser on their own.
Illustration 2: In illustration 1 above, if the executives from Indore were to place an order at
the same exhibition with instructions for delivery to be ensured by the exhibitor (supplier)
assured within six weeks, this would also be a case of ‘supply involving movement’ and the
transportation being organised by the supplier through an independent transport agency from
the factory or exhibitor site to the customer location.
It is for this reason that the language employed of seemingly similar or synonymous
expressions – ‘removal of goods’ and ‘movement of goods’ – but demands to be supplied their

separate and individual meanings and not be misled by their apparent similarity. To reiterate,
‘removal of goods’ is a question of fact to be examined from the steps that would ensue once
the supply is decided whereas ‘involves movement’ is a question of the state-of-affairs of the
goods being supplied.
Therefore, it is important even before the arrival of time of supply, that the goods to be
supplied be classified into one of these two cases, that is, whether it is a case of supply that
involves movement or one that does not involve movement of the goods. Only when this
classification of the goods has been clearly made does section 31 comes into operation.
Supply involves movement
Where the supply involves movement of goods then an invoice must be issued at the exact
time when the goods are about to be removed. So, it is pertinent to identify the moment when
the goods are considered to be getting removed. Section 2(96) defines removal in relation to
goods as:
a) Despatch of the goods for delivery by the supplier thereof or by any other person acting
on behalf of such supplier
b) Collection of the goods by the recipient thereof or by any other person acting on behalf
of such recipient
As already explained above, movement of goods may be caused by the supplier (or his agent
or transporter) or by the recipient (or his agent or transporter). When the movement is caused
by the supplier, the point of removal will arise when the goods are despatched from the place
of business of the supplier. The word ‘despatch’ means ‘to send off’. So, just before the goods
are to be sent off, the invoice is required to be issued where the removal is by the supplier.
Illustration 3: Mr. X in Gujarat gets an order from Mr. Y in West Bengal on 18th March 2018 for
supply of refrigerators. Mr. X dispatches the goods from his premises to his transporter’s
premises on 20th March 2018. The transporter initiates the transportation on 22nd March 2018
and the goods finally reach the premises of Mr. Y on 26th March 2018. The removal of goods
will be said to be caused on 20th March 2018 i.e. the date when the goods leave the premises
of Mr. X. The last date of issue of invoice will also be 20th March 2018 in the given case.
Where the movement is by the recipient, the point of removal will arise when the goods are
collected by the recipient from the premises of the supplier. This collection may be by the
recipient or a person acting on his behalf as the agent or transporter or any other person. So,
the invoice is to be issued by the supplier just before the point when the recipient (or his agent
or transporter) collects the goods from his premises.
Illustration 4: Mr. X in Gujarat gets an order from Mr. Y in West Bengal on 18th March 2018 for
supply of refrigerators. Mr. Y’s transporter takes delivery of the said goods from the premises
of Mr. X on 21st March, 2018 and delivers them to Mr. Y on 26th March 2018. As Mr. Y’s
transporter collected the goods for transportation on 21st March 2018, the date of removal will
CGST Act 145

be considered as 21st March 2018 as well. The last date of issue of invoice will also be 21st
March 2018 in the given case.
Illustration 5: Mr. X’s manufacturing unit in Surat, Gujarat gets an order for supply of
refrigerators from Mr. Y in West Bengal on 18th March 2018. It was agreed that Mr. Y’s
transporter will collect the goods from Mr. X’s depot in Vadodara which is registered as an
additional place of business under the same GSTIN as that of Surat. Mr. X removes the goods
from his manufacturing unit to his depot on 20th March, 2018 which reaches the depot on 21st
March 2018. Mr. Y’s transporter collects these goods on 23rd March 2018 and the said goods
reach Mr. Y on 28th March 2018. In this illustration, the movement of goods by the supplier
between his premises cannot be called as a dispatch as it is not for delivery by the supplier. In
fact, the first leg of the activity occurring between the units of Mr. X does not entail raising of
invoice as it is not a supply. The removal of goods for supply to Mr. Y will arise only when the
goods are collected by the transporter of Mr. Y from Vadodara i.e. 23rd March 2018 which will
also be the last date of issue of invoice as per Section 31.
Supply does not involve movement
Where the supply involves movement of goods then an invoice must be issued at the exact
time when the goods are about to be removed. And where the supply does not involve
movement of goods then an invoice must be issued at whatever is the time when the goods
are delivered or made available to the recipient. It is in this case – where supply does not
involve movement – that the complexity remains even after making a proper classification.
That is, determining the time when the goods are delivered or made available to the recipient.
Delivery – the mode and the time – is the unilateral choice of the recipient and the supplier
has no authority to decide ‘how’ and ‘when’ he will deliver the goods to the recipient. It only
becomes easy in a contract for supply if it clearly records this ‘choice’ of the recipient
regarding the mode and time of delivery. The supplier is always duty-bound to deliver in
exactly the same way – manner and timing – which the recipient dictates. In fact, the supplier
continues to be obligated until delivery is completed in the way it is stated by the recipient. In
other words, delivery is not complete if there is any deviation in either the manner or the timing
compared to that dictated by the recipient. When the delivery is to the satisfaction of the
recipient, then the supplier is released from his obligation. Therefore, in all those cases (where
supply does not involve movement) the additional question of fact to be determined is the
mode and time of delivery dictated by the recipient and whether the same has been complied
with, to the satisfaction of the recipient. It is now that section 31 comes into operation.
Illustration 6: Mr. X agrees to sell his godown in Gujarat to Mr. Y on 18th March 2018. There is
a separate agreement entered by Mr. X and Mr. Y for the selling of refrigerators within the
godown on 19th March 2018. Mr. Y hands over the possession of the godown and the furniture
on 25th March 2018. In this case, the furniture will be considered to be delivered to 25th March
2018 which will also be the last date of issue of invoice as per Section 31.

Continuous supply of goods

As per Section 2(32) of the CGST Act 2017, continuous supply of goods means a supply of
goods which is provided or agreed to be provided continuously or on recurrent basis, under a
contract whether or not by means of wire, cable, pipeline or other conduit and for which the
supplier invoices the recipient on a regular or periodic basis and includes supply of such
goods as the Government may subject to such conditions as it may by notification specify.
From the above definition, it may be inferred that there are two important conditions to be
satisfied for a supply to be called as continuous supply of goods:
a) The supply of goods should be provided on a continuous or recurrent basis
b) The supplier should be invoicing the recipient on a regular or periodic basis
Once, these two conditions are satisfied, any supply will be considered as continuous supply
of goods. For the purpose of continuous supply, it is necessary that successive statement of
accounts or successive payments or both are involved for the purpose of determining the
consideration for such supply. As per Section 31, in respect of continuous supply of goods, it
has been stated that invoice should be issued before or at the time each such statement is
issued or each such payment is received.
Goods sent or taken on approval for sale or return basis
As per this system, certain goods are sent to the recipient without supplying/selling the same
at its outset. These goods can be examined or tested by the recipient as to whether his
requirements are fulfilled. The recipient can at per his behest, approve the said supply or
return the said goods. If the goods are returned, no supply will be deemed to have taken
place. If the goods are approved by the supplier, then it will amount to a supply. The last date
of issuance of invoice in such cases as per Section 31(7) of the CGST Act 2017 has been
given as earlier of:
a) Before at the time of supply
b) Six months from the date of removal
Here, time of supply refers to the time when the confirmation is given by the recipient that he
is willing to accept the goods. The last date of issuance of invoice in such cases will be the
confirmation of acceptance subject to the fact that this acceptance should not take place after
six months from the date of removal. If the approval does not come within the time frame of six
months/comes after the period of six months from the date of removal, then the last date of
invoice arises on the date when this period of six months from the date of removal expires.
Unlike the case of VAT law where an invoice is required to be issued when ‘transfer of
property’ takes place and invoice does not have to be kept pending until they are physically
removed, GST requires issuance of an invoice at the time of their ‘removal’ or ‘delivery’, as the
case may be, notwithstanding any delay in transfer of property. As explained earlier, an
invoice does not by itself prove anything except that it is a record of the terms of
understanding of the underlying transaction. Accordingly, referring back to our brief mention
CGST Act 147

about ‘person and taxable person’, the tests requiring examination under section 31 must be
administered not only in a transaction between two persons but even on all the transactions
between two taxable persons even if they belong to the same person.
It is only upon undertaking a detailed enquiry into the questions of fact determined under
section 31 in the respective cases, will we be able to determine one of the two elements
prescribed to be the ‘time of supply’ under section 12. Time of supply therefore, is earlier of
date of invoice as per section 31 or date of receipt of payment with respect to the supply.
Exceptions:
(i) When an amount is received in excess of tax invoice up to `1,000/-, the time of supply
in respect of such excess at the option of the supplier shall be the date of such invoice.
(ii) Supply shall be deemed to have been made to the extent of the value of supply
indicated in the invoice or the value of payment received by the supplier.
(iii) Date of receipt of payment shall be the date on which the payment is accounted in the
books of the supplier or the date reflected in the bank account of the supplier,
whichever is earlier.
(iv) The registered person who did not opt for the composition levy under section 10 shall
pay the central tax on the outward supply of goods at the time of supply as specified in
section 12(2)(a) i.e. the date of issue of invoice by the supplier or the last date on which
he is required, under section 31(1), to issue the invoice with respect to the supply.
Therefore, no GST is payable on advances received against supply of goods. (NN-
66/2017-Central Tax dated 15-Nov-17)). Earlier by Notification No.40/2017- Central Tax
dtd.13-Oct-17, the benefit was granted to only small assesses whose turnover in the
preceding financial year or in the year in which he obtained registration does not
exceed or is not likely to exceed `150 Lakhs. However subsequently the scope was
enhanced to include all registered persons making supply of goods except the persons
who have opted for composition under section 10. In summary, the taxability of the
consideration received in advance would be as follows:
Taxability of consideration received in
advance
Period Aggregate turnover
Aggregate turnover
more than ` 1.5
less than ` 1.5 crores
crores
01.07.2017 to 12.10.2017 Taxable Taxable
13.10.2017 to 15.11.2017 Not taxable Taxable
15.11.2017 and onwards Not taxable Not taxable
The above notifications also refer to the situations attracting the provisions of Section
14 (change in rate of tax in respect of supply of goods or services). Accordingly, the

date of receipt of advances would not be relevant for the purpose of ascertaining
appropriate rate of tax in case of change. In other words, the applicable rate of tax in
case of change in rate of tax would be ascertained based on the date of issuance of
invoice and date of supply of goods only.
(v) The provisions relating to job-work provides for supply of capital goods / inputs to the
job-worker without payment of tax (section 143). The intention of the law is not to tax
capital goods / inputs sent to job-worker as supply since in such an arrangement the
goods are received back by the principal. However, if such goods are not received back
within three years and one year respectively, it would qualify as supply by way of
operation of deeming fiction provided under section 143(2) and section 143(3). In such
a scenario, the date of sending the goods to the job-worker would be deemed to be the
date when the goods were sent to the job-worker originally. It is important to understand
here that the incidence of tax falls back on the date when the goods were sent to the
and the operation of deeming fiction dictates the date of supply of goods as the time of
supply. This would be in deviation to the general principles of ascertaining the time of
supply viz., date of removal of goods on which the principal ought to have issued the
invoice. In this regard, the Central Government has issued a Circular No. 38/12/2018
dated 26.03.2018 wherein it is clarified that the principal should issue an invoice on
expiry of three years / one year and should declare such supplies in the return filed for
the month in which the time period of three years / one year is expired.
Illustration 9: Assuming the circumstances given under the illustrations 3, 4, 5 and 6, please
find the time of supply after considering the following additional information:
Actual date of issue of Date of receipt of payment Amount received
invoice
21st March 2018 19th March 2018 5,00,000
25th March 2018 10,00,000
Answer: Since, the date of receipt of payment will be immaterial in considering the time of
supply of goods, the earlier of the two dates i.e. the last date of issue of invoice and actual
date of issue of invoice will be considered as the time of supply. So, the time of supply will be
as follows:
Illustrations Last date of issue of Actual date of issue Time of Supply
invoice of invoice
Illustration 3 20th March 2018 21st March 2018 20th March 2018
Illustration 4 21st March 2018 21st March 2018 21st March 2018
Illustration 5 23rd March 2018 21st March 2018 21st March 2018
Illustration 6 25th March 2018 21st March 2018 21st March 2018
CGST Act 149

Illustration 10: A cement manufacturing company generates certain waste materials which are
supplied to a recycling factory through a pipeline on a continuous basis.
a) Situation 1: Monthly payments of ` 5,00,000 are to be made by 7th of the next month as
per the contract. For the period October – December, following were the date of
issuance of invoices and payments:
Period Date of issuance of invoice Date of receipt of payment
October 4th November 2018 6th November 2018

November 6th December 2018 8th December 2018
December 9th January 2019 5th January 2019
b) Situation 2: Monthly statement of accounts are to be prepared by 5th of the next month
as per the contract. For the period October, following were the dates of issuance of the
successive statement of account and the date of issuance of invoices:
Date of issuance of the
Period Date of issuance of invoice
statement of account
October 4th November 2018 6th November 2018
November 6th December 2018 3rd December 2018
December 9th January 2019 5th January 2019
Answer:
Situation 1: Where there are successive payments involved, the last date of issuance of
invoice is the date of receipt of such payment. As per Section 12(2), the time of supply should
be the earlier of the date of issuance of invoice or the last date of issuance of the invoice. It
may be noted that as per Notification no. 66/2017-CT dated 15th November 2017, only these
two events are to be considered and the date of receipt of payment as mentioned under
Section 12(2)(b) may be ignored. The due date when the payment should be received Is also
immaterial as it has not been specified in either the time of supply provisions or the provisions
of the last date of issuance of invoice. Thereby, the time of supply in the given case will be the
earlier of the date of receipt of successive payment (last date of issuance of invoice) of the
actual date of issuance of invoice.
Period Date of issuance of Date of receipt of Time of supply
invoice payment
October 4th November 2018 6th November 2018 4th November 2018
November 6th December 2018 8th December 2018 6th December 2018
December 9th January 2019 5th January 2019 5th January 2019

Situation 2: Where there are successive statements of accounts that are to be prepared, the
last date of issuance of invoice will be the date of issuance of such successive statement. As
per Section 12(2), the time of supply should be the earlier of the date of issuance of invoice or
the last date of issuance of the invoice. It may be noted that as per Notification no. 66/2017-
CT dated 15th November 2017, only these two events are to be considered and the date of
receipt of payment as mentioned under Section 12(2)(b) may be ignored. The due date when
the successive statement should be prepared is immaterial as it has not been specified in
either the time of supply provisions or the provisions of the last date of issuance of invoice.
Only the actual date of the preparation of the statement needs to be considered. Thereby, the
time of supply will be the earlier of the date of issuance of successive statement of account
(last date of issuance of invoice) and the date of invoice.
Period Date of issuance of Date of issuance of Time of supply
invoice the statement of
account
October 4th November 2018 6th November 2018 4th November 2018
November 6th December 2018 3rd December 2018 6th December 2018
December 9th January 2019 5th January 2019 5th January 2019
Illustration 11: Certain goods are sent by Mr. X on sale on approval or return basis to Mr. Y
on 22nd April 2018. The supply gets confirmed and invoice is issued on:
Case 1: 20th August 2018
Case 2: 23rd October 2018.
Payment in each of the cases is made on 23rd November 2018.
Answer: Date of receipt of payment is immaterial for the purpose of calculating time of supply
u/s 12(2) of the CGST Act 2017. So, 23rd November 2018 should be ignored altogether. The
time of supply should be earlier of the date of issuance of invoice or the last date of issuance
of invoice. The last date of issuance of invoice will be the earlier of the confirmation of supply
or six months from the date of removal.
In case 1, the confirmation of supply occurred before 6 months from the date of removal. So,
the last date of issuance of invoice was 20th August 2018. On this date, the invoice was
issued. So, the time of supply will be 20th August 2018.
In case 2, the confirmation of supply happened after 6 months from the date of removal. Six
months expired on 21st September 2018. So, the invoice was required to be issued by this
date. Since the invoice was issued on 23rd October 2018, the actual date of issue of invoice
will be considered as falling after the last date of issuance of invoice. So, the time of supply
will be the last date of issuance of invoice i.e 21st September 2018.
(c) Time of Supply – Reverse Charge.
Where tax is payable on reverse charge basis, the time of supply is appointed to be the
CGST Act 151

earliest of (a) date of receipt of goods, (b) date of payment or (c) 30 days from the date of
issue of invoice by the supplier. If for any reason, one of these three dates cannot be
determined then the time of supply will be the date of recording the supply in the books of the
recipient.
Keeping in mind the definition of reverse charge in section 2(98), the above provision does not
apply to payment of tax by an electronic commerce operator but only to those cases of supply
which fall under sub-section 5 of section 9 of the Act.
Exception:
Date of receipt of payment shall be the date on which the payment is accounted in the books
of the supplier or the date reflected in the bank account of the supplier, whichever is earlier.
Reverse charge in case of goods may arise either under Section 9(3) or Section 9(4) of the
CGST Act, 2017. Section 9(3) empowers the issuance of notification by the Government under
which the tax will be paid by the recipient of goods as per reverse charge mechanism.
Notification no. 4/2017-CT (rate) dated 28th June 2017 and Notification no. 43/2017-CT (rate)
dated 14th November 2017 provides the list of goods which will be subject to reverse charge
mechanism subject to the category of supplier and recipient specified therein. These goods
include cashew nuts (not shelled or peeled), bidi wrapper leaves (tendu), tobacco leaves, raw
cotton, silk yarn, supply of lottery etc.
Section 9(4) requires the recipient of goods/services to pay tax if it is registered and receives
inward supplies from unregistered suppliers. However, the applicability of this provision of
reverse charge is deferred from 13th October 2017 till 30th June 2018. However, it was
applicable for intra state supplies subject to the aggregate amount of such supplies exceeding
` 5000 in a day and all interstate supplies without any limit till 12th October 2017.The time of
supply under both the provisions of Section 9(3) and Section 9(4) will be calculated as per the
dates given above.
Illustration 12: Mr.X, an agriculturist supplies raw cotton (under reverse charge) to Mr. Y who
manufactures cotton shirts. The date wise turnout of events are given below:
01.04.2018- Mr.Y approaches Mr.X and places an order for 2 tonnes of cotton
10.04.2018- Mr.Y receives the goods
15.04.2018- Mr.X issues an invoice
20.04.2018- Mr.Y makes a payment by cheque and accordingly records it in his books of
accounts.
25.04.2018- The payment gets debited from Mr.Y’ s bank account
What will be the time of supply in the given case?
Answer: The time of supply shall be the earlier of the following dates:
a. the date of receipt of goods i.e. 10.04.2018

b. the date of payment as recorded in the books of Mr.Y i.e. 20.04.2018 or the date when
the payment gets debited in the books of the recipient i.e. 25.04.2018 whichever is
earlier
c. the date immediately following thirty days from the date of issue of invoice, i.e.
15.04.2018+30days+1day=16.05.2018
Therefore, the time of supply will be 10.04.2018.
(d) Time of Supply – Vouchers
The Act introduces time of supply in respect of ‘vouchers’ as a separate category such that the
provisions relating to time of supply of goods is made inapplicable when the supply is of such
vouchers. Referring to Chapter III where in the context of supply, definition of goods has been
discussed at length, we find specific inclusion of ‘actionable claims’.
In relation to actionable claims, Courts have held as follows:
(i) Actionable claims come within the definition of goods as generally understood.
(ii) VAT laws have deliberately excluded actionable claims from the definition of goods.
(iii) Actionable claims represent debt and accordingly carry a demand that can lawfully be
made by one person against another.
(iv) Actionable claims represent property in non-physical (incorporeal) form.
But in GST, unlike VAT laws, we find that by including actionable claims within the definition of
goods, they are made liable to tax. In relation to actionable claims under GST, please note the
following key aspects:
(i) Actionable claims are included specifically in the definition of goods, but this inclusion is
by creating an exception from an exclusion. In other words, while excluding money and
securities from the definition of goods, actionable claims have been singled out. This
means such forms of actionable claims that represent property in the form of money or
securities are also excluded from the definition of goods. Therefore, from a large
population of actionable claims, tax is applicable only on the subset of actionable claims
which do not represent property in the form of money or securities and all other forms of
actionable claims representing any other property is includable in the definition of
goods. A receipt for having made payment is not actionable claim because that receipt
represents money and not the result of a transaction resulting in debt or demand.
Similarly, promissory notes, IOU slips and all other derivatives of such instruments are
also not actionable claims for the purposes of GST because of the exclusion of money
from the definition.
(ii) Actionable claims which are included within the definition of goods do not become
includable in the definition of services due to the accommodative and expansive
language used to define services. For this reason, the property that actionable claims
represent even if they are in non-physical form will continue to remain goods and not
become services. Actionable claims so understood may or may not be itself in any
CGST Act 153

physical form. In other words, actionable claim is not the piece of paper carrying the
detailed description of the actionable claim in question but the real property, though in
non-physical form, that is referred to in that piece of paper. In this digital age, piece of
paper carrying the description of the actionable claim can even be present in electronic
form and still retain the chart of actionable claim within the definition of goods. So,
actionable claims can be in physical or electronic form as long as they represent real
property.
About ‘actionable claims’ discussion in Chapter III would have highlighted that the incidence is
limited to ‘lottery, betting and gambling’. Further, it is important to note that vouchers are not
always referring only to actionable claims. Vouchers being treated as a separate category for
the purposes of determining time of supply will need to be first identified in relation to supply
before applying the relevant provision regarding its time of supply. Vouchers are defined in the
Act as “an instrument where there is an obligation to accept it as consideration or part
consideration for a supply of goods or services or both and where the goods or services or
both to be supplied or the identities of their potential suppliers are either indicated on the
instrument itself or in related documentation, including the terms and conditions of use of such
instrument” and examples of voucher are coupon, token, ticket, license, permit, pass.
Now, the time of supply in the case of vouchers is stated to be:
(i) the date of issue of voucher if the supply is identifiable at that point; or
(ii) in all other instances, the date of redemption of the voucher.
Please refer to the section 13 regarding time of supply of services for detailed discussion on
the overall aspect of vouchers.
Here, only the key aspects of the definition are discussed which may be referred back while
examining the scope of section 13(4).
Money 2(75) may be represented as follows:
Object Purpose
Indian legal tender * Foreign currency ** Used as consideration to:
Cheque, promissory note, bill of exchange, letter  settle an obligation or
of credit, draft, pay order, traveller cheque, money  exchange with Indian legal tender of
order, postal or electronic remittance or any other different denomination (not held for
instrument recognized by RBI # numismatic value)
* currency recognized by law – RBI Act, 1934 and includes currency notes and coins. Legal
tender issued records liability of the Central Government and a guarantee to its holder to
secure value-in-exchange
** legal tender of other countries recognized by India. Does not include securities
denominated in foreign currency
# stored value instrument known as Pre-Paid Instrument (PPI) issued by a licensee under
Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007

Money is therefore that which is ‘used as’ consideration between parties to a transaction.
Money does not represent a liability of the parties to the transaction. Money represents liability
of the Central Government. A person who has money has an asset which represents a certain
amount of value. There is requirement to specially prescribe ‘terms of use’ of money. It is
known and is declared by the law that recognizes money to be legal tender. Money includes
all ‘stored value’ instruments approved by RBI or PPIs. Value is stored in PPIs by transfer of
Indian legal tender in cash or from bank account and any balance of stored value in PPIs can
be withdrawn in ATM or retransferred back into bank account. PPIs are of three types –
closed, semi-closed and open PPIs. There are two other kinds of hybrids where existing
banking license-holders along with a technology partner can issue PPI-like stored-value
products which operate as a specie of savings bank account of the PPI-holder or beneficiary.
PPIs can be physical bearer instruments as paper certificate or plastic card. PPIs can also be
non-physical in the form of a digital wallet. Both represent stored value which is linked to a
bank account of the beneficiary. PPIs are not to be misunderstood with Payments Bank. PPIs
have more restrictions than a Payments Bank which is a scaled-down version of a regular
savings bank account.
Voucher 2(119) may be represented as follows:
Object Description
Instrument with obligation Created by contract between private Parties
Value represented As per terms of use
Stored value Nil; only value of obligation admitted
Obligor (person liable to discharge admitted Issuer or other name obligor
obligation)
Parties involved 3 or more parties – supplier, receiver and
obligor
Voucher is therefore ‘instrument with obligation’ that is accepted as consideration. Voucher

does not contain any ‘stored value’ but ‘value-to-use’. This ‘value-to-use’ is credited into a
voucher by a contractual arrangement between the issuer-redeemer of the voucher. A
customer who redeems the voucher is not a party to the arrangement for creation of the
voucher. A voucher that is created changes hands through steps with a sliding-scale of
discounts until it is redeemed at the face value. This ‘value-to-use’ at the time of its creating
necessarily involves flow of payment from the issuer to the redeemer as such voucher
represent cash/cash equivalent received in advance entailing an obligation. But this value-to-
use, cannot be converted to cash but only expended or redeemed as per terms of use of
voucher. There is no regulation governing issue, transfer and redemption of vouchers except
terms of a lawful contract. Vouchers are not PPIs and hence not governed by Payments and
Settlement Systems Act, 2007. It is not uncommon for the available balance of ‘value-to-use’
to be credited into the digital wallet of a PPIs issued by the same issuer. But the difference is
that the part of the wallet balance representing stored value can be withdrawn but not the part
CGST Act 155

of the wallet balance representing value-to-use or voucher. Gift voucher issued by a merchant
that is a bearer certificate with a unique identification number or code is not a voucher that
agrees with this definition because this gift voucher is a close-ended PPI.
Another similar product is ‘loyalty points’ which also contains ‘value-to-use’ but the difference
is that in loyalty points, issuer-redeemer is the same person. Loyalty points issued represents
liability of the issuer towards the beneficiary without any underlying flow of payment and is
best described as ‘future discount’. That is, these points accrue in one transaction and based
on some conversion ratio, that can be redeemed as a discount in a subsequent transaction.
As the loyalty points are non-transferable where the issuer-redeemer is the same person, it is
not an instrument with obligation. Discount allowed in the subsequent transaction is towards
cancellation of points accrued from the earlier transaction. Similar to vouchers, loyalty points
also do not have any regulation governing its allotment and redemption except the terms of a
lawful contract. Nowadays, it is seen that the liability that accumulated loyalty points
represents, are being converted into voucher by transfer of liability by issuer to an
intermediary at a discounted value. From here onwards, due to intermediary’s involvement, an
instrument comes into existence with an obligation which is voucher,
Yet another product coupon or token in the form of a ‘code’, where a customer becomes
entitled to discount at the very first purchase by citing this ‘code’. It is interesting to note that
entitlement to this code though not flowing from a transaction in the past, it is an entitlement
by accepting to enter into a transaction in the future. This acceptance is recorded by
registering on a website, downloading an app or any other positive act on the part of the
customer. Such codes also do not satisfy the requirements of a voucher for the same reasons
as applicable to loyalty points.
Among all these lies another transaction that may appear to overlap with definition of voucher,
due to the words of common understanding being used interchangeably with words having
specific statutory meaning and that is ‘Pass’. Pass is one which could be an entry pass or
customer’s pass or a free ticket. For example, a ticket to a cricket match is available for
`1,000/- but a company buys these tickets and distributes it to key customers as ‘free pass’. It
allows the customer to enjoy the cricket match without paying anything for the same. But the
company has already paid the ticket price to the organizers of the cricket match. Another
example could be free pass to view screening of a film and so on. There is a normal taxable
supply between the supplier of goods or services and the person who pays and buys the
‘pass’. There is another supply to be examined, between the person who pays and the person
who actually enjoys the goods or services. Whatever may the conclusions reached regarding
the two transaction here, there is no voucher that comes into existence even if such entry
tickets are even designated as ‘free pass – not for sale’ and so on. However, if such ‘passes’
are printed and distributed out of the ordinary course of ticket sales without reference to a
specific event but permitting access to a basket of events and valid for a duration of time, then
it partakes the character of voucher – instrument with obligation. When the ‘Pass’ loses its
character as an ‘advance paid’ for a supply in future – whether to the Payer or any other
bearer – and becomes an ‘instrument with obligation’, then the ‘Pass’ becomes a voucher.

Criteria Money Voucher Loyalty Points

Instrument type Indian legal tender, Physical card / non- Points-statement of
foreign currency or physical account of accrued discount
stored value PPI of cash received from past
cash paid transactions
Beneficiary Bearer of cash or Bearer or account- Account-holder
account-holder of holder
PPI
Represents cash Yes, paid by Yes, paid by third No, notional credit of
deposited Beneficiary * party Issuer * loyalty points
Paid value = Face Yes, no discount No, discounted NA

value on redemption and no premium value is paid by
redemption of face
value
Paid value Yes, stored-value No, only value-to- NA, discount-to-
refundable use claim
Transferrable No Yes Yes **
Issuer is redeemer Yes No Yes
Redemption by Bearer Bearer Account-holder
Unredeemed value Continues Loss to issuer Lapse
Governing law PSS Act Contract Act Contract Act
* includes nominee of bearer-instruments
** becomes voucher on transfer of accumulated points before redemption
Illustrations:
Illustration Voucher or Not Nature of Instrument
Shopping gift card purchased for Not voucher It’s money, by way of ‘stored
`5,000/- value’ even if not encashable
Coupons or token given to customer Not voucher It is future discount by way of
by pizza outlet on making purchase ‘value-to-use’ not encashable
of `1,000/- which allows 10%
discount on next purchase
Money deposited into digital wallet Not voucher It’s money, by way of ‘stored
value’ though encashable
Points credited into digital wallet Not voucher It is future discount by way of
‘value-to-use’ not encashable
CGST Act 157

Transfer of liability towards Voucher Now it’s become an

accumulated loyalty points credited ‘instrument with obligation’
to customers
Pre-paid instruments: Not voucher It’s money received in
 Telephone calling card / advance to be settled by
recharge card making supplies in future
 Multi-currency traveller’s card
 DTH recharge card
Non-instrument based advances: Not voucher It’s money received in
 Receipt issued to customer for advance to be settled by
acknowledging advance making supplies in future
payment received towards PO
issued
 Advance booking of film ticket
 Train ticket purchased in
advance
 Contribution of instalments into
‘gold savings scheme’
 Time-share in resort
The reason why it is important to differentiate whether it is a voucher or not, is that if the
instrument is money that tax is payable on the actual ‘paid-in value’ and not the ‘value-to-use’
(or redeemable face value). For example, customer pays advance of `1,00,000 to distributor
and the distributor transfers `80,000 to manufacture. GST payable by the distributor will be on
`1,00,000 and the GST payable by the manufacturer it be on `80,000. Ignoring the fact that
credit is not allowable, this would be the treatment in respect of any instrument that fits the
definition of money. However, if a voucher was supplied by the manufacturer to the distributor
of face value (or value-to-use) `1,00,000 but paid-in value `80,000, GST would be payable by
the manufacturer on `1,00,000 and not `80,000. Further, anomalies arise on account of
distributors liability to pay GST on `1,00,000 but with serious concerns on availability of credit
of tax charged by manufacturer. Without satisfying conditions under section 16(2) read with
rule 28, credit would not be available and tax would be collected on face value or value-to-use
and not the actual paid-in value. Payment of tax in the case of vouchers on face value or
value-to-use is found in rule 32(6).
It is important to understand that a similar provision as specified in relation to time of supply of
goods also exists in time of supply of services. It is reasonable to, therefore, infer that the
Government in its wisdom, in all probability, will treat ‘vouchers relating to goods’ and
‘vouchers relating to services’ as distinct and separate class of transactions. What does one
understand by ‘vouchers relatable to goods’ and ‘vouchers relatable to services? A layman
would comprehend that vouchers relatable to goods would be those class of transactions

which can be exchanged for goods whereas vouchers relating to services being distinct and
separate can be exchanged only for services. There can be a third class of transactions
relating to vouchers, namely, a gift voucher issued by a bank which can be exchanged only for
cash. But a plain reading of definition of goods and services indicates that they both exclude
money. Therefore, such vouchers relatable to cash / money can be safely assumed to be
outside the ambit of GST laws.
It is possible for one to construe that a voucher relating to goods can be embedded for the
provision of services also. Such class of transactions must be read with Schedule II to
understand whether they are to be treated as goods or as services and thereafter apply the
principles laid down to the transaction as if they were goods or services. And in such
situations, await until time of redemption to determine the rate of tax and class of supply.
Interesting situations arise in respect of such transactions. For instance, the points
accumulated in a credit card could be used to exchange for goods or issue of an air ticket.
Difficulty arises in taxing such transactions in the hands of the person issuing such points.
However, the taxability or otherwise of such accumulated points would need detailed
deliberations based on facts and surrounding circumstances of each case.
As discussed above, the time of supply of goods in case of supply of vouchers by a supplier
will be:
a) date of issue of voucher if the supply is identifiable at that point
b) date of redemption of voucher in all other cases
This basically means that if the exact nature of goods to be supplied along with its quantity
value of such goods are available when the voucher is issued, the time of supply will be the
date of issue of voucher. On the other hand, if the nature of supply of goods are not available
at the time of issue of voucher, then the time of supply will be considered as the date of
redemption of voucher. This is not to say that the time of supply will determine the value also.
This is because as per Rule 32(6), the value will always be the redemption or face value of the
voucher irrespective of the time of supply.
(e) Time of Supply – Residuary
Where none of the above provisions are able to satisfactorily answer the time of supply, it is to
be determined based on the residuary provision which states that the time of supply is:
(i) where a periodical return has to be filed, the due date prescribed for such return; or
(ii) in any other case, the date of payment of the tax.
Time of supply under this residuary provision is applicable only when the other provisions are
found to be inapplicable and not merely when there is some difficulty in determining the facts
that are sought for by the relevant provision.
(f) Time of Supply – Special Charges
Special charges imposed for delay in payment of consideration will enjoy the facility of time of
CGST Act 159

supply being date of receipt of the charges imposed, that is, cash-basis of payment of GST.
The various issues involved in these special charges are discussed in detail under time of
supply of services which may kindly be referred.
Illustration 13: Mr. X enters into a contract for supply of goods worth ` 5,00,000 with Mr. Y on
10th April 2018. Such goods are removed with an invoice dated 12th April 2018 on 13th April
2018 for delivery to Mr. Y. The terms of the contract demanded the payment against such
supply to be made within 60 days beyond which a late payment charge of ` 10,000 will have
to be paid by Mr. Y. Mr. Y makes the payment of Rs, 5,00,000 along with the late payment
charges on 15th July 2018. What will be the time of supply in respect of the entire amount?
Answer: In Section 12(2), the time of supply in respect of ` 5,00,000 will be the date of
issuance of invoice or last date of issuance of invoice. Last date of issuance of invoice will be
the date of removal where supply involves movement of goods.
Date of issuance of invoice: 12th April 2018
Last date of issuance of invoice: 13th April 2018 (date of removal)
The date of payment is immaterial as per Notification no. 66/2017-Central Tax dated 15th
November 2017 as already discussed above. So, the time of supply will be 12th April, 2018 in
respect of ` 5,00,000.
However, in respect of the time of supply for the amount of Rs, 10,000 paid as late payment
charges, time of supply as per Section 12(6) has been stated to be the date on which the
supplier receives the addition in value. Here, the additional amount of ` 10,000 is received on
15th July 2018. So, the time of supply for this amount will also arise on 15th July 2018..
Some illustrations for better understanding of the provisions of time of supply of goods
Concept Invoice Invoice Payment Credit in Time of
illustrations date due date entry in bank supply
Section 12(2) supplier's account
books
1 Invoice raised 10-Oct-17 20-Oct-17 26-Oct-17 30-Oct-17 10-Oct-17
before removal
2 Advance received 30-Oct-17 20-Oct-17 10-Oct-17 30-Oct-17 10-Oct-17
(See Note 1)
3 Advance received 30-Nov-17 20-Nov-17 16-Nov-17 30-Nov-17 20-Nov-17
Notes:
1. The Notification 40/2017 dated 13.10.2017 exempts a taxable person not registered under
the composition scheme and having aggregate turnover less than ` 1.50 crores, for
payment of tax on receipt of advance. This Notification will be effective from 13.10.2017
and as such a taxable person is liable to remit tax on any advances received prior to
13.10.2017.

2. The Notification No. 66/2017 dated 15.11.2017 exempts all taxable persons from payment
of tax on the advances received in relation to supply of goods. This Notification will be
effective from 15.11.2017 and as such, the date of receipt of advance will not be relevant
to determine the time of supply of goods thereafter.
Supply involves Invoice/ Removal Delivery Receipt Time of
movement of documen of goods of goods of supply
goods t date payment
Section 12(2) r/w
Section 31(1)(a)
3 Delayed issue of 26-Oct-17 20-Oct-17 26-Oct-17 26-Oct-17 20-Oct-17
invoice
4 Inter-State stock 10-Oct-17 20-Oct-17 26-Oct-17 10-Nov-17 10-Oct-17
transfer
5 Advance received, 30-Oct-17 10-Nov-17 14-Nov-17 30-Oct-17 30-Oct-17
invoice for full 20-Nov-17 30-Oct-17
amount issued on
same day (40%
advance, 60% post
supply payment)
Supply otherwise Invoice Receipt Delivery Receipt Time of

than by involving date of invoice of goods of supply
movement of by payment
goods recipient
Section 12(2) r/w
Section 31(1)(b)
6 Delayed issue of 30-Oct-17 05-Nov-17 26-Oct-17 10-Nov- 26-Oct-17
invoice 17
7 Invoice issued 20-Oct-17 10-Nov-17 26-Oct-17 10-Nov- 20-Oct-17
prior to delivery 17
Continuous Invoice Removal Due date Receipt Time of

supply of goods date of goods of paymen of supply
Section 12(2) r/w t as per payment
Section 31(4) agreement
8 Contract provides 01-Nov-17 15-Oct-17 05-Nov-17 01-Nov- 01-Nov-17
9 for successive 25-Oct-17 17
statements of
11-Dec-17 08-Nov- 05-Dec-17 11-Dec- 05-Dec-17
CGST Act 161

Continuous Invoice Removal Due date Receipt Time of

supply of goods date of goods of paymen of supply
Section 12(2) r/w t as per payment
Section 31(4) agreement
account/ 17 17
successive 30-Nov-
payments 17
10 08-Jan-18 14-Dec- 05-Jan-18 01-Jan-18 01-Jan-18
17
23-Dec-
17
Reverse charge Date of Removal Receipt Payment Time of

Section 12(3) invoice of goods of goods by supply
issued by recipient
supplier
11 General 31-Oct-17 31-Oct-17 20-Nov-17 30-Nov-17 20-Nov-17
12 Advance paid 31-Oct-17 31-Oct-17 20-Nov-17 05-Nov-17 20-Nov-17
13 No payment made 31-Oct-17 30-Dec-17 05-Jan-18 - 30-Nov-17
for the supply
Sale on approval Removal Issue of Accepted Receipt Time of

basis of goods invoice by of supply
Section 12(2) r/w recipient payment
Section 31(7)
14 Acceptance 01-Nov-17 25-Nov-17 15-Nov-17 25-Nov-17 15-Nov-17
communicated
within 6 months of
removal
15 Amount paid to 01-Nov-17 25-Nov-17 15-Nov-17 12-Nov-17 15-Nov-17
supplier before
informing
acceptance
16 Acceptance not 01-Oct-17 15-May-18 15-May-18 02-May-18 01-Apr-18
communicated
within 6 months of
removal

13. Time of supply of services
(1) The liability to pay tax on services shall arise at the time of supply, as determined in
accordance with the provisions of this section.
(2) The time of supply of services shall be the earliest of the following dates, namely:—
(a) the date of issue of invoice by the supplier, if the invoice is issued within the
period prescribed under sub-section (2) of section 31 or the date of receipt of
payment, whichever is earlier; or
(b) the date of provision of service, if the invoice is not issued within the period
prescribed under sub-section (2) of section 31 or the date of receipt of payment,
whichever is earlier; or
(c) the date on which the recipient shows the receipt of services in his books of
account, in a case where the provisions of clause (a) or clause (b) do not apply:
Provided that where the supplier of taxable service receives an amount up to one
thousand rupees in excess of the amount indicated in the tax invoice, the time of supply
to the extent of such excess amount shall, at the option of the said supplier, be the date
of issue of invoice relating to such excess amount.
Explanation. ––For the purposes of clauses (a) and (b)––
(i) the supply shall be deemed to have been made to the extent it is covered by the
invoice or, as the case may be, the payment;
(ii) “the date of receipt of payment” shall be the date on which the payment is
entered in the books of account of the supplier or the date on which the payment
is credited to his bank account, whichever is earlier.
(3) In case of supplies in respect of which tax is paid or liable to be paid on reverse charge
basis, the time of supply shall be the earlier of the following dates, namely:––
(a) the date of payment as entered in the books of account of the recipient or the
date on which the payment is debited in his bank account, whichever is earlier; or
(b) the date immediately following sixty days from the date of issue of invoice or any
other document, by whatever name called, in lieu thereof by the supplier:
Provided that where it is not possible to determine the time of supply under clause
(a) or clause (b), the time of supply shall be the date of entry in the books of account of
the recipient of supply:
Provided further that in case of supply by associated enterprises, where the supplier of
service is located outside India, the time of supply shall be the date of entry in the
books of account of the recipient of supply or the date of payment, whichever is earlier.
(4) In case of supply of vouchers by a supplier, the time of supply shall be––
CGST Act 163

(a) the date of issue of voucher, if the supply is identifiable at that point; or
(b) the date of redemption of voucher, in all other cases.
(5) Where it is not possible to determine the time of supply under the provisions of sub-
section (2) or sub-section (3) or sub-section (4), the time of supply shall––
(a) in a case where a periodical return has to be filed, be the date on which such
return is to be filed; or
(b) in any other case, be the date on which the tax is paid.
(6) The time of supply to the extent it relates to an addition in the value of supply by way of
interest, late fee or penalty for delayed payment of any consideration shall be the date
on which the supplier receives such addition in value.
Relevant circulars, notifications, clarifications issued by Government:
1. Notification No. 9/2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017 Seeks to appoint 01.07.2017 as
the date on which the provisions of Section 12 are effective.
2. Notification No. 13/2017 dated 28.06.2017 Categories of services on which CGST is
payable under reverse charge mechanism.
3. Notification No. 66/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.11.2017 Seeks to exempt all taxpayers
from payment of tax on advances received in case of supply of goods (This notification is
issued superseding the earlier Notification No. 40/2017 – Central Tax dated 13.10.2017
wherein the exemption from payment of tax on receipt of advances was extended to to a
registered person whose aggregate turnover is less than ` 1.5 crores);
4. Notification No. 10/2017 – IGST (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 Categories of services on
which IGST is payable under reverse charge mechanism
5. Circular No. 38/12/2018 dated 26.03.2018 is issued clarifying the levy of GST, time of
supply of goods and value of supply in case of goods sent for job-work.
Related provisions of the Statute:
(CGST / SGST)
Section 2(12) Definition of Associated Enterprises
Section 2(56) Definition of India
Section 2(87) Definition of Prescribed


Section 2(118) Definition of voucher
Section 14 Change in rate of tax in respect of supply of goods or services
13.1 Analysis
(a) Time of Supply – Forward Charge
Similar to goods, time of supply of services is prescribed to be the earlier of date of issue of
invoice and date of receipt of payment. Date of issue of invoice requires us to examine section
31 which deals with the requirement to issue a “tax invoice”. In relation to services, section 31
requires that a tax invoice be issued whether before or after provision of service. Further,
there is a time limit beyond which tax invoice to be issued in arrears cannot be delayed after
completion of the provision of service.
Rule 47 of the CGST Rules, 2017 prescribes the time period within which such invoice should
be issued. It states that in case of the taxable supply of services, invoice should be issued
within thirty days from the date of supply of services. In case of banking company/financial
institution/non-banking financial company, the time period becomes forty five days from the
date of supply of services. When these banking/financial institution/non-banking financial
institution/telecom operator companies make taxable supplies of services between distinct
persons invoice may be issued before or at the time such supplier records the same in his
books of account or before expiry of the quarter during which the supply was made.
If the invoice is issued within the prescribed time period, the time of supply will be the earlier
of the date of issue of invoice or the date of payment. If the invoice is issued after the
prescribed time period, the time of supply will be the earlier of the date of completion of
service or the date of payment. If none of these two cases are applicable, then the time of
supply will be the date when the recipient shows the receipt of services in his books of
accounts.
Please recollect the discussion in Chapter III where it has been explained that in accordance
with Schedule II, supplies involving goods may be treated as supply of services. In all such
cases, as in the case of services ordinarily understood, this provision alone applies for
determination of time of supply. One may also refer to Chapter VII regarding issuance of tax
invoice in all other circumstances and determine from there the fact of issuance of tax invoice.
CGST Act 165

Therefore, where the tax invoice has been issued accordingly, the time of supply can be
determined to be earlier of date of issuance of such tax invoice or date of receipt of payment.
Illustration 1: Mr. X provides consultancy services to Mr. Y worth ` 50,000.
08.04.2018 – An advance of ` 10,000 is received from Mr. Y
10.04.2018 – The consultancy services are provided
16.05.2018 – Mr X receives balance payment of ` 40,000 and records it in his books.
What will be the time of supply assuming Mr. X issues the invoice on:
Situation 1 - 15.04.2018
Situation 2 – 15.05.2018
Answer:
Situation 1: If invoice is issued within the prescribed time period, time of supply will be the
date of receipt of payment or date of issue of invoice whichever is earlier. In the given case,
the invoice is issued on 15.04.2018 which is within 30 days of the supply of services which is
within the prescribed period. So, for ` 10,000, the time of supply will be 08.04.2018 which is
the date of receipt of advance payment. For the balance amount, time of supply will be
15.04.2018 which is earlier of 15.04.2018 (date of invoice) and 16.05.2018 (date of receipt of
payment).
Situation 2: If invoice is not issued within the prescribed time period, time of supply will be the
earlier of the date of completion of service and the date of receipt of payment. Here, invoice is
issued on 15.05.2018 which is after the prescribed time period. So, for ` 10,000, the time of
supply will be 08.04.2018 which is the date of receipt of advance payment. For the balance
amount, time of supply will be 10.04.2018 which is earlier of 10.04.2018 (date of completion of
service) and 16.05.2018 (date of receipt of payment).
Illustration 2: During investigation, it was found that Mr. X had provided catering services of `
1,00,000 to Mr. Y during his business convention. The payment for these services was made
in cash. Mr. X had neither issued any invoice nor recognised the payment in his books of
accounts. Mr. Y recorded the payment of ` 1,00,000 in cash in his books on 28th April 2018.
What will be the time of supply in this case?
Answer: Since, the date of receipt of payment or the date of invoice is not available in case of
Mr. X, the date when the payment is recorded in the books of the recipient becomes relevant.
Since, Mr. Y recorded this on 28th April, the time of supply for such supply will also be
considered as 28th April 2018.
Exceptions:
(i) When an amount in excess of tax invoice is received up to ` 1,000/-, the time of
supply in respect of such excess at the option of the supplier shall be the date of such
invoice.

Illustration 3: A telephone company receives ` 4,000 on 27th July 2018 against an invoice of `
3,700 on 23rd July 2018 in respect of the services provided. The excess amount of ` 300 can
be adjusted against the invoice to be issued in the next month. Time of supply will arise only
for ` 3700 on 23rd July 2018. For the balance amount of ` 300, the time of supply may not
arise on 27th July 2018 at the option of the supplier and may be adjusted against the next
month’s invoice.
(ii) Supply shall be deemed to have been made to the extent the value of supply indicated
in the invoice or the value of payment received by the supplier.
Illustration 4: In Illustration 3, assume that the payment received was ` 5000 instead of `
4000. Since, the amount exceeds ` 1000 in terms of the excess payment received, there is no
option with the supplier. Here, the supply will be deemed to have been made to the extent of
the invoice of ` 3700 on 23rd July 2018 and the balance amount of ` 1300 will be liable to tax
on 27th July 2018.
(iii) Date of receipt of payment shall be the date on which the payment is accounted in the
books of the supplier or the date reflected in the bank account of the supplier,
whichever is earlier.
Illustration 5: Assume that payment is recorded in the books of the supplier on 25th July 2018
and the date as per the bank statement is 27th July 2018. In this situation, the date of receipt
of payment will be taken as 25th July 2018 as it will be earlier of the two events.
Continuous supply of services
As per Section 2(33) of the CGST Act 2017, continuous supply of services means a supply of
services which is provided or agreed to be provided continuously or on recurrent basis under a
contract for a period exceeding three months with periodic payment obligations and includes
supply of services as the Government may subject to such conditions as it may by notification
specify.
This means that there are three important conditions to be satisfied in order to be a
continuous supply of services:
a) The services should be provided continuously or on recurrent basis
b) The contract period should be exceeding three months
c) The payment obligations should be periodical
For instance an annual maintenance contract, construction contract etc. may be considered as
continuous supply of services if the aforesaid conditions are satisfied.
The date of issuance of invoice in respect of continuous supply of services has been given
under Section 31(5) of the CGST Act 2017 as follows:
i. Where the due date of payment is ascertainable from the contract, the invoice will be
issued on or before the due date of payment.
ii. Where the due date of payment is not ascertainable from the contract, the invoice will
be issued before or at the time when the supplier of services receives the payment
CGST Act 167

iii. When the payment is linked to the completion of an event, the invoice will be issued on
or before the date of completion of that event.
Illustration 6: Mr. X is getting construction services from a developer against buying of an
under-construction flat for the period 01/07/2017 to 31/03/2018 for ` 150,00,000. The
transactions are structured as follows:
Situation 1: Equal instalments to be paid at the end of every quarter
Periodic Date of Invoice Actual payment Value
completion of dates
service
30-09-2017 03-10-2017 15-10-2017 50,00,000
31-12-2017 02-12-2017 03-02-2018 50,00,000
31-03-2018 10-04-2018 20-03-2018 50,00,000
Situation 2: Payment to be made as per mutual understanding

Completion of dates
service
31-12-2017 14-01-2018 12-01-2018 90,00,000
31-03-2018 22-04-2018 02-04-2018 60,00,000
Situation 3: 40% payment on 40% completion and balance payment on 100% completion
Completion of dates
service
01-10-2017 29-09-2017 05-10-2017 60,00,000
31-03-2018 24-04-2018 28-04-2018 90,00,000
Answer: This is a case of continuous supply of services. The first question that should be
determined in these cases is whether the invoice is issued within the prescribed time period. If
issued within the prescribed time period, the time of supply will be the date of issue of invoice
or the date of receipt of payment whichever is earlier. If the invoice is issued after the
prescribed period, then the time of supply will be the date of completion of service or the date
of receipt of payment whichever is earlier.
Situation 1: In this situation, the due date of payment can be ascertainable from the contract.
So, the last date of issuance of invoice will be the due date of payment. The due date of
payment will be end of each quarter. So, the time of supply will be determinable as follows:

Periodic Date of Actual Value Invoice Time of

Completion Invoice payment issued supply
of service dates within time
limit
30-09-2017 03-10-2017 15-10-2017 50,00,000 No 30-09-2017
31-12-2017 02-12-2017 03-02-2018 50,00,000 Yes 02-12-2017
31-03-2018 10-04-2018 20-03-2018 50,00,000 No 20-03-2018
Situation 2: In this situation, due date of payment is not ascertainable from the contract. So,
the invoice is to be issued before or at the time when the supplier of services receives the
payment. So, the time of supply will be determinable as follows:
limit
31-12-2017 14-01-2018 12-01-2018 90,00,000 Yes 12-01-2018
31-03-2018 22-04-2018 02-04-2018 60,00,000 No 31-03-2018
Situation 3: In this situation, the payment is linked to the completion of event. The invoice
should be raised on or before the completion of that event (i.e. 40% or 100% completion as
the case may be). So, the time of supply will be as follows:
limit
01-10-2017 29-09-2017 05-10-2017 60,00,000 Yes 29-09-2017
31-03-2018 24-04-2018 28-04-2018 90,00,000 No 31-03-2018
Cessation of supply of services before the completion of the supply
As per Section 31(6) of the CGST Act 2017 where the supply of services ceases before the
completion of the supply, the invoice is to be issued at the time when the supply ceases and
such invoice shall be issued to the extent of the supply made before such cessation.
Illustration 7: A contract for supply of professional services was entered for ` 5,00,000 for the
period of two months on 20th July 2017. However, on 16th August 2017, the recipient informed
the supplier that he is not willing to receive any more services under the contract. Both of
them mutually agree that the services provided till date can be valued at ` 3,50,000. The
invoice for this was issued on 20th August 2018 and the payment was made by the recipient on
25th August 2018.
CGST Act 169

Answer: Here the cessation of supply of services occurs on 16th August 2017. The date by
which the invoice should have been raised was also 16th August 2017. However, the invoice
was issued on 20th August 2017 which is after the prescribed time period. So, the time of
supply will be the earlier of the date of completion of service (16th August 2017) and the date
of payment (25th August 2017) which will be 16th August 2017.
(b) Time of Supply – Reverse Charge
Where tax is payable on reverse charge basis, the time of supply is appointed to be the earlier
of date of payment or 60 days from the date of issue of invoice by the supplier. If for any
reason, one or all of these two dates cannot be determined then the time of supply will be the
date of recording the supply in the books of the recipient.
In case of transactions between ‘associated enterprises’ where the supplier of service is
located outside India, the date of recording the supply in the books of the recipient or the date
of payment whichever is earlier, will be the time of supply.
Again, please note that in view of the definition of reverse charge in section 2(98), the above
provision does not apply to payment of tax by an electronic commerce operator but only to
those cases of supply which fall under sub-section 5 of section 9 of the Act.
Exceptions:
Date of receipt of payment shall be the date on which the payment is accounted in the books
of the supplier or the date reflected in the bank account of the supplier, whichever is earlier.
Illustration 8: Mr. X provides legal services as an advocate to Mr.Y which fall under reverse
charge basis.
10.04.2018 – The services are provided to Mr.Y
12.04.2018 – Mr. X issues an invoice to Mr.Y
10.07.2018 – The payment is made by Mr.Y through a cheque and recorded in his books of
accounts
15.07.2018 – The payment gets debited from Mr. Y’s bank account
What will be the time of supply?
Answer: The time of supply shall be earlier of the following dates:
The date of payment i.e. 10.07.2018 (earlier of 10.07.2018 and 15.07.2018)
The date immediately following sixty days from the date of issue of invoice i.e. 12.06.2018
(12.04.2018+60days+1day)
Therefore, the time of supply shall be 12.06.2018.
(c) Time of Supply – Vouchers
Please refer to discussion regarding time of supply of goods for some background discussion

about actionable claims. For purposes of this discussion on time of supply of services, please
note the following comments:
(i) the discussion on actionable claims being includible as vouchers is relevant vis-à-vis
services for the only reason that certain transactions involving goods are deliberately
treated as supply of services by Schedule II and to this extent actionable claims which
are a sub-set of goods need to be referred in this Chapter;
(ii) vouchers are not entirely comprised only of actionable claims and services can also be
included
Now, the time of supply in the case of vouchers is stated to be:
(i) the date of issue of voucher if the supply is identifiable at that point; or
(ii) in all other instances, the date of redemption of the voucher.
From the above provision, it can be seen that at the time of issue of voucher, it is possible that
the supply is not identifiable. So, the following key statements can be considered in this
regard:
(i) Vouchers may be issued with specific or non-specific end-use;
(ii) Vouchers are issued on payment of money;
(iii) Vouchers themselves are not legal tender;
(iv) Vouchers represent some carried value in money terms;
(v) Vouchers are accepted as substitute for payment for a supply due to their carried value;
(vi) Vouchers are not merely receipts for pre-payment received;
(vii) Vouchers must be non-cancellable such that they cannot be reconverted back into
money;
(viii) Vouchers may be in physical or digital form but comprise the above characteristics.
When vouchers are issued for specific end-use, then they are taxable as supply provided they
otherwise satisfy the requirements of section 7 of the Act. Since, a specific provision exists in
respect of time of supply of vouchers, they are not goods or services in themselves, but are
singled out for the limited purposes of prescribing the time of their supply. And the rate of tax
will be that applicable to goods or services they are issued in respect of or that applicable at
the time of redemption. Vouchers are not merely receipts for pre-payment received because
prescribing a specific time of supply would be redundant when time of supply already
considers advance payments.
Please also note that the Government has issued the Payment and Settlement Systems Act,
2007 (‘PSS Act’) and accordingly, not everyone is permitted to issue instruments that may be
used as a Payment System. RBI is expected to make major changes to the circulars issued in
terms of the PSS Act by June 2017 but the framework or principles borrowed from the current
circulars for the purposes of GST is expected to remain unaltered although changes may
CGST Act 171

come in areas of governance, ease of doing business and inclusive growth in e-payment
offerings through these Pre-Paid Instruments or PPIs. (refer RBI Circular No.RBI/DPSS/2017-
18/58 dated 11 Oct, 2017)
(d) Time of Supply – Residuary

Where none of the above provisions are able to satisfactorily answer the time of supply, it is to
be determined based on the residuary provision which states that the time of supply is:
(i) where a periodical return has to be filed, the due date prescribed for such return; or
(ii) in any other case, the date of payment of the tax.
(e) Time of Supply – Special Charges
Sometimes there may be charges imposed by the supplier on account of some deviation or
special circumstance from the expected terms of contract on the part of the recipient. These
special charges may be enabled by the contract though not necessarily attracted at the time of
supply of the underlying goods or service (other than these special charges) or may be agreed
later – when the special circumstance occurs. These special charges are listed as interest,
late fee or penalty on account of delay in payment of consideration. In these cases, the time of
supply is appointed to be the date of receipt by the supplier.

Please note that even though a debit note may be issued after reaching agreement with the
recipient about the special charges imposed, the time of supply continues to remain ‘date of
receipt’ of payment towards such special charges. This is a departure from the provisions on
accrual principle in section 31. As this is a special provision, the same will prevail over all
other general provisions.
It is important to understand that due to time of supply being prescribed, whether the
imposition of these special charges is itself a supply or not? Please see the following
comparative discussion:
Special Charges ‘are’ Supply Special Charges ‘are not’ Supply
Special charges are also supply being There is no ‘supply’ in the case of interest,
agreeing to an act or forbear an act or to late fee or penalty as these special charges
tolerate an act (Entry 5(e) of Schedule II) are a consequence of a departure from the
read with section 2(31) agreed terms of contract and not in
fulfilment thereof
Interest, late fee or penalty are illustrations By accepting such an expansive
only and such special charges by any other interpretation, damages awarded by a Court,
name would also be liable to GST but on LD imposed in a contract, forfeiture of a
receipt-basis EMD, etc. can become liable to GST as
these are all in some way ‘in the course or
furtherance of business’
Special charges paid is liable to GST Other than the three special charges listed,
whether agreed before or agreed any other charges arising from a transaction
subsequently as satisfaction of the limited is not liable to GST as it is not contemplated
non-performance in the arrangement of supply although not
imposed in all cases
Delay in payment is a primary deviation that Only ‘delay in payment’ gives rise to GST
gives rise to special charges but even incidence on the special charges. Any other
deviation in time or quantity of supply can deviation would be a variation of contract to
entail some other form of special charges, be independently examined if it satisfies
GST on those cannot be avoided as the definition of ‘supply’
these listed are only illustrative
Special charges are ‘linked’ to an underlying Special charges are ‘linked’ to an original
supply (original supply) and therefore all supply as such GST cannot be imposed on
forms of special charges would also be special charges without an original supply
liable to GST
From the above discussion, several necessary conclusions need to be reached, namely:
(i) whether the three listed charges are exhaustive or only illustrative?
(ii) whether delay in payment is the only occasion when this provision is attracted or
CGST Act 173

special charges imposed for any other default linked to the original supply will also
attract this provision?
(iii) whether special charges imposed for any other default (not delay in payment) is liable
to GST but not on receipt basis but accrual basis or are special charges for these cases
not at all liable to GST?
It appears that the three listed cases are exhaustive not by the three cases listed but the
circumstance for their imposition – delay in payment of consideration. So, any form of special
charges imposed is liable to GST on receipt basis but only if it is due to delay in payment of
consideration. Special charges imposed due to any other default by the recipient is then to be
examined if it is linked to an ‘original supply’ or is it by itself a supply? If linked to an original
supply, it is also liable to tax but not during enjoying flexibility to pay tax on receipt basis and
tax being payable based on the date of debit note. If not linked to an original supply, GST
would not be applicable if it does not satisfy the requirements of levy.
The issues raised in respect of special charges may be considered as matter of discussion
and does not carry a procurement of an opinion on view. Readers are free to connect on
these discussions and evaluate each such situation after giving it adequate consideration or
thought.
Some illustrations for better understanding of the provisions of time of supply of services
S. Concept Invoice Invoice Payment Credit in Time of
No. illustrations date due date entry in bank supply
Section 13(2) supplier' account
s books
1 Invoice raised 10-Oct-17 20-Oct-17 26-Oct-17 30-Oct-17 10-Oct-17
before completion
of service
2 Advance received 30-Oct-17 20-Oct-17 10-Oct-17 30-Oct-17 10-Oct-17
Based on due Invoice Commen Completi Receipt Time of

date for invoicing date cement on of of supply
Section 13(2) r/w of service service payment
Section 31(2) r/w
Rule – 47 related
to invoice
3 Delayed issue of 26-Dec-17 20-Oct-17 16-Nov-17 28-Jan-18 16-Nov-17
invoice
4 Advance received, 30-Oct-17 30-Oct-17 30-Dec-17 30-Oct-17 30-Oct-17
invoice for full 04-Dec-17 30-Oct-17
amount issued on

same day (40%

advance, 60% post
supply payment)
Continuous Invoice Date as Receipt Entry of Time of

supply of services date per of provision supply
Section 13(2) r/w contract payment of
Section 31(5) services
in books
5 Section 31(5)(a) 02-Nov-17 10-Nov-17 15-Nov-17 31-Oct-17 02-Nov-17
Contract provides 17-Dec-17 10-Dec-17 15-Dec-17 30-Nov-17 10-Dec-17
for payments
10-Jan-18 10-Jan-18 06-Jan-18 31-Dec-17 06-Jan-18
monthly on the 10th
of succeeding
month
6 Section 31(5)(c) 12-Nov-17 10-Nov-17 25-Nov-17 12-Nov-17 10-Nov-17
Contract provides 24-Apr-18 24-Apr-18 20-Apr-18 24-Apr-18 20-Apr-18
for payments on
completion of event.
Recipient to pay
within 1 month from
date of completion
Reverse charge Date of Date of Payment Entry of Time of

Section 13(3) invoice completio by receipt of supply
issued by n of recipient services
supplier service in
recipient'
s books
7 General 31-Oct-17 31-Oct-17 20-Nov-17 30-Nov-17 20-Nov-17
8 Advance paid 31-Oct-17 31-Oct-17 05-Nov-17 31-Oct-17 05-Nov-17
9 Delay in payment 31-Oct-17 31-Oct-17 10-Jan-18 31-Oct-17 31-Dec-17
(Max. 60 days from
date of invoice)
10 Service received 31-Oct-17 30-Nov-17 05-Apr-18 31-Mar-18 31-Mar-18
from associated
enterprise located
outside India (No
time extension
allowed)
CGST Act 175

11 Service by - 30-Nov-17 - 05-Dec-17 05-Dec-17

unregistered
person, no
payment made
Issue of vouchers First Issue of Redempti Last date Time of

Section 13(4) [or service/ voucher on of for supply
Section 12(4)] delivery voucher acceptan
of goods ce of
voucher
12 Voucher issued to 01-Nov-17 01-Nov-17 14-Dec-17 30-Oct-18 01-Nov-17
a recipient after
supply of a service
[or specific goods],
for the same
service - valid for 1
year
13 Voucher issued to 01-Nov-17 01-Nov-17 14-Dec-17 30-Oct-18 01-Nov-17
a recipient of
machinery along at
the time of
delivery, for
availing repair
services [or
specific goods]
worth ` 5,000 -
valid for 1 year
14 Voucher issued to 01-Nov-17 01-Nov-17 14-Dec-17 30-Oct-18 14-Dec-17
a recipient after
supply of a service,
for any other
services or goods
across India, -
valid for 1 year
15 Gift voucher for ` - 01-Nov-17 25-Dec-17 31-Mar-18 01-Nov-17
1,500 for services
[or goods]- valid for
6 months

14. Change in rate of tax in respect of supply of goods or services
Notwithstanding anything contained in section 12 or section 13, the time of supply, where
there is a change in the rate of tax in respect of goods or services or both, shall be determined
in the following manner, namely: ––
(a) in case the goods or services or both have been supplied before the change in rate of
tax, ––
(i) where the invoice for the same has been issued and the payment is also received
after the change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date of receipt of
payment or the date of issue of invoice, whichever is earlier; or
(ii) where the invoice has been issued prior to the change in rate of tax but payment
is received after the change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date of
issue of invoice; or
(iii) where the payment has been received before the change in rate of tax, but the
invoice for the same is issued after the change in rate of tax, the time of supply
shall be the date of receipt of payment;
(b) in case the goods or services or both have been supplied after the change in rate of
tax, ––
(i) where the payment is received after the change in rate of tax but the invoice has
been issued prior to the change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date
of receipt of payment; or
(ii) where the invoice has been issued and payment is received before the change in
rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date of receipt of payment or date of
issue of invoice, whichever is earlier; or
(iii) where the invoice has been issued after the change in rate of tax but the payment
is received before the change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date
of issue of invoice:
Provided that the date of receipt of payment shall be the date of credit in the bank account if
such credit in the bank account is after four working days from the date of change in the rate
of tax.
Explanation. ––For the purposes of this section, “the date of receipt of payment” shall be the
date on which the payment is entered in the books of account of the supplier or the date on
which the payment is credited to his bank account, whichever is earlier.

the date on which the provisions of Section 12 are effective.
CGST Act 177

2. Notification No. 66/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.11.2017 Seeks to exempt all taxpayers
from payment of tax on advances received in case of supply of goods (This notification is
issued superseding the earlier Notification No. 40/2017 – Central Tax dated 13.10.2017
wherein the exemption from payment of tax on receipt of advances was extended to a
registered person whose aggregate turnover is less than ` 1.5 crores);

(CGST / SGST)
14.1 Analysis
Payment of tax requires the presence of all the following events:
(i) supply of goods or services
(ii) issue of invoice
(iii) payment for the supply
When there is a change in the rate of tax during the occurrence of these three events, there
may be some concern about the applicability of the correct rate of tax. Section 14 addresses
this aspect clearly.
Where the supply takes place after the change in the rate of tax, the time of supply may be as
follows:
(a) Supply before the cut-off date-say 01-Sep- 18
Supply Invoice Payment Point of taxation

25.08.2018 01.09.2018 05.09.2018 01.09.2018
(Invoice or payment, whichever is
earlier)
25.08.2018 26.08.2018 05.09.2018 26.08.2018(Date of Invoice)
25.08.2018 01.09.2018 27.08.2018 27.08.2018(Date of payment)

(b) Supply after the cut-off date-say 01-Sep-17

Supply Invoice Payment Point of taxation
01.09.2017 25.08.2017 05.09.2017 05.09.2017(Date of payment)
01.09.2017 25.08.2017 26.08.2017 25.08.2017
(Date of invoice or date of payment,
whichever is earlier)
01.09.2017 02.09.2017 26.08.2017 02.09.2017(Date of Invoice)
It is relevant to note here that the Notification 66/2017-CT dated 15.11.2017 exempting a
taxable person from payment of tax on advances received refers to the scenarios enumerated
in section 14. This may not mean that the receipt of payment in advance should not be
considered for determining the change in tax rate; since, the said notification will have limited
application for ascertaining the time of supply of goods. In other words, section 12 specifies
the scenarios for ascertaining time of supply whereas section 14 specifies the point of
determination of appropriate rate of tax. This means that on application of the said notification,
if the date of receipt of advance is relevant, the payment of tax may be deferred till the date of
supply of goods at the rate applicable as on the date of receipt of advance (point of taxation).
Although supply has not yet taken place, the time of supply determined as above is valid and
not in violation of the levy of GST for the following reasons:
(i) Supply is defined in section 7(1)(a) as ‘……made or agreed to be made…..’
(ii) Levy of GST in section 9 is on such supply, that is, ‘made or agreed to be made’
Prescribing the time of supply anterior to the time of actual supply is well accommodated in
the language of the Act.
15. Value of taxable supply
(1) The value of a supply of goods or services or both shall be the transaction value, which
is the price actually paid or payable for the said supply of goods or services or both
where the supplier and the recipient of the supply are not related and the price is the
sole consideration for the supply.
(2) The value of supply shall include–––
(a) any taxes, duties, cesses, fees and charges levied under any law for the time
being in force other than this Act, the State Goods and Services Tax Act, the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act and the Goods and Services Tax
(Compensation to States) Act, if charged separately by the supplier;
(b) any amount that the supplier is liable to pay in relation to such supply but which
has been incurred by the recipient of the supply and not included in the price
actually paid or payable for the goods or services or both;
CGST Act 179

(c) incidental expenses, including commission and packing, charged by the supplier
to the recipient of a supply and any amount charged for anything done by the
supplier in respect of the supply of goods or services or both at the time of, or
before delivery of goods or supply of services;
(d) interest or late fee or penalty for delayed payment of any consideration for any
supply; and
(e) subsidies directly linked to the price excluding subsidies provided by the Central
Government and State Governments.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this sub-section, the amount of subsidy shall be
included in the value of supply of the supplier who receives the subsidy.
(3) The value of the supply shall not include any discount which is given––
(a) before or at the time of the supply if such discount has been duly recorded in the
invoice issued in respect of such supply; and
(b) after the supply has been effected, if—
(i) such discount is established in terms of an agreement entered into at or before
the time of such supply and specifically linked to relevant invoices; and
(ii) input tax credit as is attributable to the discount on the basis of document issued
by the supplier has been reversed by the recipient of the supply.
(4) Where the value of the supply of goods or services or both cannot be determined under
sub-section (1), the same shall be determined in such manner as may be prescribed.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or sub-section (4), the value of
such supplies as may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of the
Council shall be determined in such manner as may be prescribed.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this Act,––
(a) persons shall be deemed to be “related persons” if––
(i) such persons are officers or directors of one another’s businesses;
(ii) such persons are legally recognised partners in business;
(iii) such persons are employer and employee;
(iv) any person directly or indirectly owns, controls or holds twenty-five per
cent. or more of the outstanding voting stock or shares of both of them;
(v) one of them directly or indirectly controls the other;
(vi) both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person;
(vii) together they directly or indirectly control a third person; or
(viii) they are members of the same family;

(b) the term “person” also includes legal persons;

(c) persons who are associated in the business of one another in that one is the sole
agent or sole distributor or sole concessionaire, howsoever described, of the
other, shall be deemed to be related.
Extract of the CGST Rules 2017
27. Value of supply of goods or services where the consideration is not wholly in
money
Where the supply of goods or services is for a consideration not wholly in money, the value of
the supply shall,-
(a) be the open market value of such supply;
(b) if the open market value is not available under clause (a), be the sum total of
consideration in money and any such further amount in money as is equivalent to the
consideration not in money, if such amount is known at the time of supply;
(c) if the value of supply is not determinable under clause (a) or clause (b), be the value of
supply of goods or services or both of like kind and quality;
(d) if the value is not determinable under clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c), be the sum
total of consideration in money and such further amount in money that is equivalent to
consideration not in money as determined by the application of rule 30 or rule 31 in that
order.
Illustration:
(1) Where a new phone is supplied for twenty thousand rupees along with the exchange of
an old phone and if the price of the new phone without exchange is twenty four
thousand, the open market value of the new phone is Rs 24000.
(2) Where a laptop is supplied for forty thousand rupees along with a barter of printer that is
manufactured by the recipient and the value of the printer known at the time of supply is
four thousand rupees but the open market value of the laptop is not known, the value of
the supply of laptop is forty four thousand rupees.
28. Value of supply of goods or services or both between distinct or related persons,
other than through an agent
The value of the supply of goods or services or both between distinct persons as specified in
sub-section (4) and (5) of section 25 or where the supplier and recipient are related, other
than where the supply is made through an agent, shall-
(a) be the open market value of such supply;
(b) if the open market value is not available, be the value of supply of goods or services of
like kind and quality;
CGST Act 181

(c) if the value is not determinable under clause (a) or (b), be the value as determined by
the application of rule 30 or rule 31, in that order:
Provided that where the goods are intended for further supply as such by the recipient, the
value shall, at the option of the supplier, be an amount equivalent to ninety percent of the
price charged for the supply of goods of like kind and quality by the recipient to his customer
not being a related person:
Provided further that where the recipient is eligible for full input tax credit, the value declared
in the invoice shall be deemed to be the open market value of the goods or services.
29. Value of supply of goods made or received through an agent
The value of supply of goods between the principal and his agent shall:
(a) be the open market value of the goods being supplied, or at the option of the supplier,
be ninety per cent. of the price charged for the supply of goods of like kind and quality
by the recipient to his customer not being a related person, where the goods are
intended for further supply by the said recipient.
Illustration:
A principal supplies groundnut to his agent and the agent is supplying groundnuts of
like kind and quality in subsequent supplies at a price of five thousand rupees per
quintal on the day of the supply. Another independent supplier is supplying groundnuts
of like kind and quality to the said agent at the price of four thousand five hundred and
fifty rupees per quintal. The value of the supply made by the principal shall be four
thousand five hundred and fifty rupees per quintal or where he exercises the option, the
value shall be 90 per cent. of five thousand rupees i.e., four thousand five hundred
rupees per quintal.
(b) where the value of a supply is not determinable under clause (a), the same shall be
determined by the application of rule 30 or rule 31 in that order.
30. Value of supply of goods or services or both based on cost
Where the value of a supply of goods or services or both is not determinable by any of the
preceding rules of this Chapter, the value shall be one hundred and ten percent of the cost of
production or manufacture or the cost of acquisition of such goods or the cost of provision of
such services.
31. Residual method for determination of value of supply of goods or services or both
Where the value of supply of goods or services or both cannot be determined under rules 27
to 30, the same shall be determined using reasonable means consistent with the principles
and the general provisions of section 15 and the provisions of this Chapter:
Provided that in the case of supply of services, the supplier may opt for this rule, ignoring rule
30.

31A. Value of supply in case of lottery, betting, gambling and horse racing.-
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the provisions of this Chapter, the value in
respect of supplies specified below shall be determined in the manner provided
hereinafter.
(2) (a) The value of supply of lottery run by State Governments shall be deemed to be
100/112 of the face value of ticket or of the price as notified in the Official
Gazette by the organising State, whichever is higher.
(b) The value of supply of lottery authorised by State Governments shall be deemed
to be 100/128 of the face value of ticket or of the price as notified in the Official
Gazette by the organising State, whichever is higher.
Explanation:– For the purposes of this sub-rule, the expressions-
(a) “lottery run by State Governments” means a lottery not allowed to be sold in any
State other than the organizing State;
(b) “lottery authorised by State Governments” means a lottery which is authorised to
be sold in State(s) other than the organising State also; and
(c) “Organising State” has the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (f) of sub-
rule (1) of rule 2 of the Lotteries (Regulation) Rules, 2010.
(3) The value of supply of actionable claim in the form of chance to win in betting, gambling
or horse racing in a race club shall be 100% of the face value of the bet or the amount
paid into the totalisator.
32. Determination of value in respect of certain supplies
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the provisions of this Chapter, the value in
respect of supplies specified below shall, at the option of the supplier, be determined in
the manner provided hereinafter.
(2) The value of supply of services in relation to the purchase or sale of foreign currency,
including money changing, shall be determined by the supplier of services in the
following manner, namely:-
(a) For a currency, when exchanged from, or to, Indian Rupees, the value shall be
equal to the difference in the buying rate or the selling rate, as the case may be,
and the Reserve Bank of India reference rate for that currency at that time,
multiplied by the total units of currency:
Provided that in case where the Reserve Bank of India reference rate for a
currency is not available, the value shall be one per cent. of the gross amount of
Indian Rupees provided or received by the person changing the money:
Provided further that in case where neither of the currencies exchanged is Indian
Rupees, the value shall be equal to one per cent. of the lesser of the two
amounts the person changing the money would have received by converting any
CGST Act 183

of the two currencies into Indian Rupee on that day at the reference rate provided
by the Reserve Bank of India.
Provided also that a person supplying the services may exercise the option to
ascertain the value in terms of clause (b) for a financial year and such option
shall not be withdrawn during the remaining part of that financial year.
(b) At the option of the supplier of services, the value in relation to the supply of
foreign currency, including money changing, shall be deemed to be-
(i) one per cent. of the gross amount of currency exchanged for an amount up
to one lakh rupees, subject to a minimum amount of two hundred and fifty
rupees;
(ii) one thousand rupees and half of a per cent. of the gross amount of currency
exchanged for an amount exceeding one lakh rupees and up to ten lakh
rupees; and
(iii) Five thousand and five hundred rupees and one tenth of a per cent. of the
gross amount of currency exchanged for an amount exceeding ten lakh
rupees, subject to a maximum amount of sixty thousand rupees.
(3) The value of the supply of services in relation to booking of tickets for travel by air
provided by an air travel agent shall be deemed to be an amount calculated at the rate
of five per cent. of the basic fare in the case of domestic bookings, and at the rate of ten
per cent. of the basic fare in the case of international bookings of passage for travel by
air.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this sub-rule, the expression “basic fare” means that
part of the air fare on which commission is normally paid to the air travel agent by the
airlines.
(4) The value of supply of services in relation to life insurance business shall be,-
(a) the gross premium charged from a policy holder reduced by the amount allocated
for investment, or savings on behalf of the policy holder, if such an amount is
intimated to the policy holder at the time of supply of service;
(b) in case of single premium annuity policies other than (a), ten per cent. of single
premium charged from the policy holder; or
(c) in all other cases, twenty five per cent. of the premium charged from the policy
holder in the first year and twelve and a half per cent. of the premium charged
from the policy holder in subsequent years:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-rule shall apply where the entire premium
paid by the policy holder is only towards the risk cover in life insurance.
(5) Where a taxable supply is provided by a person dealing in buying and selling of second
hand goods i.e., used goods as such or after such minor processing which does not
change the nature of the goods and where no input tax credit has been availed on the

purchase of such goods, the value of supply shall be the difference between the selling
price and the purchase price and where the value of such supply is negative, it shall be
ignored:
Provided that the purchase value of goods repossessed from a defaulting borrower,
who is not registered, for the purpose of recovery of a loan or debt shall be deemed to
be the purchase price of such goods by the defaulting borrower reduced by five
percentage points for every quarter or part thereof, between the date of purchase and
the date of disposal by the person making such repossession.
(6) The value of a token, or a voucher, or a coupon, or a stamp (other than postage stamp)
which is redeemable against a supply of goods or services or both shall be equal to the
money value of the goods or services or both redeemable against such token, voucher,
coupon, or stamp.
(7) The value of taxable services provided by such class of service providers as may be
notified by the Government, on the recommendations of the Council, as referred to in
paragraph 2 of Schedule I of the said Act between distinct persons as referred to in
section 25, where input tax credit is available, shall be deemed to be NIL.
33. Value of supply of services in case of pure agent
Notwithstanding anything contained in the provisions of this Chapter, the expenditure or costs
incurred by a supplier as a pure agent of the recipient of supply shall be excluded from the
value of supply, if all the following conditions are satisfied, namely,-
(i) the supplier acts as a pure agent of the recipient of the supply, when he makes the
payment to the third party on authorisation by such recipient;
(ii) the payment made by the pure agent on behalf of the recipient of supply has been
separately indicated in the invoice issued by the pure agent to the recipient of service;
and
(iii) the supplies procured by the pure agent from the third party as a pure agent of the
recipient of supply are in addition to the services he supplies on his own account.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this rule, the expression “pure agent” means a person
who-
(a) enters into a contractual agreement with the recipient of supply to act as his pure
agent to incur expenditure or costs in the course of supply of goods or services or
both;
(b) neither intends to hold nor holds any title to the goods or services or both so
procured or supplied as pure agent of the recipient of supply;
(c) does not use for his own interest such goods or services so procured; and
(d) receives only the actual amount incurred to procure such goods or services in
addition to the amount received for supply he provides on his own account.
CGST Act 185

Illustration
Corporate services firm A is engaged to handle the legal work pertaining to the
incorporation of Company B. Other than its service fees, A also recovers from B,
registration fee and approval fee for the name of the company paid to the Registrar of
Companies. The fees charged by the Registrar of Companies for the registration and
approval of the name are compulsorily levied on B. A is merely acting as a pure agent in
the payment of those fees. Therefore, A’s recovery of such expenses is a disbursement
and not part of the value of supply made by A to B.
34. Rate of exchange of currency, other than Indian rupees, for determination of value
(1) [The rate of exchange for determination of value of taxable goods shall be the
applicable rate of exchange as notified by the Board under section 14 of the Customs
Act, 1962 for the date of time of supply of such goods in terms of section 12 of the Act.
(2) The rate of exchange for determination of value of taxable services shall be the
applicable rate of exchange determined as per the generally accepted accounting
principles for the date of time of supply of such services in terms of section 13 of the
Act.]
35. Value of supply inclusive of integrated tax, central tax, State tax, Union territory tax
Where the value of supply is inclusive of integrated tax or, as the case may be, central tax,
State tax, Union territory tax, the tax amount shall be determined in the following manner,
namely,-
Tax amount = (Value inclusive of taxes X tax rate in % of IGST or, as the case may be, CGST,
SGST or UTGST) ÷ (100+ sum of tax rates, as applicable, in %).
Explanation.- For the purposes of the provisions of this Chapter, the expressions-
(a) “open market value” of a supply of goods or services or both means the full value in
money, excluding the integrated tax, central tax, State tax, Union territory tax and the
cess payable by a person in a transaction, where the supplier and the recipient of the
supply are not related and the price is the sole consideration, to obtain such supply at
the same time when the supply being valued is made;
(b) “supply of goods or services or both of like kind and quality” means any other supply of
goods or services or both made under similar circumstances that, in respect of the
characteristics, quality, quantity, functional components, materials, and the reputation of
the goods or services or both first mentioned, is the same as, or closely or substantially
resembles, that supply of goods or services or both.

the date on which the provisions of Section 12 are effective;

2. Circular F. No. 354/107/2017-TRU dated 04.01.2018 clarifying the value of services for
payment of tax.
(CGST / SGST)
Section 2(1) Definition of Actionable Claim
Section 2(5) Definition of Agent
Section 2(17) Definition of Business
Section 2(73) Definition of Market value
Rule 27 Value of supply of goods or services where the consideration is not
wholly in money
Rule 28 Value of supply of goods or services or both between distinct or
related persons, other than through an agent
Rule 29 Value of supply of goods made or received through an agent
Rule 30 Value of supply of goods or services or both based on cost
Rule 31 Residual method for determination of value of supply of goods or
services or both
Rule 31A Value of supply in case of lottery, betting, gambling and horse
racing
Rule 32 Determination of value in respect of certain supplies
Rule 33 Value of supply of services in case of pure agent
Rule 34 Rate of exchange of currency, other than Indian rupees, for
determination of value
Rule 35 Value of supply inclusive of integrated tax, central tax, State tax,
Union territory tax
15.1. Introduction
Consideration is quid pro quo in a contract and price is the consideration expressed in money
terms. Value is the price prevalent when a transaction takes place under controlled conditions.
CGST Act 187

Valuation is the study of all those circumstances and assessment of steps to reverse or rectify
the effect of contractual or other arrangements that may suppress or understate the value of
the transaction.
15.2. Analysis
This section applies to both goods and services supplied for purposes of valuation of the
taxable supply.
Although contained in the CGST Act, the valuation method provided in this section applies to
UTGST, SGST, CGST and IGST. Valuation must be as provided exclusively in this section.
Transaction value should be taken for the purpose of valuation under GST. “Transaction
value” has been explained in the section as the price actually paid or payable for the supply of
goods and/or services or both where the supplier and the recipient of the supply are not
related and the price is the sole consideration for the supply. From this, it can be gathered that
there should be a clear nexus between the supply of goods or services and the amount
received by the supplier of goods or services. If no linkage can be established between the
price paid or payable and the supply of goods/services, the inclusion of the price within the
valuation may be called into question. For this, the contractual terms and obligations of the
supplier and the recipient should be examined to evaluate whether nexus between the supply
and the price paid/payable against it can be established. For instance, in a contract of job
work, value of material given by the manufacturer to the job worker will not be considered for
the purpose of GST. This is because the contract involved the supply of services by job
worker only against which the price is paid by the manufacturer. There is no supply of material
involved which can be attributable to the price paid/payable,
Price is consideration in money terms. Value, as stated earlier, is price that would be
prevalent under controlled conditions. These conditions being:
 Transaction having a price
 Between persons not related
 And that price being the sole consideration
In other words, the exercise of valuation is aimed to recreate the above conditions and take
any given transaction through to see the result – price – that would emerge.
As discussed above, for assuming price as the valuation mechanism, two important aspects
should be considered – supplier and recipient are not related and the fact that price is the sole
consideration.
Situations when the supplier and recipient will be considered as related have been
enumerated in Explanation to Section 15(5) of the CGST Act 2017. They are deemed to be
related persons if:
(i) such persons are officers or directors of one another’s businesses;
(ii) such persons are legally recognised partners in business;

(iii) such persons are employer and employee;

(iv) any person directly or indirectly owns, controls or holds twenty-five per cent. or more of
the outstanding voting stock or shares of both of them;
(v) one of them directly or indirectly controls the other;
(vi) both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person;
(vii) together they directly or indirectly control a third person; or
(viii) they are members of the same family;
Further, it has been stated that the word ‘person’ will also be including legal persons as per
the comprehensive definition given under Section 2(84) of the CGST Act 2017. Also, it has
been stated that the persons who are associated with business of one another as sole agent
or sole distributor or sole concessionaire will also be deemed to be related persons.
It is pertinent here that the term price is the sole consideration should be understood. If there
is any consideration in non-monetary form, only the price actually paid cannot be taken as the
basis of valuation. In this situation, price cannot be called as the sole consideration. In fact
any additional consideration received apart from the monetary consideration should also be
considered to arrive at the proper value. The fact that the consideration can be both monetary
and non-monetary can very well be inferred from the definition of consideration given as per
Section 2(31) of the CGST Act 2017. Further, the payment against the supply made either by
the recipient directly or by another person will both be covered within the ambit of
consideration and considered as part of the price for the purpose of valuation. This can be
elaborated by an example. Let’s say the supplier supplies goods worth ` 5,00,000 to the
recipient. Against this supply, ` 3,00,000 is paid by the recipient directly and balance `
2,00,000 is paid by the recipient’s debtor. Both the payments will be included in the price for
the purpose of valuation under GST.
For determination of the taxable value, classification between deposits and advances should
be interpreted diligently. Advances refers to payment as part of consideration of an agreement
before the supplier performs his obligation under the said agreement. It is not provided with an
intent of refunding unlike deposit. Advance is treated to be part of the consideration to the
contract and thereby includible within the taxable value. A deposit can be described as an
amount given to the supplier with an obligation entrusted upon the supplier to keep it safely.
The essence of the deposit is that there must be a liability to return it to the party by whom or
on whose behalf it is made upon fulfilment of certain conditions or to apply it as consideration
at a future date depending on the terms of the contract. Till the deposit is classifiable as such,
it does not form part of the taxable value. As and when this deposit is applied as consideration
under the contract against the supply made or agreed to be made, it forms part of the taxable
value. Retention money is a classic example of deposit. To elaborate, the recipient may
withhold a certain part of the consideration payable to a supplier and keeps a part of that
amount as deposit with himself. Only when the given obligations are discharged by the
supplier as per the terms of the contract, this retention money is released. This retention
CGST Act 189

money is not included in the value if returned as such to the supplier. However, if the supplier
fails to fulfil the given obligations as per the contract, the recipient may charge the said
retention money and apply it against the default. When applied, the said retention money
becomes chargeable to tax. It may be pertinent to point out here that the money retained will
not reduce the value of the original contract of supply. This means the principal supply will
continue to be valued at the full amount without any deduction for the retention money.
Another example that can be taken here is that of a rent agreement. Let us assume that a
tenant is required to pay a three months deposit to the landlord in an eleven months contract.
Upon default of the rent of any one month, the deposit is partly deducted as the rental for that
month. Only to the extent of such deduction towards the rent of that month, it will be
considered as part of the taxable value. Further, deposit is not chargeable to tax under normal
circumstances unless applied as consideration. So, there may be a tendency towards
classification of the taxable advance as deposit. However, any such classification should not
be made based on the nomenclature of the payment only. Based on the nature of business,
frequency, application and intent of such payments etc., it may be susceptible to challenge by
the Governmental authorities. The subtlety involved in classification of payments between
advance and deposit should be carefully analysed in terms of the contract and as per
customary practises to determine the correct nature of the payment.
In addition to the price, certain express checks to be carried out that can disqualify a price that
is otherwise perfectly admissible are provided:
 Taxes levied under any other law(s)- this clause provides for exclusion of GST from the
value and therefore all other taxes charged must be included in the value before
quantifying GST. Taxes other than GST will cause cascading and this is deliberate. For
instance, on import of goods IGST is charged not only on the value of goods but the
basic customs duty paid under the Customs law.
 Any amounts paid by recipient that are obligation of supplier to pay- this clause
removes any doubt about the need to include costs paid by the recipient to a third party
in the value of supply by the supplier. The prescription in this clause is to identify any
occasion where costs – in respect of which the supplier is the principal creditor / obligor
– are diverted away from the principal such that the recipient directly makes the
payment resulting in lowering the rightful value of supply. At the same time, this clause
does not authorize every payment where the
recipient is the principal creditor / obligor and “transaction value” which is the
require these also to be included in the value of price actually paid or payable for
supply. This point may be illustrated by an the said supply of goods and/or
example of – payment of commission to agent for services or both where the
facilitating the supply. If the payment is ‘buying supplier and the recipient of the
commission’ which is paid by the recipient, then supply are not related and the
the obligation to pay the agent is always of the price is the sole consideration for
recipient and does not require to be included in the the supply.
value of supply. But if the payment is ‘selling

commission’ which happens to be paid by the recipient, then the obligation to pay the
agent being that of the supplier is required to be included in the value of supply. In this
case (of selling commission), the underlying obligation is that of the supplier because it
is the supplier who engages the agent to identify customers to make a supply. And if,
somehow, the supplier manages to pass this obligation to pay the agent (the amount
towards selling commission) to the recipient, then the price paid to supplier is not the
true value of supply. Had the recipient refused to pay this selling commission to the
agent, then the supplier would have paid the agent and made a corresponding increase
in the price of the supply. It is this objective that is being achieved by this clause.
Another example can be of a free on road contract wherein the payment of
transportation charges is directly made by the recipient and the value to be paid to the
supplier by the recipient is reduced to that extent. In this case, the transportation
charges which was reduced from the price payable will be added back to the taxable
value. There are several other examples that can be considered, please also refer to
the discussion on value of supply for further illustration on this point.
 Incidental expenses charged by the supplier- this clause addresses a completely
different aspect compared to the previous clause. Here, costs that the supplier incurs
‘at’ or ‘before’ supply is liable to be included in the value of supply. For example, cost of
packing and transportation has been debated under the VAT laws whether they are
incurred before or after the ‘transfer of property’. In GST, the point when title passes is
irrelevant. To address the issues that had been so vigorously debated under VAT laws,
this clause lays down that any cost that the supplier incurs including commission and
packing which is charged to the recipient will be included in the value of supply. With
this clause there is no opportunity to claim that certain charges recovered by the
supplier ‘after supply’ are not to be included in the value of supply. Also incidental
expenses like home delivery charges are includible in the value of supply when food is
delivered by a restaurant to a customer’s home. Another example can be the extra bed
charges included by a hotel in the value in case of accommodation services provided by
a hotel to a customer. Yet another example can be installation of new modular furniture
at office wherein the installation expenses are recovered separately by the supplier.
Special packing charges by a gift shop while selling a show piece can also be a
pertinent illustration here. If it is a charge recovered from the recipient, then the same is
includible in the value of supply provided it is not incurred ‘after’ the completion of
supply. An example of cost incurred after date of supply yet not liable to be included in
the value of supply could be amount of input tax credit, considered as eligible in pricing
of supply, but denied to the supplier by (say) section 16(4). And an example of a cost
incurred by the supplier after the date of supply but still includible could be cost of in-
warranty parts (actual or scientifically estimated provision) supplied after the date of
supply.
 Interest, late fee or penalty for delayed payment- this would also have been a charge
recovered by the supplier ‘after’ the supply that would not be includible in the value of
supply but due to the express words of this clause will be included. Please refer
CGST Act 191

detailed discussion regarding this clause under time of supply as ‘special charges’
under section 12(6) / 13(6) where characterization of these charges as well as their rate
of tax (supply-dependent or independent) are addressed. For example, Mr. X enters into
a contract for supply of goods worth ` 2,00,000 on 15th March 2018. As per the said
contract, a payment of the said amount was required to be made within 2 months of the
sale. If the complete payment is not made within this time period, a late penalty of `
10,000 will be chargeable. Let us assume that the payment is not made within the said
period. In this situation, ` 10,000 will be includible in the taxable value.
 Subsidy realized by supplier on the supply- this clause expressly provides for the limited
exclusion of subsidy from value of supply, that is, subsidy given by the Government
alone is excluded from value of supply. This clause makes an interesting requirement
that any transaction where there is any form of price-intervention that behaves like a
‘subsidy’ is liable to be included in the value of supply. In today’s economy, there are
many transactions that ‘behave like subsidy’. For example, contribution of consideration
by third party to contract, incentive to supplier given by brand holder linked to each
supply, etc. Please note, extended credit terms to one customer and upfront payment
terms to another customer cannot be interfered with by relying on this clause. There
appears to be no room to include ‘notional additions’ by this clause because unlike
Central Excise which relies upon ‘assessable value’ for quantifying the duty, GST relies
upon ‘transaction value’ for quantification. Also, please note ‘no cost EMI’ and ‘cash
back’ are a form of price-intervention by third party but not included in this clause
because these forms of price-intervention is reaching the recipient of supply and not the
supplier. The condition for inclusion is also that the subsidy should be directly linked to
the price. If the subsidy is provided in a manner which cannot be directly linked to the
price of the product in question, then that amount cannot be included for the
determination of taxable value. For instance, subsidy against a capital asset does not
affect the value of the product directly and hence not includible in the price. However,
all subsidies directly linked to price will be added if the said subsidy is not provided by
the Government. For example, a cafeteria in X Ltd (a corporate office) provides lunch at
` 120 per plate to the employees of the company. However, the vendor in the cafeteria
receives an amount of ` 70 per plate in the form of subsidy from X Ltd for providing the
food at a lower rate. Here, value of ` 70 will be added to the taxable value of ` 120 for
the purpose of charging GST. Had this subsidy been provided by the Government to the
company against mid day meals, such amount of ` 70 would not have been includible in
the taxable value.
Discount is another area that needs special mention. The emphasis to tax treatment of
discounts is visible in the repeated mention of discounts in section 15(3) where the value of
supply will not include discount, provided:
 It is allowed before supply.

 It is allowed after supply, provided that it is established in agreement linked to specific

supplies and corresponding credit is reversed by recipient.
It would be helpful to discuss the various kinds of discounts and the GST act implication of
each, namely:
 ‘In-bill’ discounts – are those that are allowed exactly at the point of supply so as to
reduce the published product price as a result of negotiations. Generally, ‘in-bill’
discounts are admissible as the reduction in arriving at the transaction value. However,
abnormal discounts cost a shadow of doubt as regards price being the ‘sole
consideration’. To reiterate some of the points mentioned earlier, firstly, no one gives
anything in exchange for nothing, secondly, one cannot give more than what they would
get, thirdly, sale under distress circumstances does not mean sale is under duress and
lastly, discount must always be related to the present supply and no others. When
discount on an invoice is abnormal, inquiry is necessary regarding the circumstances
for such an abnormal discount. Abnormality of discount refers to discount greater than
available margins. A supplier may be willing to give away all of his margin perhaps to
clear away stocks and make room for new inventory. But, when the discount exceeds
the margins and there are no distress circumstances, it appears highly suspect that the
supplier is receiving something in non-monetary form from the customer. Although it
seems strange that the ‘in-bill’ discount needs to be dissected and evaluated to such an
extent but the need for that arises by the remarkable words used in the definition of
consideration in section 2(31), particularly clause (b). On a quick perusal, it will now
become palatable that the dissection and evaluation discussed about is very much
warranted. It is so because hardly anything can escape this sweeping language ‘in
relation to, in response to or for the inducement of’. The supplier may be induced to
offer more than his margins to conclude a supply and choose to designate it as
‘discount’. The direction of the flow of supply is in the opposite direction of the flow of
consideration, more on this a little later.
 ‘Off-bill’ discounts – are those that are allowed after supply through a credit note. Credit
notes in the context of GST have been discussed in detail under section 34 which may
be referred to identify whether in all cases of ‘off-bill’ discount, is credit note allowed to
be issued. For such ‘off-bill’ discounts to qualify as the reduction from the transaction
value adherence to the conditions specified in section 15(3) are sufficient. These
conditions are very explicit and simple in their application. This simplicity is not to be
equated with ease because these conditions specified are such that can cause great
unease and result in many transactions where ‘off-bill’ discounts fail to satisfy these
conditions. But when the conditions are satisfied, ‘off bill’ discounts can be reduced
from the transaction value.
 Cash discounts – are those that are allowed to incentivize the customer for prompt
payment. Merely because the policy of allowing cash discount is in existence before
supply does not always make cash discounts eligible under section 15(3). In other
CGST Act 193

words, the price at which a transaction of supply was negotiated and concluded is what
is liable to GST and not the contingency linked to payment of the dues in respect of
such supply. GST is not a tax on recovery of dues to word supplies but a tax on supply
itself. Cash discounts therefore, are unlikely to satisfy the requirements of section 15(3)
in most cases. As remarkable as this implication appears to be, cash discounts, when
looked at very dispassionately, are more akin to bad debts than a proper reduction in
the value of supply. Any resistance to accept this view needs to be supported with
nothing less than the high standards laid down in section 15(3). Bad debts is not always
failure to recover the value of supply. Bad debts can also be abstinence from enforcing
recovery of the full value of supply. Bad debts is not the state of helplessness but the
decision of prudence in the interest of continued relationship with customers, cost of
pursuing recovery measures and the quantum of dues lying unrecovered. It is not
suggested that all cases of cash discounts are not available to be reduced from the
transaction value. But the circumstances under which cash discounts have been
allowed requires inquiry into the circumstances leading to this cash discount.
 Quantity discounts – are those that are aimed at reducing the price of each supply on
the condition that a certain quantity of stocks need to be exhausted within a specified
duration of time. Here again, inquiry is required into the terms and conditions applicable
to this quantity discount. Where the stock supplied by a manufacturer to a dealer are at
a specified ‘dealer price’, which is applied in respect of supplies to all dealers along with
additional discount linked to conditions – quantity and time – that is contingent at the
time of supply by the manufacturer, this would be an eligible discount under section
15(3). But discounts allowed in an invoice in respect of supplies made earlier are not
discounts because transaction value can be reduced by discount allowed in respect of
the present supply and not in respect of any other supplies. This is because one of the
conditions for allowance of the reduction in value is that the discount should be
specifically linked to the original invoices against which the discount is to be given.
Since, quantity discount is linked to time and volume and not against any specific
invoice, the establishment of linking to the original invoices may be questionable.
 Special discounts – are those that are allowed by a supplier to incentivize aggressive
marketing of inward supplies on special occasions or in special market conditions. In
most cases, such incentives designated as special discounts are really
acknowledgment of services of aggressive marketing and product promotion. The
direction of flow of consideration is an indicator of the direction of receipt of supplies. In
other words, the incentives flow from the manufacturer to the dealer, that are not related
to the present supplies. In fact, it indicates an acknowledgment by the manufacturers of
the services received from the dealer. The services so identified are from the dealer
back to the manufacturers and this is a supply on its own. In fact the rate of tax of the
services supplied by the dealer to the manufacturer needs to be classified
independently of the classification applicable to the supplies by the manufacturer to the
dealer. Although it is true that between a manufacturer and a dealer all transactions are

closely related by the common thread of the dealership agreement, GST travels deeper
into this relationship and picks out individual transactions of supply to apply the right
rate of tax on each of them. Special discounts by their very nature appeared to be
outside the scope of section 15(3).
 Discounts ‘in-kind’ – are those that are allowed in the form of holiday packages, gold
coin, motor vehicle and other objects of high perceived incentive value. To begin with,
these articles are rarely stocks in which the parties are dealing with. Further, these
articles are incentives to the proprietor, director, marketing executive and other
individuals and not the recipient of supplies in the normal course. Accordingly discounts
in kind are not discounts satisfying the requirements of section 15(3). When a
manufacturer pays money to a travel agency for a holiday package and issues the same
to the individual-dealer identified, it is important to examine whether the payment by the
manufacturer to the travel agent is a payment to discharge the obligation of the dealer
(eligible for this incentive) or is it a direct inward supply from the travel agent to the
manufacturer. If the travel agent issues the invoice in the name of the manufacturer, it is
an inward supply by the manufacturer. Where the said travel package is issued to the
dealer, it is an outward supply under the paragraph 4(a), schedule II and accordingly
liable to tax (at the respective rate of tax the along with restrictions on input tax credit, if
any). If however, the invoice is issued by the travel agency in the name of the dealer but
the payment alone moves from the manufacturer to the travel agency then, there is a
supply of some services received by the manufacturer which is being paid by settling
the bills of the travel agency. It is sufficient for the present if the issues involved in
special discounts are appreciated. Reference may be had to a detailed discussion on
supply to come back and identify existence of such invisible supplies lying embedded in
seemingly ordinary transactions that are called discounts.
 Free stocks – are those that are similar to discounts ‘in-kind’ except that the articles
given away are the items of inventory date with by the parties. In such a case, the
stocks given away are taxable outward supply in exchange of non-monetary
consideration flowing from the manufacturers to the dealer entitled to such free stocks.
When the manufacturers gives away stocks for free to a dealer, it is clear that this is not
the case of charity by the manufacturer towards the dealer but a prudent business
decision by the manufacturer to allow the dealer to realize the following proceeds from
sale of such free stocks and retain them as his incentive without having to make any
payment to the manufacturer towards the cost of such free stocks. It is important to note
that cost of such free stocks in the hands of the manufacturer would be far lower than
the value of the incentive realized and retained by the dealer which is the selling price
of these stocks. Here is a case where a manufacturer incurs a small cost and delivers a
far greater perceived value to the dealer. A further implication of giving away free
stocks is that, in the hands of the manufacturer it is a taxable outward supply without
the benefit of input tax credit to the dealer as no payment is made in respect of the
supply. Having paid tax once on the outward supply by the manufacturer, there is a
CGST Act 195

further taxable outward supply in the hands of the dealer when the free stocks are sold
to customers. The tax inefficiency in transactions of issue of free stocks is evidently
clear so that appropriate decisions may be made to revisit this entire policy.
 ‘Buy one-take two’ – are transactions where two units of stocks are supplied against
payment of the price designated against only one of them. Under the method of
transaction value-based assessment of tax under the GST law, each unit of stock is
liable to determination of transaction value on its own merit. ‘buy one-take two’ is not
the case where the two units of stocks are bundled together with a single price
assigned to them but are individually priced with no differentiation in the quality of each
of the units except that the present offer allows the customer to pay the published price
of one and collect two units of the stock. The stock collected without making any
payment could very well have been the one that was paid for and purchased or vice
versa. It merits to mention here that multiple units of a product may be bundled together
with a single price published for them such as 4-bars of soap or pack-of-5 socks.
Therefore, unless bundled together with preselected units of stock and a single price
affixed, all other transactions of ‘buy one-take two’ are individually taxable – the paid
unit at the price paid and the free unit at the price determined by the valuation rules.
 nominal value supplies – is another form of discount or incentive where items of
inventory are admitted to be a taxable outward supply but a nominal value is charged
for such supply. Relying on the second proviso to rule 28, there appears to be a lot of
confidence in continuing such nominal value supplies as a form of discount or incentive.
The discussion under rule 28 may be referred to the implications of charging nominal
value but for the present, it helps to recollect the discussions about regarding the
requirement for every transaction to pass the test of ‘sole consideration’. Charging a
nominal value is an admission that the price is not the sole consideration and when
price is not the sole consideration the transaction is dispatched into rule 27 for
determination of the appropriate transaction value. As such, nominal value supplies are
admittedly liable to tax but not at the nominal value. The value determinable as per
Rule 27 should be taken for calculation of the liability of tax.
 Liquidated damages – Most of the contracts requires the performance by the suppliers
within a given time limit. A delay beyond this time period may result in a loss being
incurred to the recipient. To mitigate such losses and to ensure the performance of the
contract within the time limit, liquidated damages may be collected. For instance, in a
construction contract, the contractor undertakes to perform his service within 3 years
and the delay beyond such period will result in deduction of the liquidated damages to
the tune of 1% per month by the recipient. In such cases, it may prima facie seem that
against the principal supply of construction services, a lower than agreed upon
consideration is being received due to the delay in performance and such lower value
should be offered for taxation. However, upon analysing the definition of supply under
the GST law, it will result in a conclusion that there are actually two supplies which are
taking place here. First is the principal supply of the construction service by the

contractor for which the value was fixed as per the contract terms. Second supply is
that which is provided by the recipient of the principal supply to the contractor in form of
agreeing to the obligation to tolerate an act in terms of 5(e) of Schedule II against
consideration in the form of deduction from total value of consideration. So, essentially
there are two forms of supply for which the consideration are partially set off against
each other through book entry usually and the balance monetary consideration only
exchanges hands. This only provides one of the common models for settlement of
liquidated damages. However, to determine the correct treatment of such charges, a
threadbare analysis of the contractual rights and obligations along with the intent
behind such contracts becomes an issue of utmost importance.
If and only if the transaction value cannot be determined as above, reference to CGST Rules
related to valuation is permitted. Hence, recourse to the Valuation Rules is permitted only in
the following circumstances:
 Supplies not covered by section 7(1)(a); (b) “supply of goods or services or
 Supplies covered by section 7(1)(a) but between both of like kind and quality” means
related persons; any other supply of goods or
services or both made under
 Supplies covered by section 7(1)(a) and not similar circumstances that, in
adjusted for aspects provided by sub-section 2. respect of the characteristics,
Government is free to notify tariff values in specific quality, quantity, functional
cases to determine the tax payable in such cases. This components, materials, and
would prevail over the valuation provided for in sub- reputation of the goods or services
section 1. Valuation Rules are prescribed under or both first mentioned, is the same
Chapter IV of the Central Goods & Services Tax Rules, as, or closely or substantially
resembles, that supply of goods or
2017 from Rule 27 to Rule 35.
services or both.
(a) Consideration not wholly in money - Rule 27
This rule comes into effect when the condition that price is the sole consideration gets
violated. It is important to consider the difference between ‘free’ and ‘no consideration’. It is
probably common to consider that these two are synonymous. At the outset, there can be no
contract without consideration. Experts in Contract Law will see the gross illegality if one were
to say that there is a contract that has no consideration in it. If the contract is valid, then there
must exist a consideration though in non-monetary terms which is erroneously stated to be a
contract having ‘no consideration’. It is impermissible that a contract exists but lacks
consideration. It is just impossible. If price is not the sole consideration, there should be
consideration in some other form as per the contract. Normally, upon analysing the terms of
the contract, consideration in all forms can be found out. Now, if there is a contract with non-
monetary consideration, Rule 27 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Rules comes into
operation. Although this rule states that it applies when ‘consideration is not wholly in money’,
it applies even when the consideration is partly in money or wholly in non-monetary form. This
rule provides that the value of supply “shall be” and not be “based on” or “guided by”, so that
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mandatory nature of the prescription of this rule can be appreciated. Further, this rule comes
into operation not only when the consideration paid is partly in money and partly in non-
monetary form but also when the whole of the consideration is found to be in non-monetary
form. Some of the transactions discussed earlier and found to be taxable supplies such as
discounts, will rely on this rule to arrive at their value.
The following transactions of supply under section 7 straightaway arrive at this rule for the
determination of the transaction value as they failed to qualify for application of section 15(1),
namely:
 barter and exchange transactions
 transactions listed in schedule I
 transactions it listed in schedule II but without consideration
The order of application of the methods prescribed under this rule cannot be deviated from
merely because a later in the third is a more acceptable answer or is more easy to apply. The
value of supply shall therefore be:
(i) Open market value (OMV)– which is the ‘full value in money payable by an unrelated
person as its sole consideration at the same time as the supply under inquiry. OMV is a
new phrase but not too far from its scope and covered from its explanation. Transaction
value is price of the supply under inquiry and open market value is the price of the
same supply but without the circumstances that impairs the use of transaction value for
quantification of tax. OMV is not comparable price to unrelated customer. The definition
of OMV does not allow comparison of supplies in comparable circumstances. It only
requires supply ‘at the same time’. So, OMV is not price in another ‘comparable’ supply
at a close proximity in time. This provision does not provide the manner of adjustments
to be made to overcome the effect of those disqualifying circumstances present but
simply states that OMV ‘shall be’ the value of the supply. As such, this clause is not of
much avail in addressing the deficiency which was the reason for arriving at the Rules
as no resolution was possible in the section itself.
For example, in an offer of buy 1 get 1 free of shirts by a shop, the value charged is `
2,000. In this situation, the free shirt will be subject to valuation under Rule 27. As the
value of the chargeable shirt is available as ` 2,000, the open market value can be said
to be taken as the valuation mechanism here. In that case, the free stock item may be
subject to the same value as that of the chargeable stock item. So, the value for the
purpose of charging GST will be considered as ` 4,000.
(ii) Sum total of monetary consideration and ‘money-equivalent’ to consideration not in
money – here two aspects are involved – one, to establish that OMV is not available (a
task that will be discussed shortly) and two, to arrive at the money value of the non-
monetary consideration. Having identified that OMV is not very specific to be able to
clearly be determined, it becomes more acute to establish that OMV is not available
before proceeding to clause (ii). Onus lies on the one who asserts – the taxable person

would have admitted that the circumstances of section 15(1) are not fulfilled and
warrants recourse to the Rules but having arrived at the rules, the onus remains with
the taxable person to establish that OMV is not available. OMV is not comparable
alternate price. Supplies to unrelated persons are always taking place although in
different ‘commercial circumstances’ which is not provided in the definition of OMV. As
such, overcoming the first aspect – OMV not available – is a challenge which tax
administration can be stubborn about. Then, arriving at money value of non-monetary
consideration is not guided by requirement to use standards of Cost Accounting, etc.
Rule of reasonableness is the only guide for arriving at the value which can be shot
down by tactic of arbitrariness of the tax administration. Suitable guidance is much
needed in this entire exercise.
For instance, an old antique art of work is sold against which consideration is partly in
the form of money of ` 20,000 and partly in the form of a new furniture whose value
known at the time of supply is ` 35,000. Then the value for the purpose of GST will be
the monetary consideration combined with the equivalent money value of the new
furniture i.e. ` 55,000.
(iii) Value of supply of ‘like kind and quality’ – here again two aspects are involved – one, to
establish that clause (a) and (b) are not determinable and two, to identify ‘likeness’ of
kind and quality. This is a salutary method where there is much experience in Customs
Valuation in successfully arriving at the comparable value. Subjectivity must be
overcome which is possible by applying data that is reliably substantiated rather than
arbitrary factors. The definition provides guidance on the manner of finding this
‘likeness’ for identifying whether the comparable are really comparable without being
subject to any arbitrariness in tax compliance or tax administration.
As per the explanation of the term ‘supply of goods or services or both of like kind and
quality’, the supply through which the comparison is taking place should be under
similar circumstances in respect of the characteristics, quality, quantity, functional
components, materials and reputation of goods or services or both and should be same
or closely/substantially resemble the subject supply. So, all the factors should be taken
into account and the supply which is closest in terms of these factors should only be
taken for the purpose of valuation. The factor may not be exactly replicated in the
supply being valued but should be substantially resembling the supply being used for
comparison. This rule should not be applied if the circumstances are vastly different
between the supply being valued and the one being used for comparison. For instance,
the value of a product in New Delhi and that in Sikkim may be vastly different due to
non similar circumstances. Further, it may be very difficult to compare the reputation
and quality in respect of services as it involves subjectivity and arbitrariness. The nature
of the services will depend on the facts and circumstances of each case.
Taking an example where this mechanism can be applied, a customised air conditioning
unit whose open market value is not available is installed at an office wherein the
CGST Act 199

consideration is paid in the form of money of ` 40,000 and an old air conditioning unit
whose price is not available at the time of supply. A similar air conditioning unit in terms
of characteristics, quality, quantity, functional components, materials and reputation etc.
has been installed by the company at another client’s premises for ` 60,000. Since, the
value of goods of like kind and quality is available, the value of ` 60,000 will be taken
under Rule 27.
(iv) Sum total of monetary consideration and value determined by rule 30 or rule 31 in
respect of consideration not in money – similar to the previous clause, the first of the
two aspects – value is not determinable as above – is the one that presents the greatest
difficulty. Expect that it is crude to import values from rule 30 or 31, the rest of this
clause is simple in its application. Please note that rule 30 must be applied first and
then rule 31, more on that in the discussion of those rules. Some illustrations are
provided in rule 27 that may be referred for understanding its application.
Now, going back to the discussion on– valid contract having non-monetary consideration –– it
is important to understand some of the common instances when the supply is claimed to be of
this nature, namely:
 Warranty supply of parts to end customer through a dealership – the parts are supplied
‘free’ to the end customer. At first, it is important to determine whether the parts
replaced are actually covered by warranty in the supply contract or whether there is any
replacement request entertained for out-of-warranty equipment for brand building
exercise. Then, the warranty obligation lies only with the original equipment
manufacturer (OEM) but the actual replacement is carried out at the dealership. When a
warranty claim is made with the dealership by the end customer, the dealer seeks
approval from OEM. Only after ‘in-warranty approval’ is received from OEM does the
dealer replace the part. Now, the warranty replacement between OEM to end customer
is not liable to GST not because it is free but because the price for the replacement is
built into the price of the equipment originally supplied and therefore tax has already
been paid by OEM. However, the dealer who replaces the part does not carry any role
in the warranty fulfilment. In fact, the dealer ‘delivers’ the part to customer but ‘supplies’
it to OEM. Hence, there is another supply embedded here between dealer to OEM
because dealer uses a tax-paid part from his inventory to replace it for the end
customer. Alternatively, the OEM issues credit note to dealer for the part used in the
warranty replacement. Reference may be had to Mohd. Ekram Khan’s decision of SC in
144 STC 542. As such, warranty involves two supplies and neither of which are free
from tax. One is tax pre-paid and another is currently taxed though not involving end
customer.
 Physician’s sample of drugs provided through sales representatives – these drugs are
distributed by the physician during clinical consultation with patients. As such, the fee
paid by patient to physician is one supply (whether taxable or exempt in GST) but the
supply by pharmaceutical company to physician is another supply. To hold that cost of

such free samples is included in the price of other units sold and therefore there is no
requirement to again impose GST based on OMV on the samples, would go against the
valuation methodology adopted in GST. In other words, GST law does not follow
valuation based on ‘assessable value’ but follows valuation based on ‘transaction
value’. If the cost or the value of the goods sold were to be the basis of computation of
tax payable then the argument of inclusion of cost of samples may have been tenable.
But that is not the case in GST and each supply must stand on its own merit to be
subjected to tax – if a price exists then tax would be computed on that price and if the
price does not exist then tax would be computed on its OMV. If it is established that
there is a non-monetary consideration flowing to the supplier then, samples will be
liable to GST as determined by rule 27. This would be true not only of drugs but
samples of any kind that are permanently given away. As regards physician’s samples,
there is raging debate that Courts are currently engaged in addressing due to the far
reaching implications and no final outcome has yet been reached in this regard. This
principle may be challenged if the facts considered to exist in the course of the about
discussion were not to be in alignment in the facts of any other case so as to possibly
receive a very different treatment in its valuation.
 Defaced samples of garments given to supplier by brand-holder – in comparison with
physician’s samples, defaced samples are those which are ‘unfit for resale or end-use.
Such kinds of samples are given in B2B transactions for helping suppliers to study the
expected final product to prepare quotation for further orders. As these samples have
been deliberately defaced and rendered unsuited for resale or end-use, there can be no
argument that consideration flows from recipient of defaced samples back to brand-
holder. Taking recourse to section 17(5)(h) does not satisfy the requirements of section
15 in the case of ‘saleable’ samples given away for non-monetary consideration.
Reference may be had to the previous discussion on the concept of non-monetary
consideration existing in a commercial transaction. Non-Availment of credit by a
mistaken application of section 17(5)(h) will result in credit being given up along with
the liability under section 15 continuing to exist where the samples given away are
‘saleable’ though not sold. Reference may be had to the detailed discussion on the
circumstances requiring credit reversal in case of ‘disposal’ of samples that are ‘unfit for
sale’.
 Stocks issued to discharge CSR obligations – without repeating the concept of non-
monetary consideration, it is sufficient to mention that consideration is recognized in
India even if it flows from a third-party to a contract. Stocks issued without any flow of
consideration from a recognized and qualifying charitable institution would continue to
be a supply ‘for consideration’ albeit in non-monetary form where the obligation under
Companies Act stands satisfied/fulfilled. This in itself is the consideration for the supply
and GST becomes payable based on the OMV. Continuing further, stocks issued in
excess of the CSR obligation limit would also be a taxable supply. A legal entity is
incapable of feeling the emotion necessary to make voluntary contributions towards
CGST Act 201

needy causes. What in fact takes place is that the management of the legal entity will
feel the necessary emotion, draw the stocks from inventory and then issue it for such
voluntary/charitable purposes. As such, the drawal of stocks from inventory by the
management itself is a supply under paragraph 4(a), Schedule II and its subsequent
issuance by the management does not alter the tax incidence. In fact, such charitable
contributions by legal entity is disallowed as normal business expenditure for Income-
tax purposes and enjoys deduction under a different provision of tax laws, that is,
Chapter VI-A.
 Impairment of assets accounted in books – as per AS 28 (Ind AS 36) where impairment
provision is to be made or reversed every time the assessment is done, the implication
in GST needs to be kept in mind as to whether there is a supply and whether there is
any corresponding impact of credit denial under section 17(5)(h) in respect of these
assets. The usage of the words ‘written off’ can trigger extreme consequences and
therefore caution must be exercised in the accounting treatment, disclosure of such
treatment and implications of such treatment or disclosure under GST on a case to case
basis. Generally, GST should not be applicable on ‘write down’ in the value of an asset
that is neither permanent nor irreversible but the nature of the accounting treatment
extended to the inquiry undertaken in relation to impairment may yield a different result
if it is regarded to be a ‘write-off’. No definitive view is being expressed here on the GST
liability of impairment.
 Leased car provided by employer disclosed in Form 12BA as perquisite – the reporting
of perquisites admits a personal element involved in the enjoyment of the company car
and the supply that is excluded in Schedule III is the service ‘by’ employee ‘to’
employer. But the present case is of supply of leased car ‘by’ employer ‘to’ employee
which is not covered by Schedule III. By this admission in Form 12BA, GST becomes
applicable but the valuation will not be as adopted in Rule 3 of Income-tax Rules but by
GST Valuation Rules. It is important to examine the purpose of leasing a car by the
employer and the purpose of permitting the employee to use the car. If it is for the
advancement of the ends of the employer then it would not be a supply but if the ends
of the employee are advanced, the conclusion would be very different. If the leased car
provided to the employee is as per the terms of the employment agreement, then such
charges of leased car becomes a part of cost to company in respect of that employee.
In that case, a reasonable argument may emerge that the leased car is a consideration
against the supply of services by the employee to employer which is excluded from the
ambit of supply as per Schedule III. However, care should be taken to examine all
attendant facts, contracted obligations, established practices and other information that
indicate the primary purpose of such leasing arrangements.
 Free-issue-material provided by client to contractor – is admittedly not a supply in itself,
but the question that arises is whether there is any consideration flowing from the client
to the contractor vis-à-vis the free-issue-material (FIM). Care should be taken in drafting
the contract whether the work was awarded for a full rate and then deductions are made

towards FIM by reducing the running-account-bill of the contractor or whether the

contract itself was awarded for the reduced rate. Reference may be had to NM Goel’s
decision 1989 AIR 285 (SC) in relation to sales tax and Bhayana Builders decision
(2018) 51 GSTR 133 (SC) in the context of service tax. The development of collective
thought of experts with regard to taxability of FIM depends on whether there is any
consideration flowing from the contractor to the client for having issued the said
material or the material so issued is the object upon which the contractor is to carry out
his supplies and fulfil his contracted obligations. If the contractor were merely required
to account for the entire quantity of FIM received by him with complete liberty to apply
the FIM for the client’s project or on any other project, without any restrictions or
embargo only then would it be a case of supply of the FIM itself. For the issuance of
FIM to be regarded as a ‘transfer’, it must be absolute and unhindered to constitute a
supply in and of itself. Reference may be had to the characteristics of each of the 8
forms of supply under section 7(1)(a) and examine if issuance of FIM comes within the
grasp of any of the said forms of supply. Fabric given by a customer to a tailor is not a
case of supply of fabric by the customer to the tailor and a supply back by the tailor of
the finished garment. An air conditioner given by a customer to an electrician called
upon for its installation, is not a case of supply of the air conditioner itself to the
electrician. If the air conditioner were not given by the customer there would be nothing
for the electrician to install. The electrician is not at liberty to install the air conditioner in
any other premises but the premises of the customer. However, in the construction of a
plant wherein the contractor was liable to supply the entire materials, if steel is supplied
by the recipient which results in a reduction of the price of the contract, then such giving
of steel will definitely be a supply by customer to contractor within GST. Further such
supply of the works contract service by the contractor should include the value of steel
within it. As such, experience and understanding of the fiction in the valuation
provisions under the earlier laws – where composition rate of tax was applicable or
abatement valuation method was follows – must not be allowed to percolate into GST. It
goes without saying that legal fiction in any law does not travel beyond the purpose for
which that fiction was coined. The law of GST entertains no such fiction when it comes
to valuation of each taxable supply.
These illustrations do not cover all possible scenarios but lay down some pointers that need to
be considered while determining the valuation and GST impact of various transactions.
(b) Supply between related persons (Rule 28)
A supply between related persons or between distinct persons (with same PAN) is prima facie
not fulfilling the requirements of section 15 to admit the transaction value for quantification of
GST. In such cases, the value of supply will be:
(i) Open market value – please refer to previous discussion;
For example, a trader in computers gifts one of the laptops worth ` 50,000 to his
relative during Diwali. Since the open market value of this is available, it needs to be
taken for the purpose of charging GST.
CGST Act 203

(ii) Value of supply of ‘like kind and quality’ – please refer to previous discussion;
For example, a Holding company provides a capital equipment whose open market
value is not available to its subsidiary company which is not registered under GST. A
similar capital equipment in terms of characteristics, quality, reputation etc. is available
in the market at ` 10,00,000. This value of ` 10,00,000 will be adopted for the purpose
of valuation.
(iii) Value determined by rule 30 or rule 31 – please refer to subsequent discussion.
The proviso to this rule is of significance where it is the recipient, who are entitled to full
credit, the value declared in the invoice is deemed to be OMV. In other words, in a case
of supply eligible by this rule – related parties or distinct persons – the supplier is
entitled to unquestioned admittance of ‘any price’ that may be charged. This provision
appears to accommodate internal preferences of the parties where the tax paid is
revenue neutral. However, caution is advised in taking recourse of this proviso and
charging a price lower than cost.
In the case of inter-branch supply of services, valuation of these supplies will involve
additional tax due to costs such as salary, amortization, etc. which do not involve any input tax
credit. For example, if a Head Office incurs certain entity-level expenses that are common to
all registered taxable persons in other States, it is not permissible for the HO to retain the
whole of these common credits due to the limitation in the language of section 16(1) – used by
him in his business – although a portion of this credit may still be available. Previously, such
HOs were registered as ISD under service tax but this may not be the case in GST. Please
refer to discussion in section 20 for some analysis of these issues. Now, surely the HO is not
‘merely an office receiving invoice for services’ but is actually the ‘seat of management and
control’ performing very significant services that are supplied to all branches. HOs ought not to
continue as ISD but recognize the nature of the supply of services to all branches. And on this
basis, apply these Rules for quantifying tax to be discharged. The proviso in this rule does not
authorize payment of tax on cost because the value to be determined under this rule is OMV
or else like-kind-and-quality or else rule 30 / 31 value. Hence, HO may be required to invoice
for its services appropriately and not distribute credit as ISD. Valuation at nominal amount,
appears to be permissible by second proviso to this rule. The eagerness to value stock
transfers at nominal value misleads one to rely on the condition – recipient eligible for full
input tax credit – appears to play culprit. It must be recalled that a transaction of stock
transfers from one branch to another being defined to be a taxable supply under section
7(1)(c) read with schedule I deserves to be subjected to the rightful amount of tax based on
the rightful value of this supply. This rule cannot undo what was set out to be a achieved by
the section. In order to read this second proviso harmoniously with the definition of supply, it
appears to be appropriate to construe ‘the value declared in the invoice’ under the second
proviso to be nothing short of the OMV of the stocks transferred between the branches inter
se. This OMV could very well be the cost incurred by the supplier branch. But if the urge to
apply nominal value to such supplies continues, by the words ‘value declared in the invoice’,

the one declaring the value on the invoice cannot do so by affixing a nominal value which
would be completely in disharmony between the rule and the section. A quick reference to rule
32 makes it clear that section 15 provides the boundaries within which every exercise of
valuation must operate.
For example, an entity has four branches in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Bangalore. There is a
head office of that entity in Hyderabad. The HO in Hyderabad recruits certain key
management personnel for its branches. Here, it will be considered as if the manpower
recruitment services are provided by the HO to its branches. For the valuation purposes, one
needs to go through the hierarchy provided in Rule 28. As mentioned above, a nominal value
for the purpose of billing should not be taken. There should be a reasonably justifiable method
of valuation as explained above.
(c) Supply through agent (Rule 29)
Every supply involving an agent is not a taxable supply. As discussed in Chapter III, supply by
Principal and Agent inter se, all though merely a channel to supply to the end customer, is
treated as a supply in Schedule I where the goods are handled by the Agent or principal.
Please note that this rule is applicable only in case of ‘supply of goods’ and not ‘supply of
services’ or ‘supply involving goods treated as supply of services’. When this rule is
applicable, the value of supply will be:
(i) open market value or ‘at the option’ of supplier 90% of the price charged for goods of
‘like kind and quality’ by the Agent– this rule provides for an ad hoc reduction of 10%
from the price otherwise charged to accommodate the incentive or margin left for the
Agent in pricing. Where margins are lower than 10%, this rule can cause great anguish.
But, discarding the use of this clause is not permitted freely.
(ii) value determined by rule 30 or rule 31 – please refer to subsequent discussion.
Transactions treated as supply by Schedule I of the CGST Act, which need to be
subjected to tax requires a valuation mechanism. Principal and Agent do not ipso facto
become related persons for rule 28 to be applicable to them.
Please note that agency cannot be inferred but must be express or implied. Agency may be
understood as ‘delegated authority’ and ‘detached consequences’. Within the scope of
agency, the Principal will be obligated to third parties without any limit by actions of the Agent.
As such, the authority to the Agent to act is delegated by the Principal and the Agent is not
obliged to the consequences arising from his actions, provided they are within the scope of the
agency. Undisclosed Principal still obligates the Principal because the lack of disclosure is to
the third party and not that the Principal is unaware of the possible obligations accruing.
It is important to note that not all transactions between a Principal and Agent attract paragraph
3, schedule I. but it is only those transactions where the Agent ‘handles’ the goods of the
Principal. Only when it is identified that it is a transaction of such nature, will the valuation
under this rule become applicable. Further, it is to be considered that recourse to this rule is
not an option because every transaction between Principal and agent are disqualified under
CGST Act 205

section 15(1) and required to be examined with reference to these rules. Once having arrived
at rule 29, there is only one method – price of supply of goods of like kind and quality – and no
others. This rule applies only in respect of goods and not services.
There is a very interesting clue in a press release that permits advertisement agency to opt for
either agency-model or resale-model as regards publishing of advertisements in media. Here,
the press release appears to require an alternation in the contractual arrangement with the
media (which may not be agreeable or not advisable), but it would be advantageous if, for
limited purposes of GST, the agency were to apply agency-model or the resale-model.
(d) Cost based value (Rule 30)
Where cost is used as a base for determining the value of supply and when any of the more
specific methods prescribed are unavailable for specific reasons, this rule may be applied. It
provides that the value will be ‘cost plus 10%’. Please note that this rule applies to both goods
and services supplied.
Every supply claimed to be free but involving non-monetary consideration faces the threat of
tax being determined on this method. Cost of acquiring the product is the cost incurred by the
person for bringing the production in the condition and location for the purpose of selling. Cost
Accounting Standards may be relied upon to determine cost for purposes of this rule. CAS-4
enumerates various costs to be included in determining the cost of raw materials. As per the
said standard, cost of material shall consists of cost of material, duties, taxes, freight inward,
insurance and other expenses directly attributable to the procurement. Trade discount, rebate
and similar items will be deducted in determining the cost of material. Input tax credit in any
form will also be deducted. Thus cost of acquisition will include the cost of transportation, any
local taxes, insurance, other expenditure like commission etc. on procurement of goods.
However, cost of determining provision of service is not that straightforward. In case of
services, the major components are the cost of the employee and other administrative
expenses,
Please refer to the few illustrations discussed in previous sections such as warranty
replacement, physician’s samples, etc. Tax administration may be kept at bay if valuation is
not lower than ‘cost plus 10%’. Although this method appears simple, it is important to note
that only when it is established that the other more specific rule and the specific methods
under those rules are unable to yield an acceptable value for the supply under inquiry. Only
where the other methods of valuation cannot be applied, will this rule be available to apply.
Where margins are not as high as 10%, suppliers may justifiable move to Rule 31 but by
satisfying that this rule does not provide a reasonable value.
In respect of supply of services (also transactions involving goods treated as supply of
services), the supplier is permitted to apply rule 31 instead of rule 30, if that were more
favourable.
(e) Residual valuation (Rule 31)
Where value cannot be determined by any other method, this rule authorizes the use of

‘reasonable means to arrive at the value. It is important to consider that these reasonable
means must be commensurate with the principles of section 15. This rule provides some
crucial guidance on the manner of application of all other rules – any valuation method applied
that is contrary to ‘principle of section 15’ – may not be accepted.
(f) Lottery, betting, gambling and horse racing (Rule 31A)
The debate on the taxable value of services for betting, lottery, gambling and horse racing has
been put to rest by introduction of Rule 31A to the CGST Rules vide notification no. 3/2018-
Central Tax dated 23.2018. The said rule overrides all the other provisions relating to
Valuation Rules. The use of the word ‘shall be’ implies that the value has to be necessarily
determined as per the said rule. According to this rule, the valuation in respect of the following
services shall be determined as follows:-
(i) Lottery run by State Government – Value of supply shall be 100/112 of the face value
of ticket or the price as notified in the Official Gazette by the organising State;
whichever is higher. – The phrase ‘lottery run by State Government’ is defined to mean
a lottery not allowed to be sold in State other than the organising State. ‘Organising
State’ has the meaning assigned in Rule 2(1)(f) of the Lotteries (Regulation) Rules,
2010 which is defined to mean any State Government which conducts the lottery either
in its own territory or sells its tickets in the territory of any other State.
(ii) Lottery authorized by State Government - Value of supply shall be 100/128 of the
face value of ticket or the price as notified in the Official Gazette by the organising
State; whichever is higher. The phrase ‘lottery authorized by State Government has
been defined to mean a lottery which is authorized to be sold in State(s) other than the
organising State also.
It is relevant to note that the rate of GST on sale of lottery tickets run by State
Government is 12% and the sale of lottery tickets which are authorized by State
Government is liable to 28%. As stated in rule 31A, the face value of the lottery ticket
shall be taken as inclusive of applicable taxes which is pari-materia with the provisions
specified under rule 35.
(iii) Betting, Gambling or Horse Racing – Actionable claim in the form of chance to win in
betting, gambling or horse racing in a race club shall be 100% of the face value of the
bet or the amount paid to totalisator. This implies that that the value on which GST has
to be paid will be the amount of bet placed or the amount paid to the totalisator instead
of the commission or share of revenue of the race club.
It is interesting here to refer to schedule III which states that actionable claim other than
lottery, betting and gambling would qualify as an activity or transaction which shall be
treated neither as supply of goods nor supply of services. This means that transaction
in lottery, betting and gambling would for the purpose of GST law, qualify as supply.
The terms ‘goods’ under section 2(52) includes actionable claims. Services under
section 2(102) is defined to exclude goods. Accordingly, the actionable claim in the form
CGST Act 207

of chance to win betting, gambling and horse racing with reference to the above
definitions will be goods and not services. Business under section 2(17) is defined to
include the services provided by a race club by way of a totalisator or a licence to book
maker in such club. The tax rate notifications issued for goods states that ‘actionable
claim in the form of chance to win in betting, gambling, or horse racing in race club’ is
liable to tax at the rate of 28% (refer entry No. 229 to schedule IV of Notification No.
1/2017 (Rate)). The rate notification issued for services also specifies that the gambling
as an activity involving services and accordingly, liable to tax at 28% (refer entry No.
34(v) of Notification No. 11/2017 (Rate)).
It is also interesting to refer to the clarifications issued by TRU vide F. No.
354/107/2017-TRU dated 04.01.2018 wherein it is clarified that the actionable claim
involving betting, gambling or horse racing would be a service. It is further clarified that
the tax would be applicable at 28% on the total value of betting which exceeds the
authority to tax since, only certain percentage of the total value of betting will be
retained as commission in providing the services of betting / gambling and balance
amount forms part of the prize money.
With the above ambiguities there may be some confusion whether to tax actionable
claims as goods or services and the rate at which such supply should be taxed.
(g) Specific supplies (Rule 32)
Before commencement of the discussion on the provisions of Rule 32, it may be pertinent to
emphasize here that the determination of valuation as per the mechanism specified is only an
option available to the supplier. If the supplier feels that the valuation mechanism specified
under the Rule 32 does not reflect the correct position or that the value adopted should be in
accordance with Section 15 and Rules 27 to 31, he may choose to ignore the said Rule 32. He
may determine the value accordingly under Section 15 and Rules 27 to 31 as the case may
be. Supplies which were previously under some form of abatement of value are found in this
rule, namely:
(i) supply of services involving sale/purchase of foreign currency, the value of supply will
be:
(a) option (a) – difference between buying-selling rate and the reference rate
published by RBI. Where reference rate is not available, 1% of gross Indian
Rupee value of the transaction. And where the conversion is not into Indian
Rupees, then 1% of the lesser of the Indian Rupee equivalent of each currency
exchanged;
(b) option (b) – 1% of gross amount upto `1 lac, 1/2% after `1 lac upto `10 lacs and
1/10% after `10 lacs. This option (b) once exercised cannot be withdrawn during
the financial year.
(ii) supply of services by travel agent of booking of tickets for air-travel, the value of supply
will be 5% of basic domestic fare or 10% of basic international fare. Please note that

commission to the travel agent may flow from passenger or airline or any other person
and the value determined here will be the tax for all the sources of commission. In case
travel agents opt to pay tax on this abated value, a customer who is registered under
GST law may have to forego input tax credit. Credit referred here is not merely the GST
charged by the travel agent on the abated value. Travel agent will have eclipsed the
GST charged by the airline on the ticket – 5% on economy ticket and 12% on any
higher class ticket. For example, on a ticket value of `1 lac, GST paid by airline could
be as high as `12,000 but the travel agent would issue an invoice for `1 lac + GST of
`500. Registered customer would not be willing to forego this credit of `12,000. As
mentioned by someone, a credit-hungry registered customer would drive the travel
agent to reverse his supply model – airline to invoice the (registered) customer directly
to pass on credit and agent to invoice service fee to airline.
(iii) supply of services in relation to life insurance, the value of supply will be gross premium
reduced by investment allocation, in the case of single premium policy will be 10% of
premium and in all other cases will be 25% of first year’s premium and 12.5% for other
year’s premia. This rule will not apply to premium related to coverage for risk-of-life.
(iv) supply of services of person dealing in second-hand goods, the value of supply will be
difference between purchase price and selling price. Please note ‘second-hand goods’
refers to goods used or otherwise employed in some process without causing any
change in their nature. Used goods and not the same as pre-owned goods which need
not have been put to use. For example, a motor car where mark of registration has been
assigned by RTO, even if left unused for long time will not be able to satisfy that is has
not been used. And similarly, the odometer reading showing ‘0 kms’ but duly registered
by RTO will not override the conclusion that it is used. Please note that most
appropriate tests for identifying whether the goods have been used or not may be
examined. Also, this rule does not apply only to ‘supply of second-hand goods’ but to
supply of services of person dealing in second-hand goods. In other words, disposal of
leased car will also come within the operation of this rule
Intra-State supplies of second hand goods, by an unregistered supplier to a registered
person, dealing in buying and selling of second hand goods and who pays the central
tax and compensation cess on the value of outward supply of such second hand goods
as determined under Rule 32(5) of Central goods and Services tax Rules, 2017, is
exempted. This has been done to avoid double taxation on the outward supplies made
by such registered person, since such person operating under the margin scheme
cannot avail input tax credit on the purchase of second hand goods. (NN 10/ 2017-
Central Tax (Rate) dated 28-Jun-17 and NN 04/ 2017-Compensation cess (Rate) dated
20-Jul-17)
It is important to note that the registered taxable person disposing off used-goods would
not be able to avoid payment of tax on this outward supply. Facility under this ‘margin
method’ is available only when the outward supply involving sale of used-goods is by a
CGST Act 209

unregistered person to a registered taxable person dealing in used-goods. In the case

of used-cars, the levy of tax on outward supply has completely taken the sheen off
used-car business because registered sellers cannot avail this margin-method coupled
with the visibly high rates of GST plus Cess applicable. However, the Government vide
notification no. 8/2018-Central Tax (Rate) dated 25.01.2018 has reduced the rate of
GST to 18% and 12% on the sale of old and used motor vehicles. Further, the Cess
payable on sale of old and used motor vehicle has also been exempted vide notification
no. 1/2018-Compensation Cess(Rate) dated 25.01.2018. However, the major change as
per the said notification was the valuation mechanism under GST. The said valuation
was stated to be the margin involved i.e. the difference between the selling and
purchase price. If the selling price is greater than the purchase price, then this amount
should be ignored for the purpose of GST. However, where the selling price is lower
than the purchase price, only the differential margin will be taxable. In case of sale by a
registered person, it has been stated that the value that needs to be taken in lieu of the
purchase price will be the depreciated value of goods on the date of supply. So, the
taxability arises in respect of the margin if the selling price is higher than the
depreciated value of the motor vehicle,
Illustration: Mr. X, a registered person in GST had purchased a motor car on 1st June,
2016 for ` 10,00,000. The said car was sold on 25th February 2018 by him for:
a) ` 9,00,000
b) ` 7,00,000
Determine the valuation under GST
Ans: The depreciated value of the car as on 1st April 2017 is ` 10,00,000 –
15*10,00,000 = ` 8,50,000. If the sale value of the car is Rs,9,00,000, ` 50,000 will be
the value for charging GST. If the car is sold at ` 7,00,000, the margin will be negative
and hence it should be ignored.
Proviso to Rule 32(5) speaks about the repossession of goods in case of default by an
unregistered borrower. In this scenario, the purchase price for the calculation of margin
will be the purchase price of such goods by the defaulter. However, such purchase
price will be subject to reduction of 5% every quarter or part thereof for the period
between the date of purchase and the date of disposal. Illustration: Mr. X took a car
loan of ` 3,00,000 from ABC Bank Ltd. on 1st September 2017 which was entirely used
for the purchase of car worth the same amount. Mr. X defaults on the loan balance and
thereby his car is repossessed by the bank on 1st March 2018. This car is sold on 30th
March 2018 by the bank for ` 2,50,000. Determine the valuation under GST.
Answer: The purchase value to be taken will be the purchase price in the hands of the
borrower – 5% per quarter or part thereof (September – March) i.e. 3,00,000 –
(5%*3*300,000) = ` 2,55,000. As the sale value of the car is below ` 2,55,000, the
margin will be ignored for the charging of GST

(v) supply of voucher, the value will be the redemption value of the voucher. Please note
voucher includes coupon, stamp, token, etc. Please refer to the discussion on vouchers
under section 13 for the various forms that voucher can take including digital vouchers
to which this rule will apply. Also, please note the those instruments that are approved
by RBI and included in the definition of ‘money’ under the expression “…..or any other
instrument approved by RBI when used as a consideration to settle an obligation…..”
should not be treated as vouchers merely because they are popularly referred as
‘vouchers’. All vouchers are not vouchers attracting this rule. Reference may be had to
the discussion under section 12(4)/13(4) to identify instruments that ‘are’ or ‘are not’
vouchers.
Illustration: Mr. X had purchased a voucher for ` 200 which was redeemable against
purchase of a wallet worth ` 500 from Shopper’s stop. Here, the valuation that should
be taken here is the redemption value of ` 500 in respect of the voucher and not the
purchase value of ` 200.
(vi) supply of services between distinct persons, that are notified by Government and where
input tax credit is availed will be Nil. Please note that the implications of denial of credit
u/s 17(2) in case of supply being exempt will be attracted in these cases. Care should
be taken to identify that the notification to be issued in this regard are ‘distinct persons’
and supplies inter se when notified will have a deemed value of Nil. No notification has
been issued as yet, in this regard. But it is expected that branches of banks may be
notified to avail this facility where credit is fully available to the recipient-branch and
even if 50% credit facility is availed by the bank, it is applicable only at the supplier-
branch under section 17(4). And this expectation is borrowed from benefit to suppliers
by second proviso to rule 46.
(h) Service of pure agent (Rule 33)
Agency supplies are different from ‘pure agent’ in relation to valuation. This rule applies only
to supply of services. It provides for the exclusion from valuation of any supply of certain costs
and expenses if and only if the following tests are satisfied:
(i) the supplier acts as a pure agent of the recipient of the supply, when he makes the
payment to the third party on authorisation by such recipient; the payment made by the
pure agent on behalf of the recipient of supply has been separately indicated in the
invoice issued by the pure agent to the recipient of service; and
(ii) the supplies procured by the pure agent from the third party as a pure agent of recipient
of supply are in addition to the services he supplies on his own account. Explanation.-
For the purposes of this rule, the expression “pure agent” means a person who-
(a) enters into a contractual agreement with the recipient of supply to act as his pure
agent to incur expenditure or costs in the course of supply of goods or services or
both;
(b) neither intends to hold nor holds any title to the goods or services or both so
procured or supplied as pure agent of the recipient of supply;
CGST Act 211

(c) does not use for his own interest such goods or services so procured; and
(d) receives only the actual amount incurred to procure such goods or services in
addition to the amount received for supply he provides on his own account.
Illustrations
a) Corporate services firm A is engaged to handle the legal work pertaining to the
incorporation of Company B. Other than its service fees, A also recovers from B, registration
fee and approval fee for the name of the company paid to the Registrar of Companies. The
fees charged by the Registrar of Companies for the registration and approval of the name are
compulsorily levied on B. A is merely acting as a pure agent in the payment of those fees.
Therefore, A’s recovery of such expenses is a disbursement and not part of the value of
supply made by A to B.
(a) Ticket in railways is booked by a travel agent on behalf of the customer and the charges
for such ticket are recovered by the agent along with the commission by showing them
separately
(b) Customs duty, dock dues, transportation, port clearance charges etc. are paid by the
customs broker on behalf of th importer and are recovered along with his commission
from the importer
(c) Advertisement charges to the newspaper are paid by Advertising agency on behalf of
the customer and are recovered separately along with commission
(d) In an ex-factory delivery contract, if the transportation charges are paid by the supplier
on behalf of the recipient and are recovered separately from the recipient along with the
price of the goods
To establish that the conditions of pure agent are getting satisfied, it is recommended that
there should be a written contract between the supplier and the recipient. The clauses of the
agreement should clearly point to compliance with all the conditions as discussed above with
regard to pure agent. This will act as the most reasonable defense if any questions are raised
by the Department later on. However, even if the contract is not in writing, it can be
established by other available evidence that the conditions of pure agent are satisfied.
However, any contract in writing may be considered as more persuasive in nature.
Further, in order to claim any amount as a deduction in the form of a pure agent, the dealer
will have to demonstrate with substantial evidence that the liability to incur the cost was on the
recipient and that the dealer has incurred such cost merely for convenience sake. Further, the
dealer has to ensure that the invoice/ bill of supply/ receipt has been received in the name of
the recipient, who is the ultimate beneficiary.
(i) Exchange rate to be used (Rule 34)
Transactions undertaken in foreign currency must be translated into Indian Rupees. The rate
of exchange for the determination of the value of taxable goods shall be the applicable rate of
exchange as notified by the Board under section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962 and for the

determination of the value of taxable services shall be the applicable rate of exchange
determined as per the generally accepted accounting principles for the date of time of supply
in respect of such supply in terms of section 12 or, as the case may be, section 13 of the Act.
Illustrations on Section 15 read with Central Goods and Service Tax Rules:
Q1. Mrs. Jaya purchases a Samsung television set costing ` 85,000 from Giriyas, in
exchange of her existing TV set. After an hour of bargaining, the shop manager agrees
to accept `78,000 instead of his quote of `81,000, as he would still be in a profitable
position (the old TV can be sold for `8,000).
Ans. Where the price is not the sole consideration for the supply, the ‘open market value’
would be the value of the supply. Therefore, ` 85,000 would be the value of the supply.
[Section 15(4) r/w Rule 27(a) of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules]
Q2. Mr. Mohan located in Manipal purchases 10,000 Hero ink pens worth `4,00,000 from
Lekhana Wholesalers located in Bhopal. Mr. Mohan’s wife is an employee in Lekhana
Wholesalers. The price of each Hero pen in the open market is `52. The supplier
additionally charges `5,000 for delivering the goods to the recipient’s place of business.
Ans. Mr. Mohan and Lekhana Wholesalers would not be treated as related persons merely
because the spouse of the recipient is an employee of the supplier, although such
spouse and the supplier would be treated as related persons. Therefore, the transaction
value will be accepted as the value of the supply. The transaction value includes
incidental expenses incurred by the supplier in respect of the supply up to the time of
delivery of goods to the recipient. This means, the transaction value will be: `4,05,000
(i.e., 4,000,000 + 5,000).
[Section 15(1) r/w Section 15(2)]
Q3. Sriram Textiles is a registered person in Hyderabad. A particular variety of clothing has
been categorised as non-moving stock, costing `5,00,000. None of the customers were
willing to buy these clothes in spite of giving big discounts on them, for the reason that
the design was too experimental. After months, Sriram Textiles was able to sell this
stock on an online website to another retailer located in Meghalaya for `2,50,000, on
the condition that the retailer would put up a poster of Sriram Textiles in all their retail
outlets in the State.
Ans. The supplier and recipient are not related persons. Although a condition is imposed on
the recipient on effecting the sale, such a condition has no bearing on the contract
price. This is a case of distress sale, and in such a case, it cannot be said that the
supply is lacking ‘sole consideration’. Therefore, the price of `2,50,000 will be accepted
as value of supply.
[Section 15(4) r/w Rule 27(d) r/w Rule 31 of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules]
Q4. Rajguru Industries stock transfers 1,00,000 units (costing `10,00,000) requiring further
processing before sale, from Bijapur in Karnataka to its Nagpur branch in Maharashtra.
The Nagpur branch, apart from processing units of its own, engages in processing of
CGST Act 213

similar units by other persons who supply the same variety of goods, and thereafter
sells these processed goods to wholesalers. There are no other factories in the
neighbouring area which are engaged in the same business as that of its Nagpur unit.
Goods of the same kind and quality are supplied in lots of 1,00,000 units each time, by
another manufacturer located in Nagpur. The price of such goods is `9,70,000.
Ans. In case of transfer of goods between two registered units of the same person (having
the same PAN), the transaction will be treated as a supply even if the transfer is made
without consideration, as such persons will be treated as ‘distinct persons’ under the
GST law. The value of the supply would be the open market value of such supply. If this
value cannot be determined, the value shall be the value of supply of goods of like kind
and quality. In this case, although goods of like kind and quality are available, the same
may not be accepted as the ‘like goods’ in this case would be less expensive given that
the transportation costs would be lower. Therefore, the value of the supply would be
taken at 110% of the cost, i.e., ` 11,00,000 (i.e., 110% * 10,00,000).
However, if the Nagpur branch is eligible for full input tax credit, the value declared in
the invoice will be deemed to be the open market value of the goods in terms of 2nd
proviso of Rule 28.
[Section 15(4) r/w Rule 28(b) & (c) r/w Rule 30 of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules]
Q5. M/s. Monalisa Painters owned by Vasudev is popularly known for painting the interiors
of banquet halls. M/s. Starry Night Painters (also owned by Vasudev) is engaged in
painting machinery equipment. A factory contracts M/s. Monalisa Painters for painting
its machinery to keep it free from corrosion, for a fee of `1,50,000. M/s. Monalisa
Painters sub-contracts the work to M/s. Starry Night Painters for `1,00,000, and
ensures supervision of the work performed by them. Generally, M/s. Starry Night
Painters charges a fixed sum of `1,000 per hour to its clients; it spends 120 hours on
this project.
Ans.: Since M/s. Monalisa Painters and M/s. Starry Night Painters are controlled by Mr.
Vasudev, the two businesses will be treated as related persons. Therefore, `1,00,000
being the sub-contract price will not be accepted as transaction value. The value of the
service would be the open market value being ` 1,20,000 (i.e., ` 1,000 per hour * 120
hours) *.
Note: This view is based on the grounds that there are no comparables to this supply.
However, if M/s. Starry Nights is eligible for full input tax credit, the value declared in
the invoice shall be deemed to be the open market value of services i.e. ` 1,00,000/-
Q6. Prestige Appliances Ltd. (Bangalore) has 10 agents located across the State of
Karnataka (except Bangalore). The stock of chimneys is dispatched on Just-In-Time
basis from Prestige Appliances Ltd. to the locations of the agents, based on receipt of
orders from various dealers, on a weekly basis. Prestige Appliances Ltd. is also
engaged in the wholesale supply of chimneys in Bangalore. An agent places an order

for dispatch of 30 chimneys on 22-Sep-2017. Prestige had sold 30 chimneys to a

retailer in Bangalore on 18-Sep-2017 for ` 2,80,000. The agent effects the sale of the
30 units to a dealer who would affect the sales on MRP basis (i.e., @ `10,000/unit).
Ans.: The law deems the supplies between the principal and agent to be supplies for the
purpose of GST. Therefore, the transfer of goods by the principal (Prestige) to its agent
for him to effect sales on behalf of the principal would be deemed to be a supply
although made without consideration. The value would be either the open market value,
or 90% of the price charged by the recipient of the intended supply to its customers, at
the option of the supplier. Thus, the value of the supply by Prestige to its agent would
be either ` 2,80,000, or 2,70,000 (i.e., 90%*10,000 * 30), based on the option chosen
by Prestige.
Q7. Mr. & Mrs. Mehta purchase 10 gift vouchers for ` 500 each from Crossword, and 5
vouchers from Four Fountains Spa costing ` 1,000 each, and gives them as return gifts
to children and their parents for their son’s birthday party. The vouchers from Four
Fountains Spa had a special offer for couples – services for both persons at the price
chargeable to one.
Ans. The value of the supply would be the money value of the goods redeemable against the
voucher. Thus, in case of vouchers from Crossword, the value would be ` 5,000 (i.e.,
`500 * 10) and the value of vouchers in case of Four Fountains Spa would be ` 10,000
(i.e., ` 1,000 * 2 * 5).
[Section 15(5) r/w Rule 32(6) of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules]
Q8. In a rent of company accommodation, the rent received by the landlord is ` 30,000 per
month. As per the said contract, the building maintenance to the tune of ` 3,000 per
month is required to be paid by the landlord. In the month of April 2018, the tenant
directly pays the building maintenance to the residential society and deducts the said
amount from the total consideration of ` 30,000 and ` 27,000 to the landlord. Further,
the tenant discharge municipal taxes of ` 2,000 in April 2018. Find the taxable value in
the month of April 2018?
Ans. ` 3,000 represents the amount liable to be discharged by the landlord which has been
paid by the tenant. So, ` 3,000 will be added to the actual price paid or payable of `
27000 for the purpose of valuation. ` 2,000 will also be added to the taxable value as it
is in the form of taxes, duties, cesses, fees and charges levied under the law. So, the
total taxable value will be ` 32,000.
[Section 15(2)(a) and Section 15(2)(b)]
15.3. Comparative Review
Valuation Rules in Customs, Central Excise and Service Tax have been tested for applicability
in various circumstances. All that experience and judicial interpretation may be brought to
provide a good understanding of the words used in these Rules and the purpose for such
usage. They are:
CGST Act 215

— Customs Valuation (Determination of Price of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007

— Customs Valuation (Determination of Price of Export Goods) Rules, 2007
— Central Excise Valuation (Determination of Price of Excisable Goods) Rules, 2000
— Central Excise (Determination of Retail Sale Price of Excisable Goods) Rules, 2008
— Service Tax (Determination of Value) Rules, 2006
15.4. Issues and concerns
1. There appears to be concerns over the taxability of actionable claims in form of betting,
gambling and horse race as goods or services. The definition of goods specifically
states that the actionable claims would qualify as goods for the purpose of GST law.
When that being the case, seems appropriate to conclude that the actionable claim as
goods and accordingly, the applicable rate of tax should be ascertained. This is based
on the understanding that the notifications cannot overrule what is specified under the
law.
2. A taxable person should be cautious in case of supply of services where the
consideration is in kind by way of receipt of other services. In such cases, it may appear
that the services are supplied without consideration. However, the it could result in
barter which would qualify as barter. For illustration, we may refer to the recent advance
ruling wherein the Kerala Authority of Advance Ruling has pronounced that the canteen
services provided to employees would amount to supply and accordingly, canteen
recoveries from the employees would be subject to GST. Such caution should be
exercised since the payment of GST on the subsidized recovery would be incorrect. It is
a supply of service by employer in exchange of employment services by employee and
since, the employer and employee are termed as related parties, the valuation of such
supplies should be in terms of rule 28. In other words, the employer should remit the tax
at open market value. In this backdrop, a taxable person should exercise extra caution
to ascertain the value of taxable supply of services.
3. The common expenses incurred by a taxable person in relation to procurement of
services used by the branches located in another States, the allocation of such
expenses to respective branches may qualify as supply of services. There appears to
be an ambiguity on ascertaining the time of supply – whether, at the end of each month
such taxable person should arrive at the cost to be allocated respective branches and
remit the tax accordingly or shall arrive at the cost to be allocated at the end of the year
and remit the tax on the expenses allocated to branch for the whole year.
4. The discount after effecting the taxable supplies should be issued by credit notes.
Section 34(2) states that the discounts should be issued before the end of September
following the end of the financial year or the date of furnishing the annual return. This
necessarily means that discount can be issued to the recipient after the supplies are
effected but not after the lapse of time period specified under section 34(2).

Chapter-V
Input Tax Credit
Sections Rules
16. Eligibility and conditions for taking input 36. Documentary requirements and
tax credit. conditions for claiming input tax credit
17. Apportionment of credit and blocked 37. Reversal of input tax credit in the case
credits. of non-payment of consideration
18. Availability of credit in special 38. Claim of credit by a banking company
circumstances. or a financial institution
19. Taking input tax credit in respect of 39. Procedure for distribution of input tax
inputs and capital goods sent for job credit by Input Service Distributor
work. 40. Manner of claiming credit in special
20. Manner of distribution of credit by Input circumstances
Service Distributor. 41. Transfer of credit on sale, merger,
21. Manner of recovery of credit distributed amalgamation, lease or transfer of a
in excess business
42. Manner of determination of input tax
credit in respect of inputs or input
services and reversal thereof
43. Manner of determination of input tax
credit in respect of capital goods and
reversal thereof in certain cases
44. Manner of reversal of credit under
special circumstances
44A. Manner of reversal of credit of
Additional duty of Customs in respect
of Gold dore bar
45. Conditions and restrictions in respect of
inputs and capital goods sent to the job
worker
Ch-V: Input Tax Credit Sec. 16-21
16. Eligibility and conditions for taking input tax credit

(1) Every registered person shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be
prescribed and in the manner specified in section 49, be entitled to take credit of
input tax charged on any supply of goods or services or both to him which are used
or intended to be used in the course or furtherance of his business and the said
amount shall be credited to the electronic credit ledger of such person.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, no registered person shall be
entitled to the credit of any input tax in respect of any supply of goods or services or
both to him unless, -
(a) he is in possession of a tax invoice or debit note issued by a supplier registered
under this Act, or such other tax paying documents as may be prescribed;
(b) he has received the goods or services or both
Explanation- For the purposes of this clause, it shall be deemed that the registered
person has received the goods where the goods are delivered by the supplier to a
recipient or any other person on the direction of such registered person, whether
acting as an agent or otherwise, before or during movement of goods, either by way
of transfer of documents of title to goods or otherwise;
(c) subject to the provisions of section 41, the tax charged in respect of such supply has
been actually paid to the Government, either in cash or through utilization of input tax
credit admissible in respect of the said supply; and
(d) he has furnished the return under section 39:
Provided that where the goods against an invoice are received in lots or instalments,
the registered person shall be entitled to take credit upon receipt of the last lot or
instalment:
Provided further that where a recipient fails to pay to the supplier of goods or
services or both, other than the supplies on which tax is payable on reverse charge
basis, the amount towards the value of supply along with tax payable thereon within a
period of one hundred and eighty days from the date of issue of invoice by the
supplier, an amount equal to the input tax credit availed by the recipient shall be
added to his output tax liability, along with interest thereon, in such manner as may
be prescribed:
Provided also that the recipient shall be entitled to avail of the credit of input tax on
payment made by him of the amount towards the value of supply of goods or services
or both along with tax payable thereon.
(3) Where the registered person has claimed depreciation on the tax component of the
cost of capital goods and plant and machinery under the provisions of the Income
Tax Act, 1961, the input tax credit on the said tax component shall not be allowed.
(4) A registered person shall not be entitled to take input tax credit in respect of any

invoice or debit note for supply of goods or services or both after the due date of
furnishing of the return under section 39 for the month of September following the
end of financial year to which such invoice or invoice relating to such debit note
pertains or furnishing of the relevant annual return, whichever is earlier.

36. Documentary requirements and conditions for claiming input tax credit.
1) The input tax credit shall be availed by a registered person, including the Input
Service Distributor, on the basis of any of the following documents, namely,-
(a) an invoice issued by the supplier of goods or services or both in accordance
with the provisions of section 31;
(b) an invoice issued in accordance with the provisions of clause (f) of sub-section
(3) of section 31, subject to the payment of tax;
(c) a debit note issued by a supplier in accordance with the provisions of section
34;
(d) a bill of entry or any similar document prescribed under the Customs Act, 1962
or rules made thereunder for the assessment of integrated tax on imports;
(e) an Input Service Distributor invoice or Input Service Distributor credit note or
any document issued by an Input Service Distributor in accordance with the
provisions of sub-rule (1) of rule 54.
2) Input tax credit shall be availed by a registered person only if all the applicable
particulars as specified in the provisions of Chapter VI are contained in the said
document, and the relevant information, as contained in the said document, is
furnished in FORMGSTR-2 by such person.
3) No input tax credit shall be availed by a registered person in respect of any tax that
has been paid in pursuance of any order where any demand has been confirmed on
account of any fraud, willful misstatement or suppression of facts.
37. Reversal of input tax credit in case of non-payment of consideration.
1) A registered person, who has availed of input tax credit on any inward supply of
goods or services or both, but fails to pay to the supplier thereof, the value of such
supply along with the tax payable thereon, within the time limit specified in the
second proviso to subsection(2) of section 16, shall furnish the details of such supply,
the amount of value not paid and the amount of input tax credit availed of
proportionate to such amount not paid to the supplier in FORM GSTR-2 for the month
immediately following the period of one hundred and eighty days from the date of the
issue of the invoice.
Provided that the value of supplies made without consideration as specified in
CGST Act 219

Schedule I of the said Act shall be deemed to have been paid for the purposes of the
second proviso to sub-section (2) of section 16.
2) The amount of input tax credit referred to in sub-rule (1) shall be added to the output
tax liability of the registered person for the month in which the details are furnished.
3) The registered person shall be liable to pay interest at the rate notified under sub-
section (1) of section 50 for the period starting from the date of availing credit on
such supplies till the date when the amount added to the output tax liability, as
mentioned in sub-rule (2), is paid.
4) The time limit specified in sub-section (4) of section 16 shall not apply to a claim for
re-availing of any credit, in accordance with the provisions of the Act or the
provisions of this Chapter, that had been reversed earlier.

1. Chapter Nineteen of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on
‘Input Tax Credit Mechanism in GST’
Related Provisions of the Statute

Section 17 Apportionment of credit and blocked credits
Section 31 Tax invoice.
Section 34 Credit and debit notes
Section 39 Furnishing of returns.
Section 41 Claim of input tax credit and provisional acceptance
thereof
Section 49 Payment of tax, interest, penalty and other amounts
Schedule I Activities to be treated as supply even if made without
consideration
Rule 54 Tax invoice in special cases
Rule 86 Electronic Credit Ledger
16.1 Introduction
Chapter V of CGST Act deals with input tax credit. The availment or otherwise of Input Tax
Credit forms the cornerstone in a GST regime. GST can be understood as a system of value-
added tax on goods and / or services. It is these provisions of Input Tax Credit that make GST
a value-added tax i.e., collection of tax at all points in the supply chain after allowing for credit
of taxes paid on inputs / input services and capital goods. The invoice method of value added
taxation has been followed in the GST regime too, viz., the tax paid at the time of receipt of

goods or services or both would be eligible for set-off against the tax payable on supply of
goods or services or both, based on the invoices with a special emphasis on actual payment
of tax by the supplier. As on date, there is a debate going on between the tax payer and the
Government as to whether the emphasis placed by the Statute on payment of taxes by the
Supplier to enable a Recipient to avail credit, is fair or not and whether it adds on to the
compliance burden or not. The procedures and restrictions laid down in these provisions are
important to make sure that there is seamless flow of credit in the whole scheme of taxation
without any misuse.
16.2 Analysis
(i) Relevant definitions:
(a) Taxable person (2(107)): Means a person who is registered or liable to be registered
under section 22 or section 24. As such, the liability to pay tax devolves on every
‘taxable person’ whether or not registration has been sought. A plain reading of the
input tax credit provisions makes it clear that input tax credit would be available only to
a registered person and to a limited extent pre-registration credits are available under
section 18(1).
In case taxes are paid after registration for past periods, the credit for period beyond 1
month from registration may not be available even if it is a bona fide error. This may not
be the intention but law does not enable such credits. (However, credit for period
beyond 1 month from registration only holds true in cases where a person applies for
registration within a period of 30 days from the date on which he becomes liable to
obtain registration)
(b) Input tax credit: means the credit of “input tax” in terms of section 2(63).
(c) Input tax: "Input tax" in terms of section 2(62) in relation to a registered person, means
the Central tax, State tax, Integrated tax or Union territory tax charged on any supply of
goods or services or both made to him and includes:
— integrated goods and service tax (IGST) charged on import of goods.
— tax payable on reverse charge basis under IGST Act /SGST Act /CGST Act
/UTGST Act.
— but excludes tax paid as a composition levy.
Section 9(3) and 9(4) of CGST Act (similarly section 5(3) and 5(4) of the IGST Act)
levies tax on goods or services or both on reverse charge. Therefore, ‘input tax credit’ is
the tax paid by a registered person under the Act whether as a forward charge or
reverse charge for the use of such goods or services or both in the course or
furtherance of his business. Currently, the taxes payable under reverse charge in terms
of section 9(4) of the Act or section 5(4) of the IGST Act has been exempt till
30.06.2018.
(d) Electronic credit ledger: The input tax credit as self-assessed in the return of
registered person shall be credited to electronic credit ledger in accordance with section
CGST Act 221

41, to be maintained in the manner as may be prescribed. [Section 2(46) read with
Section 49(2)].
(e) “Capital goods” means goods, the value of which is capitalised in the books of
account of the person claiming the input tax credit and which are used or intended to be
used in the course or furtherance of business [Section 2(19)].
(f) Input: “Input” in terms of section 2(59) means
— any goods,
— other than capital goods,
— used or intended to be used by a supplier
— in the course or furtherance of business
(g) Input service: “Input service” in terms of section 2(60) means
— any service
— used or intended to be used by a supplier
— in the course or furtherance of business.
(h) “Works Contract” in terms of Section 2(119) means a contract for building,
construction, fabrication, completion, erection, installation, fitting out, improvement,
modification, repair, maintenance, renovation, alteration or commissioning of any
immovable property wherein transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some
other form) is involved in the execution of such contract;
(ii) Section 16
(a) Registered person to avail credit: Every registered person subject to Section 49
(payment of tax), shall be entitled to take credit of input tax charged on any supply of
goods or services or both to him which are used or intended to be used in the course or
furtherance of his business. The input tax credit is credited to the electronic credit
ledger. Rule 36 of the Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017 provides that input
tax credit can be taken on the basis of any of the following documents:
(i) Invoice issued under section 31 by supplier of goods or services.
(ii) Debit note issued under section 34 by supplier of goods or services.
(iii) Bill of entry or any similar documents under Custom Act, 1962.
(iv) Invoice prepared in respect of supplies made under reverse charge basis issued
u/s 31(3)(f).
(v) Invoice/ Credit Note issued by ISD for distribution of credit in accordance with
Rule 54(1) of CGST Rules, 2017.
It is important to observe the words ‘used by him’ and ‘in his business’ as appearing in
section 16(1). These words refer to the registered taxable person in question and not

the legal entity. So, input tax paid in a State must not be in relation to the business of a
taxable person in another State, albeit belonging to the same person. For example, A
Company has Branch-A which is a registered taxable person in Andhra Pradesh
conducts conference in a hotel in Lonavla (Maharashtra) where CGST-SGST is charged
by the hotel. This Company also has Branch-M which is a registered taxable person in
Mumbai, Now the provisions of section 16(1) operate as follows:
 CGST-SGST charged by the hotel in Lonavla (Maharashtra) is ‘used in the
business of Branch-A’ in Andhra Pradesh and not in the business of Branch-M in
Mumbai.
 Hotel would not be aware about the above fact and would not resist to issue the
bill in the name of Branch-M because both are branches of the same Company
 Since, CGST-SGST has been charged by the hotel, input tax credit would not be
available to Branch-A as tax paid in Maharashtra is not a creditable tax in Andhra
Pradesh
 Branch-M may be compelled to forego the tax paid to the hotel. However, there
may be an urge to save this loss by providing the GSTIN of Branch-M to the
hotel. In fact, the Company is rightly required to obtain ISD registration in
Maharashtra and distribute this credit entirely to Andhra Pradesh.
 But, Branch-M in Mumbai cannot justify this input tax credit as it is not ‘used by
him’ in ‘his business’ but it is ‘used by another’ in ‘that others business’
 Care should to taken to verify ‘whose’ business each input tax credit relates to;
 If nexus is established between the services of the hotel and the ‘business’ of
Branch-M, input tax credit may be availed by Branch-M. Nexus emerges if inter-
branch supply of services occurs between Branch-M and Branch-A
 Alternatively, based on the amount of credits of Branch-A lying as CGST + MGST
credits, the company may decide to obtain ISD registration in the State of
Maharashtra and transfer the credits as IGST from Maharashtra to Andhra
Pradesh
(b) Wastage of inputs in the course of production: Credit in respect of inputs that may
have been wasted during the course of production of finished products does not cease
to be ‘used or intended to be used’ in the course or furtherance of business. As such,
there is no restriction to read into the language of section 16 (1). In fact, the full extent
of credit would be available whether the extent of wastage of inputs in the course of
production of finished goods is within normal wastage norms or even exceeds that to be
called abnormal wastage of inputs. Unless there is a diversion of inputs (in respect of
which credit has been availed), there is no embargo on availment and retention of input
tax credit. Section 17(5)(h) restricts credit on “goods lost” since these can no longer be
used for the purpose of business but does not provide for restriction of credits on “loss
CGST Act 223

of goods” which could be a process loss inherent to the nature of product on which
credit has been availed. Therefore , “goods lost” must be given a completely different
meaning as compared to “goods lost during production / process or a normal / abnormal
loss”.
(c) Input-Output nexus: The erstwhile CENVAT Credit Rules, 2004 allowed for credits on
input and input services used for manufacture of excisable goods or for rendering
taxable services. The credit under GST law is available on procurements which are
“used” or “intended to be used” in the course or furtherance of business. Hence, any
procurements though not having any remote connection with the manufacturing or
rendering of outward supplies, would also qualify for input tax credit so long as it is
used or intended to be used for the purpose of business. Eg. Air Conditioner installed
in the cabin of the Managing Director, Maharashtra has no correlation with the car
manufactured at the Company Plant in Gujarat but the credit of tax relating to such air
conditioner would be available since the air conditioner has been installed for the
purpose of business.
(d) Costing-pricing inter-relationship: Credit may be availed in respect of inputs whose
cost may not be included in the pricing of the product and consequently, not included in
the transaction value – this may create a concern as to whether this credit is admissible
or not. As explained by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in CCE, Pune v. Dai Ichi Karkaria
1999 (112) ELT 353, the nature of Modvat scheme is such that the cost of purchase of
inputs lowered due to availment of credit, does not immediately, directly and
proportionately impact the assessable value of the finished product manufactured using
the inputs. The ratio of this judgement must be understood to continue to be applicable
in the context of GST law, as well. As such, neither availment of credit nor its
discontinuation can be alleged to have an immediate, direct and proportionate effect on
the transaction value under section 15. However, the implications under Anti-
Profiteering provisions of the GST Law should be borne in mind while deciding on the
pricing and net benefit of tax due to introduction of GST.
(e) Time limit to avail the input tax credit: A registered person is not entitled to avail
input tax credit on tax invoice/ debit notes after the due date of furnishing of the return
under section 39 for the month of September of the subsequent financial year or
furnishing of the relevant annual return, whichever is earlier. In fact, not only is
registration a pre-requisite (see, ‘registered taxable person’ shall be entitled to claim
credit) but filing of return under section 39 is also a requirement. Input tax credit is a
right that does not ‘vest’ until the last of conditions in section 16(2) are fulfilled. Until
then, this right i.e., input tax credit is inchoate (or incomplete or in-formation) and not a
vested right. Rights that are not yet vested can lapse by limitation unless effective steps
to actualize those rights are taken by the person. And once the right stands vested, it
becomes indefeasible except by operation of subsequent inherent conditions. In other
words, input tax credit which is a right in law of the taxable person is not fully mature

and is not available to the taxable person until all pre-conditions (steps to actualize
available rights) have been taken. Section 16(2) lays down these steps that can be
taken immediately or in course of time. And once all these steps are taken then the right
i.e ‘available’ becomes a right that can be ‘availed’. After the credit stands availed, it is
available without any time limit. Section 18(4) provides a condition (known at the time of
availing credit) that this credit will be reversed if the outward supplies become
exempted. Other than this situation, the credit availed is permanently available to the
taxable person. Now, in a situation where the credit that is ‘available’ is somehow
delayed and ‘not availed’, it would still be available but not beyond the limitation
prescribed in Section 16(4). Once the limitation prescribed in section 16(4) sets in, the
credit which is ‘not availed’ by virtue of the limitation prescribed is proper in view of the
principle of reaching finality in respect of all ‘available’ credits that may ‘not’ be intended
to be availed. Therefore in case of doubts one can avail the credit and then reverse
under protest under intimation to revenue. This would ensure that the time limitation
would not be the reason for non availment once clarity emerges from Courts.
(f) Deemed receipt of goods: Section 16 permits a registered person to avail credit only
after he has received the said goods or services or both. However, in case of bill to-ship
to transactions (including where such goods are sent for job work), by which the
registered person instructs his supplier to ship the goods to another person on his
behalf, the date of receipt of goods by such another person shall be deemed to be the
date of receipt of goods by the said registered person.
Therefore what exactly does ‘received’ mean in this context? Does it refer to actual
receipt of goods at factory premises or even constructive receipt of goods would
suffice? Broadly, receipt of goods may be said to be complete when goods have been
supplied as per the recipient’s instructions and the supplier is discharged from any
further liability on such goods. The delivery must be complete in all respects to the
utmost satisfaction of the recipient. The point of acceptance in cases of pre requisite of
quality control may have to be clear.
For example, an interesting scenario may be encountered when goods imported by a
registered person are supplied directly to his customers in India from the port without
bringing such imported goods (physically) to his factory premises. Would the importer
still be entitled to ITC of IGST paid on imported goods although such goods were never
received at his factory premises? The answer is ‘Yes’. The importer, after fulfilling all
the import formalities is deemed to have received the goods and thus, eligible to avail
input tax credit of IGST paid on imports.
(g) Goods received in instalments: If goods are received in instalments against a single
invoice, credit can be availed upon receipt of last instalment of goods.
Illustration – A consignment of coal is to be dispatched from Kolkata to Mumbai using
five trucks. An invoice was issued to the recipient on March 30, 2018. Four trucks
reached the claimant by March 30, 2018 but the truck carrying the final lot of the
CGST Act 225

consignment reached the recipient only on April 2, 2018. In this case, input tax credit
for the entire consignment can be availed only in the month of April 2018.
(h) Receipt of Services: The recipient can claim credit only upon receipt of services. In
the commercial world, while it is easy to demonstrate receipt of goods (by way of
physical stock, e-way bill, GRN etc), the same is not to be in case of services which is
an intangible in nature. Determination of actual receipt of services could be a formidable
task especially when the contracting period for provision of service extends beyond a
tax period but consideration is received in advance. .
(i) Failure to pay to supplier of goods or service or both, the value of supply and tax
thereon: Where the recipient of goods or services or both have failed to pay the
supplier within 180 days from date of invoice, input tax credit availed, in proportion to
such unpaid consideration shall be added to the recipient’s output tax liability along with
interest as may be applicable. Such non-payment of the value of invoice must be
disclosed in FORM-GSTR 2 filed for the month immediately following the expiry of 180
days from the date of issue of invoice. However, such input tax credit may be reclaimed
as and when the unpaid amount (including taxes) is subsequently paid.
One may note that this condition shall not apply to supplies that are liable to tax under
reverse charge and supplies made without consideration as specified in Schedule I.
Conspicuous by its absence within this carved out provision is the import of goods.
While reverse charge is excluded from the condition of having to make payment within
180 days, GST paid on import of goods does not fall within the ambit of reverse charge
under section 9(3) or 9(4) of the CGST Act or Section 5(3) or Section 5(4) of the IGST
Act although IGST paid on import of goods is akin to reverse charge. The question that
now arises is - whether there can be reverse charge liability other than under section
9(3) and 9(4). The definition in section 2(98) does not permit such extended application.
The privilege to prescribe pre-conditions for vesting of right to input tax credit belongs to
section 16 and therefore, there is no other provision from where any overriding right to
claim credit on goods imports may be borrowed or imputed. On the other hand, IGST
paid under reverse charge on import of services is covered under Section 5(3) of the
IGST Act as a result of which an importer of service would be entitled to credit of IGST
paid even if the service provider remains unpaid beyond the said period of 180 days.
One may however wonder the need for such a provision under the GST law, given the
fact that payment of consideration is a private arrangement between the parties to the
contract. The Government is needlessly meddling with contractual payment terms by
dangling the sword of ITC reversal over the neck of the recipient of supply. The fact that
the Government receives its tax when time of supply is triggered irrespective of when
consideration is actually paid, adequately protects the interest of revenue thus failing to
justify the need for such a provision.
(j) Capital goods on which depreciation is claimed: Input tax credit shall not be allowed
on the tax component of the cost of capital goods and plant and machinery if

depreciation on such tax component has been claimed under the provisions of the
Income Tax Act, 1961.
There may however, be instances where an assessee is unable to avail input tax
credit on capital goods for various reasons, say for example, the department has
objected to it. In such cases, assessee may decide to capitalize the tax component and
avail depreciation on tax component also. Whenever the dispute relating to eligibility of
input tax credit on capital goods is resolved, assessee may avail Input Tax Credit and
correspondingly reverse the depreciation claimed under Income Tax Act, 1961 on tax
component. Similar provisions existed under CENVAT Credit Rules and the Hon’ble
Gujrat High Court in the case Genus Electrotech Limited reported in 2013 (296) ELT
175 (Guj.) held that after reversal of entry for deprecation, assessee could avail credit.
The ratio of this decision under the CENVAT Credit Rules, 2004 will equally hold good
under the GST law since the provisions are similar. Although, there was no time limit for
availing tax credit on capital goods under the CENVAT Credit Rules, 2004, under the
GST law, credit cannot be availed after the due date of filing the returns for the month of
September following the end of the financial year or the date of filing the annual return,
whichever is earlier. It would be worthwhile to note that Rule 37(4) which provides for
re-availment of input tax credit for an unrestricted period is applicable only in respect of
ITC reversed earlier for non-payment of consideration to the supplier within 180 days
and not for re-claim of ITC on account of reversal of depreciation as discussed above.
It may be interesting to note that Section 16(3) states that input tax credit shall not be
allowed in cases where depreciation has been claimed on “the tax component of the
cost of capital goods and plant and machinery under the provisions of the Income-tax
Act, 1961.” The use of the words plant and machinery in addition to ‘capital goods’
requires special attention. Capital Goods have been defined to mean goods used or
intended to be used in the course or furtherance of business, the value of which has
been capitalised in the books of account. Going by the above definition, ‘Plant and
machinery’ in respect of which depreciation is to be claimed would per se fall within the
ambit of capital goods as defined above. This special mention of ‘plant and machinery’
in addition to capital goods may be interpreted to mean that merely charging the value
CGST Act 227

of plant and machinery (including the tax component thereof) to the Profit and Loss
account could invalidate the claim of the registered person to input tax credit even
though the asset (i.e., Plant and Machinery) has not been capitalised. The intention
should be that what is not “revenue” in nature only can be capitalised and therefore
whatever is not capitalised would be eligible. It appears that this contentious issue
would only stand resolved over time.
In summary, among others the following facts are crucial for availment of Input tax credit:
(a) The claimant should be registered under the GST Law to avail the input tax credit
(except for certain exceptions covered under Section 18)
(b) The goods and/ or services must be used “by him” in the course or furtherance “of his”
business.
(c) Possession of original tax Invoice/Supplementary Invoice/ Debit note/ ISD invoice/ Bill
of Entry and other related documents is a must.
(d) The said document must contain all the particulars prescribed / specified in Rule 46 of
Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017 relating to a Tax Invoice. It may be noted
that the Tax Invoice or such other document can contain additional details other than
those prescribed but NO LESS. For details of invoice, see Chapter VI of the CGST
Rules.
(e) Supplier of goods and/ or services must upload the details of such documents in the
common portal i.e. GSTN. Subject to section 41 being claim of ITC and provisional
acceptance thereof, the supplier must have remitted the tax charged on such supplies.
(f) Vesting condition for claiming input tax credit is the return u/s 39 and not the supply per
se.
(g) The claimant should have received the goods / services. Input tax credit in case of
supplies in installment, would be on receipt of last installment of goods.
(h) The law casts an obligation on the recipient of supply availing credit to effect payment
to the supplier within a period of 180 days from the date of invoice. If such payment is
not effected/ partially effected by the recipient to the supplier, Rule 37 obligates
reversal/ proportionate reversal of input tax credit so availed leading to consequential
levy of tax and interest.
Proviso to section 16(2) provides that the taxable person shall be entitled to avail input
tax credit after making payment of the amount towards value of supply of goods or
services or both along with tax payable thereon. Further, Rule 37(4) provides that the
time limit specified under section 16(4) shall not be applicable for such recredit.
(i) Claim of depreciation on the GST component disqualifies a recipient of Capital goods
and plant and machinery from availment of input tax credit.
(j) ITC cannot be availed after the due date of filing the return for September month of the
next financial year or on furnishing the Annual Return whichever is earlier.

(k) No registered person is permitted to avail any input tax credit pursuant to an order of
demand on account of fraud, willful misstatement, or suppression of fact.Note: The last
point is important as many of the cases in a routine manner the show cause notice
would invoke these mala fide intentions and if not contested, the ITC would not be
available to the receiver even if otherwise eligible.
16.3 Issues and Concerns
(i) Rule 36 categorically provides that documents on which input tax credit is claimed
should be in accordance with the format prescribed for such documents. Thus, an
invoice referred to above should be in accordance with the provisions of Section 31 of
the CGST Act read with Rule 36 of the CGST rules with all mandatory particulars
specified in the relevant rules. Absence of such particulars or any non-compliance
thereof in such documents could result in input tax credit being denied to the registered
recipient. This casts an additional responsibility on the recipient to ensure that the tax
invoice (or such other documents by which credit is being availed) issued by his
supplier are in accordance with the requirements prescribed under the GST law.
(ii) A consignment of coal is to be dispatched from Kolkata to Mumbai through five trucks
for which the invoice was sent along with the first truck. Four trucks reached the
claimant by March 30, 2018 but the truck carrying the final lot of the consignment falls
down a gorge and is never received. Would this deny the input tax credit that should
have otherwise been available on coal received on the first four lots? The answer is
‘No’. The recipient in Mumbai needs to obtain a credit note from the supplier in Kolkata
in respect of that lot which would never be received and accordingly avail ITC relating to
the coal received at the business premises.
(iii) Section 16 allows a recipient of supply to avail credit only when he has received the
goods or services or both. For example, in an Annual Maintenance Contracts for
machines entered into on November 1st, 2017, the supplier is under an obligation to
render services arising over a period of 12 months (ending 31st October, 2018) but in
respect of which an invoice is raised and consideration is received on the date of
entering into the agreement i.e 1st November 2017 in this case. In such cases, the fate
of input tax credit contained in the said invoice is left hanging in the balance considering
the fact that input tax credit in respect of an invoice received during the year cannot be
claimed after the due date for filing the return for the month of September of the
succeeding year. In the given case, the receipt of service is said to be completed (i.e.,
AMC period ends) on October 31st, 2018, while the time limit for claiming credit is
October 20th, 2018. Possible solution to overcome this situation could be to convert the
AMC into Monthly / Quarterly Maintenance Contracts, if agreeable to the supplier.
Alternatively, could it be interpreted that an AMC, is primarily an assurance which is
received on the date of entering into the AMC and what follows is only a continuing
obligation of the supplier and hence the service may be deemed to have been received
on the date of commencement of the AMC. The above issue also arises in case of an
insurance contract. It is possible for one to interpret or read down the law in such cases
CGST Act 229

since every business operates on a concept of going concern. These issues would most
certainly be put to test in the times to come.
(iv) In case of a recipient who has reversed credit on account of non-payment of
consideration within 180 days, can he avail credit in instalments as and when the
payment is made to the supplier or should he reclaim the credit only when the entire
amount including taxes has been paid to the supplier. Given that the third proviso to
Section 16(2)(d) allows re-availment of credit on payment of ‘the amount towards the
value of supply of goods or services or both’ and not ‘an amount’, reading strictly it may
be construed that the entire amount would have to be paid for re-availment of credit
earlier reversed. Consideration paid in non-monetary is also a consideration and for the
scheme to work one needs to read harmoniously. Some experts argue that the
expression ‘the amount towards the value of supply of goods or services or both’ must
be necessarily construed that it imply “whole of the value of supply”. It may also be
possible to understand that if the terms of payments envisage payment in part even
after a period of 180 days that such proportionate could be availed from time to time
depending on the amount of payment. It is a common practice that some deductions are
there in the invoice without GST being deducted. Then can it be said that the whole
consideration has not been paid and credit denied until the whole amount ith taxes
paid? The credit should be available for part payments, value deductions by customer
without impacting the GST as well as non-monetary payments. These issues may be
put to test in the days to come.
Aspect Credit under erstwhile Input tax credit under GST
system
Definition of “capital Defined in Cenvat Credit Comparatively wider definition.
goods” Rules
Definition of “input” Defined in Cenvat credit Exhaustive definition and does
Rules having inclusion and not contain inclusion or
exclusion limbs. exclusion limb.
Definition of “input Defined in Cenvat credit Exhaustive definition and does
services” Rules which has inclusion not contain inclusion or
and exclusion limb. exclusion limb.
Electronic credit ledger Similar to CENVAT credit Electronic credit ledger
register maintained in Form required to be maintained for
RG23A crediting and utilising input tax
credit
While CENVAT Credit Rules identified three components for credit availment, namely Input,
Input Services and Capital Goods, the GST law allows input tax credit on goods and services
with goods being further classified into inputs and capital goods in certain cases.

17. Apportionment of credit and blocked credit
(1) Where the goods or services or both are used by the registered person partly for the
purpose of any business and partly for other purposes, the amount of credit shall be
restricted to so much of the input tax as is attributable to the purposes of his
business.
(2) Where the goods or services or both are used by the registered person partly for
effecting taxable supplies including zero-rated supplies under this Act or under the
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, and partly for effecting exempt supplies
under the said Acts, the amount of credit shall be restricted to so much of the input
tax as is attributable to the said taxable supplies including zero-rated supplies.
(3) The value of exempt supply under sub-section (2) shall be such as may be
prescribed, and shall include supplies on which the recipient is liable to pay tax on
reverse charge basis, transactions in securities, sale of land and, subject to clause
(b) of paragraph 5 of Schedule II, sale of building.
(4) A banking company or a financial institution including a non-banking financial
company, engaged in supplying services by way of accepting deposits, extending
loans or advances shall have the option to either comply with the provisions of sub-
section (2), or avail of, every month, an amount equal to fifty per cent of the eligible
input tax credit on inputs, capital goods and input services in that month and the rest
shall lapse.
Provided that the option once exercised shall not be withdrawn during the remaining
part of the financial year.
Provided further that the restriction of fifty per cent. shall not apply to the tax paid on
supplies made by one registered person to another registered person having the
same Permanent Account Number
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) of section 16 and subsection
(1) of section 18, input tax credit shall not be available in respect of the following
namely:
(a) motor vehicles and other conveyances except when they are used-
(i) for making the following taxable supplies, namely: -
(A) further supply of such vehicles or conveyances; or
(B) transportation of passengers; or
(C) imparting training on driving, flying, navigating such vehicles or
conveyances;
(ii) for transportation of goods.
CGST Act 231

(b) the following supply of goods or services or both, -

(i) food and beverages, outdoor catering, beauty treatment, health
services, cosmetic and plastic surgery except where an inward supply of
goods or services or both of a category is used by a registered person
for making an outward taxable supply of the same category of goods or
services or both or as an element of a taxable composite or mixed
supply;
(ii) membership of a club, health and fitness centre,
(iii) rent-a-cab, life insurance, health insurance except where
(A) the Government notifies the services which are obligatory for an
employer to provide to its employees under any law for the time
being in force; or
(B) such inward supply of goods or services or both of a category is
used by a registered person for making an outward taxable supply
of the same category of goods or services or both or as part of a
taxable composite or mixed supply; and
(iv) travel benefits extended to employees on vacation such as leave or
home travel concession.
(c) works contract services when supplied for construction of immovable property,
(other than plant and machinery), except where it is an input service for further
supply of works contract service;
(d) goods or services or both received by a taxable person for construction of an
immovable property (other than plant and machinery) on his own account,
including when such goods or services or both are used in the course or
furtherance of business;
Explanation. - For the purpose of clause (c) and (d), the expression
“construction” includes re-construction, renovation, additions or alterations or
repairs, to the extent of capitalization, to the said immovable property.
(e) goods or services or both on which tax has been paid under section 10;
(f) goods or services or both received by a non-resident taxable person except on
goods imported by him;
(g) goods or services or both used for personal consumption;
(h) goods lost, stolen, destroyed, written off or disposed of by way of gift or free
samples; and
(i) any tax paid in accordance with the provisions of sections 74, 129 and 130.
(6) The Government may prescribe the manner in which the credit referred to in sub-
sections (1) and (2) may be attributed.

Explanation. For the purposes of this Chapter and Chapter VI, the expression ‘plant
and machinery’ means apparatus, equipment and machinery fixed to earth by
foundation or structural support that are used for making outward supply of goods or
services or both and includes such foundation and structural supports but excludes
(i) land, building or any other civil structures,
(ii) telecommunication towers; and
(iii) pipelines laid outside the factory premises
38. Claim of credit by a banking company or a financial institution.

A banking company or a financial institution, including a non-banking financial company,
engaged in the supply of services by way of accepting deposits or extending loans or
advances that chooses not to comply with the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 17,
in accordance with the option permitted under sub-section (4) of that section, shall follow
the following procedure, namely,-
(a) the said company or institution shall not avail the credit of,-
(i) the tax paid on inputs and input services that are used for non-business
purposes; and
(ii) the credit attributable to the supplies specified in sub-section (5) of section 17,
in FORM GSTR-2;
(b) the said company or institution shall avail the credit of tax paid on inputs and input
services referred to in the second proviso to sub-section (4) of section 17 and not
covered under clause (a);
(c) fifty per cent. of the remaining amount of input tax shall be the input tax credit
admissible to the company or the institution and shall be furnished in FORM
GSTR- 2;
(d) the amount referred to in clauses (b) and (c) shall, subject to the provisions of
sections 41, 42 and 43, be credited to the electronic credit ledger of the said
company or the institution.
42. Manner of determination of input tax credit in respect of inputs or input services
and reversal thereof
1) The input tax credit in respect of inputs or input services, which attract the provisions of
sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 17, being partly used for the purposes of
business and partly for other purposes, or partly used for effecting taxable supplies
including zero rated supplies and partly for effecting exempt supplies, shall be
attributed to the purposes of business or for effecting taxable supplies in the following
CGST Act 233

manner, namely,-
a) the total input tax involved on inputs and input services in a tax period, be denoted
as ‘T‘;
b) the amount of input tax, out of ‘T‘, attributable to inputs and input services
intended to be used exclusively for the purposes other than business, be denoted
as ‘T1‘;
c) the amount of input tax, out of ‘T‘, attributable to inputs and input services intended
to be used exclusively for effecting exempt supplies, be denoted as ‘T2‘;
d) the amount of input tax, out of ‘T‘, in respect of inputs and input services on which
credit is not available under sub-section (5) of section 17, be denoted as ‘T3‘;
e) the amount of input tax credit credited to the electronic credit ledger of registered
person, be denoted as ‘C1‘ and calculated as-
C1 = T- (T1+T2+T3);
f) the amount of input tax credit attributable to inputs and input services intended to
be used exclusively for effecting supplies other than exempted but including zero
rated supplies, be denoted as ‘T4‘;
g) ‘T1‘, ‘T2‘, ‘T3‘ and ‘T4‘ shall be determined and declared by the registered person
at the invoice level in FORM GSTR-2;
h) input tax credit left after attribution of input tax credit under clause (g) shall be
called common credit, be denoted as ‘C2‘ and calculated as:
C2 = C1- T4;
i) the amount of input tax credit attributable towards exempt supplies, be denoted as
‘D1‘ and calculated as
D1= (E÷F) × C2 where,
‘E‘ is the aggregate value of exempt supplies during the tax period, and
‘F‘ is the total turnover in the State of the registered person during the tax period:
Provided that where the registered person does not have any turnover during the
said tax period or the aforesaid information is not available, the value of ‘E/F‘ shall
be calculated by taking values of ‘E‘ and ‘F‘ of the last tax period for which the
details of such turnover are available, previous to the month during which the said
value of ‘E/F‘ is to be calculated;
Explanation: For the purposes of this clause, it is hereby clarified that the
aggregate value of exempt supplies and the total turnover shall exclude the amount
of any duty or tax levied under entry 84 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution and entry 51 and 54 of List II of the said Schedule;
j) the amount of credit attributable to non-business purposes if common inputs and
input services are used partly for business and partly for non-business purposes,

be denoted as ‘D2‘, and shall be equal to five per cent. of C2; and
k) the remainder of the common credit shall be the eligible input tax credit attributed
to the purposes of business and for effecting supplies other than exempted
supplies but including zero rated supplies and shall be denoted as ‘C3‘, where,-
C3 = C2 - (D1+D2);
l) the amount ‘C3‘ shall be computed separately for input tax credit of central tax,
State tax, Union territory tax and integrated tax;
m) the amount equal to aggregate of ‘D1‘ and ‘D2‘ shall be added to the output tax
liability of the registered person:
Provided that where the amount of input tax relating to inputs or input services
used partly for the purposes other than business and partly for effecting exempt
supplies has been identified and segregated at the invoice level by the registered
person, the same shall be included in ‘T1‘ and ‘T2‘ respectively, and the remaining
amount of credit on such inputs or input services shall be included in ‘T4‘.
2) The input tax credit determined under sub-rule (1) shall be calculated finally for the
financial year before the due date for furnishing of the return for the month of
September following the end of the financial year to which such credit relates, in the
manner specified in the said sub-rule and-
a) where the aggregate of the amounts calculated finally in respect of ‘D1‘ and ‘D2‘
exceeds the aggregate of the amounts determined under sub-rule (1) in respect of
‘D1‘ and ‘D2‘, such excess shall be added to the output tax liability of the registered
person in the month not later than the month of September following the end of the
financial year to which such credit relates and the said person shall be liable to pay
interest on the said excess amount at the rate specified in sub-section (1) of
section 50 for the period starting from the first day of April of the succeeding
financial year till the date of payment; or
b) where the aggregate of the amounts determined under sub-rule (1) in respect of
‘D1‘ and ‘D2‘ exceeds the aggregate of the amounts calculated finally in respect of
‘D1‘ and ‘D2‘, such excess amount shall be claimed as credit by the registered
person in his return for a month not later than the month of September following
the end of the financial year to which such credit relates.
43. Manner of determination of input tax credit in respect of capital goods and
1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) of section 16, the input tax credit in respect
of capital goods, which attract the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 17,
being partly used for the purposes of business and partly for other purposes, or partly
used for effecting taxable supplies including zero rated supplies and partly for effecting
CGST Act 235

exempt supplies, shall be attributed to the purposes of business or for effecting taxable
supplies in the following manner, namely,-
a) the amount of input tax in respect of capital goods used or intended to be used
exclusively for non-business purposes or used or intended to be used exclusively
for effecting exempt supplies shall be indicated in FORM GSTR-2 and shall not be
credited to his electronic credit ledger;
b) the amount of input tax in respect of capital goods used or intended to be used
exclusively for effecting supplies other than exempted supplies but including zero
rated supplies shall be indicated in FORM GSTR-2 and shall be credited to the
electronic credit ledger;
c) the amount of input tax in respect of capital goods not covered under clauses (a)
and (b), denoted as ‘A‘, shall be credited to the electronic credit ledger and the
useful life of such goods shall be taken as five years from the date of the invoice
for such goods:
Provided that where any capital goods earlier covered under clause (a) is
subsequently covered under this clause, the value of ‘A‘ shall be arrived at by
reducing the input tax at the rate of five percentage points for every quarter or part
thereof and the amount ‘A‘ shall be credited to the electronic credit ledger;
Explanation.- An item of capital goods declared under clause (a) on its receipt shall
not attract the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 18, if it is subsequently
covered under this clause.
d) the aggregate of the amounts of ‘A‘ credited to the electronic credit ledger under
clause (c), to be denoted as ‘Tc‘, shall be the common credit in respect of capital
goods for a tax period:
Provided that where any capital goods earlier covered under clause (b) is
subsequently covered under clause (c), the value of ‘A‘ arrived at by reducing the
input tax at the rate of five percentage points for every quarter or part thereof shall
be added to the aggregate value ‘Tc‘;
e) the amount of input tax credit attributable to a tax period on common capital goods
during their useful life, be denoted as ‘Tm‘ and calculated as-
Tm= Tc÷60
f) the amount of input tax credit, at the beginning of a tax period, on all common
capital goods whose useful life remains during the tax period, be denoted as ‘Tr‘
and shall be the aggregate of ‘Tm‘ for all such capital goods;
g) the amount of common credit attributable towards exempted supplies, be denoted
as ‘Te‘, and calculated as-
Te= (E÷ F) x Tr
where,
‘E‘ is the aggregate value of exempt supplies, made, during the tax period,
and

‘F‘ is the total turnover of the registered person during the tax period:
Provided that where the registered person does not have any turnover during the
said tax period or the aforesaid information is not available, the value of ‘E/F‘ shall
be calculated by taking values of ‘E‘ and ‘F‘ of the last tax period for which the
details of such turnover are available, previous to the month during which the said
value of ‘E/F‘ is to be calculated;
Explanation.- For the purposes of this clause, it is hereby clarified that the
aggregate value of exempt supplies and the total turnover shall exclude the amount
of any duty or tax levied under entry 84 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution and entry 51 and 54 of List II of the said Schedule;
h) the amount ‘Te’ along with the applicable interest shall, during every tax period of
the useful life of the concerned capital goods, be added to the output tax liability of
the person making such claim of credit.
2) The amount ‘Te’ shall be computed separately for central tax, State tax, Union territory
tax and integrated tax.
Explanation: -For the purposes of rule 42 and this rule, it is hereby clarified that the
aggregate value of exempt supplies shall exclude: -
a) the value of supply of services specified in the notification of the Government of
India in the Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue No. 42/2017-Integrated
Tax (Rate), dated the 27th October, 2017 published in the Gazette of India,
Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number GSR 1338(E) dated
the 27th October, 2017;
b) the value of services by way of accepting deposits, extending loans or advances in
so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount, except in
case of a banking company or a financial institution including a non-banking
financial company, engaged in supplying services by way of accepting deposits,
extending loans or advances; and
c) the value of supply of services by way of transportation of goods by a vessel from
the customs station of clearance in India to a place outside India.

1. Chapter Nineteen of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on
‘Input Tax Credit Mechanism in GST’
Related Provisions of the CGST Statute

Section 2(47) Definition of ‘Exempt Supply’
Section 2(119) Definition of ‘Works Contract’
CGST Act 237

Section 16 Eligibility and conditions for taking input tax credit

Section 18 Availability of credit in special circumstances
Section 74 Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously
refunded or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised by
reason of fraud or any wilful misstatement or suppression of
facts.
Section 129 Detention, seizure and release of goods and conveyances
in transit
Section 130 Confiscation of goods or conveyances and levy of penalty
Schedule II Activities to be treated as supply of goods or supply of
services
Rule 45 Conditions and restrictions in respect of inputs and capital
goods sent to the job worker
Section 16 of IGST Act Zero Rated Supply
17.1 Introduction
The input tax credit eligibility is based on the fact as to whether the goods or services or both
are used for taxable supplies or exempt supplies. Where the goods or service or both are used
for both taxable and exempted supplies, only proportionate credit is allowed to a registered
person, Further, this section provides for a list of supplies that are ineligible for input tax
credit.
17.2 Analysis
(a) Proportionate credit:
ITC based on usage in business

ITC based on use of Inputs
(b) Definition of ‘exempt supply’: It is very interesting to note that although an exempt
supply is defined in section 2(47), section 17(3) read with explanation (2) in rule 45 for
purposes of input tax credit reversal includes the following transactions as well:
 tax paid under reverse charge,
 transaction in securities,
 sale of land and sale of building subject to clause (b) of Paragraph 5 of
Schedule II.
Thus, in a way, exempt supply for the purpose of section 17(3) means all such
transactions that come within the sweep and ambit of section 2(47) and such other
transactions listed in section 17(3) – is this permissible under law ?
Please note that the value of supplies in respect of which the outward supplier is not
liable to pay tax but the recipient is made liable to pay tax under Sections 9(3) and 5(3)
of the CGST and IGST Act respectively, would be regarded as ‘exempt supplies’ for the
limited purpose of determining net available input tax credit. Doubts have been raised
whether such supplies should be included as exempt supplies by the recipient who pays
the tax under reverse charge. It is to be clarified that Section 17(3) identifies supplies
attracting reverse charge to be an exempt supply in the hands of the supplier effecting
such supplies. Explanation (2) in rule 45 provides a notional value for supply of
‘securities’ and adopts ‘stamp duty’ value in respect of immovable property. This value
would be adopted as the value for arriving at the amount of reversal of input tax credit in
respect of such supplies.
(c) Banking Company or financial institution including NBFC engaged in accepting
deposits, extending loans or advances: An option is made available to a Banking
CGST Act 239

company or financial institution including NBFC engaged in accepting deposits,

extending loans or advances that chooses not to comply with the provisions of sub-
section (2) of section 17:
(i) Refrain from availing input tax credit relatable to ‘non-business purposes’ and those
restricted u/s 17(5) – This needs to be reported in FORM-GSTR 2
(ii) Avail full credit on inter-branch supply of services between distinct persons of the
banking or NBFC company; and
(iii) Avail 50% of ‘all other’ input tax credits. ‘All other’ credits refer to eligible input tax
credit that would have been available u/s 16 before administering the restriction in
this section.
(d) Ineligible Input Tax Credit – Input Tax Credit will not be available in respect of the
following
This section commences with a non obstante clause “notwithstanding anything
contained in sub section (1) of section 16 and sub section (1) of section 18”. It clearly
means that the provisions of section 17(5) overrides sections 16(1) and 18(1). Not
satisfied with this restriction, the legislature uses the expression ‘in respect of’
appearing in section 17(5) which connotes a narrower meaning akin to “only”.
Consider an illustration where input ‘A’ is converted into output ‘B’ (both being goods)
and a certain quantity of output ‘B’ that are produced but not yet supplied are destroyed
by fire. Now, is GST payable on output ‘B’ or is it sufficient, if input tax credit taken on
input ‘A’ is reversed?. Destruction of a part of output ‘B’ does not satisfy the
requirements of ‘supply’ and therefore, there is no question of payment of tax on the
output that are destroyed by fire before they are supplied. This would have been the
case under Central Excise law (as Central Excise Duty was payable on manufacture)
but those principles do not find place in GST law. Under the GST laws, on destruction of
output ‘B’, the only tax that remains to be paid is the proportionate credit availed on
input ‘A’. Recovery of input credit that was properly availed on ‘A’ used in the course or
furtherance of business in the production of ‘B’ which was subsequently destroyed
before being supplied renders the credit availed to fail the requirements of section
16(1). Credit is not an entitlement at the time of receipt of inputs but an entitlement on
the condition of its participation in a taxable outward supply. It must be added here that,
there is no question of reversal of input tax credit under clause (h) in respect of inputs
forming part of normal (or even abnormal) wastage in the course of production of the
output. Credit ‘in respect of’ inputs that fail to participate in a taxable outward supply are
identified and recovered by this clause. Therefore, by this illustration, it becomes clear
that the words ‘in respect of’ are not limited to the very articles that are disqualified from
claim of input tax credit under this subsection but also credits ‘in respect of’ goods or
services linked to the disqualified articles are also liable to be disqualified. The credit of
tax paid for insurance of a motor vehicle, on which credit is not eligible, may not be
blocked under Section 17(5) since such credit is “in respect of” the motor vehicle i.e.

restricted to only Motor vehicles. The same principle holds good for maintenance of
motor vehicles. Some experts argue that it may not be eligible. This aspect may also be
tested in time to come.The analysis of above provision in a pictorial form is summarised
as follows:
Restrictions on ITC: Blocked credits under Sec 17(5)
(a) Motor Vehicles
 Transportation of Goods, or
Except  Making the following taxable supply:
ITC for Motor
when I. Further supply of such
Vehicles will not
they are vehicles/conveyances, or
be available
used for: II. Transportation of passengers, or
III. Training for driving/flying/navigating
such vehicles/conveyances.
Note: Further, to come out of the restriction applicable to motor vehicles ‘claiming’ them to be
for transportation of goods or transportation of passengers, registrations necessary under the
motor vehicles’ registration laws must also be in alignment with such a ‘claim’. It would not
suffice to merely claim motor vehicles which are duly registered for ‘private use’ to be used for
transportation of goods or transportation of passengers. It may be a fact that a motor vehicle
registered for private use, is in fact, used often for transportation of goods or transportation of
passengers, it would still not escape the restriction because of the primary purpose of such a
motor vehicle reported at the time of its registration.
Also note that rent-a-cab is a term that has been defined in Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 and
motorcab is defined in section 2(25) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 to be limited to vehicles
designed to transport ‘less than 6’ persons. Service tax law, however, expanded the meaning
of ‘cab’ while imposing tax under the category of Rent-a-Cab Operator Services to include
vehicles designed to seat more than 12 persons. In this section, rent-a-cab is not defined and
it must be admitted to be an expression not of common usage. Now, the question arises as to
whether the expansive meaning from the (now repealed) Finance Act, 1994 is to be borrowed
or the meaning (now valid) Motor Vehicles Act/Rules is to be considered. It is a settled
position of law that current law, would prevail over repealed law. As such, it would be limited
to motor cabs designed to carry ‘less than 6 persons’. Thus, input tax credit in respect of
transport of persons in a bus or minivan (for more than 6 persons) would not be blocked and
the restriction shall apply only in respect of cars used as cabs.
It would also be relevant to note that for availment of credit on motor vehicles used for
transport of passengers, the vehicle should be used for making taxable outward supplies. On
the other hand, credit on motor vehicles used for transport of goods, does not require taxable
outward supplies to be effected. Hence, a company using a motor vehicle for site visit
purposes may not be eligible to avail credit on such motor vehicle but a Company using a
CGST Act 241

motor vehicle to transport goods from their warehouse to factory / site or from factory to
customer location would be entitled to claim credit of taxes paid on such motor vehicle.
(b) Supply of goods and services being:
Note: Though credit is restricted in respect of the above supplies, credit would still be allowed
if they are used for effecting further taxable supply of the same category; or as an element of
a taxable composite or mixed supply. Often in a business scenario, it is extremely difficult to
link up such inward supplies to taxable outward supplies. For instance – in a rent-a-cab
service – input tax credit would be allowed if the corresponding inward supply could be linked
to an outward supply of the very same rent-a-cab service; but if rent-a-cab outward supply is
provided free of cost then the question that arises is – whether input tax needs restriction or
output supply is subject to valuation? Assume that in the very same example the rent-a-cab
outward supply is provided by a hotel to its guest – say free drop to airport – what would be
the position of input taxes ? The pertinent question would be whether it was for furtherance of
business for which the obvious answer would be in affirmative as in business nothing is done
for charity and the cost would have been included in the value of the other service or goods.
Alternative views may arise due to the facility not being uniformly available to all guests.
Readers are free to frame their views considering the circumstances.
It would not suffice to merely claim that these restricted supplies are used for further taxable
supply in the absence of a clear link between the restricted inward supply and the taxable
outward supply. Mere utilization of these restricted supplies for the benefit of the supplier in
the course of an outward supply may validate availment of input tax credit on such restricted
supplies.
Certain instances where the credits on aforementioned restricted categories can be attempted
to be availed

Inward Supplies Credit Eligibility

Food & Beverages or Corporate party organized by hiring an Event Manager.
Outdoor Catering Event Manager is contracted to ensure all arrangements
relating to food, guests, lighting, decoration, cab services for
pick up and drop etc
Event Manager uses the services of a caterer to serve food
at the party and engages a rent-a-cab operator to pick-up
and drop guests.
(i) Credit to Event Manager for food and Rent-a-Cab
services – Available since inward supplies have been
used for making outward supplies
(ii) Credit to Company – Available since they are availing
composite supply of event management and not a
standalone supply of various elements contained in
organizing such event
Rent a Cab Services Karnataka Shops and Establishment Regulations mandates
provided to Company for every employer to ensure that cab facility is provided to
transport of female female employees working during night shift. Any cab facility
employees who work on provided for transport of female employees is mandated by
night shift statute and credit of the same would be available to the
employer.
Travel Benefits to Directors Travel Benefits to employees have been specifically
restricted from credit availment but nothing has been
mentioned about the travel benefits extended to non-
executive directors and hence the same should be available.
Credits on transactions for “non business use” may not apply
here since Company is accounting this as a business
expenditure in their books of accounts.
CGST Act 243

(c) Construction of Immovable Property (other than plant & machinery)
“Construction” includes re-construction, renovation, additions or alterations or repairs, to

the extent of capitalization, to the said immovable property. Please note that ‘alterations’
and ‘repairs’ are also included in this definition if capitalised.
Note: Considering that ‘works contract services’ is not classified as a taxable outward supply
in itself, the restriction would apply only in such of those cases where the corresponding
inward supply of ‘works contract services’ is not used directly in a further taxable outward
supply. Input tax credit attributable to ‘Works Contract Services’ (including on inward supply of
goods or services) availed by builders / developers for providing outward supply of services,
would be eligible for ITC. It is important to note that credit of GST paid on works contract
services would be allowed only if the output supply is also works contract services.
In respect of inward supply of works contract resulting in immovable proeprty for own use, the
correspond tax credits would be blocked if it is used “for” construction Hence, costs directly
related to construction would not enjoy any input tax credit, but costs which directly do not
relate to construction would be entitled to credit.
Plant and machinery: means apparatus, equipment, machinery fixed to earth by foundation
or structural support that are used for making outward supply of goods or services or both and
includes such foundation and structural supports but excludes land, building or any other civil
structures, telecommunication towers; and pipelines laid outside the factory premises. The
definition of plant and machinery is also unique in including foundation and support which
could be a works contract service for which credit is allowed but excludes ‘any other civil
structure’. The intention appears to be put to rest the disputes in the past where foundation
and structure which may include civil construction which are part of the plant and machinery
would be eligible for credit. Specific exlcusion like telecommunication towers may exclude
some parts of other than the basic tower. These aspects may also be retested in time to come.
(d) Self-construction
Inward supply of goods or services for construction of an immovable property for ‘own use’
would also not be eligible for input tax credit. This restriction applies even when such
immovable property is used in the course or in furtherance of business. Understanding the

scope of ‘immovable property’ is very important. Immovable property is well understood to be

land and building but it also includes everything that is attached to or forming part of the land
and rights-in-land. Credit is blocked on all inward supplies leading to the establishment of
such immovable property. Inward supply of services from real estate agent, architect, interior
decorators and contractors are all blocked as these are involved in the establishment of the
immovable property. But, if inward supplies such as security, house-keeping and property
maintenance are used after construction, then such credits are not blocked as these are
received after establishment of the immovable property. One needs to note the fine line that
the law draws to prevent indiscriminate extension of this credit blockage beyond the purpose
for which it is specified.
Factors to be considered for deciding whether the credits on costs associated with works
contract or construction of immovable property are available or not
(i) If rent charged separately for bare shell and the fitouts – No Credit in respect of inputs
used in construction of bare shell whereas credits could be available on fitouts related
material;
(ii) Accounting treatment in the books – Are the costs capitalized with the Building or
separately disclosed in the fixed asset register? Separate capitalization – Credit would
be available;
(iii) Things which cannot be retrieved without damage to the goods – Immovable and hence
no credit;
(iv) HSN Code in the Bill – If classified under the category of construction – Then credit is
may not be available. There is a settled principle of law that incorrect classification by
the supplier should not lead to denial if in normal circumstances it would be eligible;
(v) Separate PO and Invoice from the vendor to bifurcate between transactions on which
one would avail credits and on transactions on which one would not avail credits;
(vi) Accounting of transactions and assigning the Project / Cost Code.
(e) Not used in business
Since credit reversal is required whenever inputs are lost, stolen or destroyed, distinction is to
be made between inputs ‘lost’ and ‘loss’ of inputs. As stated earlier, credit is not liable to be
reversed in case of ‘loss’ of inputs that do not amount to inputs being ‘lost’. The loss could be
either normal or abnormal (as per industry standards). Reversal of credit is occasioned when
there is any event that results in inputs being ‘lost’.
Stocks given away as gifts or free samples appear to be covered by this clause (h), but it is
important to note that the manner of giving away gifts or free samples is qualified with the
word ‘disposal’. Disposal has already been used once before in section 7(1)(a) which is not
the same as ‘sale’ or ‘transfer’. Therefore, it appears that gift or free samples given must be
such that they are not by way of ‘sale’ or ‘transfer’ (or any other form of supply). From our
earlier discussion, undervaluation of stocks given away for non-monetary consideration was
CGST Act 245

concluded to be a taxable supply. Here ‘disposal’ by way of gift or free samples must
necessarily be stocks ‘not meant for supply’ that are to be distributed for non-monetary
consideration. Some examples of goods ‘not meant for supply’ are as follows:
 Prescription drug samples marked ‘Physician’s sample not to be sold’
 As per the Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodity) Rules, 2011 sale of packaged
commodities by a manufacturer, importer or wholesale dealer to an Industrial consumer
shall have the declaration ‘Not for retail sale’.
It is also important to understand that a supply that is rightly taxable cannot be substituted
based on its being given away as gift or free samples by mere reversal of relatable input tax
credit. Meaning to say, prescription drugs supplied across the counter free of cost cannot be
classified as ‘free sample’ merely because it is supplied for free. The supplier of such goods
cannot exempt himself from payment of tax on such goods by claiming to have reversed input
tax credit proportionate to goods supplied for free. It is only when stocks that are ‘not meant
for sale’ for supply are ‘disposed off’, the words ‘in respect of’ manages to recover input tax
credit relatable to the inputs used in the production of such stocks that no longer make a
taxable supply.
Some experts argue that nothing done in business is free and therefore reversal of ITC would
be sufficient as it is in course and furthernce of business. This matter may also be tested in
time to come.
(f) Reversal of Input tax credit - Computation of Exempt Turnover and Total Turnover in
the State
Rule 42 requires common credits used for taxable and exempt supplies to be availed in the
same proportion as that of the taxable supplies to the Total Turnover in the State.
Total Turnover in the State means
(i) Value of all taxable supplies (other than inward supplies covered under reverse charge)
made within the State
(ii) Value of all exempt supplies made within the State
(iii) Exports
(iv) Inter State Supplies
but excludes CGST, SGST, IGST and Compensation Cess.
Exempt Turnover means
Supply of any goods or services or both
(i) which attracts nil rate of tax or
(ii) which may be wholly exempt from tax under section 11, or under section 6 of the
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

and includes
(i) non-taxable supply – Supplies not leviable to tax under GST. Eg: Alcohol
(ii) supplies on which the recipient is liable to pay tax on reverse charge basis – it would be
treated as exempt in the hands of the supplier and not recipient. Eg: Sponsorship
Services by Educational Institution would be treated as exempt supplies in the hands of
educational institution since it attracts GST under reverse charge;
(iii) Transaction in securities – Value shall be 1% of the sale value;
(iv) Sale of Land – Value shall be the same as adopted for stamp duty purposes;
(v) Sale of Completed Building on which GST is not applicable (sale after receipt of
occupancy certificate or after first occupation) – Value shall be the same as adopted for
stamp duty purposes.
but excludes
(i) Excise Duty levied under Entry 84 of List 1 of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution
of India [applicable on petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly
known as petrol), natural gas aviation turbine fuel and tobacco and tobacco products];
(ii) Excise Duty levied under Entry 51 of List 2 of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution
of India [applicable on alcoholic liquor for human consumption and opium, Indian Hemp
and other Narcotic drugs and narcotics];
(iii) VAT on sale of goods under Entry 54 of List 2 of the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution of India [applicable on petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit
(commonly known as petrol), natural gas aviation turbine fuel and tobacco and tobacco
products];
[Explanation to Rule 43 – Amendment effective from January 25, 2018]
(iv) Supply of Services to Nepal and Bhutan against Indian Rupee covered under
Notification No.42/2017 – IGST (Rate) dated 27.10.2017 [Explanation to Rule 43]
(v) Interest / Discount received on deposits, loans etc (except for Banks and other
Financial Institutions) [Explanation to Rule 43]
(vi) Services by Transport of Goods by vessel from customs station to place outside India
[Explanation to Rule 43]
Exemption from GST was provided on services of transport of goods by vessel / aircraft
from customs station to place outside India but only transport of vessel is excluded from
definition of exempt supplies and hence input tax credit would have to reversed on
transport of goods by aircraft.
On completion of the financial year, input tax credit shall be determined accurately based on
actuals, in the same manner as provided in Rule 42. A ‘true up’ is required to be done on an
annual basis (between the amounts reversed for each tax period during the year and the
CGST Act 247

amount determined at the end of the financial year) and any excess credit availed needs to be
reversed with interest while short credit, if any, needs to be re-availed within 6 months from
end of the financial year.
(i) Sub-Sections (c) and (d) of Section 17(5) restricts input tax credit when received
towards construction of immovable property. The term ‘construction’ used in Section 17
has been explained to includes re-construction, renovation, additions or alterations or
repairs to an immovable property only to the extent it has been capitalised in the books
of accounts. Would this mean that any renovation, additions or alterations or repairs to
an immovable property which is not capitalised would still be an eligible input tax credit
as long as it fulfils the conditions in Section 16 of the Act. For example, a service
provider replaces broken windows in his office, the cost of which has not been
capitalised in its books of accounts, instead the entire amount has been charged to the
profit and loss account along with taxes. Would the company still be eligible to avail
input tax credit since there is no restriction on availing the said tax credits either under
Section 17(5) or under Section 16(3).
(ii) Now the question arises as to whether input tax credit incurred on special purpose
motor vehicles such as cranes, drilling and excavation vehicles such as bore well
drilling lorries and bulldozers which cannot be claimed to be used in transportation of
goods. Section 17(5) restricts input tax credit on Motor vehicles and other conveyances
unless the same has been used in the transportation of goods or for effecting taxable
supplies such as further supply of the motor vehicle, transportation of passengers or
imparting training for driving such vehicles. The GST Act borrows the definition of a
motor vehicle from section 2(28) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 which is defined as
“any mechanically propelled vehicle adapted for use upon roads whether the power of
propulsion is transmitted thereto from an external or internal source and includes a
chassis to which a body has not been attached and a trailer; but does not include a
vehicle running upon fixed rails or a vehicle of a special type adapted for use only in a
factory or in any other enclosed premises or a vehicle having less than four wheels
fitted with engine capacity of not exceeding thirty-five cubic centimeters;” In view
of the above definition, a crane, borewell or a bulldozer can be said to be a motor
vehicle. In the past cenvat regime where similar restriction existed, the credit was
allowed. This aspect may be tested in time to come.
17.4 Comparative Review
Aspect Credit under old regime Input tax credit under GST
regime
Proportionate credit No explicit distinction made Specific distinction made
between goods or services between goods or services
used for business and non- used for business and non-
business business

Works contract credit Restriction to inputs only Credit allowed when used for
further supply of works contract
Credit on inputs used Input or Input Service used for Restriction to both inputs and
for construction of civil construction not eligible. input services.
immovable property
Credit related to works Plant and machinery not Plant and machinery is
contract and excluded from restriction of excluded from restriction of
construction w.r.t plant credit credit unless depreciation has
and machinery been claimed on the tax
component.
17.5 FAQs
Q1. Where goods or services or both received, is used for both taxable and non-taxable
supplies, what would be the input tax credit entitlement for the registered person?
Ans. The input tax credit of goods or service or both used in respect of taxable supplies can
only be availed by the registered person
Q2. Whether the taxable supply would include supplies on which tax is payable by recipient
on reverse charge basis?
Ans. No.
17.6 MCQs
Q1. Which of the following is included for computation of taxable supplies for the purpose of
availing credit?
(a) Zero-rated supplies
(b) Exempt supplies
(c) Both
Ans. (a) Zero Rated supplies
18. Availability of credit in special circumstances

(1) Subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed-
(a) A person who has applied for registration under the Act within thirty days from the
date on which he becomes liable to registration and has been granted such
registration shall, be entitled to take credit of input tax in respect of inputs held in
stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock on the day
immediately preceding the date from which he becomes liable to pay tax under the
provisions of this Act.
CGST Act 249

(b) A person, who takes registration under sub-section (3) of section 25 shall, be entitled
to take credit of input tax in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in
semi-finished or finished goods held in stock on the day immediately preceding the
date of grant of registration.
(c) Where any registered person ceases to pay tax under section 10, he shall be entitled
to take credit of input tax in respect of inputs held in stock, inputs contained in semi-
finished or finished goods held in stock and on capital goods on the day immediately
preceding the date from which he becomes liable to pay tax under section 9
Provided that the credit on capital goods shall be reduced by such percentage points
as may be prescribed
(d) Where an exempt supply of goods or services or both by a registered person
becomes a taxable supply, such person shall be entitled to take credit of input tax in
respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished
goods held in stock relatable to such exempt supply and on capital goods exclusively
used for such exempt supply on the day immediately preceding the date from which
such supply becomes taxable:
Provided that the credit on capital goods shall be reduced by such percentage points
as may be prescribed
(2) A registered person shall not be entitled to take input tax credit under sub-section (1),
in respect of any supply of goods or services or both to him after the expiry of one
year from the date of issue of tax invoice relating to such supply.
(3) Where there is a change in the constitution of a registered person on account of sale,
merger, demerger, amalgamation, lease or transfer of the business with the specific
provision for transfer of liabilities, the said registered person shall be allowed to
transfer the input tax credit which remains unutilized in his electronic credit ledger to
such sold, merged, demerged, amalgamated, leased or transferred business in such
manner as may be prescribed.
(4) Where any registered person who has availed of input tax credit opts to pay tax
under section 10 or, where the goods or services or both supplied by him become
wholly exempt, he shall pay an amount, by way of debit in the electronic credit ledger
or electronic cash ledger, equivalent to the credit of input tax in respect of inputs held
in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock and on
capital goods, reduced by such percentage points as may be prescribed, on the day
immediately preceding the date of exercising such option or, as the case may be, the
date of such exemption:
Provided that after payment of such amount, the balance of input tax credit, if any,
lying in his electronic credit ledger shall lapse.
(5) The amount of credit under sub-section (1) and the amount payable under sub-
section (4) shall be calculated in such manner as may be prescribed
(6) In case of supply of capital goods or plant and machinery, on which input tax credit

has been taken, the registered person shall pay an amount equal to the input tax
credit taken on the said capital goods or plant and machinery reduced by such
percentage points as may be prescribed or the tax on the transaction value of such
capital goods or plant and machinery determined under section 15, whichever is
higher:
Provided that where refractory bricks, moulds and dies, jigs and fixtures are supplied
as scrap, the taxable person may pay tax on the transaction value of such goods
determined under section 15.

40. Manner of claiming credit in special circumstances.
(1) The input tax credit claimed in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of
section 18 on the inputs held in stock or inputs contained in semi-finished or finished
goods held in stock, or the credit claimed on capital goods in accordance with the
provisions of clauses (c) and (d) of the said sub-section, shall be subject to the
following conditions, namely, -
a) the input tax credit on capital goods, in terms of clauses (c) and (d) of sub-
section (1) of section 18, shall be claimed after reducing the tax paid on such
capital goods by five percentage points per quarter of a year or part thereof from
the date of the invoice or such other documents on which the capital goods were
received by the taxable person.
b) the registered person shall within a period of thirty days from the date of
becoming eligible to avail the input tax credit under sub-section (1) of section 18,
or within such further period as may be extended by the Commissioner by a
notification in this behalf, shall make a declaration, electronically, on the common
portal in FORM GST ITC-01 to the effect that he is eligible to avail the input tax
credit as aforesaid:
Provided that any extension of the time limit notified by the Commissioner of
State tax or the Commissioner of Union territory tax shall be deemed to be
notified by the Commissioner.
c) the declaration under clause (b) shall clearly specify the details relating to the
inputs held in stock or inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in
stock, or as the case may be, capital goods–
i. on the day immediately preceding the date from which he becomes liable to
pay tax under the provisions of the Act, in the case of a claim under clause
(a) of sub-section (1) of section 18;
ii. on the day immediately preceding the date of the grant of registration, in the
case of a claim under clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 18;
iii. on the day immediately preceding the date from which he becomes liable to
CGST Act 251

pay tax under section 9, in the case of a claim under clause (c) of sub-
section (1) of section 18;
iv. on the day immediately preceding the date from which the supplies made by
the registered person becomes taxable, in the case of a claim under clause
(d) of sub-section (1) of section 18;
d) the details furnished in the declaration under clause (b) shall be duly certified by
a practicing chartered accountant or a cost accountant if the aggregate value of
the claim because central tax, State tax, Union territory tax and integrated tax
exceeds two lakh rupees;
e) the input tax credit claimed in accordance with the provisions of clauses (c) and
(d) of sub-section (1) of section 18 shall be verified with the corresponding
details furnished by the corresponding supplier in FORM GSTR-1 or in FORM
GSTR- 4 , on the common portal.
(2) The amount of credit in the case of supply of capital goods or plant and machinery,
for the purposes of sub-section (6) of section 18, shall be calculated by reducing the
input tax on the said goods at the rate of five percentage points for every quarter or
part thereof from the date of the issue of the invoice for such goods.
41. Transfer of credit on sale, merger, amalgamation, lease or transfer of a business
(1) A registered person shall, in the event of sale, merger, de-merger, amalgamation,
lease or transfer or change in the ownership of business for any reason, furnish the
details of sale, merger, de-merger, amalgamation, lease or transfer of business, in
FORM GST ITC-02, electronically on the common portal along with a request for
transfer of unutilized input tax credit lying in his electronic credit ledger to the
transferee:
Provided that in the case of demerger, the input tax credit shall be apportioned in the
ratio of the value of assets of the new units as specified in the demerger scheme.
(2) The transferor shall also submit a copy of a certificate issued by a practicing
chartered accountant or cost accountant certifying that the sale, merger, de-merger,
amalgamation, lease or transfer of business has been done with a specific provision
for the transfer of liabilities.
(3) The transferee shall, on the common portal, accept the details so furnished by the
transferor and, upon such acceptance, the un-utilized credit specified in FORM GST
ITC02 shall be credited to his electronic credit ledger.
(4) The inputs and capital goods so transferred shall be duly accounted for by the
transferee in his books of account.
44. Manner of reversal of credit under special circumstances
1) The amount of input tax credit relating to inputs held in stock, inputs contained in semi-
finished and finished goods held in stock, and capital goods held in stock shall, for the

purposes of sub-section (4) of section 18 or sub-section (5) of section 29, be

determined in the following manner, namely,-
a) for inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished and finished
goods held in stock, the input tax credit shall be calculated proportionately on
the basis of the corresponding invoices on which credit had been availed by
the registered taxable person on such inputs;
b) for capital goods held in stock, the input tax credit involved in the remaining
useful life in months shall be computed on pro-rata basis, taking the useful life
as five years.
Illustration:
Capital goods have been in use for 4 years, 6 month and 15 days.
The useful remaining life in months= 5 months ignoring a part of the month
Input tax credit taken on such capital goods= C
Input tax credit attributable to remaining useful life= C multiplied by 5/60
2) The amount, as specified in sub-rule (1) shall be determined separately for input tax
credit of central tax, State tax, Union territory tax and integrated tax.
3) Where the tax invoices related to the inputs held in stock are not available, the
registered person shall estimate the amount under sub-rule (1) based on the prevailing
market price of the goods on the effective date of the occurrence of any of the events
specified in subsection (4) of section 18 or, as the case may be, sub-section (5) of
section 29.
4) The amount determined under sub-rule (1) shall form part of the output tax liability of
the registered person and the details of the amount shall be furnished in FORM GST
ITC03, where such amount relates to any event specified in sub-section (4) of section
18 and in FORM GSTR-10, where such amount relates to the cancellation of
registration.
5) The details furnished in accordance with sub-rule (3) shall be duly certified by a
practicing chartered accountant or cost accountant.
6) The amount of input tax credit for the purposes of sub-section (6) of section 18 relating
to capital goods shall be determined in the same manner as specified in clause (b) of
subrule (1) and the amount shall be determined separately for input tax credit of central
tax, State tax, Union territory tax and integrated tax:
Provided that where the amount so determined is more than the tax determined on the
transaction value of the capital goods, the amount determined shall form part of the
output tax liability and the same shall be furnished in FORM GSTR-1.
44A. Manner of reversal of credit of Additional duty of Customs in respect of Gold
dore bar. -
The credit of Central tax in the electronic credit ledger taken in terms of the provisions of
CGST Act 253

section 140 relating to the CENVAT Credit carried forward which had accrued on account of
payment of the additional duty of customs levied under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975), paid at the time of importation of gold dore bar, on
the stock of gold dore bar held on the 1st day of July, 2017 or contained in gold or gold
jewellery held in stock on the 1stday of July, 2017 made out of such imported gold dore bar,
shall be restricted to one-sixth of such credit and five-sixth of such credit shall be debited
from the electronic credit ledger at the time of supply of such gold dore bar or the gold or
the gold jewellery made therefrom and where such supply has already been made, such
debit shall be within one week from the date of commencement of these Rules.

1. Chapter Nineteen of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on ‘Input
Tax Credit Mechanism in GST’

Section 2(19) Definition of ‘Capital Goods’
Section 2(59) Definition of ‘Inputs’
Section 2(60) Definition of ‘Input Services’
Section 25 Procedure for registration
Rule 44 Manner of reversal of credit under special circumstances
18.1 Introduction
Input tax credit is normally available to a registered person who engages in taxable outward
supplies and such person not being a composition person. However, in certain cases, credit
would be available on inputs held in stock, inputs contained in semi-finished and finished
goods and on capital goods even though the supplier was unregistered or engaged in exempt
supplies or was under the composition scheme on the date of procurement of such goods or
services. Conversely, instances where input tax credit legitimately availed needs to be
reversed has also been dealt with under this Section.
18.2 Analysis
Eligibility of input tax credit on inputs held in stock and contained in semi-finished and
finished goods held in stock: The credit on inputs held in stock and inputs contained in
semi-finished goods and finished goods held in stock is available in the following manner:

Supplier Inputs Input Capital Stock to be

Services Goods considered as on
Liable for registration Available Not Available Not Available Day immediately
(crosses the turnover of preceding the
Rs 20 Lakhs) – Applies for date from which
registration within 30 days he becomes liable
of becoming liable for to pay tax
registration and obtains
registration
Voluntary Registration Available Not Available Not Available Day immediately
preceding the
date of grant of
registration
Composition Scheme to Available Not Available Available Day immediately
Regular Scheme preceding the
date from which
supplier is liable
to pay tax under
regular scheme
Exempt Supplies become Available Not Available Available Day immediately
Taxable (Only for preceding the
capital goods date from which
used exempt supplies
exclusively become taxable
for exempt
supplies)
Note – The challenges on eligibility uniformly is before the Courts under Article 14, which may
enable one to avail the credit when decisions are favourable..
Credit on inputs includes inputs and inputs contained in semi-finished and finished goods.
Credit on input services is not available under any circumstance.
 Declaration in Form GST ITC-01 must be filed within thirty days from the date of
becoming eligible to input tax credit. Rule 40 of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules,
2017 requires a declaration to be filed containing details of stocks and capital goods
along with a certificate from a practicing Chartered Accountant or Cost Accountant
where the aggregate credit of CGST, SGST/UTGST and IGST so claimed exceeds ` 2
lakhs.
 The supplier would not be entitled to credit of goods or services or both after expiry of 1
year from date of issue of tax invoice (this restriction applies even to capital goods
though this may not have been the intention).
CGST Act 255

 The credit on capital goods shall be reduced by five percentage per quarter or part
thereof from the date of invoice.
 redits are subject to verification of details furnished by the supplier in GSTR-1 or
GSTR–4 on the common portal only in case of conversion from composition to regular
scheme or when exempt supplies become taxable supplies. Verification is not possible
for new registration cases as the supplier was unregistered at the time of procurement.
Examples:
(i) A person becomes liable to pay tax on 1st August 2017 and has obtained registration on
15th August 2017. Such person is eligible for input tax credit on inputs held in stock as
on 31st July 2017.
(ii) Mr. Ann applies for voluntary registration on 5th June 2017 and obtained registration on
22th June 2017. Mr. A is eligible for input tax credit on inputs in stock as on 21st June
2017.
(iii) Mr. B, registered person was paying tax under composition rate upto 30th July 2017.
However, w.e.f 31st July 2017. Mr. B becomes liable to pay tax under regular scheme.
Mr. B is eligible for input tax credit on inputs held in stock as on closure of business
hours on 30th July 2017.
Illustration (Rule 40): Manner of claiming credit in special circumstances
Akshay Steels Limited is a manufacturer of iron & steel. It procures raw materials and inputs
such as iron ore, chemicals, gases, etc. and capital goods including plant & machinery, for the
manufacture of such iron & steel. In this example, it has been assumed that iron & steel
(which is the outward supply of Akshay Steels Ltd) is exempt from payment of taxes until 31-
Mar-2020. Iron & steel become taxable with effect from 01-Apr-2020. The method of availment
of input tax credits on inputs contained in stock and capital goods as on 31-Mar-2020 is
covered by this illustration
Particulars Amount
(`)
Value of inputs in stock on 31-Mar-2020 1,00,000
IGST @18% 18,000
All inputs were procured after 01-Jul-2019
Value of inputs contained in semi-finished goods held in stock on 31-Mar-2020 4,00,000
CGST @ 6% 24,000
SGST @ 6% 24,000
All inputs contained in semi-finished goods were procured after 01-May-
2019
Value of inputs contained in finished goods held in stock on 31-Mar-2020 50,000

CGST @ 6% 3,000
SGST @ 6% 3,000
Only inputs worth ` 40,000 in finished goods were procured after 01-Apr-
2019
Capital Goods procured vide invoice dated 22.01.2020 20,00,000
IGST Paid @ 18% 3,60,000
Credit available in respect of inputs:
CGST (Note 1) 26,400
SGST (Note 2) 26,400
IGST (Note 3) 18,000
Total credit available on inputs 70,800
Value of capital goods used exclusively in relation to exempted goods held on 20,00,000
31-Mar-2020
IGST @ 18% 3,60,000
Credit available in respect of capital goods:
Date of invoice of capital goods 22-Jan-
2020
Date from which the exempt goods become taxable 01-Apr-
2020
No. of quarters from date of invoice 1
Percentage points to be reduced (5% per quarter) (Note 4) 5%
IGST paid on the capital goods used exclusively in relation to goods exempted 3,60,000
up to 31-Mar-2020
ITC to be reduced by 5% (18,000)
Credit (IGST) available on capital goods 3,42,000
Working notes:
Note 1: CGST credits on inputs in stock held on 31-Mar-2020:
a ITC on the value of inputs
b ITC on the value of inputs contained in semi-finished goods: All 24,000
inputs were acquired within 1 year prior to the effective date on
CGST Act 257

which the goods become taxable. Hence, entire ITC would be

allowed.
c ITC on the value of inputs contained in finished goods: Out of the 2,400
total stock of ` 50,000/-, inputs totalling to ` 10,000/- are older than
1 year from the effective date on which the goods become taxable.
Therefore, ITC to this extent stands disallowed. ITC on inputs
contained in stock of ` 40,000 would be eligible. [Eligible credit =
40,000 * 6%]
CGST credit available on inputs 26,400
Note 2: SGST credits on inputs in stock held on 31-Mar-2020:
a ITC on the value of inputs

b ITC on the value of inputs contained in semi-finished goods: Refer 24,000
Note 1
c ITC on the value of inputs contained in finished goods: Refer Note 1 2,400
SGST credit available on inputs 26,400
Note 3: IGST credits on inputs on stock held on 31-Mar-2020:
a ITC on the value of inputs: All inputs were acquired within 1 year 18,000
prior to the effective date on which the goods become taxable.
Hence, entire ITC would be allowed.
b Input tax credit on the value of inputs contained in semi-finished -
goods
c Input tax credit on the value of inputs contained in finished goods -
IGST credit available on inputs 18,000
Note 4: Rule 40(1)(a) of the Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017 provides that input
tax credit on capital goods can be claimed after reducing 5% per quarter of a year or part
thereof, from the date of invoice in respect of which capital goods are received. Therefore, the
number of quarters is 1, being the first quarter of the year 2020.The reversal of credit would
therefore be, to the extent of ` 18000 (5% of Rs.3,60,000).
Illustration (Rule 42): Manner of determination of ITC in respect of inputs or input
services and reversal thereof
Rule 42 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017

Sl. Particulars Reference CGST SGST/ IGST

No UTGST
1 Total input tax on inputs T 1,00,000 1,00,000 50,000
and input services for the
tax period May 2018
Out of the total input tax
(T):
2 Input tax used exclusively T1 10,000 10,000 5,000
for non-business
purposes (Note 1)
3 Input tax used exclusively T2 10,000 10,000 5,000
for effecting exempt
supplies (Note 1)
4 Input tax ineligible under T3 5,000 5,000 2,500
Section 17(5) (Note 1)
Total 25,000 25,000 12,500
ITC credited to Electronic C1 = T -(T1 75,000 75,000 37,500
Credit Ledger (Note 1) + T2 +T3)
Input tax credit used T4 50,000 50,000 25,000
exclusively for taxable
supplies (including zero-
rated supplies)
Common credit C2 = C1 - 25,000 25,000 12,500
T4
Aggregate value of E 25,00,000 25,00,000 25,00,000
exempt supplies for the
tax period May 2018
(Note 2 & 3)
Total Turnover of the F 1,00,00,000 1,00,00,000 1,00,00,000
registered person for the
tax period May 2018
(Note 2)
Credit attributable to D1 = (E/F) 6,250 6,250 3,125
exempt supplies * C2
Credit attributable to non- D2 = C2 * 1,250 1,250 625
business purposes 5%
Net eligible common C3 = C2 - 17,500 17,500 8,750
credit (D1 + D2)
Total credit eligible G = T4 + 67,500 67,500 33,750
(Exclusive + Common) C3
CGST Act 259

Note 1: T1, T2, T3 and T4 shall be determined as above and declared in Form GSTR-2 at the
invoice level.
Note 2: If the registered person does not have any turnover for May 2018, then the value of
Exempt Supplies (E) and Total Turnover (F) shall be considered for the last tax period for
which such details are available
Note 3: Aggregate value excludes taxes
Note 4: The registered person is expected to make such computation for each tax period and
reverse the same in the periodic returns being filed by such registered person. However, on
completion of the financial year, input tax credit shall be determined accurately based on
actuals, in the same manner as provided in Rule 42. A true up is required to be done on an
annual basis (between the amounts reversed for each tax period during the year and the
amount determined at the end of the financial year) and any excess credit availed needs to be
reversed with interest while short credit, if any, needs to be re-availed within 6 months from
end of the financial year.
It is to be noted that the registered person would be required to remit excess ITC claimed (as
determined in Note 4 above) with interest calculated at for the period starting from the first day
of April of the succeeding financial year till the date of payment. However, no interest can be
claimed if, at the end of the financial year, it is found that short credit was availed.
Illustration (Rule 43): Manner of determination of ITC in respect of capital goods and
Sl. Particulars Reference IGST
No
ITC on capital goods used exclusively for non-
1 business purposes (Note 1) T1 10,000
ITC on capital goods used exclusively for effecting
2 exempt supplies (Note 1) T2 10,000
Total 20,000
3 ITC on capital goods used exclusively for taxable T3 50,000
supplies (including zero-rated supplies) (Note 1)
4 ITC on capital goods (other than T1, T2 and T3) A= b+f 3,90,000
(Annexure A)
5 ITC on capital goods whose residual life remain in Tr 6,500
beginning of tax period (Annexure A)
7 Aggregate value of exempt supplies for the tax E 25,00,000
period May 2018 (Note 2 & 3)
8 Total Turnover of the registered person for the tax F 1,00,00,000
period May 2018 (Note 2)
10 Credit attributable to exempt supplies Te = (E/F) * 1,625
Tr

Note 1: T1, T2 and T3 should be declared in Form GSTR-2. T3 (being ITC on capital goods
used for taxable supplies) and A (being common credit in respect of capital goods) shall only
be credited to the electronic credit ledger
Note 2: If the registered person does not have any turnover for May 2018, then the value of E
and F shall be considered for the last tax period for which such details are available
Note 3: Aggregate value excludes taxes
Annexure A - ITC on capital goods whose residual life is remaining
Sl. No Particulars Reference Amount

For May 2018
1 Inward supply value of Machinery X A 12,50,000
IGST @ 12% B 1,50,000
Invoice Value 14,00,000
Date of inward supply 12 April 2018
Life of the capital goods (in months) - for C 60
GST purpose is 5 years
ITC attributable for 1 month Tm1 =b/c 2500
2 Inward supply value of Machinery Y E 20,00,000
IGST @ 12% F 2,40,000
Date of inward supply 21 May 2018
Life of the capital goods (in months) - for G 60
GST purpose is 5 years
ITC attributable for May 2018 (1 month) Tm2 = f/g 4000
Aggregate of ITC on common credits Tr = Tm1 + Tm2 6500
Rule 44 mandates credit reversal when a registered person switches from regular scheme to
composition scheme or goods and services supplied by him become wholly exempt:
 Pay an amount by debiting electronic cash ledger / credit ledger, equivalent to input tax
credit of -
— Inputs held in stock
— Inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock and
— Capital goods
 On the day immediately preceding the date of such switch over.
CGST Act 261

 Balance of input tax credit lying in the electronic credit ledger, after payment of the
above said amount, shall lapse.
 Such amount is calculated in manner to be prescribed
Pay and Exit Scheme:
Illustration 1: Where input tax credit lapses

Sl. Particulars Reference Amount
No
1 Value of capital goods 1,00,000
IGST @ 12% A 12,000
2 Date of shift to composition 01 April 2019
scheme (Can be opted in Financial
year beginning)
3 Date of inward supply and use of 01 September 2017
capital goods
4 Period of use (days) 577
Period of use (months) 19
5 Residual life in months B 41
(Considering full life as 5 years)

6 ITC attributable to residual life C = (A*B/60) 8,200

(To be added to the output tax
liability of the registered person)
5 Balance of ITC as on 31.03.2019 10,000
6 ITC utilized for capital goods for 8,200
residual life
7 Balance ITC - would lapse 1,800
Illustration 2: Where input tax credit becomes payable
Sl. No Particulars Reference Amount
IGST @ 12% A 12,000
2 Date of shift to composition scheme 1st April 2019
3 Date of inward supply and use of capital goods 01 September 2017
4 Period of use (days) 577
Period of use (months) 19
5 Residual life in months B 41
6 ITC attributable to residual life C=
(A*B/60) 8,200
(To be added to the output tax liability of the
registered person)
5 Balance of ITC as on 31.03.2019 1,500
6 ITC utilized for capital goods for residual life 8,200

7 Balance tax payable 6,700
CGST Act 263

Illustration 3: Where no payment is required

Sl. Particulars Reference Amount
No
IGST @ 12% A 12,000
2 Date of shift to composition scheme 1st April, 2023
Date of inward supply and use of capital
3 goods 01 September 2017
4 Period of use (months) 67
Period of use (years) 5 years 7 months
5 Residual life in months B -
6 ITC attributable to residual life C = (A*B/60) 0
(No payment required)
Input tax credit and change in constitution of registered person: The change in
constitution of registered person due to sale, merger, demerger, amalgamation, lease or
transfer or change in the ownership of business including transfer of liabilities provides for the
following:
(i) The registered person is allowed to transfer the input tax credit remaining unutilized in
the electronic credit ledger .to such sold, merged, demerged, amalgamated, leased or
transferred business.
(ii) Rule 41 prescribes such credit transfer be made on the Common Portal in FORM GST
ITC-02 and in case of demerger, credit to be transferred must be apportioned to the
value of assets transferred in the arrangement to each such unit.
(iii) A practicing Chartered Accountant or Cost Accountant to certify that the arrangement
contains a specific provision for the transfer of liabilities.
(iv) Details furnished in Form GST ITC-02 by the transferor would have to be accepted by
the transferee on the Common Portal. Please refer to discussion on Registrations in
case of such arrangements to examine the timing of seeking registration by transferee.
(v) Transferee to duly account for the stocks & capital goods received in books of accounts.

ITC: Change in Constitution of registered Person
Supply of capital goods on which input tax credit is taken: The registered person shall
pay an amount equal to the higher of:
o Input tax credit taken on such capital goods as reduced by such prescribed percentage
points or
o the tax on the transaction value of such capital goods,
One striking difference becomes evident in Rule 40 in the manner of computation of ITC in
respect of used capital goods under sub rule (1a) and sub rule (2). While sub rule (1a) deals
with availment of input tax credit on capital goods after reducing “five percentage points per
quarter of a year or part thereof”, sub rule (2) specifies computation of input tax credit by
reducing " five percentage points for every quarter or part thereof from the date of the issue
of the invoice”.
From the above we may come to the following conclusion:
 For the purpose of sub-rule (1a), quarter shall mean a ‘calendar quarter’
 For the purpose of sub-rule (2), the quarter shall be computed from the date on the
invoice.
 For example: a capital good purchased on 25th March, 2018 would be reduced by 5
percentage points for the quarter ending March 2018 for the purpose of sub-rule (1a)
while the same assets would be reduced by 5 percentage points for the period ranging
between 25.03.2018 to 24.06.2018 and so on.
Supply of Capital goods on which ITC already taken
Please note that there is no saving clause in the event the taxable person entertained a bona
fide view as to the non-taxability of certain supplies or availability of an exemption which is
later overturned by a superior Court and the demand crystallizes. In this scenario, limitation of
CGST Act 265

availment of input tax credit lands a double blow to this taxable person. That is, not only would
GST have been paid on inputs, input services and capital goods on which no credit would
have been availed (due to this bona fide view having been entertained) but also, the full extent
of the output tax becomes payable (without any relief towards credit that would otherwise have
been available) due to the decision of the superior Court. One needs to exercise caution while
entertaining a view about non-taxability or exemption. At the same time, it is not permitted to
take a hyper-conservative view – where even with the availability of a clear and absolute
exemption, the taxable person chooses to pay GST in order to protect credit from the
limitation. This option cannot be taken in view of the mandatory nature of such exemptions as
clearly stated in explanation to section 11. It could lead to denial of credits as the supply was
not taxable!
The difference between ‘taxable person’ and ‘registered person’is important – they are two
deliberately dissimilar phrases used in the law – and credit is allowed u/s 16(1) only to a
‘registered person’ where as u/s 9(1) tax levied is payable by every ‘taxable person’ implying
that the liability subsists even if not registered but credit is available only if registered.
Refractory bricks, moulds and dies, jigs and fixtures are supplied as scrap: Taxable
person may pay tax on transaction value under section 15.
It is important to note that unlike Rule 42 which mandates determination of the actual amount
of reversal on the completion of the financial year, Rule 43 does not prescribe any re-
computation at the end of the financial year. This could be presumed to be due to the fact that
reversal of input tax credits under Rule 43 is based on number of tax periods unlike that of
Rule 42. But considering the fact that reversal of common credits under Rule 43 is also based
on the proportion of turnover of exempt supplies to the total turnover in the State for that tax
period, due consideration should be given to the fact that any shortage of availment of ITC on
account of any reason cannot be subsequently availed under Rule 43. On the other hand, any
excess credit availed would promptly be subject to scrutiny by the proper officer.
Aspect Credit under old regime Input tax credit under GST
regime
Credit on stock-in-hand Rule 3(2) of CCR Rules, 2004 Specified persons in specified
situations are eligible for input
tax credit on stock
Credit on sale merger or Rule 10 of CCR Rules, 2004 Specific section covering the
transfer of business sale, merger etc
Reversal on goods Rule 11(3) of CCR, 2004 To be reversed as per section
becoming exempt 18(4)

19. Taking input tax credit in respect of inputs and capital goods sent for job work
(1) The “principal” shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed,
be allowed input tax credit on inputs sent to a job-worker for job-work.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 16, the
“principal” shall be entitled to take credit of input tax on inputs even if the inputs are
directly sent to a job worker for job-work without being first brought to his place of
business.
(3) Where the inputs sent for job-work are not received back by the “principal” after
completion of job-work or otherwise or are not supplied from the place of business of
the job worker in accordance with clause (a) or clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section
143 within one year of being sent out, it shall be deemed that such inputs had been
supplied by the principal to the job-worker on the day when the said inputs were sent
out:
If where the inputs are sent directly to a job worker, the period of one year shall be
counted from the date of receipt of inputs by the job worker.
(4) The “principal” shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed,
be allowed input tax credit on capital goods sent to a job-worker for job-work.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 16, the
“principal” shall be entitled to take credit of input tax on capital goods even if the capital
goods are directly sent to a job worker for job-work without being first brought to his
place of business.
(6) Where the capital goods sent for job-work are not received back by the “principal” within
a period of three years of being sent out, it shall be deemed that such capital goods had
been supplied by the principal to the job worker on the day when the said capital goods
were sent out:
Provided that where the capital goods are sent directly to a job worker, the period of
three years shall be counted from the date of receipt of capital goods by the job worker.
(7) Nothing contained in sub-section (3) or sub-section (6) shall apply to moulds and dies,
jigs and fixtures, or tools sent out to a job-worker for job-work.
Explanation. ––For the purpose of this section, “principal” means the person referred to
in section 143
Rule 45. Conditions and restrictions in respect of inputs and capital goods sent to the
job worker.
(1) The inputs, semi-finished goods or capital goods shall be sent to the job worker under
CGST Act 267

the cover of a challan issued by the principal, including where such goods are sent
directly to a job-worker.
(2) The challan issued by the principal to the job worker shall contain the details specified in
rule 55.
(3) The details of challans in respect of goods dispatched to a job worker or received from a
job worker or sent from one job worker to another during a quarter shall be included in
FORM GST ITC-04* furnished for that period on or before the twenty-fifth day of the
month succeeding the said quarter [or within such further period as may be extended by
the Commissioner by a notification in this behalf:
Provided that any extension of the time limit notified by the Commissioner of State tax
or the Commissioner of Union territory tax shall be deemed to be notified by the
Commissioner.]
(4) Where the inputs or capital goods are not returned to the principal within the time
stipulated in section 143, it shall be deemed that such inputs or capital goods had been
supplied by the principal to the job worker on the day when the said inputs or capital
were sent out and the said supply shall be declared in FORM GSTR-1* and the principal
shall be liable to pay the tax along with applicable interest.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this Chapter,-
(1) the expressions “capital goods” shall include “plant and machinery” as defined in the
Explanation to section 17;
(2) for determining the value of an exempt supply as referred to in sub-section (3) of
section 17-
(a) the value of land and building shall be taken as the same as adopted for the
purpose of paying stamp duty; and
(b) the value of security shall be taken as one per cent. of the sale value of such
security.

2. Chapter Twenty Seven of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on
‘Job Work under GST’
3. Circular No. 38/2018 dated 26.03.2018 issued by CBIC being clarifications on issues
related to Job Work

Related Provisions of the Statute:

Section 143 Job work procedure
Rule 55 Transportation of goods without issue of invoice
19.1 Introduction
This provision relates to availment of credit of input tax on goods sent for job work.
19.2 Analysis
(i) Relevant Definitions:
 Job work: Any treatment or process undertaken by a person on goods belonging to
another registered person (section 2(68).
 Job worker: A person who undertakes any treatment or process on goods belonging to
another registered person.
 Principal: A person on whose behalf an agent carries on the business of supply or
receipt of goods or services or both.
(ii) Entitlement of credit on inputs: The principal can take credit of input tax on inputs
sent to job-worker subject to fulfilment of the following conditions:
 Rule 45 of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017 provides the following:
o To issue a delivery challan for transfer of inputs to the job-worker including where
they are sent directly (to maintain paper trail of transaction)
o The details of delivery challans for goods dispatched to job worker or received
from job worker or sent from one job worker to another during the quarter are to
be included in Form GST ITC-04 to be furnished on or before 25th day of the
month succeeding that quarter. Date of filing ITC-04 has however been extended
from time to time.
o Delivery challan is to contain all details as required in respect of an invoice
prescribed in Rule 55 of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017. All delivery
challans issued in respect of inputs sent to a job-worker and those received back
are to be reported in GSTR-1
o The inputs, after completion of job-work, are to be received back by the principal
within 1 year of their being sent out.
o In case of non-receipt of the inputs within the time prescribed, the principal shall
issue an invoice for the same and declare such supplies in his return for that
particular month in which the time period of one year has expired.
CGST Act 269

o In case of direct supply, the period of 1 year shall be reckoned from the date the
job worker receives such inputs.
o The credit of inputs can be taken even if inputs are sent directly to job-worker’s
premises without bringing it to principal’s place of business.
o If the inputs are not received back within 1 year, it shall be deemed that such
inputs had been supplied by principal to the job worker on the day when the said
inputs were sent out.
(iii) Entitlement to credit on capital goods: The principal can take credit of input tax on
capital goods sent to job-worker subject to the fulfilment of the following conditions:
 The capital goods, after completion of job-work, are received back by him within 3 years
of their being sent out.
 The principal can take credit of capital goods even if such capital goods are sent
directly to job-worker’s place without bringing to principal’s place of business.
 If the capital goods are not received back within 3 years, it shall be deemed that such
capital goods had been supplied by principal to the job worker on the day when the said
capital goods were sent out.
 Procedures listed in respect of inputs under Rule 45 of the Central Goods and Service
Tax Rules,2017 will equally apply to capital goods also (refer above).
Given that non-receipt of inputs or capital goods within a period of one year and three years
respectively would be deemed to be a supply as on the date on which goods were originally
dispatched to the job worker, it is preferred that a principal raises a tax invoice and supplies
the goods against such invoice at the time of original supply, if he is certain that such goods
would not be received within the period specified above. This would enable the principal from
having to bear the burden of interest, as interest would be calculated from the date on which
the goods were originally dispatched and not from the date on which the period of one year or
three years, as the case may be, expires.
Some experts are of the view that unless the Principal is ‘registered’, the activity would not be
‘job-work’. And when the supply – treatment or process – is not job-work, then it would also
not be eligible to be classified under HSN 9988 in the Annexure – Scheme of Classification of
Services. Although the nature of work performed is the same whether the Principal is
registered or not, the classification of supplies would need to be based on another suitable
HSN code in chapter 99 because paragraph 3, Schedule II does refers to ‘another person’s
goods’ and not ‘another registered persons goods’. Hence, due to the registration status of the
Principal, the treatment or process may or may not qualify as job-work but in either case, the
work of the supplier would continue to be ‘treated as supply of services’ though not under HSN
9988. It must be noted that while every manufacture may encompass ‘process or job-work’
every job-work need not necessarily result in manufacture. It is for this reason that in the rate
notification manufacturing services has been separately mentioned for work carried out on
“physical inputs owned by others”.

Treatment of process undertaken may or may not result in manufacture (section 2(72)) where
processing of raw material or inputs that results in the emergence of a new product. Whether it
results in manufacture or not, the treatment or process would always be ‘treated as supply of
services’ in view of the mandate specified in paragraph 3, schedule II.
Now, ‘goods belonging to another’ does not mean 100% of the goods required in the job-work
must be provided by the Principal. It is common, and often inevitable, for the job-worker to
apply his own goods. Goods required for job-work can generally identified as primary,
secondary and ancillary material. If the job-worker applies ancillary material in the course of
carrying out the treatment or process, the transaction does not cease to be job-work. Similarly,
if the Principal provides only ancillary material, it is not justifiable to regard the transaction as
job-work. Hence, a reasonable construction of the definition of paragraph 3, schedule II
requires the Principal to provide the ‘primary material’ at least to qualify a transaction to be
termed as ‘job work’. Although there are no infallible tests or undisputed guiding principle or
no one-rule can be prescribed -the classification into primary-secondary-ancillary itself is a
subjective matter. Reasonable construction is required based on the role, each component
plays in relation to the finished product in terms of function and identity to determine ‘goods
belonging to another’ correctly.
Please note that job-working must not be confused with repair or maintenance. Job-working
creates the functionality of an article but repair or maintenance restores or improves the
functionality already created and possessed by that article or thing.
As regards ‘movement of goods’ by Principal to job-worker, it is not a supply for the reason
that the ingredients required to constitute supply (as detailed in the explanation of clause (a)
to (d) under section 7(1)) are not satisfied. It is for this reason that section 19(3) and 19(6) is
required to ‘deem’ this movement of goods to be a supply in the event of failure of job-worker
to return processed goods within the permitted time (1 year for inputs and 3 years for capital
goods, respectively) . Further, 19(3) and 19(6) ‘deem’ it to be a supply not on the date of
expiry of the permitted time to return them, but retrospectively on the date when the inputs /
capital goods were originally sent ‘for’ job-work.
Deeming fiction is capable of providing a meaning that is otherwise not available to a work or
phrase. Deeming fiction is used with great caution by the law-maker and when it is used, its
construction must be with the same caution and seriousness. Hence, ‘movement of goods’ for
the purpose of job-work is not supply but is ‘deemed’ to be a supply by failure of a contingency
or condition-subsequent.
It is section 16 and not section 19 that allows input tax credit, but section 19 permits availment
of input tax credit even when the inputs (or capital goods) are not first received at the
premises of the Principal but delivered directly to job-worker. Section 19 also does not deny or
recover the input tax credit already availed by the Principal on the occasion of sending them to
the job-worker. When movement of goods for job-work is not a supply, where is the need for a
provision to permit continuation of credit that was already availed validly. Since credit has
been availed, failure to use the inputs (or capital goods) as ‘intended’ under section 16(1)
CGST Act 271

would cause a break-down of the credit scheme – to allow credit only when the said goods are
subsequently supplied and are taxable. And for this reason, transfer of business assets on
which credit availed is ‘declared’ to be supply in paragraph 1, schedule I and diversion for
non-business use (in certain cases) is ‘treated’ as supply in paragraph 4(a) and 4(b), schedule
II. But there is no provision to impute supply characteristics to ‘movement of goods for job-
work’. This responsibility is cast by section 19(3) and 19(6), respectively.
This can be contrasted with the ‘time of supply’ of goods sent-on-approval under section
31(7). Here, the date of acceptance by customer (or end of 6th month) is recognized as supply
and hence registers ‘time of supply’. It is interesting to note that there is deeming fiction
employed here because none is required. In other words, ‘sending goods on approval’ is not a
supply for the same reason that the ingredients required to constitute supply (as detailed in
the explanation of clause (a) to (d) under section 7(1)) are not satisfied. And such a test can
validly be applied for verifying whether ‘movement of goods for job-work’ is supply or not. By
applying the same test to ‘sending goods on approval’, the ‘time of supply’ is not the date of
sending them but the date of their acceptance by customer (or end of 6th month).
Aspect Credit under erstwhile Input tax credit under
system CGST
Definition of “job work” Defined in Cenvat Credit Defined to mean
Rules to mean processing of undertaking any treatment or
material supplied to job process by a person on
worker to complete whole or goods belonging to another
part of manufacturing registered person
process
Eligibility of Cenvat credit to Principal is eligible for Similar in CGST. Principal is
principal manufacturer Cenvat credit eligible for Cenvat credit
Conditions for return of For inputs – 180 days For inputs – 1 year
inputs and capital goods For capital goods – 2 years For capital goods – 3 years
Reversal of credit if Credit to be reversed To be treated as deemed
inputs/capital goods not supply on the day when
returned within specified such inputs/capital goods
time are sent out
Re-credit if goods returned Re-credit allowed No such provision
after specified time
19.4 FAQs
Q1. Whether the principal is eligible to avail input tax credit of inputs sent to job worker for
job work?

Ans. Yes. The principal is eligible to avail the input tax credit on inputs sent to job worker for
job work.
19.5 MCQs
Q1. The inputs sent to job work has to be received back within:
(a) 1 year
(b) 2 years
(c) 180 days
Ans. (a) 1 year.
Q2. The principal is entitled to avail the credit on capital goods sent to job worker directly:
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) May be
Ans. (a) Yes.
Q3. If the capital goods sent to job worker has not been received within 3 years from the
date of being sent:
(a) Principal has to pay amount equal to credit taken on such capital goods
(b) No need to pay amount equal to credit taken on such capital goods
(c) It shall be treated as deemed supply of capital goods to the job worker
Ans. (c) It shall be treated as deemed supply of capital goods to the job worker
Statutory provisions
20. Manner of Distribution of Credit by Input Service Distributor (ISD)
(1) The Input Service Distributor shall distribute the credit of central tax as central tax or
integrated tax and integrated tax as integrated tax or central, by way of issue of a document
containing, the amount of input tax credit being distributed in such manner as may be
prescribed
(2) The Input Service Distributor may distribute the credit subject to the following
conditions, namely:
(a) the credit can be distributed to recipients of credit against a document containing
such details as may be prescribed;
(b) the amount of the credit distributed shall not exceed the amount of credit available for
distribution;
CGST Act 273

(c) the credit of tax paid on input services attributable to recipient of credit shall be
distributed only to that recipient;
(d) the credit of tax paid on input services attributable to more than one recipient of credit
shall be distributed amongst such recipient(s) to whom the input service is
attributable and such distribution shall be pro rata on the basis of the turnover in a
State or turnover in a Union Territory of such recipient, during the relevant period, to
the aggregate of the turnover of all such recipients to whom such input service is
attributable and which are operational in the current year, during the said relevant
period.
(e) the credit of tax paid on input services attributable to all recipients of credit shall be
distributed amongst such recipients and such distribution shall be pro rata on the
basis of the turnover in a State or turnover in a Union Territory of such recipient,
during the relevant period, to the aggregate of the turnover of all recipients and which
are operational in the current year, during the said relevant period.
Explanation –For the purposes of this section,
(a) the “relevant period” shall be-
(i) if the recipients of credit have turnover in their States or Union
Territories in the financial year preceding the year during which credit is
to be distributed, the said financial year; or
(ii) if some or all recipients of the credit do not have any turnover in their
States or Union Territories in the financial year preceding the year
during which the credit is to be distributed, the last quarter for which
details of such turnover of all the recipients are available, previous to
the month during which credit is to be distributed.
(b) the expression of ‘recipient of credit’ means the supplier of goods or services
or both having the same Permanent Account Number as that of Input Service
Distributor.
(c) the term ‘turnover’ in relation to any registered person engaged in the supply of
taxable goods as well as goods not taxable under this Act, means the value of
turnover, reduced by the amount of any duty or tax levied under entry 84 of List
I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution and entry 51 and 54 of List II of
the said Schedule

39. Procedure for distribution of input tax credit by Input Service Distributor
(1) An Input Service Distributor shall distribute input tax credit in the manner and subject to
the following conditions, namely, -
(a) the input tax credit available for distribution in a month shall be distributed in the
same month and the details thereof shall be furnished in FORM GSTR 6* in

accordance with the provisions of Chapter VIII of these rules;

(b) the Input Service Distributor shall, in accordance with the provisions of clause (d),
separately distribute the amount of ineligible input tax credit (ineligible under the
provisions of sub-section (5) of section 17 or otherwise) and the amount of eligible
input tax credit;
(c) the input tax credit because central tax, State tax, Union territory tax and integrated
tax shall be distributed separately in accordance with the provisions of clause (d);
(d) the input tax credit that is required to be distributed in accordance with the provisions
of clause (d) and (e) of sub-section (2) of section 20 to one of the recipients ‘R1’,
whether registered or not, from amongst the total of all the recipients to whom input
tax credit is attributable, including the recipient(s) who are engaged in making
exempt supply, or are otherwise not registered for any reason, shall be the amount,
“C1”, to be calculated by applying the following formula –
C1 = (t 1÷T) × C
where,
“C” is the amount of credit to be distributed,
“t1” is the turnover, as referred to in section 20, of person R1 during the relevant
period, and
“T” is the aggregate of the turnover, during the relevant period, of all recipients to
whom the input service is attributable in accordance with the provisions of section 20;
(e) the input tax credit on account of integrated tax shall be distributed as input tax credit
of integrated tax to every recipient;
(f) the input tax credit on account of central tax and State tax or Union territory tax shall
(i) in respect of a recipient located in the same State or Union territory in which the
Input Service Distributor is located, be distributed as input tax credit of central
tax and State tax or Union territory tax respectively;
(ii) in respect of a recipient located in a State or Union territory other than that of the
Input Service Distributor, be distributed as integrated tax and the amount to be
so distributed shall be equal to the aggregate of the amount of input tax credit of
central tax and State tax or Union territory tax that qualifies for distribution to
such recipient in accordance with clause (d);
(g) the Input Service Distributor shall issue an Input Service Distributor invoice, as
prescribed in sub-rule (1) of rule 54, clearly indicating in such invoice that it is issued
only for distribution of input tax credit;
(h) the Input Service Distributor shall issue an Input Service Distributor credit note, as
prescribed in sub-rule (1) of rule 54, for reduction of credit in case the input tax credit
already distributed gets reduced for any reason;
(i) any additional amount of input tax credit on account of issuance of a debit note to an
CGST Act 275

Input Service Distributor by the supplier shall be distributed in the manner and
subject to the conditions specified in clauses (a) to (f) and the amount attributable to
any recipient shall be calculated in the manner provided in clause (d) and such credit
shall be distributed in the month in which the debit note is included in the return in
FORM GSTR-6*;
(j) any input tax credit required to be reduced on account of issuance of a credit note to
the Input Service Distributor by the supplier shall be apportioned to each recipient in
the same ratio in which the input tax credit contained in the original invoice was
distributed in terms of clause (d), and the amount so apportioned shall be
(i) reduced from the amount to be distributed in the month in which the credit note is
included in the return in FORM GSTR-6*; or
(ii) added to the output tax liability of the recipient where the amount so apportioned
is in the negative by the amount of credit under distribution being less than the
amount to be adjusted.
(2) If the amount of input tax credit distributed by an Input Service Distributor is reduced
later for any other reason for any of the recipients, including that it was distributed to a
wrong recipient by the Input Service Distributor, the process specified in clause (j) of sub-
rule (1) shall apply, mutatis mutandis, for reduction of credit.
(3) Subject to sub-rule (2), the Input Service Distributor shall, on the basis of the Input
Service Distributor credit note specified in clause (h) of sub-rule (1), issue an Input Service
Distributor invoice to the recipient entitled to such credit and include the Input Service
Distributor credit note and the Input Service Distributor invoice in the return in FORM
GSTR-6* for the month in which such credit note and invoice was issued.

2. Chapter Ten of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on ‘Input
Service Distributor in GST’

Section 2(61) Definition of ‘Input Service Distributor’
Section 17 Apportionment of credit and blocked credits
Rule 54 Tax invoice in special cases
Rule 65 Form and manner of submission of return by an Input
Service Distributor

20.1 Introduction
This Section sets forth the way input tax credit (of services) is distributed to supplier of goods
or services or both of same entity having same PAN. Procedure for distribution is given in Rule
39 of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017.
20.2 Analysis
(i) An ISD shall distribute the eligible ITC in accordance with Rule 39 elucidated in the
following paras.
(ii) Input Service Distributor (ISD) is an office of the supplier of goods or services or both
where a document (like invoice) of services attributable to other locations are received
(since they might be registered separately). Since the services relate to other locations
the corresponding credit should be transferred to such locations (having separate
registrations) as services are supplied from there. Care should be taken to ensure that
an inter-branch supply of services should not be misinterpreted as a distribution by ISD.
Please recollect that ISD cannot be an office that does any supply of its own but must
be one that merely collects invoice for services and issues prescribed document for its
distribution.
(iii) ISD cannot normally be used in a situation where there is a liability to pay GST. It can
only receive input tax credits on invoices related to input services and distribute such
credits in the manner discussed below. An ISD cannot discharge tax liability under
reverse charge. This would require obtaining another registration as a regular registered
person and discharge RCM liability.
Examples hereunder are as per rules.
Illustration: Corporate office of XYZ company Ltd., is at New Delhi, having its business
locations of selling and servicing of goods at New Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata. For
example, if the software license and maintenance is used at all the locations, invoice
indicating CGST and SGST is received at Corporate Office. Since the software is used at all
the four locations, the input tax credit of entire services cannot be claimed at New Delhi. The
same has to be distributed to all four locations. For that reason, the Delhi Corporate office has
to act as ISD to distribute the credit.
Rule 39: Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017
The example provided below illustrates the application of Rule 39 of the Central Goods and
Service Tax Rules, 2017 for distribution of credits by an Input Service Distributor (ISD) in
terms of Section 20.
Yoko Infotech Ltd. has its head office in Mumbai, for which it additionally has an ISD
registration. The company has 12 units across India including its head office. It receives the
following invoices in the name of the ISD at Mumbai, for the month of January 2018:
Invoice A: ` 100,000 @ IGST 18,000 issued by Peace Link Technologies (registered in Uttar
Pradesh) for repairs executed in 3 units – Bangalore, Kolkata, Gurgaon (Note: Gurgaon
location is not registered as it is engaged in making only exempt supplies);
CGST Act 277

Invoice B: ` 300,000 @ CGST 27,000, SGST 27,000 issued by M/s. Tec Force (registered in
Pune) for repairs executed in 3 units – Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata;
Invoice C: ` 500,000 @ IGST 90,000 issued by M/s. Georgia Marketing (registered in
Bangalore) for marketing services for the company;
Invoice D: ` 10,000 @ CGST 900 & SGST `900 issued by M/s. Gopal Coffee works
(registered in Mumbai) for supply of beverages during the month to its Mumbai unit.
All taxes have been considered at 18% (CGST and SGST at 9% each).
The turnover of each of the units during the year 2016-17 is: Mumbai: 1 crore; Bangalore 2
crore; Kolkata 1 crore; Gurgaon 2 crore; each of the other 8 units: 50 lakhs, resulting in the
aggregate turnover of the company in the previous financial year, of 10 crores.
Distribution of credits by the ISD:
Particulars Invoice Bangalore Kolkata Mumbai Gurgaon 8 units Total
Invoice A
T/o in State Note 2 crore 1 crore - 2 crore - 5 crore
1
Pro-rata 40% 20% - 40% - 100%
ratio
Credit 18,000 7,200 3,600 - 7,200 - 18,000
Type IGST IGST IGST - IGST -
Invoice B
T/o in State Note 2 crore 1 crore 1 crore - - 4 crore
2
Pro-rata 50% 25% 25% - - 100%
ratio
CGST 27,000
Credit
 Distribution 13,500 6,750 6,750 - - 27,000
Type CGST IGST IGST CGST - -
SGST Credit 27,000
 Distribution 13,500 6,750 6,750 - - 27,000
Type SGST IGST IGST SGST - -
Invoice C
T/o in State Note 2 crore 1 crore 1 crore 2 crore 0.5 * 8 10 crore
3 crore

Pro-rata 20% 10% 10% 20% 5% * 8 100%

ratio units
Credit 90,000 18,000 9,000 9,000 18,000 4,500 * 8 90,000
units
Type IGST IGST IGST IGST IGST IGST
Invoice D
Attributable Note - - Yes - - -
to 4
Credit 900 - - 900 - - 900
(ineligible)
Type CGST - - CGST - -
Credit 900 - - 900 - - 900
(ineligible)
Type SGST - - SGST - -
Credit of CGST, Total eligible credits distributed as CGST, SGST and IGST as
SGST and IGST on applicable
invoice (Refer Note below)
CGST 27,000 - - 6,750 - - 6,750
SGST 27,000 - - 6,750 - - 6,750
IGST 108,000 52,200 26,100 9,000 25,200 4,500 each 148,500
(viz. total of
36,000)
TOTAL 162,000 52,200 26,100 22,500 25,200 36,000 162,000
It can be seen from the illustration that credit of CGST of ` 27,000 is distributed as CGST
credit only to the extent of ` 6,750; likewise, credit of SGST of ` 27,000 is distributed as
SGST credit only to the extent of ` 6,750. This is because, the intra-State service billed to
the ISD is attributable to 1 unit in the same State as the ISD and 2 other units located in
different State. Thus, the balance of CGST credit and SGST credit is distributed as IGST to
such units. This is the reason why the credit of IGST lying with the ISD prior to distribution is
only ` 108,000 while the credit of IGST that is distributed aggregates to ` 148,500.
Note 1: The credit of IGST should always be distributed as IGST credit to all the units to which
the service is attributable, regardless of where they are located.
 The credits should be distributed only to those units to which the service is attributable.
Given that the service mentioned in the case of Invoice A is attributable only to
CGST Act 279

Bangalore, Kolkata and Gurgaon, the entire input tax credit applicable to the case
should be distributed to the said 3 units, on a pro rata basis in the ratio of their
respective ‘Turnover in State’ to the aggregate of the 3 ‘Turnover in State’ (i.e., 2 Cr +
1Cr + 2 Cr). Further, no differentiation is made to whether the unit is registered or not,
and therefore, credit attributable to the Gurgaon unit is distributed to that unit although it
is not registered, which implies, it is a loss of credit.
 The ‘turnover in State’ is arrived at a value for the ‘relevant period’. Since all 12 units
were operational during the preceding financial year, the relevant period would be the
preceding financial year.
Note 2: The credit of CGST and SGST should be distributed as IGST credit to all the units
located outside the State in which the ISD is located, and as CGST and SGST respectively, in
case of distribution of credit to a unit located in the same State as the ISD. Thus, the CGST
and SGST credits are distributed as IGST credits to Bangalore and Kolkata, and as CGST &
SGST respectively, to Mumbai.
 Given that the service supplied in terms of Invoice B is attributable only to Bangalore,
Kolkata and Mumbai, the entire input tax credit applicable to the case should be
distributed to the said 3 units, on a pro rata basis in the ratio of their respective
‘Turnover in State’ to the aggregate of the 3 ‘Turnover in State’ (i.e., 2 Cr + 1Cr + 1 Cr).
Note 3: The credit of IGST is distributed as IGST to all the units to which the service is
attributable.
 Invoice C relates to a supply of service that is attributable to all the units, and hence,
the credits would be distributed on a pro-rata basis of the ‘Turnover in State’ of each of
the units, to the aggregate of ‘Turnover in State’ of all the 12 units, i.e., `10 Cr.;
 For convenience of presentation, only one column is shown to reflect the distribution to
each of the 8 units, having the same ‘turnover in State’, and to which the same invoice
is attributable.
Note 4: Given that the services for receipt of food and beverages would not be eligible input
services, the taxes relating to Invoice D should be distributed as ineligible input tax (900 +
900), and the distribution must be done separately.
Since the service is wholly attributable to the Mumbai unit, the distribution is done only to such
unit.
(iv) Distribution of credit where ISD and recipient are located in different States under
CGST Act: As per Rule 39(1)(e) and (f) of Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017
ISD shall distribute as prescribed, credit of CGST as CGST or IGST and credit of IGST
as IGST by issuing prescribed document mentioning the amount of credit distributed to
recipient of credit located in different States.
Illustration: In the above illustration, if the corporate office of XYZ Ltd being an ISD
situated in Delhi receives invoices indicating ` 4 lakhs of CGST in one service and ` 7

lakhs as of IGST in another case. It shall distribute CGST of ` 4 Lakhs IGST and credit
of IGST of ` 7 Lakhs also as IGST to its locations at Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata
under a prescribed document containing the amount of credit distributed.
(v) Distribution of credit where ISD and recipient are located in different States under
SGST Act: ISD could distribute as prescribed credit of SGST as IGST only (and not as
SGST of other State) by issuing a prescribed document containing the amount of credit
distributed.
Illustration: In the above illustration, corporate office of XYZ Ltd., also received SGST
of ` 6 Lakhs along with ` 4 Lakhs of CGST. It can distribute SGST credit as IGST to its
locations at Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata under a prescribed document containing the
amount of credit distributed.
(vi) Distribution of credit where ISD and recipient are located within the State under
CGST Act: In cases where an entity has different registration within the same State by
an entity, it may have to distribute credit to such location also similar to locations with
different registrations outside the State. In order to enable the same, it is provided that
ISD can distribute in the prescribed manner, credit of CGST as CGST and credit of
IGST as IGST by issuing prescribed document mentioning the amount of credit
distributed to recipient being a business vertical.
Illustration: ABC Ltd., having its office at Bangalore is having another business vertical
in Mysore which is separately registered. In such a case, out of input tax credit of ` 4
lakhs of CGST, the credit attributable to ABC Ltd, Bangalore, shall be distributed to
Mysore location as CGST. Similarly out of input tax credit of ` 10 Lakh of IGST, the
credit attributable to ABC Ltd, Bangalore shall be distributed to Mysore location as
IGST.
(vii) Distribution of credit where ISD and recipient are located within the State under
SGST Act: Similar to the provisions of CGST as indicated supra under CGST Act, even
under the SGST Act, it is provided that an ISD can distribute in the prescribed manner,
credit of SGST and IGST as SGST (of the same State and not other State) and IGST
respectively, by issuing a prescribed document mentioning the amount of credit
distributed to recipient being a business vertical.
Illustration: In the same example of ABC Ltd., above the input tax credit say ` 6 lakhs
of SGST shall be distributed as SGST.
(viii) Conditions to distribute credit by ISD: The conditions to distribute the credit by ISD
are as follows:
(a) Credit to be distributed to recipient under prescribed documents containing
prescribed details. Such document should be issued to each of the recipient of
credit.
(b) Credit distributed should not exceed the credit available for distribution.
CGST Act 281

(c) Tax paid on input services used by a particular location (registered as supplier),
is to be distributed only to that location.
(d) Credit of tax paid on input service used by more than one location who are
operational is to be distributed to all of them based on the pro rata basis of
turnover of each location in a State to aggregate turnover of all such locations
who have used such services.
Note: The period to be considered for computation is the previous financial year of that
location. If it does not have any turnover in the previous financial year, then previous quarter
of the month to which the credit is being distributed.
(ix) For a detailed discussion on Tax invoice or Credit note to be issued by an ISD
reference maybe made to Chapter VII. The said Chapter VII clearly indicates the
particulars to be included in such a document.
Illustration 1: A Ltd as an ISD has input service credit of ` 35 lakhs used by more than one
locations, to be distributed among recipients locations X, Y and Z. The turnover of X, Y, Z in
preceding financial year, is ` 10 crores, ` 15 crores and ` 5 crores respectively. The credit of
` 5 lakhs pertains to input service received only by Z. The credit attributable to X, Y, Z are as
follows:
Particulars Amount (in `)
Total Credit to be distributed as ISD 35 Lakhs
Credit of service used only by Z location 5 Lakhs
Credit available for distribution for all units 30 Lakhs
Credit distributable to X 10 Lakhs
10 crores / 30 crores * 30 Lakhs
Credit distributable to Y 15 Lakhs
15 crores /30 crores * 30 Lakhs
Credit distributable to Z 10 Lakhs
5 crores / 30 crores * 30 Lakhs = 5 Lakhs
Credit directly attributable to Z = 5 Lakhs
Illustration 2: Distribution of input tax credit by an ISD to its units is shown as under:
M/s XYZ Ltd, having its head Office at Delhi, is registered as ISD. It has three units in different
State namely ‘Delhi’, ‘Jaipur’ and ‘Gujarat’ which are operational in the current year. M/s XYZ
Ltd furnishes the following information for the month of July 2018 & asks to distribute the
credit to various units.
(i) CGST paid on services used only for Delhi Unit: ` 300000/-
(ii) IGST, CGST & SGST paid on services used for all units: ` 1200000/-

(iii) Total Turnover of the units for the Financial Year 2017-18 are as follows:-
Unit Turnover (`)

Delhi 5,00,00,000
Jaipur 3,00,00,000
Gujarat 2,00,00,000
Total 10,00,00,000
Solution: Computation of Input Tax Credit Distributed to various units: -

Particulars Total Delhi Jaipur Gujarat
Credit Credit distributed to all Units
Available
CGST paid on 300000 300000 0 0
services used only for
Delhi Unit.
IGST, CGST & SGST
paid on services used 1200000 600000 360000 240000
in all units-
Distribution on pro
rata basis to all the
units which are
operational in the
current year (Refer
Note1)
Total 1500000 900000 360000 240000
Note 1: Credit distributed pro rata basis based on the turnover of all the units are as under: -
(a) Unit Delhi: (50000000/100000000)*1200000 = ` 600000
(b) Unit Jaipur: (30000000/100000000)*1200000 = ` 360000
(c) Unit Gujarat: (20000000/100000000)*1200000 = ` 240000
Relevant period for distribution of credit:
(a) If the recipient of credit has turnover in their State in preceding financial year of the year
in which credit is distributed – Such financial year.
(b) If some or all recipients do not have any turnover in their State in preceding financial
year of the year in which credit is distributed – Last quarter for which details of such
turnover of all the recipients are available, previous to the month during which credit is
to be distributed.
CGST Act 283

Input Service Distributor – Sec. 20.

 ITC is distributed to supplier of goods or services or both of same entity having the
same PAN as the ISD
 Common Services used at for
Office/
Distribution of Credit where ISD and recipient
Corporate are located in different States under CGST
office of ACT or SGST ACT
Supplier Distribution of Credit where ISD and recipient
are located in same State under CGST ACT or
SGST ACT
Input Service Distributor
Illustration 3: Consider an example where a Company has a Branch-M in Mumbai and a

Branch-D in Delhi. This Company is also incorporated in Delhi. Branch-M incurs various
expenses that are supply of services in Delhi where CGST-SGST is liable to be charged in
Delhi by that supplier. Obviously, credit of this tax cannot be availed by Branch-D because the
underlying expense is not ‘in relation to business’ of Branch-D because it is exclusively in
relation to business of Branch-M. When credit cannot be claimed by Branch-D and Branch-M
does not want to forego this credit, the option available is for Branch-M to obtain ISD
registration in Delhi. Now, in exactly, the same manner, if Branch-M incurs expenses in
Maharashtra (say in Nasik), the implications would be that credit not allowable to Branch-M for
these supplies and Branch-D is eligible to obtain ISD registration in Maharashtra, if credit is
not to be foregone.

From this example, the following questions arise for careful consideration:
Question Response
(i) Is ISD registration required in ‘all but Yes. If tax charged by the supplier is not
one’ States for a registered taxable IGST but CGST-SGST of the host-State
person? where supplies are taking place, then a
(All but one may all States/UT other registered taxable person would require ISD
than Home State) registration in each those host-States except
home-State
(ii) Is ISD registration an entity-level office Yes, ISD is an entity-level office because
in a given State or is it a registered section 2(61) defines ISD as “.... means an
taxable persons-specific office in other office of the supplier …. which receives tax
States (outside the home State of that invoice….” It does not say it is an “office of
registered taxable person)? the registered taxable person which
receives tax invoice….”
(iii) Will ISD registration be required for No. One entity-level ISD registration in all
each registered taxable person in ‘all States will suffice for credit distribution
but one’ States? requirement of all registered taxable
(All but one may all States/UT other persons having same PAN
than Home State)
(iv) Can an ISD distribute credit of taxes Since ISD is an entity-level registration, one
paid in that State alone (whether IGST ISD in a State can distribute credit to all
or CGST-SGST) to registered taxable registered taxable persons in all other
persons in all other States or only to States having same PAN. Further, this ISD
that State for whose benefit the ISD can also distribute credit to separately
registration was obtained? registered business verticals in that same
State
(v) When GSTIN registration is obtained in Yes, GSTIN registration does not permit
one State, is there any need to also distribution of credit. If taxes are paid that is
obtain ISD in the same State or is not related to the business of that registered
GSTIN and ISD registrations mutually taxable person in that State, then for want of
exclusive in a given State? ‘nexus’, credit cannot be availed by him.
And to save from loss of credit, ISD
registration is the only option to distribute
this credit whichever registered taxable
person (called ‘recipient of credit’) satisfies
this nexus test.
(vi) Can a Company who has independent Yes, the Company could opt to do so.. This
operations in all 29 States and 2 UTs is because each registered taxable person
and is therefore registered in all 31 stated to be truly independent of other
CGST Act 285

locations also be required to have 31 business (of registered taxable persons) and
ISD registrations? receives supplies in those host-States
where CGST-SGST paid in those host-
States is to be distributed to the relevant
home-State
(vii) Is it possible, when GSTIN registration No, for the reasons stated in (vi) & (i) above,
is already available in any given State, it would not be possible to avoid ISD
for the Company to completely avoid registration
ISD registration?
(viii) If a Company, to avoid ISD It is possible that a Company may consider
compliances, decides to avoid ISD the possibility of doing so subject to loss of
registration in every State where it is legitimate credits which could have been
already having GSTIN registration? availed as an ISD
(ix) If a Company were to instruct all Yes, it is possible for a Company to
registered taxable persons in a State misdirect a supplier. This supplier would
who may have credit loss in other only look for genuine GSTIN and similarity
States misdirect the suppliers into of name. It is not the supplier’s responsibility
issuing tax invoice with GSTIN of that to examine ‘nexus’ while issuing tax invoice
State?
(x) Is ISD registration, therefore, Yes, as explained in (vii) above, ISD
necessary in every State where this registration is necessary in every State
‘nexus’ test cannot be fulfilled by each where ‘nexus’ test is not fulfilled
registered taxable person?
(xi) Therefore, if multiple ISD registrations Yes, only if ‘link is established between the
or GSTIN-plus-ISD registrations are ‘no nexus’ supplies in a State and the
unavoidable (as explained above), is registered taxable person in that same
there any solution to resolve this State. If no such ‘nexus’ exists, credit claim
multiplicity of monthly and quarterly by registered taxable person becomes
compliances? improper. If nexus is established, please
examine valuation of inter-branch supply of
services is as per proviso to Rule 28 or as
per Rule 30 of Central Goods and Service
Tax Rules, 2017 relating to Valuation.
ISD is not merely a matter of compliance but involves great revenue implications to a
registered taxable person. Compliance would also not be nominal. So, this is yet another
indicator that the business model that has been in place until now has reached end-of-life and
a new model needs to be examined. Please consider the following example of a CA in practice
with branches in 3 States where the facts are as follows:

Common facts for consideration:

Head office Maharashtra
Branch offices West Bengal and Delhi
Client base All 3 States
Skills based Distributed in all offices, based on the assignment, staff from all
offices join to complete the assignment
Completion Sign-off only by Partners who are in Maharashtra and West Bengal
Business models and their comparison are as follows:
Criteria Under Erstwhile Law Under GST Law – A Under GST Law – B
ST (GST) Centralized at Mumbai All 3 branches All 3 branches
registration
Billing to From all 3 offices From Mumbai only From all 3 offices
clients
Internal None Branches issue tax Every branch including
billing invoice to HO at ‘cost HO to bill each other for
plus 10%’ as per Rule their respective
30 of Central Goods contribution on ‘revenue
and Service Tax Rules, split’ or ‘proportion of
2017 relating to contribution’ method
Valuation
ST credit Availed at Mumbai due Branches and HO avail Branches and HO avail
of to centralized input tax credit on tax input tax credit on tax
branches registration (ISD invoices issued by invoices issued by
registration not respective suppliers respective suppliers
required) including internal bills
ST credit Mumbai credits, entity- HO retains credit of all HO retains credit of all
at HO level credits and entity-level credits and entity-level credits
branch-specific credits avails credit of tax
invoice issued by
branches
Loss, cost None IGST outflow on non- Nexus risk on credits:
or risk credit costs included in  entity-level costs
valuation and 10% like audit fee
mark-up. Non-credit
 central vendor bills
costs of branches are
CGST Act 287

salaries, depreciation, like data-telecom,

etc. travel, etc.
Administrative
challenge in
assignment-level billing
allocation
Mitigation NA Branch to invoice HO GST does not impose
on 30th in respect of any ‘one-to-one’
client-level billings due correlation of credits.
on 1st of next month so Entity-level credit can
that the incremental be contended to be
IGST outflow from HO allowed in HO.
to branches is Assignment-level billing
recovered quickly allocation left to each
branch to self-regulate
There is no doubt that the above are not recommendations but case for comparative
illustration regarding application of the law to a business and to highlight that it is impossible
to continue the erstwhile business model in GST, at least in many sectors.
The illustrations considered in this section are matters to be considered for discussion/
deliberations only and are not views envisaged. The reader may or may not agree with the
views in the discussion in this Chapter/section.
These provisions are similar to the provisions contained in the Rule 7 of CENVAT credit rules
for distribution of credit of input service by an ISD.
It appears that the distribution of credit among the recipients prescribed in CENVAT credit
Rules has been continued in proposed GST law. The conditions for distribution of credit for
each recipient also appear to be continued as before.
20.4 FAQs
Q1. Whether CGST and IGST credit can be distributed by ISD as IGST credit to units
located in different States?
Ans. Yes. CGST credit can be distributed as IGST and IGST credit can be distributed as
IGST by an ISD for the units located in different States.
Q2. Whether SGST credit can be distributed as IGST credit by an ISD to units located in
different States?
Ans. Yes. ISD can distribute SGST credit as IGST for the units located in different States.
Q3. What are the conditions to be fulfilled by ISD to distribute the credit?
Ans. The conditions to be fulfilled by ISD to distribute credit are:

(a) Credit distributed to recipient under prescribed documents, which is issued to

each of the recipient of credit.
(b) Credit distributed should not exceed the credit available for distribution.
(c) Tax paid on input services used by a particular location (registered as supplier),
to be distributed only to that location.
(d) Credit of tax paid on input service used by more than one location who are
operational is to be distributed to all of them based on the pro rata basis of
turnover of each locations in a State to aggregate turnover of all such locations
who have used such services.
Q4. What are the documents through which the credit can be distributed by ISD?
Ans. An ISD can distribute credit to its recipient units by way of an ISD invoice prescribed in
Rule 54 of the CGST Rules, 2017
Q5. How to distribute common credit among all the units of a ISD?
Ans. The common credit used by all the units can be distributed by ISD on pro rata basis i.e.
based on the turnover of each unit to the aggregate turnover of all the units to which
credit is distributed.
20.6 MCQs
Q1. The ISD may distribute the CGST and IGST credit to recipient outside the State
as_______
(a) IGST
(b) CGST
(c) SGST
Ans. (a) IGST
Q2. The ISD may distribute the CGST credit within the State as____
(a) IGST
(b) CGST
(c) SGST
(d) Any of the above.
Ans. (b) CGST
Q3. According to the condition laid down for distribution of credit, ISD can distribute_____
(a) Credit in excess of credit available
(b) Only certain percentage of total credit available
(c) Credit equal to the total credit available for distribution.
CGST Act 289

(d) All of the above.

Ans. (c) Credit equal to the total credit available for distribution.
Q4. The credit of tax paid on input service used by more than one supplier is ________
(a) Distributed among the suppliers who used such input service on pro rata basis of
turnover in such State.
(b) Distributed equally among all the suppliers
(c) Distributed only to one supplier.
(d) Cannot be distributed.
Ans. (a) Distributed among the suppliers who used such input service on pro rata basis of
turnover in such State.
21. Manner of recovery of credit distributed in excess
Where the Input Service Distributor distributes the credit in contravention of the provisions
contained in section 20 resulting in excess distribution of credit to one or more recipients of
credit, the excess credit so distributed shall be recovered from such recipient(s) along with
interest, and the provisions of section 73 or 74, as the case may be, shall mutatis mutandis
apply for determination of amount to be recovered
Section 2(61) Definition of ‘Input Service Distributor’
Section 20 Manner of distribution of credit by Input Service Distributor

refunded or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised for any
reason other than fraud or any wilful misstatement or
suppression of facts.

refunded or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised by
reason of fraud or any wilful misstatement or suppression of
facts
Rule 65 Form and manner of submission of return by an Input Service

Distributor


2. Chapter Ten of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on ‘Input
Service Distributor in GST’
21.1 Introduction
The CGST Act clearly lays down that credit distribution is not ‘to self’, that is, a registered
taxable person cannot distribute credit to himself. Each registered person being a distinct
person u/s 25, must distribute to another registered taxable person but having the same PAN
to whom the credit is most accurately attributable. And the consequence of incorrect
distribution, due to inadvertence or misapplication of the provisions, are discussed here.
21.2 Analysis
(i) Excess Credit distributed in contravention of provision:
Excess credit distributed to one or more recipient of credit in contravention of ISD
provision under Section 20 is recoverable from the recipient of such credit along with
Interest. The recovery would be under the provisions of Section 73 or 74.
Example-1 Total Credit Available to ISD is 15,00,000/- & the credit distributed to all the
units is ` 16,50,000/- (i.e. Delhi 10,00,000, unit Jaipur ` 4,00,000 & unit Gujarat `
2,50,000). What will be the consequences?
Solution: The excess credit of 1,50,000 (` 16,50,000- ` 15,00,000) distributed would
be recovered from the recipient along with interest and the provisions of section 73 or
74 shall apply mutatis mutandis for effecting such recovery.
Example-2 Total Credit Available to ISD is ` 15,00,000/- & the credit should have been
distributed equal to all the units as all units had equal turnover, however credit
distributed in violation of Section 21, as under:
Delhi ` 7,00,000, Jaipur ` 6,00,000, Gujarat ` 2,00,000.
What will be the consequences?
Solution: The excess credit of ` 2,00,000 (` 7,00,000- ` 5,00,000) shall be recovered
from Delhi and ` 1,00,000 (` 600,000 – ` 5,00,000) shall be recovered from Jaipur
along with interest and the provisions of section 73 or 74 shall apply mutatis mutandis
for effecting such recovery.
CGST Act 291

Excess Credit distributed by Input Service Distributor
Excess Credit Distributed by ISD
Credit distributed in excess of Excess credit distributed to

what was available one or more Recipient of credit
Recovery of such excess credit with

interest from the recipient of credit.

Earlier recovery provision was specified in Rule 14 of CENVAT Credit Rules. The CENVAT
credit taken or utilized wrongly or has been erroneously refunded, was recovered along with
interest under the provisions of sections 11A and 11AB of the Excise Act or sections 73 and
75 of the Finance Act.
Earlier, there was no specific provision for excess distribution of credit by ISD. Now specific
provision is provided in the GST law providing for recovery of amount along with interest.
Further, the relevant period for recovery of excess amount distributed is also provided in GST
law.
21.4 FAQs
Q1. Whether the excess credit distributed could be recovered by the department?
Ans. Yes. Excess credit distributed could be recovered along with interest from recipient by
the department.
Q2. What are the consequences of credit distributed in contravention of the provision of the
Act?
Ans. The credit distributed in contravention of the provision of the Act is to be recovered from
the unit to which it is distributed along with interest.

Chapter–VI
Registration
Sections Rules
22. Persons liable for registration 8. Application for registration
23. Persons not liable for registration 9. Verification of the application and
24. Compulsory registration in certain cases approval
25. Procedure for registration 10. Issue of registration certificate
26. Deemed registration 11. Separate registration for multiple
business verticals within a State or
27. Special provisions relating to casual a Union territory
taxable person and non-resident taxable
person 12. Grant of registration to persons
required to deduct tax at source or
28. Amendment of registration to collect tax at source
29. Cancellation of registration 13. Grant of registration to non-resident
30. Revocation of cancellation of taxable person
registration 14. Grant of registration to a person
supplying online information and
database access or retrieval
services from a place outside India
to a non-taxable online recipient
15. Extension in period of operation by
casual taxable person and non-
resident taxable person
16. Suo-moto registration
17. Assignment of Unique Identity
Number to certain special entities
18. Display of registration certificate
and Goods and Services Tax
Identification Number on the name
board
19. Amendment of registration
20. Application for cancellation of
registration
21. Registration to be cancelled in
certain cases
22. Cancellation of registration
Ch-VI : Registration Sec. 22-30
23. Revocation of cancellation of

registration
24. Migration of persons registered
under the existing law
25. Physical verification of business
premises in certain cases
26. Method of authentication
22. Persons liable for registration
(1) Every supplier shall be liable to be registered under this Act in the State or Union
territory, other than special category States, from where he makes a taxable supply
of goods or services or both, if his aggregate turnover in a financial year exceeds
twenty lakh rupees:
Provided that where such person makes taxable supplies of goods or services or
both from any of the special category States, he shall be liable to be registered if his
aggregate turnover in a financial year exceeds ten lakh rupees.
(2) Every person who, on the day immediately preceding the appointed day, is registered
or holds a licence under an erstwhile law, shall be liable to be registered under this
Act with effect from the appointed day.
(3) Where a business carried on by a taxable person registered under this Act is
transferred, whether on account of succession or otherwise, to another person as a
going concern, the transferee or the successor, as the case may be, shall be liable to
be registered with effect from the date of such transfer or succession.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) and (3), in a case of transfer
pursuant to sanction of a scheme or an arrangement for amalgamation or, as the
case may be, demerger of two or more companies pursuant to an order of a High
Court, Tribunal or otherwise, the transferee shall be liable to be registered, with
effect from the date on which the Registrar of Companies issues a certificate of
incorporation giving effect to such order of the High Court or Tribunal.
Explanation. For the purposes of this section, ––
(i) the expression “aggregate turnover” shall include all supplies made by the taxable
person, whether on his own account or made on behalf of all his principals;
(ii) the supply of goods, after completion of job work, by a registered job worker shall be
treated as the supply of goods by the principal referred to in section143, and the
value of such goods shall not be included in the aggregate turnover of the registered
job worker;
(iii) the expression “special category States” shall mean the States as specified in sub-
clause (g) of clause (4) of article 279A of the Constitution.


18. Display of registration certificate and Goods and Services Tax Identification
Number on the name board.
(1) Every registered person shall display his certificate of registration in a prominent
location at his principal place of business and at every additional place or places of
business.
(2) Every registered person shall display his Goods and Services Tax Identification
Number on the name board exhibited at the entry of his principal place of business
and at every additional place or places of business.
Relevant circulars, notifications, clarifications, flyers issued by Government:

Chapter one of the compilation of the GST Flyers titled ‘Registration under GST Law’, as
issued by the CBIC (erstwhile CBEC).

Section 2(6) Definition of “aggregate turnover”
22.1 Introduction
This Section provides for registration of every supplier effecting taxable supplies, subject to a
threshold limit. Registration of a business with the tax authorities implies obtaining a unique
identification code (i.e. GSTIN) from the concerned tax authorities so that all the operations of,
and data relating to the business can be agglomerated and correlated. In any tax system, this
is the most fundamental requirement for identification of the business for tax purposes and for
having any compliance verification mechanism. A registration from the concerned tax
authorities will confer, among others, the following advantages to the registrant.
— Legally recognised as a supplier of Goods and/or Services;
— Proper accounting of taxes paid on the input goods and / or services;
— Utilisation of input taxes for payment of GST due on supply of goods and / or services
or both;
— Pass on the credit of the taxes paid on the goods and / or services supplied to
purchasers or recipients.
22.2 Analysis
— Every supplier shall be liable to be registered under the Act in the State from which he
makes a taxable supply of Goods or Services or both. It is important to note that
registration is required ‘in’ the State ‘from which’ taxable supplies are made.
CGST Act 295

Registration is not required ‘in’ the State ‘to’ which taxable supplies are made, even
though this is a destination-based tax. This greatly reduces the burden of the taxable
person from having to seek registration in every State ‘to’ which taxable supplies are
made. If the supplies are ‘to’ another State, then the nature of tax will not be CGST-
SGST but IGST and is paid to the Centre who will ensure that the same reaches the
appropriate ‘destination’ State. Therefore, for purposes of obtaining registration, it is
important to identify the ‘origin’ of supply even though GST is a ‘destination’ based tax.
Tax goes to the destination-State but registration is in the origin-State. Place of Supply
(as determined from IGST Act) provides the ‘destination’ and this is not relevant for
registration. The Location of Supplier is relevant for registration.
The State “from” where taxable supply is made is a question of fact and that must be
determined based on the requirement of law. In the case of services, Location of
Supplier of Services is defined in 2(71) of CGST Act but in the case of goods, Location
of Supplier of Goods is not defined. And this is not an oversight but deliberate. Services
leave no trail as to the location ‘from’ where they are supplied and for that reason, a
definition is required. Whereas goods leave a trail, that is, where the goods are actually
‘located’. This can be seen from the definition of Place of Business 2(85) of CGST Act.
Place of Business is where business is ‘ordinarily carried on’ – this would be the
location ‘from’ where taxable supplies are made, whether for goods or for services. But,
if this is not (in case of goods), this definition goes on to include ‘place where goods are
stored’. Hence, location of supplier of goods is where business is ordinarily carried on
or where the goods themselves are located, if that were more accurate. For example, a
company incorporated outside India purchases goods from a manufacturer and instructs
that the goods be deposited with a warehouse-keeper in India. And then after some
time, supplies the goods from the warehouse to a customer also within India. By being
incorporated outside India, the place where business is ordinarily carried on is not in
India but the location where goods are stored being within India, attracts the
requirement to register at the warehouse. It is true that mere storage is not the ‘place of
business’ in general understanding but in GST this appears to the unequivocal intent of
the law-maker. Care should be taken to correctly identify where registration ought to be
obtained so as not to end up with a serious misapplication of the requirements of law.
Registration is required if his aggregate turnover in a financial year exceeds Rupees
Twenty Lakhs. This threshold limit will be Rupees Ten Lakhs if a taxable person
conducts his business in any of the special category states as specified in sub-clause
(g) of clause (4) of Article 279A of the Constitution i.e. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand. However, the threshold limit remains Rupees Twenty Lakhs for the State
of Jammu and Kashmir.

How the Aggregate Turnover is calculated?

XYZ Pvt. Ltd. is a manufacturing unit in Mumbai, Maharashtra along with unit at Assam.
Turnover details of all the units are as follows:
Mumbai Unit: ` 8 Lakhs
Assam Unit: ` 11 Lakhs
Assam Unit is a special category state wherein the registration limit is ` 10 lakhs.
Hence, in the given case XYZ Pvt. Ltd would be required to take registration in Assam
due to aggregate turnover being ` 11 Lakhs. Now it needs to be analyzed whether
Mumbai unit also requires to get registered even though the aggregate turnover of all
the units is less than ` 20 lakhs.
So even though aggregate turnover is less than 20 Lakhs, registration would be
mandatory in Mumbai also by virtue of mandatory registration in Assam
— It means that for each State, the supplier liable for registration will have to take a
separate registration even though such supplier may be supplying goods or services or
both from more than one State as a single entity. The application for registration shall
be made within 30 days from the date when he becomes liable for registration.
— It is necessary to admit the distinction between ‘person and taxable person’. Person is
defined in the most familiar manner in section 2(84) and a taxable person is defined in
section 2(107). A proper reading of section 22 helps us understand that a State is the
smallest registrable unit in GST – except where multiple business verticals are
registered separately under section 25. A taxable person is therefore the presence of
the person in a State from where taxable supplies are made in the name of such
person. When a person becomes liable to be registered in a State at any place from
where taxable supplies are made therein such person shall be a taxable person.
— Casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person shall apply for registration at
least 5 days prior to the commencement of business.
— A person having multiple business verticals [as defined in Section 2(18)] in one State
may obtain separate registrations for each of the business vertical, subject to
prescribed conditions.
— Every registered person shall display his certificate of registration in a prominent
location at his principal place of business and at every additional place or places of
business.
— Every registered person shall display his Goods and Services Tax Identification Number
on the name board exhibited at the entry of his principal place of business and at every
additional place or places of business.
— For calculating the Threshold limit, the turnover shall include all supplies made by the
taxable person, whether on his own account or made on behalf of all his principals.
CGST Act 297

Further, supply of goods by a registered Job-worker, after completion of job work, shall
be treated as the supply of goods by the “principal” referred to in section 143 (i.e. Job
work procedure) of this Act. The value of such goods shall not be included in the
aggregate turnover of the registered job worker.
— Every person who, on the day immediately preceding the appointed day, is registered or
holds a license under an earlier law, shall be liable to be registered under this Act with
effect from the appointed day.
— Every person being an Input Service Distributor shall make a separate application for
registration as such Input Service Distributor.
— Every person having a unit in a Special Economic Zone or being a Special Economic
Zone developer shall make a separate application for registration as a Business vertical
distinct from his other units located outside the Special Economic Zone.
— Where a person who is liable to be registered under this Act fails to obtain registration,
the proper officer can proceed to register such person in the manner as may be
prescribed
— The registration shall be effective from the date on which the person becomes liable to
registration where the application for registration has been submitted within a period of
thirty days from such date. Where an application for registration has been submitted by
the applicant after the expiry of thirty days from the date of his becoming liable to
registration, the effective date of registration shall be the date of the grant of registration
Exemption Limit vs. Registration Limit
In the erstwhile law the facility of SSI/ SSP exemptions were provided wherein even though
assesse have taken the registration they were not required to collect and pay tax unless they
crossed the threshold limit. However, in GST regime no such exemption is provided under the
law. Once registration is taken the assesse is mandatorily required to collect and pay tax to
the government irrespective of threshold. As per Section 2(107) of the CGST Act, 2017
“taxable person” means a person who is registered or liable to be registered under section 22
or section 24; this means a registered person is a taxable person. It is important to note that
Sec 9 of CGST Act, 2017 imposes leviability to taxable person and therefore once registration
is obtained the concept of taxable person gets triggered.
Registration on own Volition
A person, though not liable to be registered under Section 22, may get himself registered
voluntarily, and once registered all provisions of this Act, shall apply to such person.
Transfer of Business and Registration
If a registered taxable person transfers business on account of succession or otherwise, to
another person as a going concern, the transferee, or the successor, as the case may be,
shall be liable to be registered with effect from the date of such transfer or succession. This
means that the Registration Certificate issued under Section 22 of the Act is not transferable

to any other person. In a case of transfer pursuant to sanction of a scheme or an arrangement

for amalgamation or, as the case may be, de-merger of two or more companies by an order of
a High Court, the transferee shall be liable to be registered with effect from the date on which
the Registrar of Companies issues a certificate of incorporation giving effect to such order of
the High Court.
Issues / Concerns:
(a) Requirement of registration in respect of construction works undertaken outside the
State: Works Contractors, having a principal place of business in 1 State may undertake
execution of works across India in many States. The registration provisions require the
works contractor to obtain registration in each such State even though he has no place
of business in those States and the administration and control of such a person lies in
the principal State itself. It is also possible that the person will not have a fixed
establishment in each such State.
23. Persons not liable for registration
(1) The following persons shall not be liable to registration, namely: ––
(a) any person engaged exclusively in the business of supplying goods or services
or both that are not liable to tax or wholly exempt from tax under this Act or
under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
(b) an agriculturist, to the extent of supply of produce out of cultivation of land.
(2) The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification,
specify the category of persons who may be exempted from obtaining registration
under this Act.
Central Government vide Notification No. 05/2017-Central Tax, dt. 19-06-2017 has
w.e.f 22nd June 2017 amended section 23 of CGST Act, 2017 to include the persons
who are only engaged in making supplies of taxable goods or services or both, the
total tax on which is liable to be paid on reverse charge basis by the recipient of such
goods or services or both under section 9(3) of the CGST Act, 2017 in the category
of persons exempted from obtaining registration under the aforesaid Act.
Relevant circulars, notifications, clarifications, flyers issued by Government: -

1. Notification No. 5/2017 – Central Tax dated 19.06.2017 regarding exemption from
registration to persons engaged only in making taxable supplies where total tax is liable
to be paid on reverse charge basis.
2. Notification No. 32/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.09.2017 (amended by Notification No.
38/2017 – Central Tax dated 13.10.2017) regarding exemption from registration to a
casual taxable person making taxable supplies of handicraft goods.
CGST Act 299

3. Notification No. 65/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.11.2017 regarding exemption from
compulsory registration to suppliers of services through an e-commerce platform.
4. Notification No. 7/2017 – Integrated Tax dated 14.09.2017 regarding exemption from
registration to job-workers making inter-State supply of services to a registered person.
registration to a person making inter-State taxable supplies of handicraft goods.
registration to persons making inter-State supplies of taxable services where turnover is
not exceeding ` 20 Lacs
7. Advance Ruling under the West Bengal GST Act, 2017 regarding non-requirement of
registration where a person is engaged exclusively in supply of exempt goods /
services except where he is otherwise liable to pay tax under reverse charge basis u/s
9(3) or 5(3) of GST Act / IGST Act, 2017.
8. Chapter One of the compilation of the GST Flyers titled ‘Registration under GST Law’,
as issued by the CBIC (erstwhile CBEC).
Section 2(7) Definition of ‘agriculturist’
Section 2(47) Definition of “exempt supply”
23.1 Analysis
Apart from certain agriculturists, persons engaged exclusively in the supply of exempted
goods or services or both are the ones not liable to obtain registration. The term exclusive
indicates engaging in only those supplies which are exempted. Therefore, if a supplier is
supplying both exempted and non-exempted goods and/or services, then this provision is not
applicable and he is required to obtain registration under Section 22.
As per Section 2(7), agriculturist means an individual or HUF who undertakes cultivation of
land:
(a) By own labour or
(b) By the labour of family, or
(c) By servants on wages payable in cash or kind or by hired labour under personal
supervision or the personal supervision of any member of the family
Thus, an agriculturist is not liable for registration only to the extent of supply of produce out of
cultivation of land. If an agriculturist undertakes supplies which are not linked to the cultivation
of land, he will fall within the provisions of Section 22 and may have to take registration in
respect of such supplies. It is important to consider the nature of activities undertaken by the

agriculturist. If the process deviates from ‘cultivation’ it will travel outside the scope of this
exclusion from registration. The exclusion states – to the extent of supply of ‘produce out of
cultivation’ of land – any further processing of the primary produce from cultivation will
continue not avail this exclusion.
Cultivation of land does not include pisciculture on inland water body or cattle rearing that
graze the produce of land. The produce from emerge from land for it is be ‘cultivation of land’.
For example, harvesting paddy is cultivation but production of rice is not.
Please note that the exclusion from the requirement to be registered does not result in non-
collection of tax on agricultural produce. Where the supplier is not registered (for any reason)
and the recipient is registered, then tax is payable by such registered recipient as per section
9(4) of CGST Act and 5(4) of IGST Act.
Further, this section also permits any person whose ‘entire’ supply consists of ‘exempt
supplies’, then such person is excluded from obtaining registration. Care should be taken to
validate the premises about (a) entire supply (b) exempt. Even if small value of supplies is
taxable, then even exempt supplies will be included to determine if aggregate turnover has
exceeded the threshold limit under section 22 for attracting registration. Also, if inward
supplies liable to reverse charge under section 9(3) of CGST Act is attracted, then
notwithstanding the exclusion under section 23, registration will need to be obtained
compulsorily under section 24. Reference may be drawn here to the Advance Ruling passed
by the West Bengal Advance Ruling Authority which states that compulsory registration would
be required for a person engaging in provision of exempt supplies if he procures supplies
liable to reverse charge under section 9(3) of CGST Act or 5(3) of the IGST Act, 2017. If a
person remains outside the requirements of registration due to this section, he would not be
liable to pay tax under 9(4) of CGST Act as it does not apply to an unregistered-recipient.
Notified persons may also be granted an exemption from registration. In this regard, the
Government has exempted the following persons from obtaining registration:
(a) Job-workers engaged in making inter-State supply of services to a registered person
except those who are liable to be registered u/s 22(1) of the CGST Act, 2017 or persons
opting for voluntary registration or persons engaged in making supply of services in
relation to Jewellery, goldsmiths’ and silversmiths’ wares and other articles (w.e.f.
14.09.2017) - Notification No. 7/2017 – Integrated Tax dated 14.09.2017.
(b) Persons effecting inter-State taxable supplies of handicraft goods – where the
aggregate value of supplies on PAN-India basis does not exceed 20 Lakh in a year (10
Lakh for Special Category States) - (w.e.f. 14.09.2017) - Notification No. 8/2017 –
Integrated Tax dated 14.09.2017.
(c) Persons effecting inter-State supplies of taxable services – where the aggregate value
of supplies on PAN-India basis does not exceed 20 Lakh in a year (10 Lakh for Special
Category States) (w.e.f. 13.10.2017) - Notification No. 10/2017 – Integrated Tax dated
13.10.2017.
CGST Act 301

(d) Persons providing services through an e-commerce platform, provided their aggregate
turnover does not exceed Rs. 20 lakh (Rs. 10 lakh in special category States except J &
K) and the supplier is not liable to collect tax at source under GST (w.e.f. 15.11.2017).
- Notification No. 65/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.11.2017
Issues / Concerns:
(a) Exemption to Charitable Organizations: Pursuant to Notification No. 12/2017- Central
Tax (Rate) dated 28th June, 2017, the Government has exempted services by way of
charitable activities, provided by Charitable Organisations from the levy of GST. Thus,
charitable organizations engaged exclusively in charitable activities are exempted from
obtaining registration. However, charitable organisations are compelled to register
where they have receipts on account of ancillary activities like providing a shop on rent
to outsider (so that the visitors get tea and food), charitable hospitals running pharmacy
and providing medicines at concessional rate or free etc.
(b) Separate Registration for ISD to discharge tax on RCM basis: Under the erstwhile
Service Tax laws, an ISD was allowed to discharge tax liability under reverse charge
mechanism without seeking a separate registration. However, under GST regime, the
ISD is required to obtain a separate GSTIN no. other than the ISD registration for
discharging such taxes. This is adding to the multiplicity of registrations and complexity
in documentation and compliance and impacting the matrix of ‘ease of doing business ’.
(c) Inclusion of non-operational income for threshold limit: The inclusion of non-operational
income like interest income as ‘exempt supplies’ for the purpose of determining the
aggregate turnover for registration would bring into the forte a huge number of persons
who are otherwise undertaking only a minimal amount of supply. In case a person is
earning interest income from Fixed Deposit Receipts (FDR) of Rs. 15 Lakhs and a
Rental income from renting of immovable property of Rs. 6 Lakh, he would need to take
registration and collect GST on such supply of rental services.
24. Compulsory registration in certain cases
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) of section 22, the following
categories of persons shall be required to be registered under this Act, ––
(i) persons making any inter-State taxable supply;
(ii) casual taxable persons making taxable supply;
(iii) persons who are required to pay tax under reverse charge;
(iv) person who are required to pay tax under sub-section (5) of section 9;
(v) non-resident taxable persons making taxable supply;
(vi) persons who are required to deduct tax under section 51, whether or not
separately registered under this Act;
(vii) persons who make taxable supply of goods or services or both on behalf of
other taxable persons whether as an agent or otherwise;

(viii) Input Service Distributor, whether or not separately registered under this Act;
(ix) persons who supply goods or services or both, other than supplies specified
under sub-section (5) of section 9, through such electronic commerce operator
who is required to collect tax at source under section 52;
(x) every electronic commerce operator;
(xi) every person supplying online information and database access or retrieval
services from a place outside India to a person in India, other than a registered
person; and
(xii) such other person or class of persons as may be notified by the Government
on the recommendations of the Council.

1. Chapter one of the compilation of the GST Flyers titled ‘Registration under GST Law’,

Section 2(20) Definition of “casual taxable person”
Section 2(47) Definition of “exempt supply”
Section 9(5) Tax on reverse charge basis to be paid by e-commerce
operator
Section 22 Persons liable for registration
Section 51 Tax Deduction at source
24.1 Analysis
Section 22 prescribes certain conditions, subject to fulfilment of which, registration must be
obtained. However, Section 24 enlists 11 categories of persons who shall compulsorily obtain
the registration, whether or not the provisions prescribed under Section 22 are triggered in
such cases. Section 24 begins with a non-obstante clause and is thus, an overriding section
that makes it mandatory for the prescribed persons to obtain registration even though the
conditions prescribed under section 22 are not fulfilled.
Categories of persons who shall be required to be registered under this Act irrespective
of the threshold limit:
The following categories of persons are required to obtain registration compulsorily under this
Act:
— Persons making any inter-State taxable supply goods;
— Casual taxable persons making taxable supply;
CGST Act 303

— Persons who are required to pay tax under reverse charge;

— Persons who are required to pay tax under sub-section (5) of section 9 (electronic
commerce operator)
— Non-resident taxable persons making taxable supply;
— Persons who are required to deduct tax under section 51 (Tax Deduction at Source);
— Persons who supply goods or services or both on behalf of other registered taxable
persons whether as an agent or otherwise;
— input service distributor;
— persons who supply goods and/or services, other than supplies specified under sub-
section (5) of section 9, through such electronic commerce operator who is required to
collect tax at source under section 52,
— Every electronic commerce operator;
— every person supplying online information and database access or retrieval services
from a place outside India to a person in India, other than a registered taxable person;
and
— Such other person or class of persons as may be notified by the Central Government or
a State Government on the recommendations of the Council.
Issues / Concerns:
a. Mandatory registration: Although a person engaged exclusively in the supply of
exempted goods/services is exempted from obtaining registration u/s 23 of the Act, he
will be required to obtain registration u/s 24, if he procures the notified goods /services
(covered under the provisions of Section 9(3) of the CGST Act), even though Section 23
gives immunity to such persons from registration. Section 23 and Section 24 of the Act
are independent sections and Section 24 cannot override Section 23 of the Act (or vice-
versa) and mandate registrations for such persons who are exempted from registration
under Section 23 of the Act.
It appears that this is an anomaly in law. It simply means that a person not liable for
registration should under no circumstance be required to register.
It may note that vide Notification 10/ 2017 – IGST dated 13 October 2017, persons
making inter-state supply of services and having turnover not exceeding INR 20 lakhs
have been exempted from obtaining registration. Accordingly, only persons who make
inter-state supply of goods have to compulsorily obtain registration irrespective of the
all- India turnover.
However, the aggregate value of supply of services should not exceed INR 10 lakhs in
respect of States as mentioned in Article 279A( 4) (g), i.e. Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram,
Meghalaya, Manipur, Assam and Tripura.

25. Procedure for registration
(1) Every person who is liable to be registered under section 22 or section 24 shall apply
for registration in every such State or Union territory in which he is so liable within
thirty days from the date on which he becomes liable to registration, in such manner
and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed:
Provided that a casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person shall apply for
registration at least five days prior to the commencement of business.
Explanation:
Every person who makes a supply from the territorial waters of India shall obtain
registration in the coastal State or Union territory where the nearest point of the
appropriate baseline is located.
(2) A person seeking registration under this Act shall be granted a single registration in a
State or Union territory:
Provided that a person having multiple business verticals in a State or Union territory
may be granted a separate registration for each business vertical, subject to such
conditions as may be prescribed.
(3) A person, though not liable to be registered under section 22 or section 24 may get
himself registered voluntarily, and all provisions of this Act, as are applicable to a
registered person, shall apply to such person.
(4) A person who has obtained or is required to obtain more than one registration,
whether in one State or Union territory or more than one State or Union territory shall,
in respect of each such registration, be treated as distinct persons for the purposes of
this Act.
(5) Where a person who has obtained, or is required to obtain registration in a State or
Union territory in respect of an establishment, has an establishment in another State
or Union territory, then such establishments shall be treated as establishments of
distinct persons for the purposes of this Act.
(6) Every person shall have a Permanent Account Number issued under the Income Tax
Act, 1961 in order to be eligible for grant of registration:
Provided that a person required to deduct tax under section 51 may have, in lieu of a
Permanent Account Number, a Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number issued
under the said Act in order to be eligible for grant of registration.
(7) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (6), a non-resident taxable person
may be granted registration under sub-section (1) on the basis of such other
documents as may be prescribed.
CGST Act 305

(8) Where a person who is liable to be registered under this Act fails to obtain
registration, the proper officer may, without prejudice to any action which may be
taken under this Act or under any other law for the time being in force, proceed to
register such person in such manner as may be prescribed.
(9) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), ––
(a) any specialised agency of the United Nations Organisation or any Multilateral
Financial Institution and Organisation notified under the United Nations
(Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947, Consulate or Embassy of foreign
countries; and
(b) any other person or class of persons, as may be notified by the Commissioner,
shall be granted a Unique Identity Number in such manner and for such purposes,
including refund of taxes on the notified supplies of goods or services or both received
by them, as may be prescribed.
(10) The registration or the Unique Identity Number shall be granted or rejected after due
verification in such manner and within such period as may be prescribed.
(11) A certificate of registration shall be issued in such form and with effect from such date
as may be prescribed.
(12) A registration or a Unique Identity Number shall be deemed to have been granted
after the expiry of the period prescribed under sub-section (10), if no deficiency has
been communicated to the applicant within that period.
8. Application for registration.

(1) Every person, other than a non-resident taxable person, a person required to deduct
tax at source under section 51, a person required to collect tax at source under
section 52 and a person supplying online information and database access or
retrieval services from a place outside India to a non-taxable online recipient referred
to in section 14 of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (13 of 2017)
who is liable to be registered under sub-section (1) of section 25 and every person
seeking registration under sub-section (3) of section 25 (hereafter in this Chapter
referred to as ―the applicant) shall, before applying for registration, declare his
Permanent Account Number, mobile number, e-mail address, State or Union territory
in Part A of FORM GST REG-01 on the common portal, either directly or through a
Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner:
Provided that a person having a unit(s) in a Special Economic Zone or being a
Special Economic Zone developer shall make a separate application for registration
as a business vertical distinct from his other units located outside the Special
Economic Zone:

Provided further that every person being an Input Service Distributor shall make a
separate application for registration as such Input Service Distributor.
(2) (a) The Permanent Account Number shall be validated online by the common portal
from the database maintained by the Central Board of Direct Taxes.
(b) The mobile number declared under sub-rule (1) shall be verified through a one-
time password sent to the said mobile number; and
(c) The e-mail address declared under sub-rule (1) shall be verified through a
separate one-time password sent to the said e-mail address.
(3) On successful verification of the Permanent Account Number, mobile number and e-
mail address, a temporary reference number shall be generated and communicated
to the applicant on the said mobile number and e-mail address.
(4) Using the reference number generated under sub-rule (3), the applicant shall
electronically submit an application in Part B of FORM GST REG-01, duly signed or
verified through electronic verification code, along with the documents specified in
the said Form at the common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation Centre
(5) On receipt of an application under sub-rule (4), an acknowledgement shall be issued
electronically to the applicant in FORM GST REG-02.
(6) A person applying for registration as a casual taxable person shall be given a
temporary reference number by the common portal for making advance deposit of
tax in accordance with the provisions of section 27 and the acknowledgement under
sub-rule (5) shall be issued electronically only after the said deposit.
9. Verification of the application and approval.
(1) The application shall be forwarded to the proper officer who shall examine the
application and the accompanying documents and if the same are found to be in
order, approve the grant of registration to the applicant within a period of three
working days from the date of submission of the application.
(2) Where the application submitted under rule 8 is found to be deficient, either in terms
of any information or any document required to be furnished under the said rule, or
where the proper officer requires any clarification with regard to any information
provided in the application or documents furnished therewith, he may issue a notice
to the applicant electronically in FORM GST REG-03 within a period of three working
days from the date of submission of the application and the applicant shall furnish
such clarification, information or documents electronically, in FORM GST REG-04,
within a period of seven working days from the date of the receipt of such notice.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this sub-rule, the expression ―clarification‖
includes modification or correction of particulars declared in the application for
CGST Act 307

registration, other than Permanent Account Number, State, mobile number and e-
mail address declared in Part A of FORM GST REG-01.
(3) Where the proper officer is satisfied with the clarification, information or documents
furnished by the applicant, he may approve the grant of registration to the applicant
within a period of seven working days from the date of the receipt of such
clarification or information or documents.
(4) Where no reply is furnished by the applicant in response to the notice issued under
sub-rule (2) or where the proper officer is not satisfied with the clarification,
information or documents furnished, he shall, for reasons to be recorded in writing,
reject such application and inform the applicant electronically in FORM GST REG-05.
(5) If the proper officer fails to take any action, -
(a) within a period of three working days from the date of submission of the
application; or
(b) within a period of seven working days from the date of the receipt of the
clarification, information or documents furnished by the applicant under sub-
rule (2),the application for grant of registration shall be deemed to have been
approved.
10. Issue of registration certificate.
(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (12) of section 25, where the application for
grant of registration has been approved under rule 9, a certificate of registration in
FORM GST REG-06 showing the principal place of business and additional place or
places of business shall be made available to the applicant on the common portal
and a Goods and Services Tax Identification Number shall be assigned subject to the
following characters, namely:-
(a) two characters for the State code;
(b) ten characters for the Permanent Account Number or the Tax Deduction and
Collection Account Number;
(c) two characters for the entity code; and
(d) one checksum character.
(2) The registration shall be effective from the date on which the person becomes liable
to registration where the application for registration has been submitted within a
period of thirty days from such date.
(3) Where an application for registration has been submitted by the applicant after the
expiry of thirty days from the date of his becoming liable to registration, the effective
date of registration shall be the date of the grant of registration under sub-rule (1) or
sub-rule (3) or sub-rule (5) of rule 9.

(4) Every certificate of registration shall be duly signed or verified through electronic
verification code by the proper officer under the Act.
(5) Where the registration has been granted under sub-rule (5) of rule 9, the applicant
shall be communicated the registration number, and the certificate of registration
under sub-rule (1), duly signed or verified through electronic verification code, shall
be made available to him on the common portal, within a period of three days after
the expiry of the period specified in sub-rule (5) of rule 9.
11. Separate registration for multiple business verticals within a State or a Union
territory:
(1) Any person having multiple business verticals within a State or a Union territory,
requiring a separate registration for any of its business verticals under sub-section
(2) of section 25 shall be granted separate registration in respect of each of the
verticals subject to the following conditions, namely:-
(a) such person has more than one business vertical as defined in clause (18) of
section 2;
(b) the business vertical of a taxable person shall not be granted registration to pay
tax under section 10 if any one of the other business verticals of the same
person is paying tax under section 9;
(c) all separately registered business verticals of such person shall pay tax under
the Act on supply of goods or services or both made to another registered
business vertical of such person and issue a tax invoice for such supply.
Explanation.- For the purposes of clause (b), it is hereby clarified that where any
business vertical of a registered person that has been granted a separate registration
becomes ineligible to pay tax under section 10, all other business verticals of the
said person shall become ineligible to pay tax under the said section.
(2) A registered person eligible to obtain separate registration for business verticals may
submit a separate application in FORM GST REG-01 in respect of each such
vertical.
(3) The provisions of rule 9 and rule 10 relating to the verification and the grant of
registration shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to an application submitted under this rule.
12. Grant of registration to persons required to deduct tax at source or to collect
tax at source.
(1) Any person required to deduct tax in accordance with the provisions of section 51 or
a person required to collect tax at source in accordance with the provisions of
section 52 shall electronically submit an application, duly signed or verified through
electronic verification code, in FORM GST REG-07 for the grant of registration
through the common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by
the Commissioner.
CGST Act 309

(2) The proper officer may grant registration after due verification and issue a certificate
of registration in FORM GST REG-06 within a period of three working days from the
date of submission of the application.
(3) Where, upon an enquiry or pursuant to any other proceeding under the Act, the
proper officer is satisfied that a person to whom a certificate of registration in FORM
GST REG-06 has been issued is no longer liable to deduct tax at source under
section 51 or collect tax at source under section 52, the said officer may cancel the
registration issued under sub-rule (2) and such cancellation shall be communicated
to the said person electronically in FORM GST REG-08:
Provided that the proper officer shall follow the procedure as provided in rule 22 for
the cancellation of registration.
13. Grant of registration to non-resident taxable person.
(1) A non-resident taxable person shall electronically submit an application, along with a
self-attested copy of his valid passport, for registration, duly signed or verified
through electronic verification code, in FORM GST REG-09, at least five days prior to
the commencement of business at the common portal either directly or through a
Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner:
Provided that in the case of a business entity incorporated or established outside
India, the application for registration shall be submitted along with its tax
identification number or unique number on the basis of which the entity is identified
by the Government of that country or its Permanent Account Number, if available.
(2) A person applying for registration as a non-resident taxable person shall be given a
temporary reference number by the common portal for making an advance deposit of
tax in accordance with the provisions of section 27 and the acknowledgement under
sub-rule (5) of rule 8 shall be issued electronically only after the said deposit in his
electronic cash ledger.
(3) The provisions of rule 9 and rule 10 relating to the verification and the grant of
registration shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to an application submitted under this rule.
(4) The application for registration made by a non-resident taxable person shall be duly
signed or verified through electronic verification code by his authorised signatory who
shall be a person resident in India having a valid Permanent Account Number.
14. Grant of registration to a person supplying online information and database
access or retrieval services from a place outside India to a non-taxable online
recipient.
(1) Any person supplying online information and database access or retrieval services
from a place outside India to a non-taxable online recipient shall electronically submit
an application for registration, duly signed or verified through electronic verification

code, in FORM GST REG-10, at the common portal, either directly or through a
Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner.
(2) The applicant referred to in sub-rule (1) shall be granted registration, in FORM GST
REG-06, subject to such conditions and restrictions and by such officer as may be
notified by the Central Government on the recommendations of the Council.
16. Suo moto registration
(1) Where, pursuant to any survey, enquiry, inspection, search or any other proceedings
under the Act, the proper officer finds that a person liable to registration under the
Act has failed to apply for such registration, such officer may register the said person
on a temporary basis and issue an order in FORM GST REG- 12.
(2) The registration granted under sub-rule (1) shall be effective from the date of such
order granting registration.
(3) Every person to whom a temporary registration has been granted under sub-rule (1)
shall, within a period of ninety days from the date of the grant of such registration,
submit an application for registration in the form and manner provided in rule 8 or
rule 12:
Provided that where the said person has filed an appeal against the grant of
temporary registration, in such case, the application for registration shall be
submitted within a period of thirty days from the date of the issuance of the order
upholding the liability to registration by the Appellate Authority.
(4) The provisions of rule 9 and rule 10 relating to verification and the issue of the
certificate of registration shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to an application submitted
under sub-rule (3).
(5) The Goods and Services Tax Identification Number assigned, pursuant to the
verification under sub-rule (4), shall be effective from the date of the order granting
registration under sub-rule (1).
17. Assignment of Unique Identity Number to certain special entities.
(1) Every person required to be granted a Unique Identity Number in accordance with
the provisions of sub-section (9) of section 25 may submit an application
electronically in FORM GST REG-13, duly signed or verified through electronic
verification code, in the manner specified in rule 8 at the common portal, either
directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner.
(1A) The Unique Identity Number granted under sub-rule (1) to a person under clause (a)
of sub-section (9) of section 25 shall be applicable to the territory of India.]10
(2) The proper officer may, upon submission of an application in FORM GST REG-13 or
after filling up the said form or after receiving a recommendation from the Ministry of
External Affairs, Government of India11, assign a Unique Identity Number to the said
person and issue a certificate in FORM GST REG-06 within a period of three working
days from the date of the submission of the application.
CGST Act 311

25. Physical verification of business premises in certain cases.-

Where the proper officer is satisfied that the physical verification of the place of business of
a registered person is required after the grant of registration, he may get such verification
done and the verification report along with the other documents, including photographs,
shall be uploaded in FORM GST REG-30 on the common portal within a period of fifteen
working days following the date of such verification.


Section 24 Compulsory registration in certain cases
Section 51 Tax deduction at source
25.1 Analysis
Every registered person is considered a ‘distinct person’ for the limited purposes of GST. This
is a very important fiction supplied by law so as to overcome the deficiency to constitute a
‘supply’ within branches of the same entity or person. But for this fiction, imputing ‘supply’ in
respect of supply-like transactions between branches of the same entity or person would have
been impossible, in spite of Schedule I. In fact, the fiction of ‘distinct persons’ flows into
Schedule I and supports the levy of tax on branch-transfers. While branch transfer involving
goods is understandable, branch transfers involving services too are taxable, but that is
discussed under supply which may be referred.
Section 25 read with Rule 8 to 26 of the CGST Rules, 2017 related to registration provides a
detailed road map on the procedural aspects of the registration. The time limit for application
is within 30 days (for persons other than casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable
person) and casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person shall have to obtain the
registration at least 5 days prior to the commencement.
Single registration will be granted from one State or Union Territory and in case of persons
having business across different States, then multiple registrations are granted. Even in a
single state, multiple registrations are possible wherever a person has multiple business
verticals.
As per rule 8 of the Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017 a Special Economic Zone unit
or Special Economic Zone developer shall make a separate application for registration as a
business vertical distinct from its other units located outside the Special Economic Zone. IT
further provide detailed procedure for application of registration by a person desirous of
seeking registration under GST.

Registration Process:
 The above process is applicable to inter-State suppliers, Voluntary registrations, Casual

taxable persons and persons liable to reverse charge also
 Registration Certificate is Issued in Form GST REG-06
The Registration rules prescribe 30 different forms in respect of registration matters. The
application for registration should be disposed off in a time bound manner and detailed time
limits have been prescribed under the rules for various purposes.
SL Form No Title of the Form
No
1 GST-REG-01 Application for registration
2 GST-REG-02 Acknowledgement
3 GST-REG-03 Notice Seeking Additional information/ clarification/ documents
relating to application for registration / amendment / cancellation
4 GST-REG-04 Furnishing clarification/additional information/document sought
in GST REG03 within 3 days of application
5 GST-REG-05 Order of rejection of Application sought in GST REG03
6 GST-REG-06 Registration Certificate issued
7 GST-REG-07 Application for Registration of Tax Deductor / Tax Collector at
source
CGST Act 313

8 GST-REG-08 Order of cancellation of registration as Tax deductor or Tax

collector at source
9 GST-REG-09 Application for Registration for Non-Resident Taxable person
10 GST- REG-10 Application for registration of person supplying online information
and data base access or retrieval services from a place outside
India to a person in India, other than a registered person
11 GST-REG-11 Application for extension in period of causal taxable person or
non-resident taxable person
12 GST-REG-12 Order of Grant of Temporary Suo Moto Registration
13 GST-REG-13 Application to grant UID
14 GST-REG-14 Application for Amendment in Registration Particulars (For all
types of registered persons)
15 GST-REG-15 Order of Amendment
16 GST-REG-16 Application for Cancellation of Registration
17 GST-REG-17 Show Cause Notice for Cancellation of Registration
18 GST-REG-18 Reply to the Show Cause Notice issued for Cancellation
19 GST-REG-19 Order for Cancellation of Registration
20 GST-REG-20 Order for dropping the proceedings for cancellation of
registration
21 GST-REG-21 Application for Revocation of Cancellation of Registration
22 GST-REG-22 Order for revocation of cancellation of registration
23 GST-REG-23 Show Cause Notice for rejection of application for revocation of
cancellation of registration
24 GST-REG-24 Reply to the notice for rejection of application for revocation of
cancellation of registration
25 GST-REG-25 Certificate of Provisional Registration
26 GST-REG-26 Application for Enrolment of Existing Taxpayer
27 GST-REG-27 Show Cause Notice for cancellation of provisional registration
28 GST-REG-28 Order of cancellation of provisional registration
29 GST-REG-29 Application for cancellation of provisional registration
30 GST-REG-30 Form for Field Visit Report
Requirement of a Permanent Account Number or Tax Deduction and Collection Account
Number
Every person who is liable to obtain registration or wants to obtain voluntary registration is
required to have a Permanent Account Number (PAN).

Every person required to deduct tax under section 51 may have, in lieu of a Permanent
Account Number, a Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number (TAN)
A non-resident taxable person can obtain registration on the basis of any other document as
may be prescribed.
Registration for United Nations or Consulate or Embassy:
Any specialized agency of the United Nations Organization or any Multilateral Financial
Institution and Organization notified under the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities)
Act,1947 (46 of 1947), Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries and any other person or
class of persons as may be notified by the Commissioner, shall obtain a Unique Identity
Number. The registration shall be for the purpose(s) notified, including seeking to claim refund
of taxes paid by them, on the notified supplies of goods and/or services received by them. The
supplier supplying to these organization is expected to mention the UID on the invoices and
treat such supplies as business to business (B2B) supplies.
Issuance of Registration by Proper Authority:
The registration or Unique Identity Number, (UID) is granted / issued with effective dates. The
registration or UID is granted or rejected after due verification and within 15 days. A certificate
of registration shall also be issued in prescribed form with effective date as may be
prescribed. The Unique Identity Number granted to any person shall be applicable to the
territory of whole India. (Reference Notification No. 75/2017 - Central Tax F No.349/58/2017-
GST (Pt.) Dated 29th December, 2017)
A registration or a UID shall be deemed to have been granted after the period prescribed
(under sub-section (10) of Section 25 of the Act) if no deficiency has been communicated to
the applicant within that period. Also, the grant of registration or the Unique Identity Number
under the CGST Act / SGST Act shall be deemed to be a grant of registration or the Unique
Identity Number under the SGST/CGST Act provided that the application for registration or the
UID has not been rejected//no deficiency has been communicated to applicant by the proper
officer under SGST/CGST Act within the time specified. As per Rule 17 of CGST Rules the
proper officer may upon submission of GST REG-13 assign UID to these persons and issue a
certificate in Form GST REG-06 within a period of 3 working days from the date of submission
of application.
Display of Registration certificate and GSTIN on the name board:
Rule 18 of CGST Rules, 2017 provides for display of Registration Certificate & GSTIN on the
name board in a prominent location at principal place of business and at every additional
place of business.
Physical Verification of place of business:
Where the proper officer is satisfied that the physical verification of the place of business of a
registered person is required after the grant of registration, he may get such verification done.
The verification report along with the other documents, including photographs, shall be
CGST Act 315

uploaded in Form GST REG-30 on the common portal within a period of 15 working days
following the date of such verification.
Issues / Concerns:
(a) Relaxation of time-limit for effective date of registration: There are numerous ground
level issues faced by the tax payers w.r.t. IT infrastructure glitches, plethora of
notifications / circulars, corrigendum, amendments, interpretation of laws etc. on
account of which the industry has been grappling with various issues including
registration procedures. In this background, in cases where the application for
registration has been belatedly made, it would be unfair to the tax payer if the effective
date of registration is not considered from the date of liability itself.
26. Deemed registration
(1) The grant of registration or the Unique Identity Number under the State Goods and
Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed
to be a grant of registration or the Unique Identity Number under this Act subject to
the condition that the application for registration or the Unique Identity Number has
not been rejected under this Act within the time specified in sub-section (10) of
section 25.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (10) of section 25, any rejection of
application for registration or the Unique Identity Number under the State Goods and
Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed
to be a rejection of application for registration under this Act.


26.1 Analysis
These are the linking provisions between the Central Goods and Services Tax and
State/Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act. By enabling these provisions, the burden
of taking registrations under various Acts has been removed. Thus, if a supplier takes a
registration under one Act it shall be deemed that the registration has also been obtained

under the other Act and vice-versa. Even otherwise the registration must be taken on the
common portal and is based on the PAN hence the registration will remain common across
various Acts.
However, if the registration is rejected under the Central Goods and Services Tax, then such
rejection will be treated as if the registration has not been obtained under the Central Goods
and Services Tax even though it has been obtained in State/Union Territory Goods and
Services Tax Act.
If an application for registration has been rejected under State/Union Territory Goods and
Services Tax Act then it shall be deemed that the same has been rejected under the Central
Goods and Services Tax Act.
Rejection of Application for Registration:
The proper officer shall not reject the application for registration or the Unique Identification
Number (UID) without giving a notice to show cause and without giving the person a
reasonable opportunity of being heard.
This implies that the decision to reject an application under this section shall be only after
following the principles of Natural justice and after a due process of law by issuance of an
order. It should also be noted that any rejection of application for registration or the Unique
Identity Number under the CGST Act / SGST Act shall be deemed to be a rejection of
application for registration under the SGST Act / CGST Act respectively as the case may be.
27. Special provisions relating to casual taxable person and Non- resident taxable
person
(1) The certificate of registration issued to a casual taxable person or a non-resident
taxable person shall be valid for a period specified in the application for registration or
90 days from the effective date of registration, whichever is earlier and such person
shall make taxable supplies only after the issuance of the certificate of registration:
Provided that the proper officer may, on sufficient cause being shown by the said
taxable person, extend the said period of ninety days by a further period not exceeding
90 days.
(2) A casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person shall, at the time of
submission of application for registration under sub-section (1) of section 25, make an
advance deposit of tax in an amount equivalent to the estimated tax liability of such
person for the period for which the registration is sought:
Provided that where any extension of time is sought under sub-section (1), such
taxable person shall deposit an additional amount of tax equivalent to the estimated
tax liability of such person for the period for which the extension is sought.
CGST Act 317

(3) The amount deposited under sub-section (2) shall be credited to the electronic cash
ledger of such person and shall be utilized in the manner provided under section 49.

15. Extension in period of operation by casual taxable person and non-resident
taxable person
(1) Where a registered casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person intends to
extend the period of registration indicated in his application of registration, an
application in FORM GST REG-11 shall be submitted electronically through the
common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the
Commissioner, by such person before the end of the validity of registration granted to
him.
(2) The application under sub-rule (1) shall be acknowledged only on payment of the
amount specified in sub-section (2) of section 27.


Section 2(20) Definition of “casual taxable person”
Section 2(77) Definition of “non-resident taxable person”
27.1 Analysis
The certificate of registration issued to a “casual taxable person” or a “non-resident taxable
person” shall be valid for a period specified in the application for registration or ninety days
from the effective date of registration, whichever is earlier, extendable by proper officer for
further period of maximum 90 days at the request of taxable person.
A casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person, while seeking registration, shall
make an advance deposit of tax in an amount equivalent to the estimated tax liability. Where
any extension of time is sought, such taxable person shall deposit an additional amount of tax
equal to the estimated tax liability for the period for which the extension is sought.
Such deposit shall be credited to the electronic cash ledger of and utilized in the manner
provided under section 49 (Payment of Tax, interest, penalty and other amounts) of the Act.

Since the nature of the activity carried out by a casual taxable person and non-resident person
are temporary as compared to a regular taxable person, additional safeguards have been
placed to ensure that the registration is granted for a limited period and the tax liability is
recovered in advance.
Rules 13 of the CGST Rules 2017 provides for the detailed process of grant of registration to
non-resident taxable person and Rule 15 provides for the process of extension in period of
operation by casual taxable person and non-resident taxable person.
A non-resident taxable person shall electronically submit an application, along with a self-
attested copy of his valid passport, for registration, duly signed or verified through electronic
verification code, in Form GST REG-09, at least five days prior to the commencement of
business, in the case of business entity incorporated or established outside India, the
application for registration shall be submitted along with its tax identification number or unique
number on the basis of which the entity is identified by the Government of that country or its
Permanent Account Number.
A person applying for registration as a non-resident taxable person shall be given a temporary
reference number by the common portal for making an advance deposit of tax in accordance
with the provisions of section 27 and the acknowledgement under sub-rule 5 of rule 8 shall be
issued electronically only after the said deposit in his electronic cash ledger.
Rule 9 and rule 10 of the CGST Rules 2017 shall also apply to an application submitted under
this rule. The application for registration made by a non-resident taxable person shall be duly
signed or verified through electronic verification code by his authorized signatory who shall be
a person resident in India having a valid Permanent Account Number.
Where a registered casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person intends to extend
the period of registration indicated in his application of registration, an Application in Form
GST REG-11 shall be submitted electronically, by such person before the end of the validity of
registration granted to him. Such application shall be acknowledged only on payment of the
amount specified in sub-section (2) of section 27.
Issues / Concerns:
(a) Lack of clarity on deposit of tax: There is a lack of clarity on whether the term ‘tax
liability’ refers to output tax liability before adjustment of input tax or after adjustment of
input tax. Having to make an advance deposit of tax on the output tax liability (without
adjustment of input tax) would be unfair to the assessees and cause undue financial
hardships.
28. Amendment of Registration
(1) Every registered taxable person and a person to whom a unique identity number has
been assigned shall inform the proper officer of any changes in the information
furnished at the time of registration, or subsequent thereto, in such form and manner
and within such period as may be prescribed.
CGST Act 319

(2) The proper officer may, on the basis of information furnished under sub-section (1) or
as ascertained by him, approve or reject amendments in the registration particulars in
such manner and within such period as may be prescribed:
Provided that approval of the proper officer shall not be required in respect of
amendment of such particulars as may be prescribed.
Provided further that the proper officer shall not reject the application for amendment in
the registration particulars without giving the person an opportunity of being heard.
(3) Any rejection or approval of amendments under the State Goods and Services Tax Act
or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as the case may be, shall be
deemed to be a rejection or approval under this Act.
19. Amendment of registration.
(1) Where there is any change in any of the particulars furnished in the application for
registration in FORM GST REG-01 or FORM GST REG-07 or FORM GST REG-09 or
FORM GST REG-10 or for Unique Identity Number in FORM GST-REG-13,either at the
time of obtaining registration or Unique Identity Number or as amended from time to
time, the registered person shall, within a period of fifteen days of such change, submit
an application, duly signed or verified through electronic verification code, electronically
in FORM GST REG-14, along with the documents relating to such change at the
common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the
Commissioner:
Provided that –
(a) where the change relates to,-
(i) legal name of business;
(ii) address of the principal place of business or any additional place(s) of
business; or
(iii) addition, deletion or retirement of partners or directors, Karta, Managing
Committee, Board of Trustees, Chief Executive Officer or equivalent,
responsible for the day to day affairs of the business,-
which does not warrant cancellation of registration under section 29, the proper
officer shall, after due verification, approve the amendment within a period of
fifteen working days from the date of the receipt of the application in FORM GST
REG-14 and issue an order in FORM GST REG-15 electronically and such
amendment shall take effect from the date of the occurrence of the event
warranting such amendment;
(b) the change relating to sub-clause (i) and sub-clause (iii) of clause (a) in any State
or Union territory shall be applicable for all registrations of the registered person

obtained under the provisions of this Chapter on the same Permanent Account
Number;
(c) where the change relates to any particulars other than those specified in clause
(a), the certificate of registration shall stand amended upon submission of the
application in FORM GST REG- 14 on the common portal;
(d) where a change in the constitution of any business results in the change of the
Permanent Account Number of a registered person, the said person shall apply
for fresh registration in FORM GST REG-01:
Provided further that any change in the mobile number or e-mail address of the
authorised signatory submitted under this rule, as amended from time to time, shall be
carried out only after online verification through the common portal in the manner
provided under sub-rule (2) of rule 8.
(1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (1), any particular of the application for
registration shall not stand amended with effect from a date earlier than the date of
submission of the application in FORM GST REG-14 on the common portal except with
the order of the Commissioner for reasons to be recorded in writing and subject to such
conditions as the Commissioner may, in the said order, specify.]13
(2) Where the proper officer is of the opinion that the amendment sought under sub-rule (1)
is either not warranted or the documents furnished therewith are incomplete or
incorrect, he may, within a period of fifteen working days from the date of the receipt of
the application in FORM GST REG-14, serve a notice in FORM GST REG-03, requiring
the registered person to show cause, within a period of seven working days of the
service of the said notice, as to why the application submitted under sub-rule (1) shall
not be rejected.
(3) The registered person shall furnish a reply to the notice to show cause, issued under
sub-rule (2), in FORM GST REG-04, within a period of seven working days from the
date of the service of the said notice.
(4) Where the reply furnished under sub-rule (3) is found to be not satisfactory or where no
reply is furnished in response to the notice issued under sub-rule (2) within the period
prescribed in sub-rule (3), the proper officer shall reject the application submitted under
sub-rule (1) and pass an order in FORM GST REG -05.
(5) If the proper officer fails to take any action,-
(a) within a period of fifteen working days from the date of submission of the
application, or
(b) within a period of seven working days from the date of the receipt of the reply to
the notice to show cause under sub-rule (3),
the certificate of registration shall stand amended to the extent applied for and the
amended certificate shall be made available to the registered person on the common
portal.
CGST Act 321



28.1 Analysis
There are various situations in which the Registration Certificate issued by the competent
authority requires amendment in line with real time situations. Under these circumstances,
every registered taxable person shall inform any changes in the information furnished at the
time of registration.
The proper officer shall not reject the request for amendment without affording a reasonable
opportunity of being heard by following the principles of natural justice. Any rejection or,
approval of amendments under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or Union Territory
Goods and Services Act shall be deemed to be a rejection or approval of amendments under
the Central Goods and Services Tax Act.
Rule 19 of the CGST Rules 2017 provide for the detailed process of amendment of
registration under GST.
Important Points
 Any change in registration particulars has to be informed within 15 days of change
 Proper officer may approve / reject amendment
 No rejection without giving an opportunity of being heard
 Rejection of amendment under CGST will be a deemed rejection under SGST and vice-
a-versa
As per Notification No. 75/2017 - Central Tax, Dated 29th December, 2017 It may be noted
that amendment in Registration Certificate (in Form REG-14) will stand amended only from the
date of application for amendment.
29. Cancellation of registration
(1) The proper officer may, either on his own motion or on an application filed by the
registered person or by his legal heirs, in case of death of such person, cancel the
registration, in such manner and within such period as may be prescribed, having
regard to the circumstances where, ––

(a) the business has been discontinued, transferred fully for any reason including
death of the proprietor, amalgamated with other legal entity, demerged or
otherwise disposed of; or
(b) there is any change in the constitution of the business; or
(c) the taxable person, other than the person registered under sub-section (3) of
section 25, is no longer liable to be registered under Section 22 or Section 24.
(2) The proper officer may cancel the registration of a person from such date, including any
retrospective date, as he may deem fit, where, ––
(a) a registered person has contravened such provisions of the Act or the rules made
thereunder as may be prescribed; or
(b) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished returns for three
consecutive tax periods; or
(c) any registered person, other than a person specified in clause (b), has not
furnished returns for a continuous period of six months; or
(d) any person who has taken voluntary registration under sub-section (3) of section
25 has not commenced business within six months from the date of registration;
or
(e) registration has been obtained by means of fraud, wilful misstatement or
suppression of facts:
Provided that the proper officer shall not cancel the registration without giving the
person an opportunity of being heard.
(3) The cancellation of registration under this section shall not affect the liability of the
person to pay tax and other dues under this Act or to discharge any obligation under
this Act or the rules made thereunder for any period prior to the date of cancellation
whether or not such tax and other dues are determined before or after the date of
cancellation.
(4) The cancellation of registration under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as the case may be, shall be deemed to
be a cancellation of registration under this Act.
(5) Every registered person whose registration is cancelled shall pay an amount, by way of
debit in the electronic credit ledger or electronic cash ledger, equivalent to the credit of
input tax in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or
finished goods held in stock or capital goods or plant and machinery on the day
immediately preceding the date of such cancellation or the output tax payable on such
goods, whichever is higher, calculated in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that in case of capital goods or plant and machinery, the taxable person shall
pay an amount equal to the input tax credit taken on the said capital goods or plant and
CGST Act 323

machinery, reduced by such percentage points as may be prescribed or the tax on the
transaction value of such capital goods or plant and machinery under section 15,
whichever is higher.
(6) The amount payable under sub-section (5) shall be calculated in such manner as may
be prescribed.
20. Application for cancellation of registration
A registered person, other than a person to whom a registration has been granted under rule
12 or a person to whom a Unique Identity Number has been granted under rule 17, seeking
cancellation of his registration under sub-section (1) of section 29 shall electronically submit
an application in FORM GST REG-16, including therein the details of inputs held in stock or
inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock and of capital goods held in
stock on the date from which the cancellation of registration is sought, liability thereon, the
details of the payment, if any, made against such liability and may furnish, along with the
application, relevant documents in support thereof, at the common portal within a period of
thirty days of the occurrence of the event warranting the cancellation, either directly or through
a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner.
21. Registration to be cancelled in certain cases
The registration granted to a person is liable to be cancelled, if the said person,-
(a) does not conduct any business from the declared place of business; or
(b) issues invoice or bill without supply of goods or services in violation of the provisions of
this Act, or the rules made thereunder; or
(c) violates the provisions of section 171 of the Act or the rules made thereunder.
22. Cancellation of registration.
(1) Where the proper officer has reasons to believe that the registration of a person is
liable to be cancelled under section 29, he shall issue a notice to such person in FORM
GST REG-17,requiring him to show cause, within a period of seven working days from
the date of the service of such notice, as to why his registration shall not be cancelled.
(2) The reply to the show cause notice issued under sub-rule (1) shall be furnished in
FORM REG–18 within the period specified in the said sub-rule.
(3) Where a person who has submitted an application for cancellation of his registration is
no longer liable to be registered or his registration is liable to be cancelled, the proper
officer shall issue an order in FORM GST REG-19, within a period of thirty days from
the date of application submitted under sub-rule (1) of rule 20 or, as the case may be,
the date of the reply to the show cause issued under sub-rule (1), cancel the
registration, with effect from a date to be determined by him and notify the taxable
person, directing him to pay arrears of any tax, interest or penalty including the amount

liable to be paid under sub-section (5) of section 29.

(4) Where the reply furnished under sub-rule (2) is found to be satisfactory, the proper
officer shall drop the proceedings and pass an order in FORM GST REG –20.
(5) The provisions of sub-rule (3) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the legal heirs of a
deceased proprietor, as if the application had been submitted by the proprietor himself.

1. Chapter Two of the compilation of the GST Flyers titled ‘Cancellation of Registration in
GST, as issued by the CBIC (erstwhile CBEC).
Section 10 Composition Levy
29.1 Analysis
Any Registration granted under this Act may be cancelled by the Proper Officer. The various
circumstances and the provisions of the law on this subject have been outlined under this
section.
A registration granted can be cancelled when –
— the business is discontinued, transferred fully for any reason including death of
proprietor, amalgamated with other legal entity, demerged or otherwise disposed of; or
— there is any change in the constitution of the business; or
— the taxable person is no longer liable to be registered under Section 22.
This is possible after the person is afforded an opportunity of being heard (except no such
opportunity need to be provided in case the application is filed by the registered taxable
person or his legal heirs, in the case of death of such person, for cancellation of registration)
when –
— the registered taxable person has contravened such provisions of the Act or the rules
made there under as may be prescribed; or
— a person paying tax under Composition Scheme has not furnished returns for three
consecutive tax periods; or
— any taxable person who has not furnished returns for a continuous period of six months;
or
CGST Act 325

— any person who has taken voluntary registration and has not commenced business
within six months from the date of registration; or
— Where registration has been obtained by means of fraud, wilful misstatement or
As such, cancellation of registration, shall not affect the liability of the taxable person to pay
tax and other dues under the Act for any period prior to the date of cancellation whether or not
such tax and other dues are determined before or after the date of cancellation. The
cancellation of registration under State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory
Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be a cancellation of registration under the
Central Goods and Service Tax Act.
Where the registration is cancelled, the registered taxable person shall pay an amount
equivalent to the credit of input tax in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in
semi-finished or finished goods held in stock on the day immediately preceding the date of
such cancellation or the output tax payable on such goods, whichever is higher. The payment
can be made by way of debit in the electronic credit or electronic cash ledger.
In case of capital goods, the taxable person shall pay an amount equal to the input tax credit
taken on the said capital goods reduced by the prescribed percentage points or the tax on the
transaction value of such capital goods [under sub-section (1) of section 15 (Value of Taxable
supply) of Act], whichever is higher. The amount payable under these provisions shall be
calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The supplier who
intends to cancel his registration will be required to file his final return in Form GSTR-10 so as
to complete cancellation of registration effectively. (Reference Notification No.: 21/2018 -
Central Tax F. No.349/58/2017-GST (Pt.) Dated 18th April, 2018).
As per Rule 20 of the CGST Rules 2017 application for cancellation of registration by a
registered person other than persons required to deduct TDS/ TCS or person to whom UID is
granted needs to be made in Form GST REG-16 along with requisite details. In case of a
person whose turnover does not exceed the threshold limit but has obtained registration
voluntarily may also cancel registration any time during the year. This provision has been
introduced vide Notification 3/ 2018 – Central Tax dared 23 January 2018. Earlier, such
person could not apply for cancellation before expiry of one year from the effective date of
registration.
Rule 21 of the CGST Rules 2017 provides for cases of Cancellation of Registration and
includes the following:
a) does not conduct any business from the declared place of business or
b) issues invoice or bill without supply of goods or services in violation of the provisions of
Act or Rules made thereunder.
c) violates the provisions of section 171 of the Act or the rules made thereunder.
Reasons for Cancellation
 Transfer of business or discontinuation of business

 Change in the constitution of business. (Partnership Firm may be changed to Sole

Proprietorship due to death of one of the two partners, leading to change in PAN)
 Persons no longer liable to be registered under Section 22 and 24 (Except when he is
voluntarily registered)
 Where registered taxable person has contravened provisions of the Act as may be
prescribed
 A composition supplier has not furnished returns for 3 consecutive tax periods/ any
other person has not furnished returns for a continuous period of 6 months
 Non-commencement of business within 6 months from date of registration by a person
who has registered voluntarily.
Where registration has been obtained by means of fraud, willful statement or suppression of
facts, the registration may be cancelled with retrospective effect
Rule 22 of the CGST Rules 2017 provides for process of Cancellation of Registration and
 Cancellation can be done by Proper Officer suo moto or on application made by the
registered taxable person;
 Retrospective cancellation in case of fraud, wilful misstatement or suppression of fact;
 Liability to pay tax before the date of cancellation will not be affected;
 Cancellation under CGST Act will be deemed cancellation under SGST Act and vice-
versa;
 Substantial penalty in case registration obtained with fraudulent intentions;
 Notice of hearing and opportunity of being heard is a MUST before cancellation
Issues / Concerns:
a. Cancellation of registration from an earlier date: If cancellation of registration is
permitted from anterior (earlier) date, it would lead to disruption of whole credit chain
and difficulties will be faced by persons who have already availed credit.
b. Commencement of business: In some cases, persons who have obtained voluntary
registration may not be able to commence business within 6 months for want of
clearance of registration norms. permissions and requirements etc. from other laws.
Cancellation of such registrations without having considered the facts of the case would
be unfair.
CGST Act 327

30. Revocation of cancellation of registration
(1) Subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, any registered person, whose
registration is cancelled by the proper officer on his own motion, may apply to such
officer for revocation of cancellation of the registration in the prescribed manner within
thirty days from the date of service of the cancellation order.
(2) The proper officer may, in the manner and within such period as may be prescribed, by
order, either revoke cancellation of the registration or reject the application:
Provided that the application for revocation of cancellation of registration shall not be
rejected unless the applicant has been given an opportunity of being heard.
(3) The revocation of cancellation of registration under the State Goods and Services Tax
Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as the case may be, shall be
deemed to be a revocation of cancellation of registration under this Act.
23. Revocation of cancellation of registration.

(1) A registered person, whose registration is cancelled by the proper officer on his own
motion, may submit an application for revocation of cancellation of registration, in
FORM GST REG-21, to such proper officer, within a period of thirty days from the
date of the service of the order of cancellation of registration at the common portal,
either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner:
Provided that no application for revocation shall be filed, if the registration has been
cancelled for the failure of the registered person to furnish returns, unless such
returns are furnished and any amount due as tax, in terms of such returns, has been
paid along with any amount payable towards interest, penalty and late fee in respect
of the said returns.
(2) (a) Where the proper officer is satisfied, for reasons to be recorded in writing, that
there are sufficient grounds for revocation of cancellation of registration, he
shall revoke the cancellation of registration by an order in FORM GST REG-22
within a period of thirty days from the date of the receipt of the application and
communicate the same to the applicant.
(b) The proper officer may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, under
circumstances other than those specified in clause (a), by an order in FORM
GST REG-05, reject the application for revocation of cancellation of registration
and communicate the same to the applicant.
(3) The proper officer shall, before passing the order referred to in clause (b) of sub-rule
(2), issue a notice in FORM GST REG–23 requiring the applicant to show cause as
to why the application submitted for revocation under sub-rule (1) should not be

rejected and the applicant shall furnish the reply within a period of seven working
days from the date of the service of the notice in FORMGSTREG-24.
(4) Upon receipt of the information or clarification in FORM GST REG-24, the proper
officer shall proceed to dispose of the application in the manner specified in sub-rule
(2) within a period of thirty days from the date of the receipt of such information or
clarification from the applicant.

1. Chapter Two of the compilation of the GST Flyers titled ‘Cancellation of Registration in
GST, as issued by the CBIC (erstwhile CBEC).
Section 29 Cancellation of registration
30.1 Analysis
Any registered taxable person, whose registration is cancelled, subject to prescribed
conditions and circumstances, may apply to proper officer for revocation of cancellation of the
registration within 30 days from the date of service of the cancellation order. The proper officer
may in prescribed manner and within prescribed period, by an order, either revoke
cancellation of the registration, or reject the application for revocation for good and sufficient
reasons.
The proper officer shall not reject the application for revocation of cancellation of registration
without giving a show cause notice and without giving the person a reasonable opportunity of
being heard.
Revocation of cancellation of registration under State Goods and Services Tax Act or the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be a revocation of
cancellation of registration under the Central Goods and Services Tax Act
Rule 23 of the CGST Rules 2017 provides for process of Cancellation of Registration and
 Application for revocation or cancellation of registration shall be made within 30 days of
date of service of cancellation order;
 No application for revocation shall be filed, if the registration has been cancelled for the
failure to furnish returns, unless such returns are furnished and any amount due as tax,
in terms of such returns, has been paid along with any amount payable towards
interest, penalty and late fee in respect of the said returns
CGST Act 329

 Revocation of cancellation under CGST will be a deemed revocation under SGST and
vice-a-versa
 Upon receipt of the information or clarification, the proper officer shall proceed to
dispose of the application within a period of thirty days from the date of the receipt of
such information of clarification from the applicant.
Rule 26 of the CGST Rules 2017 provides for the Method of authentication:
All applications, including reply, if any, to the notices, returns including the details of outward
and inward supplies, appeals or any other document required to be submitted under the
provisions of these rules shall be so submitted electronically with digital signature certificate or
through e-signature as specified under the provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000
or verified by any other mode of signature or verification as notified by the Board in this behalf:
Provided that a registered person registered under the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013
shall furnish the documents or application verified through digital signature certificate.
Each document including the return furnished online shall be signed or verified through
electronic verification code-
(a) in the case of an individual, by the individual himself or where he is absent from India,
by some other person duly authorized by him in this behalf, and where the individual is
mentally incapacitated from attending to his affairs, by his guardian or by any other
person competent to act on his behalf;
(b) in the case of a HUF, by a Karta and where the Karta is absent from India or is mentally
incapacitated from attending to his affairs, by any other adult member of such family or
by the authorized signatory of such Karta;
(c) in the case of a company, by the chief executive officer or authorized signatory thereof;
(d) in the case of a Government or any Governmental agency or local authority, by an
officer authorized in this behalf;
(e) in the case of a firm, by any partner thereof, not being a minor or authorized signatory
thereof;
(f) in the case of any other association, by any member of the association or persons or
authorized signatory thereof;
(g) in the case of a trust, by the trustee or any trustee or authorized signatory thereof; or
(h) in the case of any other person, by some person competent to act on his behalf, or by a
person authorized in accordance with the provisions of section 48.


Under erstwhile law, the threshold limit for registration under Central Excise was INR 150 lacs
(this is optional), under service tax was INR 10 lacs and under many State VAT laws between
INR 5 – 10 lacs
Section in Title Corresponding Corresponding VAT/New
CGST Act Section in Central Section in Finance Provision
Excise Act, 1944 Act, 1994
22 Registrations Section-6 of CEA Section 69 of the Different states
1944 read with Finance Act 1994 read have different
Rule 9 of Central with Rule 4 of Service provisions under
Excise Rules 2002 Tax Rules 1994 their ACT.
30.3 FAQs
Q1. Who is the person liable to take a registration under the GST Law?
Ans. In terms of Sub-Section (1) of Section 22 of the CGST Act, every supplier making
taxable supplies is liable for registration if his aggregate turnover in a financial year
exceeds ` 20 lakhs.
Q2. What is the time limit for taking a registration under GST Law?
Ans. Every person should take a registration, within 30 days from the date on which he
becomes liable to registration, in such manner and subject to such conditions as may
be prescribed. Provided casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person shall
apply for registration at least five days prior to the commencement of business.
Q3. If a person is operating in different states, with the same PAN number, whether he
operate with a single registration?
Ans. Every person who is liable to take a registration will have to get registered separately
for each of the States where he has a business operation and is liable to pay GST in
terms of Sub-section (1) of Section 25 of GST Law.
Q4. Whether a person having multiple business verticals in a State can obtain different
registrations?
Ans. In terms of Sub-Section (2) of Section 25, a person having multiple business verticals in
a State may obtain a separate registration for each business vertical, subject to such
conditions as may be prescribed.
Q5. Is there a provision for a person to get himself registered voluntarily though he may not
be liable to pay GST?
Ans. In terms of Sub-section (3) of Section 25 a person, though not liable to be registered
under Section 22, may get himself registered voluntarily, and all provisions of this Act,
as are applicable to a registered taxable person, shall apply to such person.
Q6. Is possession of a Permanent Account Number (PAN) mandatory for obtaining a
registration?
CGST Act 331

Ans. Every person shall have a Permanent Account Number issued under the Income Tax.
Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) in order to be eligible for grant of registration under Section 22 of
the Act.
Q7. Whether the department through the proper officer, Suo-moto proceed with registration
of a person under this Act?
Ans. In terms of Sub-Section 8 of Section 25, Where a person who is liable to be registered
under this Act fails to obtain registration, the proper officer may, without prejudice to
any action that is, or may be taken under this Act, or under any other law for the time
being in force, proceed to register such person in the manner as may be prescribed
Suo-motto.
Q8. When the proper Officer can grant a Certificate for registration?
Ans. In terms of Sub-Section 10 of Section 25, the registration Certificate, shall be granted or
rejected after due verification in the manner and within such period as may be
prescribed.
Q9. Whether the registration granted to any person is permanent?
Ans. Yes, the registration certificate once granted is permanent unless surrendered,
cancelled, or revoked.
Q10. What is the validity period of the registration certificate issued to Casual Taxable
Person and non-resident Taxable person?
Ans. The certificate of registration issued to a “casual taxable person” or a “non-resident
taxable person” shall be valid for a period of 90 days from the effective date of
registration. A proviso has been made available in this statute by enshrining a
discretionary authority for the proper officer, who may at the request of the said taxable
person, extend the validity of the aforesaid period of 90 days by a further period not
exceeding 90 days.
Q.11. Is there any Advance tax to be paid by Casual Taxable Person and non-Resident
Taxable person at the time of obtaining registration under this Special Category?
Ans. Yes, it has been made mandatory in the Act, that a casual taxable person or a non-
resident taxable person shall, at the time of submission of application for registration
under sub-section (2) of section 27, make an advance deposit of tax in an amount
equivalent to the estimated tax liability of such person for the period for which the
registration is sought. This provision of depositing advance additional amount of tax
equivalent to the estimated tax liability of such person is applicable for the period for
which the extension beyond 90 days is being sought.
Q12. Whether amendments to the Registration Certificates issued by the proper officer is
permissible?
Ans. In terms of Section 28, the proper officer may, on the basis of such information

furnished either by the registrant or as ascertained by him, approve or reject

amendments in the registration particulars in the manner and within such period as may
be prescribed:
Q13. Whether Cancellation of registration Certificate is permissible?
Ans. Any registration granted under this Act may be cancelled by the proper officer, on
various circumstances and the provisions of the law on this subject have been outlined
under Section 29 of the ACT. The proper officer may, either on his own motion or on an
application filed, in the prescribed manner, by the registered taxable person or by his
legal heirs, in case of death of such person, cancel the registration, in such manner and
within such period as may be prescribed.
Q14. Whether cancellation of registration under CGST ACT means cancellation under SGST
ACT also?
Ans. The cancellation of registration under the CGST Act /SGST Act shall be deemed to be a
cancellation of registration under the SGST Act / CGST Act respectively.
Q.15. Can the proper officer cancel the registration on his own?
Ans. Yes, the proper officer can cancel the registration once issued on his own Volition
However, such officer must follow the principles of natural justice by issuing a Notice
and providing opportunity of being heard.
Q.16. Is registration mandatory for a person making inter-state supplies?
Ans. Registration is mandatory only for persons making inter-state supply of goods;
irrespective of the fact that the aggregate turnover computed on all India basis does not
exceed INR 20 lakhs. Persons making inter-state supply of services whose aggregate
turnover on all India basis does not exceed INR 20 lakhs is exempted from registration
vide Notification No. 10/ 2017 – Integrated Tax, dated 13 October 2017. However, in
respect of persons making supplies from special category states as mentioned in Article
279A (4)(g) of the Constitution of India, except Jammu and Kashmir, amount of
aggregate turnover shall not exceed INR 10 lakhs.
CGST Act 333

Chapter VII
Tax Invoice, Credit and Debit Notes
Sections Rules
31. Tax Invoice 46. Tax Invoice
32. Prohibition of unauthorized collection 46A. Invoice-cum-bill of supply
of tax 47. Time limit for issuing tax invoice
33. Amount of tax to be indicated in tax 48. Manner of issuing invoice
invoice and other documents
49. Bill of supply
34. Credit and debit notes
50. Receipt voucher
51. Refund voucher
52. Payment voucher
53. Revised tax invoice and credit or debit
notes
54. Tax invoice in special cases
55. Transportation of goods without issue
of invoice
55A. Tax invoice or bill of supply to
accompany transport of goods
31. Tax invoice

(1) A registered person supplying taxable goods shall, before or at the time of,—
(a) removal of goods for supply to the recipient, where the supply involves movement
of goods; or
(b) delivery of goods or making available thereof to the recipient, in any other case,
issue a tax invoice showing the description, quantity and value of goods, the tax charged
thereon and such other particulars as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by
notification, specify the categories of goods or supplies in respect of which a tax invoice
shall be issued, within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) A registered person supplying taxable services shall, before or after the provision of
service but within a prescribed period, issue a tax invoice, showing the description, value,
Ch-VII : Tax Invoice, Credit and Debit Notes Sec. 31-34
tax charged thereon and such other particulars as may be prescribed:

Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by
notification and subject to such conditions as may be mentioned therein, specify the
categories of services in respect of which––
(a) any other document issued in relation to the supply shall be deemed to be a tax
invoice; or
(b) tax invoice may not be issued.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) and (2)––
(a) a registered person may, within one month from the date of issuance of certificate
of registration and in such manner as may be prescribed, issue a revised invoice
against the invoice already issued during the period beginning with the effective
date of registration till the date of issuance of certificate of registration to him;
(b) a registered person may not issue a tax invoice if the value of the goods or
services or both supplied is less than two hundred rupees subject to such
conditions and in such manner as may be prescribed;
(c) a registered person supplying exempted goods or services or both or paying tax
under the provisions of section 10 shall issue, instead of a tax invoice, a bill of
supply containing such particulars and in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that the registered person may not issue a bill of supply if the value of
the goods or services or both supplied is less than two hundred rupees subject to
such conditions and in such manner as may be prescribed;
(d) a registered person shall, on receipt of advance payment with respect to any
supply of goods or services or both, issue a receipt voucher or any other
document, containing such particulars as may be prescribed, evidencing receipt of
such payment;
(e) where, on receipt of advance payment with respect to any supply of goods or
services or both the registered person issues a receipt voucher, but subsequently
no supply is made and no tax invoice is issued in pursuance thereof, the said
registered person may issue to the person who had made the payment, a refund
voucher against such payment;
(f) a registered person who is liable to pay tax under sub-section (3) or sub-section
(4) of section 9 shall issue an invoice in respect of goods or services or both
received by him from the supplier who is not registered on the date of receipt of
goods or services or both;
(g) a registered person who is liable to pay tax under sub-section (3) or sub-section
(4) of section 9 shall issue a payment voucher at the time of making payment to
the supplier.
CGST Act 335

(4) In case of continuous supply of goods, where successive statements of accounts or

successive payments are involved, the invoice shall be issued before or at the time each
such statement is issued or, as the case may be, each such payment is received.
(5) Subject to the provisions of clause (d) of sub-section (3), in case of continuous supply of
services,––
(a) where the due date of payment is ascertainable from the contract, the invoice shall
be issued on or before the due date of payment;
(b) where the due date of payment is not ascertainable from the contract, the invoice
shall be issued before or at the time when the supplier of service receives the
payment;
(c) where the payment is linked to the completion of an event, the invoice shall be
issued on or before the date of completion of that event.
(6) In a case where the supply of services ceases under a contract before the completion of
the supply, the invoice shall be issued at the time when the supply ceases and such
invoice shall be issued to the extent of the supply made before such cessation.
(7) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where the goods being sent or
taken on approval for sale or return are removed before the supply takes place, the
invoice shall be issued before or at the time of supply or six months from the date of
removal, whichever is earlier.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, the expression “tax invoice” shall include any
revised invoice issued by the supplier in respect of a supply made earlier.
46. Tax invoice

Subject to rule 54, a tax invoice referred to in section 31 shall be issued by the registered person
containing the following particulars, namely,-
(a) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the supplier;
(b) a consecutive serial number not exceeding sixteen characters, in one or multiple series,
containing alphabets or numerals or special characters- hyphen or dash and slash
symbolised as ‘_’ and “/” respectively, and any combination thereof, unique for a financial
year;
(c) date of its issue;
(d) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number or Unique Identity
Number, if registered, of the recipient;
(e) name and address of the recipient and the address of delivery, along with the name of
the State and its code, if such recipient is un-registered and where the value of the
taxable supply is fifty thousand rupees or more;

(f) name and address of the recipient and the address of delivery, along with the name of
the State and its code, if such recipient is un-registered and where the value of the
taxable supply is less than fifty thousand rupees and the recipient requests that such
details be recorded in the tax invoice;
(g) Harmonised System of Nomenclature code for goods or services;
(h) description of goods or services;
(i) quantity in case of goods and unit or Unique Quantity Code thereof;
(j) total value of supply of goods or services or both;
(k) taxable value of the supply of goods or services or both taking into account discount or
abatement, if any;
(l) rate of tax (central tax, State tax, integrated tax, Union territory tax or cess);
(m) amount of tax charged in respect of taxable goods or services (central tax, State tax,
integrated tax, Union territory tax or cess);
(n) place of supply along with the name of the State, in the case of a supply in the course of
inter-State trade or commerce;
(o) address of delivery where the same is different from the place of supply;
(p) whether the tax is payable on reverse charge basis; and
(q) signature or digital signature of the supplier or his authorised representative:
Provided that the Board may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify-
(i) the number of digits of Harmonised System of Nomenclature code for goods or services
that a class of registered persons shall be required to mention, for such period as may be
specified in the said notification; and
(ii) the class of registered persons that would not be required to mention the Harmonised
System of Nomenclature code for goods or services, for such period as may be specified
in the said notification:
Provided further that where an invoice is required to be issued under clause (f) of sub-section (3)
of section 31, a registered person may issue a consolidated invoice at the end of a month for
supplies covered under sub-section (4) of section 9, the aggregate value of such supplies
exceeds rupees five thousand in a day from any or all the suppliers:
Provided also that in the case of the export of goods or services, the invoice shall carry an
endorsement ―SUPPLY MEANT FOR EXPORT/SUPPLY TO SEZ UNIT OR SEZ
DEVELOPER FOR AUTHORISED OPERATIONS ON PAYMENT OF INTEGRATED TAX or
―SUPPLY MEANT FOR EXPORT/SUPPLY TO SEZ UNIT OR SEZ DEVELOPER FOR
AUTHORISED OPERATIONS UNDER BOND OR LETTER OF UNDERTAKING WITHOUT
PAYMENT OF INTEGRATED TAX , as the case may be, and shall, in lieu of the details
specified in clause (e), contain the following details, namely,- (i) name and address of the
recipient; (ii) address of delivery; and (iii) name of the country of destination:
CGST Act 337

Provided also that a registered person may not issue a tax invoice in accordance with the
provisions of clause (b) of sub-section (3) of section 31 subject to the following conditions,
namely,-
(a) the recipient is not a registered person; and
(b) the recipient does not require such invoice, and
shall issue a consolidated tax invoice for such supplies at the close of each day in respect of all
such supplies.
46A. Invoice-cum-bill of supply
Notwithstanding anything contained in rule 46 or rule 49 or rule 54, where a registered
person is supplying taxable as well as exempted goods or services or both to an
unregistered person, a single “invoice-cum-bill of supply” may be issued for all such
supplies.
47. Time limit for issuing tax invoice
The invoice referred to in rule 46, in the case of the taxable supply of services, shall be issued
within a period of thirty days from the date of the supply of service:
Provided that where the supplier of services is an insurer or a banking company or a financial
institution, including a non-banking financial company, the period within which the invoice or any
document in lieu thereof is to be issued shall be forty five days from the date of the supply of
service:
Provided further that an insurer or a banking company or a financial institution, including a non-
banking financial company, or a telecom operator, or any other class of supplier of services as
may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council, making taxable
supplies of services between distinct persons as specified in section 25, may issue the invoice
before or at the time such supplier records the same in his books of account or before the expiry
of the quarter during which the supply was made.
48. Manner of issuing invoice
(1) The invoice shall be prepared in triplicate, in the case of supply of goods, in the following
manner, namely,-
(a) the original copy being marked as ORIGINAL FOR RECIPIENT;
(b) the duplicate copy being marked as DUPLICATE FOR TRANSPORTER; and
(c) the triplicate copy being marked as TRIPLICATE FOR SUPPLIER.
(2) The invoice shall be prepared in duplicate, in the case of the supply of services, in the
following manner, namely,-
(a) the original copy being marked as ORIGINAL FOR RECIPIENT; and
(b) the duplicate copy being marked as DUPLICATE FOR SUPPLIER.

(3) The serial number of invoices issued during a tax period shall be furnished electronically
through the common portal in FORM GSTR-1.
49. Bill of supply
A bill of supply referred to in clause (c) of sub-section (3) of section 31 shall be issued by the
supplier containing the following details, namely,-
containing alphabets or numerals or special characters -hyphen or dash and slash
symbolised as “-” and “/” respectively, and any combination thereof, unique for a financial
year;
(e) Harmonised System of Nomenclature Code for goods or services;
(f) description of goods or services or both;
(g) value of supply of goods or services or both taking into account discount or abatement, if
any; and
(h) signature or digital signature of the supplier or his authorised representative:
Provided that the provisos to rule 46 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the bill of supply issued
under this rule:
Provided further that any tax invoice or any other similar document issued under any other Act
for the time being in force in respect of any non-taxable supply shall be treated as a bill of supply
for the purposes of the Act.
50. Receipt voucher
A receipt voucher referred to in clause (d) of sub-section (3) of section 31 shall contain the
following particulars, namely,-
containing alphabets or numerals or special characters-hyphen or dash and slash
year;
(e) description of goods or services;
CGST Act 339

(f) amount of advance taken;

(g) rate of tax (central tax, State tax, integrated tax, Union territory tax or cess);
(h) amount of tax charged in respect of taxable goods or services (central tax, State tax,
(i) place of supply along with the name of State and its code, in case of a supply in the
course of inter-State trade or commerce;
(j) whether the tax is payable on reverse charge basis; and
(k) signature or digital signature of the supplier or his authorised representative:
Provided that where at the time of receipt of advance,-
(i) the rate of tax is not determinable, the tax shall be paid at the rate of eighteen per cent.;
(ii) the nature of supply is not determinable, the same shall be treated as inter-State supply.
51. Refund voucher
A refund voucher referred to in clause (e) of sub-section (3) of section 31 shall contain the
following particulars, namely:-
year;
(e) number and date of receipt voucher issued in accordance with the provisions of rule 50;
(f) description of goods or services in respect of which refund is made;
(g) amount of refund made;
(h) rate of tax (central tax, State tax, integrated tax, Union territory tax or cess);
(i) amount of tax paid in respect of such goods or services (central tax, State tax, integrated
tax, Union territory tax or cess);
(j) whether the tax is payable on reverse charge basis; and
(k) signature or digital signature of the supplier or his authorised representative.
52. Payment voucher
A payment voucher referred to in clause (g) of sub-section (3) of section 31 shall contain the
following particulars, namely:-

(a) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the supplier if
registered;
symbolised as “-” and “/” respectively, and any combination thereof, unique for a
financial year;
(d) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the recipient;
(e) description of goods or services;
(f) amount paid;
(g) rate of tax (central tax, State tax, integrated tax, Union territory tax or cess);
(h) amount of tax payable in respect of taxable goods or services (central tax, State tax,
(i) place of supply along with the name of State and its code, in case of a supply in the
course of inter-State trade or commerce; and
(j) signature or digital signature of the supplier or his authorised representative.
53. Revised tax invoice and credit or debit notes
(1) A revised tax invoice referred to in section 31 and credit or debit notes referred to in
section 34 shall contain the following particulars, namely:-
(a) the word ―Revised Invoice , wherever applicable, indicated prominently;
(b) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the supplier;
(c) nature of the document;
(d) a consecutive serial number not exceeding sixteen characters, in one or multiple
series, containing alphabets or numerals or special characters-hyphen or dash
and slash symbolised as “-” and “/” respectively, and any combination thereof,
unique for a financial year;
(e) date of issue of the document;
(f) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number or Unique
Identity Number, if registered, of the recipient;
(g) name and address of the recipient and the address of delivery, along with the
name of State and its code, if such recipient is un-registered;
(h) serial number and date of the corresponding tax invoice or, as the case may be,
bill of supply;
(i) value of taxable supply of goods or services, rate of tax and the amount of the tax
credited or, as the case may be, debited to the recipient; and
CGST Act 341

(j) signature or digital signature of the supplier or his authorised representative.

(2) Every registered person who has been granted registration with effect from a date earlier
than the date of issuance of certificate of registration to him, may issue revised tax
invoices in respect of taxable supplies effected during the period starting from the
effective date of registration till the date of the issuance of the certificate of registration:
Provided that the registered person may issue a consolidated revised tax invoice in
respect of all taxable supplies made to a recipient who is not registered under the Act
during such period:
Provided further that in the case of inter-State supplies, where the value of a supply does
not exceed two lakh and fifty thousand rupees, a consolidated revised invoice may be
issued separately in respect of all the recipients located in a State, who are not
registered under the Act.
(3) Any invoice or debit note issued in pursuance of any tax payable in accordance with the
provisions of section 74 or section 129 or section 130 shall prominently contain the words
“INPUT TAX CREDIT NOT ADMISSIBLE”.
54. Tax invoice in special cases
(1) An Input Service Distributor invoice or, as the case may be, an Input Service Distributor
credit note issued by an Input Service Distributor shall contain the following details:-
(a) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the Input
Service Distributor;
(b) a consecutive serial number not exceeding sixteen characters, in one or multiple
series, containing alphabets or numerals or special characters- hyphen or dash
and slash symbolised as “-” , “/” respectively, and any combination thereof, unique
for a financial year;
(d) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the recipient
to whom the credit is distributed;
(e) amount of the credit distributed; and
(f) signature or digital signature of the Input Service Distributor or his authorised
representative:
Provided that where the Input Service Distributor is an office of a banking company or a
financial institution, including a non-banking financial company, a tax invoice shall include
any document in lieu thereof, by whatever name called, whether or not serially numbered
but containing the information as mentioned above.
(1A) (a) A registered person, having the same PAN and State code as an Input Service
Distributor, may issue an invoice or, as the case may be, a credit or debit note to

transfer the credit of common input services to the Input Service Distributor, which
shall contain the following details:-
i. name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the
registered person having the same PAN and same State code as the Input
Service Distributor;
ii. a consecutive serial number not exceeding sixteen characters, in one or
multiple series, containing alphabets or numerals or special characters -
hyphen or dash and slash symbolised as “-” and “/” respectively, and any
combination thereof, unique for a financial year;
iii. date of its issue;
iv. Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of supplier of common
service and original invoice number whose credit is sought to be transferred
to the Input Service Distributor;
v. name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the
Input Service Distributor;
vi. taxable value, rate and amount of the credit to be transferred; and
vii. signature or digital signature of the registered person or his authorised
representative.
(b) The taxable value in the invoice issued under clause (a) shall be the same as the
value of the common services.
(2) Where the supplier of taxable service is an insurer or a banking company or a financial
institution, including a non-banking financial company, the said supplier may issue a
consolidated tax invoice or any other document in lieu thereof, by whatever name called
for the supply of services made during a month at the end of the month, whether issued
or made available, physically or electronically whether or not serially numbered, and
whether or not containing the address of the recipient of taxable service but containing
other information as mentioned under rule 46.
(3) Where the supplier of taxable service is a goods transport agency supplying services in
relation to transportation of goods by road in a goods carriage, the said supplier shall
issue a tax invoice or any other document in lieu thereof, by whatever name called,
containing the gross weight of the consignment, name of the consigner and the
consignee, registration number of goods carriage in which the goods are transported,
details of goods transported, details of place of origin and destination, Goods and
Services Tax Identification Number of the person liable for paying tax whether as
consigner, consignee or goods transport agency, and also containing other information
as mentioned under rule 46.
(4) Where the supplier of taxable service is supplying passenger transportation service, a tax
invoice shall include ticket in any form, by whatever name called, whether or not serially
CGST Act 343

numbered, and whether or not containing the address of the recipient of service but
containing other information as mentioned under rule 46.
(5) The provisions of sub-rule (2) or sub-rule (4) shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the
documents issued under rule 49 or rule 50 or rule 51 or rule 52 or rule 53.
55. Transportation of goods without issue of invoice
(1) For the purposes of-
(a) supply of liquid gas where the quantity at the time of removal from the place of
business of the supplier is not known,
(b) transportation of goods for job work,
(c) transportation of goods for reasons other than by way of supply, or
(d) such other supplies as may be notified by the Board,
the consigner may issue a delivery challan, serially numbered not exceeding sixteen
characters, in one or multiple series, in lieu of invoice at the time of removal of goods for
transportation, containing the following details, namely:-
(i) date and number of the delivery challan;
(ii) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the
consigner, if registered;
(iii) name, address and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number or Unique
Identity Number of the consignee, if registered;
(iv) Harmonised System of Nomenclature code and description of goods;
(v) quantity (provisional, where the exact quantity being supplied is not known);
(vi) taxable value;
(vii) tax rate and tax amount – central tax, State tax, integrated tax, Union territory tax
or cess, where the transportation is for supply to the consignee;
(viii) place of supply, in case of inter-State movement; and
(ix) signature.
(2) The delivery challan shall be prepared in triplicate, in case of supply of goods, in the
following manner, namely:–
(a) the original copy being marked as ORIGINAL FOR CONSIGNEE;
(b) the duplicate copy being marked as DUPLICATE FOR TRANSPORTER; and
(c) the triplicate copy being marked as TRIPLICATE FOR CONSIGNER.
(3) Where goods are being transported on a delivery challan in lieu of invoice, the same
shall be declared as specified in rule 138.

(4) Where the goods being transported are for the purpose of supply to the recipient but the
tax invoice could not be issued at the time of removal of goods for the purpose of supply,
the supplier shall issue a tax invoice after delivery of goods.
(5) Where the goods are being transported in a semi knocked down or completely knocked
down condition -
(a) the supplier shall issue the complete invoice before dispatch of the first
consignment;
(b) the supplier shall issue a delivery challan for each of the subsequent
consignments, giving reference of the invoice;
(c) each consignment shall be accompanied by copies of the corresponding delivery
challan along with a duly certified copy of the invoice; and
(d) the original copy of the invoice shall be sent along with the last consignment.
55A. Tax Invoice or bill of supply to accompany transport of goods
The person-in-charge of the conveyance shall carry a copy of the tax invoice or the bill of supply
issued in accordance with the provisions of rules 46, 46A or 49 in a case where such person is
not required to carry an e-way bill under these rules.
Annexure to Notification No. 11/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dt.28.06.2017 for scheme of

classification of services
Notification 12/2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017 regarding disclosure of HSN in the tax
invoice
Notification 45/2017 – Central Tax dated 13.10.2017 Regarding issue of consolidated tax invoice
Notification No. 38/2017 – Central Tax (Rate) dated 13.10.2017 read with Notification No.
10/2018 –Central Tax (Rate) dated 23.03.2018 for exemption of tax payable under Section
9(4) on reverse charge basis
Circular 10/2017 dated 18.10.2017 for clarification where the goods are moved within the stare
or from the State of registration to another State for supply on approval basis
Circular 38/2018 dated 26.03.2018 regarding issued related to job work
Chapter Thirteen of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC can be referred to
for a gist of the statutory provisions, titled ‘Tax Invoice and other such instruments in GST’
CGST Act 345

Section or Description
Rule
Section 2(94) Definition of Registered person
Section 2(32) Definition of Continuous supply of goods
Section 2(33) Definition of Continuous supply of services
Section 2(66) Definition of Invoice or Tax Invoice
Section 2(86) Definition of Place of supply
Section 2(96) Definition of Removal (in relation to goods)
Section 2(98) Definition of Reverse charge
Section 2(47) Definition of Exempt supply
Section 143 Job work procedure
Rule 39 Procedure for distribution of input tax credit by ISD
Section 68 Inspection of goods in movement
Section 74 Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or input
tax credit wrongly availed or utilised by reason of fraud or any wilful
misstatement or suppression of facts.
Section 129 Detention, seizure and release of goods and conveyances in transit.
Section 130 Confiscation of goods or conveyances and levy of penalty.
Rule 138-138D Chapter XVI – E-way Rules
Section 16 of Zero-rated supply
the IGST Act
31.1 Introduction
An invoice does not bring into existence an agreement but merely records the terms of a pre-
existing agreement (oral or written). An invoice can be understood as a document that is
meant to serve a particular purpose. The GST Law requires that an invoice – tax invoice or bill

of supply – is issued on the occurrence of certain event, being a supply, within the prescribed
timelines. Therefore, an invoice, among other documents is required to be issued for every
form of supply such as sale, transfer, barter, exchange, license, rental, lease or disposal. This
chapter provides an understanding of the various documents required to be issued under the
GST law, timelines to issue such document and the contents of every such document.
31.2 Analysis
A. Tax invoice on supply of goods or services: Every registered person is required to
issue a tax invoice on effecting a taxable outward supply of goods or services.
a. In order to determine when the tax invoice is to be issued, the supply must be
classified into one of these two cases, that is, whether it is case of supply that
involves movement or one that does not involve movement of the goods. Timelines
for issuance of a tax invoice on the supply of taxable goods:
i. Where the supply involves movement of goods: Before or at the time of
removal of goods;
ii. Where the supply does not involve movement of goods: Before or at the time of
delivery of the goods / making them available to the recipient.
Please refer to chapter regarding time of supply for a detailed discussion about
removal and movement of goods, mode and time of delivery of goods and the
role of supplier or recipient in determining the answers to these questions.
b. It is crucial for the supplier to determine the point of time at which the service is
provided. Service being intangible in nature, would throw several challenges in
identifying the point of time at which it can be said to be provided / completed.
Timelines for issuance of tax invoice on the supply of taxable services:
i. Before the provision of the services; or
ii. After the provision of the services but within 30 days (or 45 days in case of
suppliers of services being an insurer / banking company / financial institution,
including a NBFC) from the date of supply of the service.
c. In terms of Rule 46 of CGST Rules, 2017, a tax invoice referred to in this section
shall be issued by the registered person containing all the particulars specified in
the said Rule, as applicable to the transaction.
Notes:
 Where the registered person is engaged in effecting both taxable and exempt
supplies, he may title the document ‘Tax invoice cum bill of supply’ instead of
‘tax invoice’, ONLY in respect of supplies effected to an unregistered person.
 A registered person can issue multiple series of invoices. No application is
required to be filed with the Tax office in this regard. However, the suppliers
would be required to report the serial numbers (from & to, along with the
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number of cancellations during the tax period) of all the series of tax invoices
(and other documents covered under this Chapter).
d. The tax invoice must be prepared in triplicate for goods, and in duplicate for
services. Each copy of the tax invoice is required to be marked as follows:
Goods Services
1. ORIGINAL FOR RECIPIENT 1. ORIGINAL FOR RECIPIENT
2. DUPLICATE FOR TRNSPORTER 2. DUPLICATE FOR SUPPLIER
3. TRIPLICATE FOR SUPPLIER –
e. As regards the requirement to quote the HSN of the supplies, the requirement is
has been provided on the basis of the annual turnover of the registered person in
the previous year: In case of suppliers having annual turnover in the previous
year:–
(i) Upto Rs. 1.5 Crore – No HSN required;
(ii) Exceeding 1.5 Crore upto Rs. 5 Crore – HSN upto 2 digits required;
(iii) Exceeding Rs.5 Crore – HSN upto 4 digits required.
Please note that the term ‘annual turnover’ has not been defined. Therefore, it may
be understood, to be the Turnover in the State as defined in Section 2(112) of the
Act, computed for the preceding financial year.
It is also relevant to note that there has been no notification issued in respect of
services, separately. However, considering that the term ‘HSN’ has been used
commonly in respect of both goods and services, the aforesaid order can be
applied even in respect of services, while quoting the code from the scheme of
Classification of Services, as provided in the Annexure to Notification No. 11/2017-
Central Tax (Rate) dt.28.06.2017.
f. Tax Invoices in cases of outward supply of special services
Sl. Class of Nature of Optional Mandatory
No. supplier of document All particulars as
taxable specified in Rule 46
services other than that specified
in ‘Optional’ column
1 Insurer, Banking Consolidated a. Serial no. Consolidation for the
Company, Tax Invoice b. Address of supply of services made
Financial or any other the recipient during the month, at the
Institution and similar of services end of the month
NBFC* document

Sl. Class of Nature of Optional Mandatory

No. supplier of document All particulars as
taxable specified in Rule 46
services other than that specified
in ‘Optional’ column
2 Goods transport Tax Invoice None In addition to those cited
agency (GTA) or any other in Rule 46;
transporting similar a. Gross weight of
goods by road document consignment;
b. Name of the Consignor
and Consignee;
c. Regn. No. of Vehicle;
d. Details of goods
transported;
e. Origin and destination;
f. GSTIN of person liable
to pay tax whether as
consignor / consignee /
GTA.
3 Passenger Tax invoice a. Serial no.
transport or ticket b. Address of
agency* the recipient
of services
* Equally applicable to the documents: Bill of supply, receipt voucher, refund voucher
payment voucher, revised tax invoice, debit notes and credit notes.
g. Specifically in case of export of goods or services, the following may be noted:

(i) The invoice shall carry an endorsement as follows:
1. Where the supply is effected on payment of IGST: “Supply meant for
export/supply to SEZ unit or SEZ developer for authorised operations on
payment of integrated tax” or
2. Where the supply is effected without payment of IGST: “Supply meant for
export/supply to SEZ unit or SEZ developer for authorised operations
under bond or letter of undertaking without payment of integrated tax”.
(ii) In lieu of the State name & State code, the details of the country of destination
would have to be provided.
CGST Act 349

h. Special declaration would have to be made on a tax invoice prominently, containing

the words “INPUT TAX CREDIT NOT ADMISSIBLE”, where any invoice has been
issued when tax has been found to be payable in accordance with the provisions of
section 74 or section 129 or section 130.
i. Discount provided before or at the time of supply must be reflected on the face of
the tax invoice in order to avail a reduction from the taxable value. Trade discounts
not reflected on the face of the invoice would not qualify for such benefit, and
therefore, tax on that value would also be payable.
j. Where an invoice contains multiple goods and / or services, please note that the
details would be required to be provided in respect of every line item of the invoice
(such as Description, HSN, quantity, unit of measurement, value, discount, increase
in value on account of inclusions specified in Section 15(2), taxable value as
agreed or as determined in terms of the valuation rules, etc.).
k. Exception to the rule that every supply must be supported by a tax invoice: A
registered person is not required to issue a separate tax invoice in respect of
supply of goods and / or services where the value of supply is lower than Rs200/-,
subject to the following conditions:
(i) the recipient is not a registered person; and
(ii) the recipient does not require such invoice; and
(iii) the supplier issues a consolidated tax invoice for such supplies at the close
of each day in respect of all such supplies.
B. Revised Tax Invoice: A revised tax invoice in terms of the GST Law is different from
what is construed to be a revised tax invoice in common parlance. Therefore, it is made
abundantly clear that there is NO provision under the GST Law for a registered
person to revise a tax invoice which was issued earlier, on account of errors /
mistakes in the original tax invoice.
a. Why a revised tax invoice?
A person should apply for registration within 30 days of becoming liable for
registration under Section 25(1) of the CGST Act. When such an application is
made within such time and registration is granted, the effective date of registration
is the date on which the person became liable for registration, thereby resulting in a
time lag between the date of grant of certificate of registration and the effective
date of registration. For supplies made by such person during this intervening
period, the law enables issuance of a revised tax invoice, so that ITC can be
availed by the recipient on such supplies.
b. Accordingly, a revised invoice (carrying the details as specified in Rule 53) may be
issued for supplies effected between the effective date of registration and the date
of issue of registration certificate.

c. The GST Law provides for issuance of a consolidated revised tax invoice in case of
supplies to unregistered persons (other than in case of inter-State supplies where
the value of supply exceeds Rs.2.5 Lakhs), in respect of all taxable supplies made
to each recipient, separately.
d. If issued, it must be issued within one month from the date of registration.
C. Bill of supply: A bill of supply is required to be issued in the following cases:
a. Where the supplier is a registered person who has opted for composition of tax
under section 10 of the Act (and shall not charge tax on the bill of supply); or
b. Where the goods / services being supplied by any registered person are wholly
exempted.
The bill of supply is required to contain all the applicable particulars as are specified in
Rule 49 of CGST Rules, 2017.
D. Documents required to be issued in respect of advances received
a. In case of receipt of advance by a registered person, a ‘receipt voucher’ is
required to be issued, and not a tax invoice, and it is required to contain all the
particulars as are prescribed in Rule 50 of CGST Rules, 2017. Based on this
receipt voucher, the registered person will be required to pay tax on the advances
received.
b. Please note that the receipt voucher would also carry the details of tax applicable
on the transaction when the advance so received is liable to tax (as in case of
services). However, if the following key factors cannot be determined at the time of
receipt of advance, then the following rule would apply:
(i) Where the rate of tax is not determinable: Rate to be 18%;
(ii) Where the nature of supply is not determinable: Nature to be IGST.
c. In addition to such receipt voucher, the supplier will be required to issue a tax
invoice on effecting the supply, containing all the particulars as are required in a
case where no advance had been received. In this regard, it may be noted that
while the receipt voucher may not be significant where the supply takes place in the
same month in which the advance is received, the law does not exempt one from
issuing a receipt voucher in such a scenario.
d. Whenever a transaction envisages issue of receipt voucher, and the same is not
followed by the issuance of a tax invoice, since it does not translate into a
transaction of supply, the receipt voucher issued will need to be reversed (meaning
without cancellation of the receipt voucher) by issuing a ‘refund voucher’
containing similar particulars, as required under Rule 51 of the CGST Rules, 2017.
CGST Act 351

E. Documents required to be issued in respect of supplies liable to tax under reverse

charge mechanism
a. Where tax is payable on reverse charge basis in terms of Section 9(3) or 9(4), or
the corresponding provisions of the IGST Act, 2017, the recipient of supply is
required to pay tax on reverse charge basis. In this regard, the following may be
noted:
Document to be issued Supplier is registered Supplier is not
by recipient registered
Tax invoice Not required Required
Payment voucher Required Required
b. The law makes a provision for the issuance of a consolidated tax invoice for
every month, to be issued at the end of the month, where the aggregate value of
the supplies liable to tax under reverse charge mechanism exceeds Rs.5,000. This
apart, a mirrored set of all the particulars specified under Rule 46 would be
required to be contained in a tax invoice issued by a registered recipient (commonly
referred to a as ‘self-invoice’ by trade and industry).
c. All cases of inward supplies on which tax is payable on reverse charge basis,
require the recipient of supply to issue a payment voucher, at the time of making
payment to the supplier, containing all the applicable particulars specified in Rule
52 of the CGST Rules, 2017.
d. It is relevant to note here that payment of tax by registered recipients on effecting
inward supplies from unregistered, in terms of Section 9(4) of the Act, has been
exempted up to 30.06.2018. (Refer Notification No. 38/2017 – Central Tax (Rate)
dated 13.10.2017 read with Notification No. 10/2018 –Central Tax (Rate) dated
23.03.2018.)
F. Tax Invoice for an Input Service Distributor (ISD):
a. An Input Service Distributor (ISD) is entitled to distribute credits in terms of Section
20 of the Act read with Rule 39 of the CGST Rules, 2017. For the purpose of such
credit distribution, an ISD Invoice is required to be issued by an ISD (or a credit
note where the credit distributed earlier is to be reduced for any reason), and such
document is required to contain all the particulars specified in Rule 54(1) of the
CGST Rules, 2017.
b. An exception has been carved out for an ISD of a banking company or a financial
institution, including a NBFC, wherein the document issued for distribution may or
not may not be serially numbered, but must contain all the details as prescribed.
c. The law provides that a registered person having the same PAN and State code as
that of the ISD, may issue an invoice or, as the case may be, a credit or debit note

to transfer the credit of common input services to the ISD (wherein the taxable
value shall be the same as the value of the common services), containing the
details specified in Rule 54(1A). It may be noted that the said sub-rule has been
inserted vide Notification No. 03/2018 dated 23.01.2018. By virtue of this provision,
certain loopholes of the ISD provisions have been plugged. E.g. Where a common
service is liable to tax under reverse charge basis, another registration in the same
State can discharge the liability and pass on such details to the ISD for distribution,
considering the an ISD is incapable of discharging any tax liability.
G. Delivery challan: Rule 55 of the CGST Rules, 2017 provides for issuance of delivery
challan, and also the mandatory contents in a delivery challan. A delivery challan is
required to be issued by a registered person every time he moves any goods for any
reasons other than by way of supply (say supply for jobwork, goods sent for sale on
approval basis, dispatch of demo-goods, disposal by way of gift or free samples,
shipment of goods for an exhibition, etc.)
a. Please note that a delivery challan is a document required for movement of goods,
and not “supply of goods”. This means, even where goods that are otherwise
chargeable to tax as services, are moved, this document would be required. E.g.
Goods moved for works contract purposes, goods sent for hire, etc.
b. It has been clarified vide Circular No.10/2017 dated 18.10.2017 that where the
goods are removed for line sales or for supply on approval basis, the person
removing the goods either for intra-State supplies or inter-State supplies shall raise
a delivery challan along with e-way bill (if applicable) since the supplier would be
unable to ascertain the actual supply at the time of removal. It is also clarified that
the person removing the goods shall carry the invoice book during the movement
which shall enable him to issue an invoice once the supply is complete.
c. Circular No. 22/2017 dated 21.12.2017 has been issued clarifying the same
procedure for removal of goods by artists and supply of such goods by artists from
galleries.
d. While the law only provides for movement in general, a corollary can be, that a
delivery challan may be for movement-outward or / and movement-inward.
e. A delivery challan would also be required to be prepared in triplicate, as applicable
in case of tax invoices for goods (explained supra).
f. The Rules also specifies the nature of other documents to be carried along with the
goods under transportation. Please note that this list is illustrative and not
exhaustive.
CGST Act 353

Nature of supply Mandatory Particulars to be contained in the

documents document
(1) Where tax invoice 1. The consignor to (i) Date and number of the delivery
could not be issued issue a delivery challan,
at the time of challan (ii) Name, address and GSTIN of the
removal of goods 2. Serially numbered consigner, if registered,
for supply; Delivery challan to (iii) Name, address and GSTIN or UIN
(2) Supply of liquid be issued in lieu of of the consignee, if registered,
gas where the invoice at the time (iv) HSN code and description of
quantity at the time of removal of goods,
of removal from the goods for (v) Quantity (provisional, where the
place of business transportation exact quantity being supplied is not
of the supplier is
known),
not known;
(vi) Taxable value,
(3) Transportation of
goods for job work; (vii) Tax rate and tax amount – CGST,
SGST/ UTGST, IGST or cess,
(4) Transportation of
where the transportation is for
goods for reasons
supply to the consignee,
other than by way
of supply; or (viii) Place of supply, in case of inter-
State movement, and
(5) Such other
supplies notified by (ix) Signature.
the Board
H. Important note: The person-in-charge of the conveyance shall carry a copy of the tax
invoice or the bill of supply or tax invoice cum bill of supply, as explained in the
preceding paragraphs, in a case where such person is not required to carry an e-way
bill.
I. Special cases
a. Continuous supply of goods: In case of a continuous supply of goods as defined
in Section 2(32), the tax invoice is required to be issued:
— when the statement or a running-claim is issued; or
— when payment is received.
Section 2(32) “continuous supply of goods” means a supply of goods which is
provided, or agreed to be provided, continuously or on recurrent basis, under a
contract, whether or not by means of a wire, cable, pipeline or other conduit, and for
which the supplier invoices the recipient on a regular or periodic basis and includes
supply of such goods as the Government may, subject to such conditions, as it may,
by notification, specify;

b. Continuous supply of services: In case of a continuous supply of services as

defined in Section 2(33) of the Act, a tax invoice is required to be issued as follows:
(i) When payment date is ascertainable as per the contract:
o On or before the due date for payment.
(ii) When payment date is not ascertainable from the contract:
o On or before the time when the supplier of services receives the payment.
(iii) When payment is linked to completion of an event:
o On or before the date of completion of the event.
2(33) “continuous supply of services” means a supply of services which is provided,
or agreed to be provided, continuously or on recurrent basis, under a contract, for a
period exceeding three months with periodic payment obligations and includes supply
of such services as the Government may, subject to such condition as it may, by
notification, specify.
c. Goods sent on approval: Where goods are sent on approval basis, an invoice would
not be required at the time of removal of goods, and shall be issued only at the time of
receipt of approval from the recipient. However, if the goods so dispatched have neither
been accepted nor been returned within 6 months from the date of their removal, the tax
invoice is required to be issued on the date immediately succeeding the date on which
the 6-month period expires.
d. Goods sent on SKD / CKD conditions: Where the goods are being transported in a
semi knocked down (SKD) or completely knocked down (CKD) conditions, the supplier
must first issue the complete invoice before the first consignment is moved, and must
also issue a copy along with every consignment. All other consignments must be
accompanied by a delivery challan in terms of Rule 55 of the CGST Rules, 2017 along
with a certified copy of the invoice. It is imperative to note that the original invoice must
accompany the last consignment.
e. Cessation of service: On cessation of a contract for supply of services, a tax invoice is
required to be issued to the extent of supply effected upto the point of cessation, and
due tax shall be remitted thereon.
f. Bill-to-ship-to transactions: Where the place of supply is deemed to be the principal place
of business of the person on whose direction the goods are dispatched to another person
(as specified in Section 10(1)(b) of the IGST Act, 2017), the transaction would have 2
supplies. While one supply would be from the supplier to the person to whom the invoice is
addressed, another supply would be deemed to be effected by the said addressee to the
person who receives the goods. In such a case, the person may consider the date of making
available of the goods to the ultimate recipient, as the date on which the tax invoice is liable
to be issued by him.
CGST Act 355

g. Goods sent to jobworker for the purpose of job work: Where inputs or capital goods
have been sent to the job worker for the purposes of jobwork, and have neither been
returned nor been directly dispatched for supply from the place of the jobworker within the
timelines specified in Section 19, it shall be deemed that such goods have been supplied by
the Principal to the jobworker as on the date of dispatch of such goods to the jobworker (or
the date of receipt of goods by the jobworker where the goods were sent to the jobworker’s
premises without being first received at the place of business of the Principal).
Special issues concerning Goods sent for Job work:
Goods sent to a job worker for the purpose of job work is a supply liable to tax under
GST. However, as per Section 143 of the CGST Act, the principal may choose to send
goods for job work without payment of tax subject to fulfillment of certain conditions.
The documents that needs to be issued for movement of goods between the principal
and the job worker are as follows:
1. Good sent for job work on payment of tax – The principal shall issue a tax invoice
for goods sent for job work. The job worker, if registered, shall return the goods by
raising another tax invoice. In case of receipt of goods after job work from an
unregistered job worker, the principal will be required to raise an invoice as per
Section 9(4) of the CGST Act (which is exempted till 30th June, 2018).
2. Goods sent for job work without payment of tax – Circular No.38/12/2018 dated 26th
March, 2018 has clarified the following:
(a) Where goods are sent by principal to only one job worker: The principal
shall prepare in triplicate, the challan in terms of Rule 45 read with Rule 55 of
the CGST Rules, for sending the goods to a job worker. Two copies of the
challan may be sent to the job worker along with the goods. The job worker
should send one copy of the said challan along with the goods, while returning
them to the principal.
(b) Where goods are sent from one job worker to another job worker: In such
cases, the goods may move under the cover of a challan issued either by the
principal or the job worker. Alternatively, the challan issued by the principal
may be endorsed by the job worker sending the goods to another job worker,
indicating therein the quantity and description of goods being sent. The same
process may be repeated for subsequent movement of the goods to other job
workers.
(c) Where the goods are sent directly by the supplier to the job worker: In this
case, the goods may move from the place of business of the supplier to the
place of business/premises of the job worker with a copy of the invoice issued
by the supplier in the name of the buyer (i.e. the principal) wherein the job
worker’s name and address should also be mentioned as the consignee, in
terms of Rule 46(o) of the CGST Rules. The principal shall issue the challan

under Rule 45 of the CGST Rules and send the same to the job worker directly
in terms of para (a) above. In case of import of goods by the principal which are
then supplied directly from the customs station of import, the goods may move
from the customs station of import to the place of business/premises of the job
worker with a copy of the Bill of Entry and the principal shall issue the challan
under rule 45 of the CGST Rules and send the same to the job worker directly.
(d) Where goods are returned in piecemeal by the job worker: In case the
goods after carrying out the job work, are sent in piecemeal quantities by a job
worker to another job worker or to the principal, the challan issued originally by
the principal cannot be endorsed and a fresh challan is required to be issued
by the job worker.
Under the erstwhile indirect tax laws, depending upon the taxable event, as to whether it is
manufacture or sale or service, excise invoices or tax invoices are raised.
Under service tax regime, a time limit to issue a tax invoice is prescribed having regard to date
of completion of such taxable service or receipt of any payment towards the value of such
taxable service, whichever is earlier.
The provision to issue revised invoice (from the effective date of registration to the date of
issuance of certificate) was not available earlier. This document would be useful for claiming
tax credit for supply of goods/services during this period.
Under erstwhile law, invoices or bills of sale etc. can be issued inclusive of tax in certain
cases whereas it is mandatory to indicate the amount of tax charged on every transaction in
the GST regime.
1. The value of supply and the amount of GST applicable thereon is required to be
reflected separately in the tax invoice, in terms of Rule 46. However, a supplier is also
permitted to effect supplies for an inclusive value – such as in case of travel agents
paying tax on margins. In such cases, the supplier will be required to disclose their
margins to the recipient, by virtue of this requirement.
2. Rule 46 of the CGST Rules, 2017 does not specifically provide as to how the details of
tax must be reflected in cases of zero-rated supplies. Therefore, where a zero-rated
supply has been effected on payment of IGST, the details thereof may be reflected
separately on the face of the invoice, by providing a declaration to the effect that the
same is not charged to the recipient of supply, given that disclosure of tax details is
mandatory. In other cases, the applicable rate of tax can be stated, whereas the tax
amount can be shown as ‘0’.
3. The Law does not specifically provide the manner in which the details of HSN, quantity,
etc. must be reflected in cases of composite supply or mixed supply. However, given
CGST Act 357

that Section 8 regards all composite supplies as the supply of principal supply alone,
only those details pertaining to the principal supply must be reflected, while quoting the
taxable value applicable to the composite supply as a whole. Whereas, in case of mixed
supplies, the supply attracting the highest rate of tax ought to be reflected – what if both
the supplies attract the same rate of tax ?
4. While the GST law provides for a supplier to issue a revised tax invoice in respect of
supplies made during the time period from the date of application of registration to the
date of obtaining the registration, there are no similar provisions found for issuance of
revised tax invoice to mention the GSTIN of the recipient, wherein a supply has been
effected to a taxable person who has applied for registration, and receives such
registration after the tax invoice has been issued by the supplier. Therefore, the
recipient of supply may not be entitled to the credits on such inward supplies, unless the
tax invoice is cancelled and reissued during the same tax period.
5. Given that all incidental expenses are required to be included in the value of supply, and the
value of supply is determined for each of the goods and / services separately, even where
all such goods and / or services are included in the same tax invoice, the incidental
expenses (say freight, packing, etc.) will be required to be split up as attributable to each
supply, separately. This would be a tedious task, and would be practically difficult to reflect it
on the face of the invoice. To ensure that no tax is underpaid, the suppliers can adopt a
reasonable basis to identify the most suitable rate of tax applicable on the incidental
charges, by considering the contents of the invoice.
6. Where an advance has been received and the supplier is unable to determine the
nature of tax, the law provides a deeming fiction to treat such supply as an inter-State
supply. This provision would however, require a relook, considering that the place of
supply is a must, for the purpose of reporting the transaction as an inter-State supply.
Further, the law does not provide for closing the loop, as and when the rate of tax or the
nature of tax have been ascertained. It appears that the only solution is to issue a
refund voucher and reverse the effect of issue of the earlier receipt voucher, and
thereafter, issue a tax invoice (where the supply has been effected), or issue a fresh
receipt voucher with the correct details (where the supply is yet to be effected).
7. While Rule 54(1A) provides the form in which credits can be distributed by a registered
person to its own ISD in the same State, no corresponding provision has been made under
the law which specifies that a registered person is entitled to issue an invoice to another
registered person (whether ISD / any other person) where there is no underlying taxable
supply. However, by virtue of this sub-rule which has been inserted, the intent of the law can
be safely inferred that there is no such requirement and the registered persons may make
use of this provision to furnish the details of common services to the ISD for the purpose of
distribution.
31.5 FAQs
Q1. Can tax invoice be raised for advance payments received for goods or services?

Ans. No, tax invoice is to be raised for advance payments received for goods or services.
The recipient of payment would be required to issue a receipt voucher for receipt of
payment in advance.
Q2. Is it mandatory to mention the details of tax amount charged in the invoice?
Ans. Yes, the tax invoice should mandatorily mention the details of tax amount charged in
the invoice.
Q3. Is it possible to take input tax credit based on the ‘bill of supply’?
Ans. No, it is not possible to take input tax credit based on the bill of supply.
Q4. Can a revised invoice be issued for taxable supplies?
Ans. Yes, the registered taxable person can issue revised invoice. Every registered person
who has been granted registration with effect from a date earlier than the date of
issuance of certificate of registration to him, may issue revised tax invoices in respect of
taxable supplies effected during the period starting from the effective date of
registration till the date of issuance of certificate of registration.
Provided that the registered person may issue a consolidated revised tax invoice in
respect of all taxable supplies made to a recipient who is not registered under the Act
during such period
32. Prohibition of unauthorised collection of tax
(1) A person who is not a registered person shall not collect in respect of any supply of goods or
services or both any amount by way of tax under this Act.
(2) No registered person shall collect tax except in accordance with the provisions of this Act or
the rules made thereunder.
32.1 Analysis
Collection of tax is not a statutory right but a contractual obligation. The person collecting
taxes, acts as an agent of the Government. As such, no recipient is obliged to reimburse the
supplier taxes due on the supply. At the same time, every taxable person (in case of forward
charge) remains liable to deposit the applicable tax to the Government.
This provision casts an obligation on each – unregistered person and registered person with
regard to collection of tax on supply:
— unregistered person is not to collect tax or any sum ‘by way of’ tax; and
— registered person is to collect tax only in the manner prescribed
It is important to differentiate between the restriction placed by this provision and the
contractual route necessary to recoup tax by the supplier. Only tax that is collected as ‘CGST’
or ‘IGST’ or ‘SGST-UTGST’ is to be paid to the Government. Any other loss recoupment of
input tax credit ‘foregone or forfeited’ does not fall within this restriction.
CGST Act 359

33. Amount of tax to be indicated in tax invoice and other documents.
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or any other law for the time being in force,
where any supply is made for a consideration, every person who is liable to pay tax for such
supply shall prominently indicate in all documents relating to assessment, tax invoice and
other like documents, the amount of tax which shall form part of the price at which such
supply is made.
33.1 Analysis
With the non-obstante clause, this provision secures preference over any other provision to
the contrary whether in this Act or elsewhere. It states that all documents need to carry these
details and that the tax would form part of the price of supply.
This provision therefore holds the price charged to be the ‘cum tax’ price of the supply. Tax
included in the price is that actually assessed on the supply.
It means that if the supply price is `1000/- which is inclusive of tax then every document must
state that “the price of `1000 includes – say IGST of `180/- or alternatively say supply price is
`820 and IGST `180 total `1000.
The GST law presupposes the fact that the tax, even, if not charged is deemed to have been
passed on to the recipient unless proved contrary.
34. Credit and debit notes
(1) Where a tax invoice has been issued for supply of any goods or services or both and
the taxable value or tax charged in that tax invoice is found to exceed the taxable
value or tax payable in respect of such supply, or where the goods supplied are
returned by the recipient, or where goods or services or both supplied are found to be
deficient, the registered person, who has supplied such goods or services or both,
may issue to the recipient a credit note containing such particulars as may be
prescribed.
(2) Any registered person who issues a credit note in relation to a supply of goods or
services or both shall declare the details of such credit note in the return for the
month during which such credit note has been issued but not later than September
following the end of the financial year in which such supply was made, or the date of
furnishing of the relevant annual return, whichever is earlier, and the tax liability shall
be adjusted in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that no reduction in output tax liability of the supplier shall be permitted, if
the incidence of tax and interest on such supply has been passed on to any other
person.

(3) Where a tax invoice has been issued for supply of any goods or services or both and
the taxable value or tax charged in that tax invoice is found to be less than the
taxable value or tax payable in respect of such supply, the registered person, who
has supplied such goods or services or both, shall issue to the recipient a debit note
containing such particulars as may be prescribed.
(4) Any registered person who issues a debit note in relation to a supply of goods or
services or both shall declare the details of such debit note in the return for the
month during which such debit note has been issued and the tax liability shall be
adjusted such manner as may be prescribed.
Explanation. – For the purposes of this Act, the expression ‘’debit note’’ shall include
a supplementary invoice.

Annexure to Notification No. 11/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dt.28.06.2017 for scheme of
classification of services
Notification 12/2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017 regarding disclosure of HSN in the tax
invoice
Notification 45/2017 – Central Tax dated 13.10.2017 Regarding issue of consolidated tax invoice
Notification No. 38/2017 – Central Tax (Rate) dated 13.10.2017 read with Notification No.
10/2018 –Central Tax (Rate) dated 23.03.2018 for exemption of tax payable under Section
9(4) on reverse charge basis
Circular 10/2017 dated 18.10.2017 for clarification where the goods are moved within the stare
or from the State of registration to another State for supply on approval basis
Circular 38/2018 dated 26.03.2018 regarding issued related to job work
Chapter Fifteen and Sixteen of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC can be
referred to for a gist of the statutory provisions, titled ‘Credit Note in GST’ and ‘Debit Note in
GST’, respetively

Section 2(37) Definition of Credit note
Section 2(38) Definition of Debit note
Rule 53 Revised invoice and credit or debit notes
Section 31 Tax invoice
CGST Act 361

Section 74 Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or

input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised by reason of fraud or any wilful
Section 129 Detention, seizure and release of goods and conveyances in transit.
Section 130 Confiscation of goods or conveyances and levy of penalty.
34.1 Introduction
To begin with, one must fully unlearn the practices under the erstwhile law in order to clearly
understand the concepts of credit note and debit note under the GST Law. A credit note or a
debit note, for the purpose of the GST Law, can be issued by the registered person who has
issued a tax invoice, i.e., the supplier. Any such document, by whatever name called,
when issued by the recipient to the registered supplier, is not a document recognized
under the GST Law.
Credit Note or Debit note
Supplier Recipient
34.2 Analysis
(i) Credit note and debit note cause some hardship to quickly understand – who owes
whom. Credit note is issued when the issuer ‘OWES’ money to someone, that is, it is
issued by the person who owes money. Debit note is issued when the any money is
‘OWED’ to the issuer, that is, it is again issued by the person who is the receiver of
money.
a. When a cash discount is allowed at the time of collecting payment from a customer
in terms of an agreement entered into prior to the supply, then the supplier would
issue a credit note to the customer to the extent of such cash discount, to declare
that he ‘OWES’ money. Then, the original amount due MINUS the credit note is the
revised value of supply that the customer pays the supplier. To this extent the GST
thereon would also stand reduced, subject to conditions which have been
discussed in the subsequent paragraphs.
b. Now, if the supplier charges a penalty for delayed payment of consideration, the
supplier would issue a debit note for the amount of penalty, to the customer to
declare that money is ‘OWED’ to the supplier. Then, the original amount due PLUS
the debit note is the revised value of supply, that the customer pays the supplier.
To this extent the GST thereon would also stand increased.
(ii) The conditions applicable on an issue of credit note are listed below:
a. The supplier issues the credit note in respect of a tax invoice which has been
issued by him earlier;
b. The credit note must cannot be issued any time after either of the following 2
events (“due date for credit note”):

1. Annual return has been filed for the FY in which the original tax invoice was
issued; or
2. September of the FY immediately succeeding the FY in which the original tax
invoice was issued (i.e., for a tax invoice issued in April 2018, as well as a tax
invoice issued in March 2019, the relevant credit notes cannot be issued after
September 2019);
c. The credit note so issued must be declared in the returns for the month in which
they are issued, by the supplier and also the recipient, and latest by the due date
for credit note as specified above.
d. The recipient, on declaring the same, must claim a reduction in his input tax credit if
the same had been availed against the original tax invoice;
e. A credit note cannot be issued if the incidence of tax and interest on such supply
has been passed by him to any other person;
f. Every credit note must be linked to specific original tax invoice;
g. In case of a credit note issued for a discount, the discount must be provided in
terms of an agreement entered into before or at the time of supply, as provided in
Section 15(2) of the Act.
h. The GST Law provides an exhaustive list of situations under which the registered
supplier is entitled to issue a credit note says, ‘I OWE’ and issues credit note:
1. Actual value of supply is lower than that stated in the original tax invoice;
2. Tax charged in the original tax invoice is higher than that applicable on the
supply;
3. Goods supplied are returned by the recipient;
4. Goods or services supplied are deficient.
i. The credit note contains all the applicable particulars as specified in Rule 53 of the
CGST Rules, 2017.
(iii) The GST Law mandates that a registered supplier shall be required to issue a debit
note under the following circumstances:
a. Actual value of supply is higher than that stated in the original tax invoice;
b. Tax charged in the original tax invoice is lower than that applicable on the supply;
c. The debit note needs to be linked to the original tax invoice;
d. The debit note contains all the applicable particulars as specified in Rule 53 of the
CGST Rules, 2017;
e. A debit note issued under Section 74, 129 or 130 would not entitle the recipient to
avail credit in respect thereof, and the supplier shall specify prominently, on such
debit note the words “INPUT TAX CREDIT NOT ADMISSIBLE”;
CGST Act 363

f. It may also be noted that no time limit has been prescribed for issuing debit notes.
Meaning, a debit note may be raised and uploaded subsequently, with no restriction
as to the time period for doing so.
(iv) A consolidated credit note / debit note cannot be issued for an aggregate value
attributable to more than one tax invoice. Additionally, the date and serial number of the
original tax invoice is mandatory while reflecting document-level details of credit notes /
debit notes in the returns.
(v) Except in the circumstances specified, credit note or debit note is not permitted to be
issued merely because a financial adjustment is required to be made in respect of the
receivable or payable. Please note that any credit note / debit note not issued in terms
of Section 34 would not be a valid document under the GST Law. For instance, if a
credit note has been issued in respect of goods returned after the due date for credit
note, a credit note may be issued by the supplier for reduction in the amount payable by
the recipient. However, he cannot claim a reduction in tax liability. On the other hand,
the recipient of tax may be imposed to reverse the input tax credit that had been availed
thereon.
(i) Rule 9 of CENVAT Credit Rules, 2004 gives details of the documents and accounts
which need to be mandatorily adhered to in ordered to avail the benefit of CENVAT
Credit.
(ii) As per the Rule, CENVAT Credit can be availed based on: -
(a) An invoice
(b) Supplementary invoice
(iii) In the context of excise laws, though credit notes may be issued in situations where
taxable value is reduced, typically, no adjustment is made for excise valuation purpose
(except when the assessment is provisional). Instead of debit notes for increase in
taxable value/tax, supplementary invoices are issued (this is a valid document for taking
CENVAT credit). There is no time limit for issuance of credit/debit notes (supplementary
invoice).
(iv) In the context of service tax laws, credit notes may be issued in situations where
taxable value is reduced. Adjustment of excess tax paid is permissible in specified
situations. Instead of debit notes for increase in taxable value/tax, supplementary
invoices are issued (this is a valid document for taking CENVAT credit). While the law
stipulates the time limit for issuance of credit note (viz., end of September following the
financial year in which the supply was effected or filing of annual return whichever is
earlier), there is no time limit for that has been specified for issuance of debit notes
(supplementary invoice).
However, credit availed on tax paid on supplementary invoices could be disputed in

circumstances where additional tax was payable by reason of fraud, collusion, wilful
mis-statement, suppression of facts, contravention of any of the provisions with intent to
evade duty/taxes.
(v) Most State VAT laws have provisions relating to issue of Credit or Debit notes for
difference in value of supply and tax. Time period (usually 6 months from the date of
sale) is prescribed for issuance of credit/debit notes for adjustment against taxable
value. Some States provide that if the credit has already passed on in the original
invoice, the tax component shall not be adjusted by issuance of credit note (this is
because the buyer would have taken credit in such cases and the credit is left
undisturbed).
1. It is a common practice of trade and industry to issue volume discounts / turnover
discounts, at the end of a certain period, say a financial year. Clearly, such discounts
cannot be provided at the time of supply to reflect the same on the tax invoice. On the
other hand, although the discount is a post-supply discount which is established in
terms of an agreement entered into before or at the time of supply, the discount cannot
be specifically linked to any one invoice. By virtue of this drawback, discounts of such
nature would not permit the supplier to claim a reduction in his output tax liability.
2. The GST Law has not provided a scenario whereby a supplier forgoes a certain part of
consideration, in full and final settlement of the dues from a recipient, even where such
a reduction can be identified with a specific invoice. In other words, the supplier would
be required to issue a tax invoice for the agreed value and discharge tax on the whole
value, while he collects only a part payment thereof from the recipient and would not be
permitted to reduce his output tax liability, since the reduction is not on account of a
deficiency in service / goods. Given this anomaly, a reasonable inference can be drawn
to say that the reduction is on account of reduction in the value of supply, being the
reduction in the amount of consideration received, wherein “price is in fact the sole
consideration”. The tax department in such a situation could – (a) Resort to reverse the
input tax credit on a pro-rata basis and (b) subject the value of the said credit note to
output tax. It is also important to note that if the tax department resorts to such action,
the recipient too would not be in a position avail any credits of such tax paid at a later
point in time. It will not be out of place to mention that the recipient, in any event, will be
subject to reversal of input tax credit to the extent he does not effect payment to the
supplier against the original invoice by virtue of the provisions of Section 16(2) of the
CGST Act, 2017.
34.3 FAQs
Q1. Can credit notes/debit notes be raised without raising an appropriate tax invoice?
Ans. No, credit notes/debit notes have to be raised with reference to specific invoice and not
otherwise to get the benefit of tax adjustment.
CGST Act 365

Q2. Is it mandatory to show the details of credit/debit notes in the periodic returns?
Ans. Yes, the details of debit note and credit note is required to be mentioned in periodic
returns. If not shown, it is not considered for adjustment of tax liability.
Q3. Are there any situations where credit note cannot be issued?
Ans. Amongst others, a credit note cannot be issued if the incidence of tax and interest on
such supply has been passed by tax payer to any other person.
Q4. Can a supplier who has wrongly charged tax at 18% instead of 12% subsequently issue
a credit note only to the extent of the excess tax charged?
Ans. Yes, a credit note can be issued only towards the excess tax charged in an invoice.
34.4 MCQs
Q1. What is the last date by which you need to issue debit/credit note?
(a) On or before Sept 30, following the end of financial year
(b) The date of filing of the relevant annual return
(c) Earlier of the two dates mentioned in (a) and (b) above
Ans. (c) Earlier of the two dates mentioned in (a) and (b) above
Q2. What is the last date by which you need to issue Debit Note?
(a) On or before Sept 30, following the end of financial year
(b) The date of filing of the relevant annual return
(c) Earlier of the two dates mentioned in (a) and (b) above
Ans. (d) None of the above

Chapter– VIII
Accounts and Records
Sections Rules
35. Accounts and other records 56. Maintenance of accounts by registered
36. Period of retention of accounts persons
57. Generation and maintenance of
electronic records
58. Records to be maintained by owner or
operator of godown or warehouse and
transporters.-
35. Accounts and other records
(1) Every registered person shall keep and maintain, at his principal place of business,
as mentioned in the certificate of registration, a true and correct account of—
(a) production or manufacture of goods;
(b) inward and outward supply of goods or services or both;
(c) stock of goods;
(d) input tax credit availed;
(e) output tax payable and paid; and
(f) such other particulars as may be prescribed:
Provided that where more than one place of business is specified in the certificate of
registration, the accounts relating to each place of business shall be kept at such
places of business:
Provided further that the registered person may keep and maintain such accounts
and other particulars in electronic form in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) Every owner or operator of warehouse or godown or any other place used for storage
of goods and every transporter, irrespective of whether he is a registered person or
not, shall maintain records of the consigner, consignee and other relevant details of
the goods in such manner as may be prescribed.
(3) The Commissioner may notify a class of taxable persons to maintain additional
accounts or documents for such purpose as may be specified therein.
(4) Where the Commissioner considers that any class of taxable person is not in a
position to keep and maintain accounts in accordance with the provisions of this
Ch-VIII: Accounts and Records Sec. 35-36
section, he may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, permit such class of taxable
persons to maintain accounts in such manner as may be prescribed.
(5) Every registered person whose turnover during a financial year exceeds the
prescribed limit shall get his accounts audited by a chartered accountant or a cost
accountant Accounts and shall submit a copy of the audited annual accounts, the
reconciliation statement under sub-section (2) of section 44 and such other
documents in such form and manner as may be prescribed.
(6) Subject to the provisions of clause (h) of sub-section (5) of section 17, where the
registered person fails to account for the goods or services or both in accordance
with the provisions of sub-section (1), the proper officer shall determine the amount
of tax payable on the goods or services or both that are not accounted for, as if such
goods or services or both had been supplied by such person and the provisions of
section 73 or section 74, as the case may be, shall, mutatis mutandis, apply for
determination of such tax.
56. Maintenance of accounts by registered persons.

(1) Every registered person shall keep and maintain, in addition to the particulars
mentioned in sub-section (1) of section 35, a true and correct account of the goods
or services imported or exported or of supplies attracting payment of tax on reverse
charge along with the relevant documents, including invoices, bills of supply, delivery
challans, credit notes, debit notes, receipt vouchers, payment vouchers and refund
vouchers.
(2) Every registered person, other than a person paying tax under section 10, shall
maintain the accounts of stock in respect of goods received and supplied by him, and
such accounts shall contain particulars of the opening balance, receipt, supply,
goods lost, stolen, destroyed, written off or disposed of by way of gift or free sample
and the balance of stock including raw materials, finished goods, scrap and wastage
thereof.
(3) Every registered person shall keep and maintain a separate account of advances
received, paid and adjustments made thereto.
(4) Every registered person, other than a person paying tax under section 10, shall keep
and maintain an account, containing the details of tax payable (including tax payable
in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (3) and sub-section (4) of section 9),
tax collected and paid, input tax, input tax credit claimed, together with a register of
tax invoice, credit notes, debit notes, delivery challan issued or received during any
tax period.
(5) Every registered person shall keep the particulars of -

(a) names and complete addresses of suppliers from whom he has received the
goods or services chargeable to tax under the Act;
(b) names and complete addresses of the persons to whom he has supplied
goods or services, where required under the provisions of this Chapter;
(c) the complete address of the premises where goods are stored by him,
including goods stored during transit along with the particulars of the stock
stored therein.
(6) If any taxable goods are found to be stored at any place(s) other than those declared
under sub-rule (5) without the cover of any valid documents, the proper officer shall
determine the amount of tax payable on such goods as if such goods have been
supplied by the registered person.
(7) Every registered person shall keep the books of account at the principal place of
business and books of account relating to additional place of business mentioned in
his certificate of registration and such books of account shall include any electronic
form of data stored on any electronic device.
(8) Any entry in registers, accounts and documents shall not be erased, effaced or
overwritten, and all incorrect entries, otherwise than those of clerical nature, shall be
scored out under attestation and thereafter the correct entry shall be recorded and
where the registers and other documents are maintained electronically, a log of
every entry edited or deleted shall be maintained.
(9) Each volume of books of account maintained manually by the registered person shall
be serially numbered.
(10) Unless proved otherwise, if any documents, registers, or any books of account
belonging to a registered person are found at any premises other than those
mentioned in the certificate of registration, they shall be presumed to be maintained
by the said registered person.
(11) Every agent referred to in clause (5) of section 2 shall maintain accounts depicting
the,-
(a) particulars of authorisation received by him from each principal to receive or
supply goods or services on behalf of such principal separately;
(b) particulars including description, value and quantity (wherever applicable) of
goods or services received on behalf of every principal;
(c) particulars including description, value and quantity (wherever applicable) of
goods or services supplied on behalf of every principal;
(d) details of accounts furnished to every principal; and
(e) tax paid on receipts or on supply of goods or services effected on behalf of
every principal.
CGST Act 369

(12) Every registered person manufacturing goods shall maintain monthly production
accounts showing quantitative details of raw materials or services used in the
manufacture and quantitative details of the goods so manufactured including the
waste and by products thereof.
(13) Every registered person supplying services shall maintain the accounts showing
quantitative details of goods used in the provision of services, details of input
services utilised and the services supplied.
(14) Every registered person executing works contract shall keep separate accounts for
works contract showing -
(a) the names and addresses of the persons on whose behalf the works contract
is executed;
(b) description, value and quantity (wherever applicable) of goods or services
received for the execution of works contract;
(c) description, value and quantity (wherever applicable) of goods or services
utilized in the execution of works contract;
(d) the details of payment received in respect of each works contract; and
(e) the names and addresses of suppliers from whom he received goods or
services.
(15) The records under the provisions of this Chapter may be maintained in electronic
form and the record so maintained shall be authenticated by means of a digital
signature.
(16) Accounts maintained by the registered person together with all the invoices, bills of
supply, credit and debit notes, and delivery challans relating to stocks, deliveries,
inward supply and outward supply shall be preserved for the period as provided in
section 36 and shall, where such accounts and documents are maintained manually,
be kept at every related place of business mentioned in the certificate of registration
and shall be accessible at every related place of business where such accounts and
documents are maintained digitally.
(17) Any person having custody over the goods in the capacity of a carrier or a clearing
and forwarding agent for delivery or dispatch thereof to a recipient on behalf of any
registered person shall maintain true and correct records in respect of such goods
handled by him on behalf of such registered person and shall produce the details
thereof as and when required by the proper officer.
(18) Every registered person shall, on demand, produce the books of accounts which he
is required to maintain under any law for the time being in force.
57. Generation and maintenance of electronic records

(1) Proper electronic back-up of records shall be maintained and preserved in such

manner that, in the event of destruction of such records due to accidents or natural
causes, the information can be restored within a reasonable period of time.
(2) The registered person maintaining electronic records shall produce, on demand, the
relevant records or documents, duly authenticated by him, in hard copy or in any
electronically readable format.
(3) Where the accounts and records are stored electronically by any registered person,
he shall, on demand, provide the details of such files, passwords of such files and
explanation for codes used, where necessary, for access and any other information
which is required for such access along with a sample copy in print form of the
information stored in such files.
58. Records to be maintained by owner or operator of godown or warehouse and

transporters
(1) Every person required to maintain records and accounts in accordance with the
provisions of sub-section (2) of section 35, if not already registered under the Act,
shall submit the details regarding his business electronically on the common portal in
FORM GST ENR-01,either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the
Commissioner and, upon validation of the details furnished, a unique enrolment
number shall be generated and communicated to the said person.
(2) The person enrolled under sub-rule (1) as aforesaid in any other State or Union
territory shall be deemed to be enrolled in the State or Union territory.
(3) Every person who is enrolled under sub-rule (1) shall, where required, amend the
details furnished in FORM GST ENR-01 electronically on the common portal either
directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner.
(4) Subject to the provisions of rule 56,-
(a) any person engaged in the business of transporting goods shall maintain
records of goods transported, delivered and goods stored in transit by him
along with the Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the
registered consigner and consignee for each of his branches.
(b) every owner or operator of a warehouse or godown shall maintain books of
accounts with respect to the period for which particular goods remain in the
warehouse, including the particulars relating to dispatch, movement, receipt
and disposal of such goods.
(5) The owner or the operator of the godown shall store the goods in such manner that
they can be identified item-wise and owner-wise and shall facilitate any physical
verification or inspection by the proper officer on demand.
CGST Act 371


1. Circular No. 23/23/2017 dated 21.12.2017 regarding maintenance of books of
accounts for additional place of business by a principal or auctioneer for the purpose
of auction of tea, coffee, rubber etc.;
2. Circular No. 38/12/2018 dated 26.03.2018 clarifying on issues related to job work;
3. Chapter Fourteen of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIT can be
referred to for a gist of the statutory provisions, titled ‘Accounts and Records in GST’.

Section 2(94) Definition of Registered Person
Section 2(85) Definition of Place of business
Section 2(89) Definition of Principal place of business
Section 36 Period of retention of accounts
Section 44 Annual return
Rule 80 Annual return
Rule 56 Maintenance of accounts by registered persons
Rule 57 Generation and maintenance of electronic records
Rule 58 Records to be maintained by owner or operator of godown or
warehouse and transporters
35.1 Introduction
This Section mandates the upkeep and maintenance of records, at the place(s) of business, in
electronic or other forms. Furnishing of an audited statement of accounts and reconciliation
statement is also contemplated for persons having turnovers exceeding the prescribed limit.
There is no relaxation provided to persons who have voluntarily obtained registration. This
section read with relevant rules provides for the manner and method of maintenance of
records of all kinds and classes of persons, as well.
35.2 Analysis
(i) The importance of maintenance of books and records need no emphasis. It is presumed
that all business entities would be aware of the nature of books and records to be
maintained. However, it is important to note that the GST Law is a devil in details. It
means that there is a lot of emphasis placed on primary and secondary books and
records. There is no need to stress on the relevance or importance of maintenance of
such records, since it is common in the digital world for businesses to maintain such
books and records electronically. Having said that, one must bear in mind the

importance of maintaining the primary book or record of entry that would have
evidentiary value.
(ii) This section emphasises “true and correct” account meaning – the concept of
materiality is largely given the go-bye. Tax authorities would go by the actual records
maintained and would not place much reliance of the concept of materiality.
(iii) Every registered person is required to keep and maintain accounts and records in that
reflect the true and correct account of the transactions effected. In other words,
separate accounts shall be required to be maintained by a single person, in respect of
each of the GSTINs operative during the year reflecting the following details:
 Production / manufacture of goods;
 Inward and outward supply of goods or services or both;
 Stock records of goods;
 Input tax credit availed output tax payable and paid; and
 Such other particulars as may be prescribed in this behalf.
(iv) The accounts are to be maintained at the principal place of business (as mentioned in
the certificate of registration). In case of multiple places of business (as specified in the
certificate of registration), the accounts relating to each place of business shall be kept
at the respective places of business concerned. Where records are maintained
manually, all records pertaining to the operations at a place of business shall be
maintained in such place of business.
(v) The registered person has the option to keep and maintain accounts and other records
in electronic form. In such a case, the records shall be authenticated by way of digital
signature. Additionally, the GST Law mandates that a proper electronic back-up is
maintained and preserved where accounts are maintained electronically, to restore
information in the event of its destruction, within a reasonable period of time.
(vi) It is important to note that in respect of quantitative information, the ‘unit of
measurement’ must be such that the actual units used for procurement and supply can
be determined or computed. For example, in case goods are procured in ‘square
meters’ and they are supplied in ‘square feet’, the accounts for the stock of goods must
be maintained in either sq.mt. or sq.ft., or a conversion-ratio must be applied so as to
extract information in terms of one of the units. The translation losses, if any, may be
written off – however, input tax credit to the extent of reduction would also require a
reversal. In case of any increase, the value may be ignored, given that the increase
does not result in additional pay-out to the supplier.
(vii) The Commissioner is empowered to:
(a) Notify a class of taxable persons to maintain additional accounts or documents for
specified purpose – No notification has been issued in this regard as of date.
(b) Permit a class of taxable persons to maintain the records in any other manner – If
CGST Act 373

he believes that they are not in a position to keep and maintain accounts in
accordance with this Section.
(viii) There is no standalone Section that requires a registered person to get his accounts
audited by a chartered accountant or a cost accountant. This requirement has been
included by way of a sub-section to this Section, in case of every registered person –
i.e., audit under the GST Laws would be GSTIN-wise.
(a) While Rule 80(3) of the Rules speaks of the prescribed threshold limit at Rs. 2
Crore which is attributed to the ‘aggregate turnover’, the relevant section speaks of
the turnover in the State / turnover attributable to a GSTIN. Therefore, if a
registered person is liable to get his accounts audited under Section 35, all the
registrations obtained under the same PAN will also be liable for such audit,
regardless of the turnover in each State in which the other registrations have been
obtained. For example if the aggregate turnover (PAN based) is at Rs.5 crores and
the registered person is carrying on business in two different States having a
turnover of Rs.4.75 crores and 0.25 crores respectively, the law mandates that
audit is required to be carried out in both the States.
(b) The registered person is required make the following submissions to the proper
officer:
(i) the annual return for the financial year;
(ii) a copy of the audited statement of accounts;
(iii) a reconciliation statement u/s 44(2), reconciling the value of supplies declared
in the annual return with the audited annual financial statement (expected to be
in a prescribed form & manner – Form GSTR-9C, which is presently under
consideration);
(iv) Other particulars as may be prescribed.
(v) Note: No other documents have been prescribed in this regard as of date. The
details that may be sought for, may be an extract of any of the records /
documents which are required to be maintained under this Section.
(c) The audit of the transactions undertaken under the GST regime will cover the entire
gamut of transactions of a particular GSTIN. For instance, if the audit is undertaken
for a registered person being an agent for supply of goods, it must be understood
that the agent would be recording all the good received on behalf of the Principal as
inward supply of goods, as also the goods dispatched on behalf of the Principal as
outward supply of goods. On the other hand, the income / revenue that would be
reflected in his books of account under any other statute would only be limited to
the commission income. Accordingly, for the purpose of the GST Laws, the agent
would be regarded as a person engaged in effecting outward supply of goods, and
would therefore be required to maintain all the stock records that are to be
maintained by a trader.

(d) Considering the minimal governance that industry has been seeking, one would
need to await the enactment of the provisions / Forms for conducting a GST audit
and to understand the reporting requirements, to assess the extent of responsibility
in the hands of the registered person / auditor in this audit exercise.
(ix) The following checks / approach may be adopted for the purpose of ensuring
comprehensiveness in reporting:
(a) Inward supplies: Every inward supply effected by a registered person shall be one
of the following:
 Appear in the details for inward supplies (including the effect of debit / credit
notes received) furnished in the returns, (including cases of exchange, barter,
deemed supply such as agency transactions, etc.) while the details may be of:
(1) Eligible credits – including partly ineligible credits which are reversed to
the extent ineligible;
(2) Ineligible credits.
 Appear as exempt / nil rated / non-taxable inward supplies; or
 Appear as inward supplies from composition suppliers; or
 Not reported for any of the following reasons:
(1) It is neither a supply of goods nor a supply of services (such as salary
paid to employees); or
(2) It is an inward supply received from a registered supplier wherein the
supplier is unaware of the fact that the supply is made to a registered
person (i.e., where the supplier reports the transaction as part of
summary details under B2C supplies in his GST returns) – e.g., food bills,
etc.
(3) It is an accounting entry made in the books of account by virtue of a
requirement under another statute – such as provision for accrued
expenses, depreciation, bad debts written-off, debit / credit notes issued
in the capacity of a recipient, etc.
Note: Every inward supply that is eligible for credits shall form part of detailed
entries (invoice-level information) in Form GSTR-1 of any registered supplier,
except in the case of inward supplies liable to tax on reverse charge basis.
(b) Outward supplies: Every outward supply effected by the registered person would
need to appear in the returns for outward supplies where:
 Every taxable outward supply that is effected to a registered person shall be
reported at invoice level, including:
(1) Credit notes having a reduction in taxable value / tax, unless the same is
time-barred under the GST Laws;
CGST Act 375

(2) Debit notes issued for increase in taxable value / tax;

(3) The value of expenses incurred by the recipient, although liable to be
incurred by the registered person as a supplier, the value of incidental
expenses such as delivery charges, etc. and any other amount liable to
be included in the value of supply in terms of Section 15(2) of the CGST
Act, 2017;
(4) The value determined under the valuation rules, where the price is not the
sole consideration for the supply, or where the supply is made to a related
person, is to be reckoned for these purposes;
(5) Transactions regarded as supply despite lacking consideration (i.e.,
activities specified under Schedule I);
 Summary details to be reported in case of supply of exempted / nil-rated / non-
taxable outward supplies, and supplies to unregistered persons.
(x) Special attention is, in cases of requirement to reverse input tax credit availed, as
provided under Section 16(2), Section 17(2) or Section 17(5)(h) – Where goods are lost,
stolen, destroyed, written off, or disposed of as gifts or free samples, proportionate
input tax credit should be reversed.
(xi) One needs to pay attention to the relevant Rules, wherein it is mandated that the details
specified / prescribed ought to be captured while maintaining books and records viz.,
name, address, GSTIN, description, quantity value etc., as stipulate in section 31 needs
to be captured. Special category of persons such as works contractors, lessors agents,
auctioneers etc ought to maintain data / details in the manner specified.
(xii) It is important to note the import of Rule 56(6). It clearly specifies that taxable goods
stored in an unregistered place of business without cover of valid documents would be
subject to tax as if such goods have been supplied.
(xiii) Entries in books and records cannot be erased, effaced or overwritten. However, any
such act needs to be attested in cases of manual maintenance of books and records
while digital records would require a suitable log of such corrections to be maintained.
(xiv) Rule 56(10) is presumptive in nature. Meaning any documents or books and records
found in a place other than the registered persons’ place of business, it would be
presumed to be maintained by such registered person. All other consequences under
the GST Laws would automatically follow.
(xv) The law mandates the following persons to maintain the records of the consigner,
consignee and other relevant details of the goods, even if such persons are not
registered under the Act:
(a) A transporter of goods; and

(b) Persons who own and operate, or persons who operate any warehouse, godown,
etc. for storage of goods – the goods shall be stored in a manner in which they can
be identified item-wise and owner-wise.
Maintenance of records has been prescribed under the Central Excise, Service Tax and State
VAT laws. The provisions are briefly discussed below:
Service tax records
 Rule 5(1) of Service Tax Rules, 1994 provides that the records including computerised
data as maintained by the assessee in accordance with the various laws in force from
time to time shall be acceptable.
 Rule 5(2) provides that every assessee, at the time of filing of his first return shall
furnish to the department, a list in duplicate of: -
(i) All the records maintained by the assessee for accounting of transactions in
regard to: -
(a) Providing of any service;
(b) Receipt or procurement of input service and payment of such input service;
(c) Receipt, purchase, manufacture, storage, sale, or delivery, regarding input
or capital goods; and
(d) Other activities such as manufacture and sale of goods if any.
(ii) All other financial records maintained by him in the normal course of business.
 Rules 5(4) and (5) provide for preservation of records in electronic form.
Central Excise Records
 Rule 10 of the Central Excise Rules, 2002 obligates the maintenance of "Daily Stock
Account” indicating the particulars regarding description of the goods produced or
manufactured, opening balance, quantity produced or manufactured, inventory of
goods, quantity removed, assessable value, the amount of duty payable and particulars
regarding amount of duty paid.
 Chapter 6 of the Central Excise Manual obligates every assessee to furnish to the
Range Officer, a list in duplicate, of all the records prepared or maintained by him for
accounting of transactions in regard to receipt, purchase, manufacture, storage, sales
or delivery of the goods including inputs and capital goods
Cenvat Records
Rule 9 of Cenvat Credit Rules, 2004 provides for maintenance of various records for availment
and utilization of CENVAT credit on inputs, input services and capital goods.
CGST Act 377

VAT Records
VAT laws of most States obligate every assessee to keep and maintain an up-to-date, true
and correct account showing full and complete particulars of his business and such other
records as may be prescribed. There is an option to maintain those records at other place or
places as he may notify to the registering authority in advance.
Audit of Accounts and Reconciliation Statement
Under the Central excise and service tax laws, there is no requirement for audit of accounts
and furnishing reconciliation statement by a Chartered Accountant and Cost accountant. Many
State VAT laws stipulate audit of records by a Chartered Accountant and filing of VAT audit
reports. Threshold limits are prescribed for such audits.
Reconciliations between the tax records and audited statement of accounts is generally
sought for at the time of assessment, audit or investigation by the revenue authorities. There
is no statutory requirement to furnish such reconciliation statements under the erstwhile laws
although it is carried out during audit / Certification of records.
1. Multiple books of account for the same entity: While the accounts of a person are
required to be maintained for the entire business concern (i.e., PAN-wise), the GST law
requires separate book-keeping for every GSTIN. This will mean that every account
maintained will be repeat based on the number of GSTINs obtained under a single PAN.
The solution to this tedious task may be to maintain records in such a manner so as to
capture the GSTIN to which every transaction pertains, separately, so as to enable to
person to extract only such of those transactions relevant to a particular GSTIN.
2. Separate book-keeping practices for GST law: The registered person is liable to
record the details of all supplies, whether or not the supplies are considered to be
supplies under the accounting standards or any such requirement under other statutes.
While some transactions would have a netting-off effect - such as stock transfers,
certain other transactions may not form part of the revenue of the entity - such as
permanent disposal of a business asset without consideration / supply valued under the
valuation rules wherein the consideration actually received is different from the value of
supply for the purpose of the GST laws. One must exercise utmost caution to attend to
all such transactions with a view to ensuring that the financial statements are not
misreported with details relevant only from the GST-standpoint. E.g. Credit notes not
fulfilling conditions under the GST law cannot reduce the value of supply, while the
books of account would reflect reduction in the value.
3. Meaning of ‘annual audited accounts’: The law requires a registered person having
an aggregate turnover exceeding Rs.2 Crore to get his books of account audited, and to
submit a copy of the annual audited accounts. In this regard, clarity is required as to
whether :

a. The financial statements of the person are to be statutorily audited (for the PAN); or
b. For a particular GSTIN the GST auditor is required to prepare separate financial
statements i.e., the Balance sheet & Statement of profit and loss for the said
GSTIN).
35.5 FAQs
Q1. Where should the books and other records u/s 35 be maintained?
Ans. Such records shall be maintained at his principal place of business, as mentioned in the
certificate of registration. If more than one place of business is specified in the
certificate, records relating to each place of business should be maintained at that
place.
Q2. What are the records that are to be maintained u/s 35?
Ans. The following records are to be maintained u/s 35: -
(i) Production or manufacture of goods;
(ii) Inward or outward supply of goods or services or both;
(iii) Stock of goods;
(iv) Input tax credit availed;
(v) Output tax payable and paid; and
(vi) Such other as may be prescribed.
Q3. In case, more than one place of business is specified in the certificate of registration,
can the assessee choose to maintain records at a single place for all the places within
that State?
Ans. No, in such cases, the accounts and records relating to each place of business shall be
kept at such places of business concerned.
Q4. Whether the records are to be maintained physically or in electronic form?
Ans. The records need to be maintained physically. In case they are maintained in electronic
form, then they must conform to such procedures as may be prescribed.
Q5. Apart from the records maintained above are there any additional document to be
submitted/maintained?
Ans. Section 35(5) obligates an assessee who is required to get his accounts audited to file
an electronic reconciliation statement and assessee is obliged to submit such a
statement in addition to the audited statement of accounts and other documents and
records prescribed.
Q6. Who can conduct audit of taxpayers?
Ans. There are three types of audit prescribed in the GST Act(s) as explained below: (a)
CGST Act 379

Audit by Chartered Accountant or a Cost Accountant: Every registered person whose

turnover exceeds the prescribed limit, shall get his accounts audited by a chartered
accountant or a cost accountant. (Section 35(5) of the CGST/SGST Act)
35.5 MCQs
Q1. The books and other records u/s 35 are to be maintained at ___
(a) Place where the books of account are maintained.
(b) Principal place of business mentioned in the Registration Certificate.
(c) Place of address of the Proprietor/ Partner / Director / Principal Officer, etc.
(d) Any of the above.
Ans. (b) Principal place of business mentioned in the Registration Certificate
Q2. In case, more than one place of business situated within a State are specified in the
Registration Certificate, books and other records shall be maintained at ___
(a) Each place of business
(b) At the principal place of business mentioned in the Registration Certificate for all
places of business in each State.
(c) Place where the books of account are maintained for all places situated within a
State.
(d) Any place of business in a State pertaining to all places situated within that State.
Ans. (b) At the principal place of business mentioned in the Registration Certificate for all
places of business in each State.
Q3. Which of the following is true?
(a) The assessee can maintain some records with prior permission of the
Commissioner.
(b) The assessee is obligated to maintain such additional records as the
Commissioner may notify.
(c) The assessee can maintain only records notified thereto by the Commissioner.
(d) The specified class of assessee are obligated to maintain such additional or other
records as the Commissioner may notify.
Ans. (d) The specified class of assessee are obligated to maintain such additional or other
records as the Commissioner may notify.

36. Period of retention of accounts

Every registered person required to keep and maintain books of account or other records in
accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 35 shall retain them until the
expiry of seventy-two months from the due date of furnishing of annual return for the year
pertaining to such accounts and records:
Provided that a registered person, who is a party to an appeal or revision or any other
proceedings before any Appellate Authority or Revisional Authority or Appellate Tribunal or
court, whether filed by him or by the Commissioner, or is under investigation for an offence
under Chapter XIX, shall retain the books of account and other records pertaining to the
subject matter of such appeal or revision or proceedings or investigation for a period of one
year after final disposal of such appeal or revision or proceedings or investigation, or for the
period specified above, whichever is later.

Section 35 Accounts and other records
36.1. Introduction
This section provides for the period up to which records and accounts must be retained by the
registered person.
36.2. Analysis
(i) Every registered person is required to mandatorily retain the books of accounts and
other records until the expiry of 72 months (6 years) from the due date for filing of
Annual Return for the year, i.e., 81 months from the end of the financial year pertaining
to such accounts and records.
For instance, the books of account and other records for FY 2017-18 are to be
maintained till 31.12.2024, regardless of the actual date of filing of annual return for the
year, considering that the due date for furnishing the annual return is 31.12.2018.
(ii) This time period is more than the time limit prescribed in Section 62(1) for issuance of
order of assessment i.e., 5 years from the due date for filing of annual return or date of
erroneous refund (as applicable) in cases of fraud, wilful mis-statement, suppression of
facts, etc. (in the above example, the order of assessment shall be issued by
31.12.2023).
(iii) In case an appeal or revision or any other proceeding is pending before any Appellate
Authority or Revisional Authority or Appellate Tribunal or Court, or in case the
CGST Act 381

registered person is under investigation for an offence under Chapter XIX, he shall
retain the books of account and other records pertaining to the subject matter of such
appeal or revision or proceeding or investigation for a period of one year after final
disposal of such appeal or revision or proceeding, even after the expiry of 72 months
from the due date for furnishing the annual return.
 Rule 5(3) of Service Tax Rules, 1994 provides that all records shall be preserved for a
period of five years immediately after the financial year to which such records pertain.
 Chapter 6 of the CBEC’s Central Excise Manual obligates every assessee to maintain
the records for a period of five years immediately after the financial year to which such
records pertain.
 Different State VAT laws prescribe different time periods for maintenance of records.
However, many States prescribed a period of five years.
 Where the proceedings are pending in appeal, revision etc., the records are generally
maintained till the proceedings are finally concluded, though this is not specifically
stipulated in the erstwhile laws. In fact, the books and records are required to be
maintained till the time frame for revision proceedings stand open and are not barred by
limitation of period.
Due date of annual return: In the event the due date to furnish the annual return is amended
for any reason, the registered person must bear in mind that the requirement to maintain the
records would also stand according extended. For instance, say the due date to furnish the
annual return for FY 2017-18 is extended to 31-Jan-2019 for whatever reason, the period of
retention would be 31-Jan-2025 and not 31-Dec-2024.
36.5. FAQs
Q1. Is a separate time limit for maintenance of records specified where an assessee is
involved in any litigation?
Ans. In case an assessee is a party to an appeal or revision or any other proceeding before
any Appellate Authority or Revisional Authority or Appellate Tribunal or Court, (as an
appellant or a respondent), or where he is under investigation for an offence under
Chapter XIX, then he shall retain the books of account and other records pertaining to
the subject matter of such appeal or revision or proceeding or investigation for a period
of 1 year after final disposal of such appeal or revision or proceeding, or for the period
specified records u/s 36(1), whichever is later.
Q2. Who is responsible for the maintenance of proper accounts related to job work ?
Ans. The responsibility for the maintenance of proper accounts of job work-related inputs
and capital goods rests with the principal.

Q3. What action can be taken for transportation of goods without valid documents or
attempted to be removed without proper record in books?
Ans. If any person transports any goods or stores any such goods while in transit without the
documents prescribed under the Act (i.e. invoice and a declaration) or supplies or
stores any goods that have not been recorded in the books or accounts maintained by
him, then such goods shall be liable for detention along with any vehicle on which they
are being transported. Such goods shall be released only on payment of the applicable
tax and penalty or upon furnishing of security.
36.6. MCQs
Q1. The time limit for up keep and maintenance of the books of account or other records u/s
36 is?
(a) seventy-two months from the date of filing of Annual Return or due date of filing the
Annual Return, whichever is earlier.
(b) five years from the due date for filing of Annual Return.
(c) seventy-two months from the due date of filing of Annual Return.
(d) None of the above.
Ans. (c) seventy-two months from the due date of filing of Annual Return
Q2. In case, the assessee is a party to an appeal or revision or any other proceeding before
any Appellate Authority or Appellate Tribunal or Court, (as an appellant or a
respondent), then the time limit for retaining the records shall be ___
(a) Up to the final disposal of such appeal or revision or proceeding.
(b) One year after final disposal of such appeal or revision or proceeding, or for the period
specified records u/s 36(1), whichever is earlier.
(c) Six months after final disposal of such appeal or revision or proceeding, or for the
period specified records u/s 47(1), whichever is later.
(d) One year after final disposal of such appeal or revision or proceeding, or for the period
specified records u/s 36(1), whichever is later.
Ans. (d) One year after final disposal of such appeal or revision or proceeding, or for the
period specified records u/s 36(1) , whichever is later.
CGST Act 383

Chapter– IX
Returns
Sections Rules
37. Furnishing details of outward supplies 59. Form and manner of furnishing details of
outward supplies
38. Furnishing details of inward supplies
60. Form and manner of furnishing details of
39. Furnishing of returns
inward supplies
40. First return
61. Form and manner of submission of
41. Claim of input tax credit and provisional monthly return
acceptance thereof
42. Matching, reversal and reclaim of input quarterly return by the composition
tax credit supplier
43. Matching, reversal and reclaim of 63. Form and manner of submission of
reduction in output tax liability return by non-resident taxable person
44. Annual return 64. Form and manner of submission of
45. Final return return by persons providing online
information and database access or
46. Notice to return defaulters retrieval services
47. Levy of late fee 65. Form and manner of submission of
48. Goods and services tax practitioners return by an Input Service Distributor
return by a person required to deduct tax
at source
statement of supplies through an e-
commerce operator
68. Notice to non-filers of returns
69. Matching of claim of input tax credit
70. Final acceptance of input tax credit and
communication thereof
71. Communication and rectification of
discrepancy in claim of input tax credit
and reversal of claim of input tax credit
Ch-IX : Returns Sec. 37-48
72. Claim of input tax credit on the same

invoice more than once
73. Matching of claim of reduction in the
output tax liability
74. Final acceptance of reduction in output
tax liability and communication thereof
discrepancy in reduction in output tax
liability and reversal of claim of reduction
76. Claim of reduction in output tax liability
more than once
77. Refund of interest paid on reclaim of
reversals
78. Matching of details furnished by the e-
Commerce operator with the details
furnished by the supplier
discrepancy in details furnished by the
ecommerce operator and the supplier
80. Annual return
81. Final return
82. Details of inward supplies of persons
having Unique Identity Number
83. Provisions relating to a goods and
services tax practitioner.
84. Conditions for purposes of appearance
CGST Act 385

Returns under the GST Law

FORM PARTICULARS DUE DATE APPLICABLE TO
GSTR-3B Monthly summary return 20th of the next month (to All registered
continue till June, 2018) persons (other than
Input Service
Distributor (ISD),
person liable to
deduct TDS and
personal liable to
collect tax at source).
GSTR-1 Outward Supplies 10th of the next month Normal / Regular
Taxpayer
GSTR-2 Inward Supplies 15th of the next month Normal / Regular
(Deferred till June, 2018) Taxpayer
GSTR-3 Monthly return [periodic] 20th of the next month Normal / Regular
(Deferred till June, 2018) Taxpayer
GSTR-4 Return by compounding 18th of the month Composition
tax payers succeeding the quarter taxpayer
GSTR-5 Return by non-resident 20th of the next month or Non-Resident
tax payers [foreigners] within 7 days after expiry taxpayer
of registration, whichever
is earlier
GSTR-5A Monthly Return by 20th of the next month Online information
Online information and and database access
database access or or retrieval services
retrieval services (supply
to a person other than a
registered person i.e.,
online non-taxable
recipient)
GSTR-6 Monthly Return by input 13th of the next month Input Service
service distributors Distributor
GSTR-7 Monthly Return for TDS 10th of the next month Tax Deductor
GSTR-8 Monthly Return 10th of the next month E-Commerce
(Statement) for Operator
Collection of Tax at
Source

GSTR-9 Annual return 31st December of the next Normal tax payer
Financial Year (other than casual
tax payer)
GSTR-9A Annual return by 31st December of the next Compounding
Composition Supplier Financial Year Taxpayer
GSTR-9B Annual Return by E- 31st December of the next E-commerce
commerce operator Financial Year Operator
GSTR-9C Annual return along with 31st December of the next Normal tax payer
the copy of audited Financial Year having aggregate
annual accounts and a turnover of more than
reconciliation ` 2 crores
statement
GSTR-10 Final Return Within 3 months of the Registered Person
date of cancellation or whose registration
date of order of has been cancelled
cancellation, whichever is
later
GSTR-11 Return to be filed by a Person having UIN
person having UIN
(Unique Identity Number)
w.r.t inward supplies
received by him to file
refund of the taxes paid
by him on inward
supplies.
Note: Above due dates have been extended from time to time. Please refer Annexure-
‘A’ for the details of extended due dates and relevant notification(s).
37. Furnishing details of outward supplies

(1) Every registered taxable person, other than an input service distributor, a non-
resident taxable person and a person paying tax under the provisions of section 10,
section 51 or section 52, shall furnish, electronically, in such form and manner as
may be prescribed, the details of outward supplies of goods or services or both
effected, during a tax period on or before the tenth day of the month succeeding the
said tax period and such details shall be communicated to the recipient of the said
supplies within the time and in the manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that the registered person shall not be allowed to furnish the details of
CGST Act 387

outward supplies during the period from the eleventh day to the fifteenth day of the
month succeeding the tax period:
Provided further that the Commissioner may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by
notification, extend the time limit for furnishing such details for such class of taxable
persons as may be specified therein:
Provided also that any extension of time limit notified by the Commissioner of State
tax or Commissioner of Union territory tax shall be deemed to be notified by the
Commissioner
(2) Every registered person who has been communicated the details under sub-section
(3) of section 38 or the details pertaining to inward supplies of Input Service
Distributor under sub-section (4) of section 38, shall either accept or reject the details
so communicated, on or before the seventeenth day, but not before the fifteenth day,
of the month succeeding the tax period and the details furnished by him under sub-
section (1) shall stand amended accordingly.
(3) Any registered person, who has furnished the details under sub-section (1) for any
tax period and which have remained unmatched under section 42 or section 43,
shall, upon discovery of any error or omission therein, rectify such error or omission
in such manner as may be prescribed, and shall pay the tax and interest, if any, in
case there is a short payment of tax on account of such error or omission, in the
return to be furnished for such tax period:
Provided that no rectification of error or omission in respect of the details furnished
under sub-section (1) shall be allowed after furnishing of the return under section 39
for the month of September following the end of the financial year to which such
details pertain, or furnishing of the relevant annual return, whichever is earlier
Explanation. ––For the purposes of this Chapter, the expression “details of outward
supplies” shall include details of invoices, debit notes, credit notes and revised
invoices issued in relation to outward supplies made during any tax period
59 Form and manner of furnishing details of outward supplies

(1) Every registered person, other than a person referred to in section 14 of the
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017, required to furnish the details of
outward supplies of goods or services or both under section 37, shall furnish such
details in FORM GSTR-1 electronically through the common portal, either directly or
through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner.
(2) The details of outward supplies of goods or services or both furnished in FORM
GSTR-1 shall include the–
(a) invoice wise details of all -

(i) inter-State and intra-State supplies made to the registered persons; and
(ii) inter-State supplies with invoice value more than two and a half lakh rupees
made to the unregistered persons;
(b) consolidated details of all -
(i) intra-State supplies made to unregistered persons for each rate of tax; and
(ii) State wise inter-State supplies with invoice value upto two and a half lakh
rupees made to unregistered persons for each rate of tax;
(c) debit and credit notes, if any, issued during the month for invoices issued
previously.
(3) The details of outward supplies furnished by the supplier shall be made available
electronically to the concerned registered persons (recipients) in Part A of FORM
GSTR-2A, in FORM GSTR-4A and in FORM GSTR-6A through the common portal
after the due date of filing of FORM GSTR-1.
(4) The details of inward supplies added, corrected or deleted by the recipient in his
FORM GSTR-2 under section 38 or FORM GSTR-4 or FORM GSTR-6 under section
39 shall be made available to the supplier electronically in FORM GSTR-1A through
the common portal and such supplier may either accept or reject the modifications
made by the recipient and FORM GSTR-1 furnished earlier by the supplier shall
stand amended to the extent of modifications accepted by him.

Section 2(82) Definition of Output Tax
Section 2(83) Definition of Outward Supply
Section 2(117) Definition of Valid Return
Section 16 Eligibility and Conditions for Taking Input Tax Credit
Section 17 Apportionment of Credits and Blocked Credits
Section 38 Furnishing details of inward supplies
Section 47 Levy of late fee
Section 14 (IGST) Special provision for payment of tax by a supplier of online
information and database access or retrieval services.
CGST Act 389

37.1 Introduction
This provision relates to furnishing of details of outward supplies by the supplier.
37.2 Analysis
(a) A return of Outward supplies in terms of this section should be furnished by every
registered taxable person except for the following persons namely,
— Input service distributor
— A non-resident taxable person
— A person paying tax under the provisions of section 10 (composition levy)
— A person paying tax under the provisions of section 51 (TDS)
— A person remitting tax collected under the provisions of section 52 (TCS)
— A person referred to in Section 14 of IGST Act – Person providing Online
Information and Data Access & Retrieval Services to a non-taxable online
recipient.
(b) Explanation to section 37 relating to furnishing of the “details of outward supplies” shall
include details of Invoices, debit notes, credit notes and revised invoices issued in
relation to outward supplies made during any tax period. This e-return shall be filed
within 10 days from the end of the tax period in FORM GSTR-1. (Refer Annexure ‘A’
for extension of due date for filing GSTR-1).
(c) Such returns shall be for supply of goods or services or both as effected during a tax
period and shall be filed electronically.
(d) The registered person shall not be allowed to furnish any details of outward supplies
during the period from the eleventh day to the fifteenth day of the month succeeding
the tax period. This implies that the filing portal may not be available for the person
filing the return of outward supplies during the period in which return for inward supply
is required to be filed. (Refer Note no. 1 at the end of this chapter).
(e) In case of delay in furnishing the details relating to outward supplies, a registered
person in default, shall pay a late fee in a sum of ` 100 for every day of continuing
default subject to a maximum to ` 5,000 only. (Refer Note no. 2 at the end of this
chapter)
(f) The Commissioner is empowered to notify any extension of due date of filing, for any
class of persons, beyond the tenth of the succeeding month, with reasons to be
recorded in writing. Refer to Annexure ‘A’ at the end of the chapter, for extensions
notified, from time to time, for various returns.
(g) The present process of return filing, envisages that the recipient of the supply shall be
provided an opportunity to accept, reject, amend or delete the details in a two-way
communication process. This opportunity is not available at present as the notification

for due dates of filing of GSTR-2 is yet to be issued. The details provided by the
supplier shall be auto-populated and made available electronically to the recipient, for
matching purposes, in accordance with the provision of Rule 60 in a FORM GSTR-2A.
(h) If any error or omission is discovered in the course of matching as specified in the Act
and discussed under Section 42 and 43, rectifications of the same shall be effected;
and tax and interest, if any, as applicable shall be paid on such corrections by the
person responsible for filing the return of outward supplies. Section 42 and section 43
are currently not applicable as the due dates for filing of details in GSTR-2 is yet to be
notified.
(i) Such rectification of error or omission, however, is not permitted after filing of annual
return or the return for the month of September of the following financial year to which
the details pertain to, whichever is earlier.
For example: Assume an entity has furnished the annual returns for the year 2018-19 on
August 15, 2019. If an error is discovered in respect of a transaction pertaining to the tax
period July 2018, where the entity has filed its returns for the month of September 2019 on
October 18, 2019. In this case, the rectification of the error pertaining to a transaction in July
2018 cannot be made beyond August 15, 2019. This is because the said entity has already
filed its annual return on 15th August, 2019.
Process and Formats for Filing of returns and the due date
Activity Due Date

The return for outward supplies shall be filed in Before 10th day of the month
FORM GSTR–1 succeeding the tax period. Refer
Annexure A for extension of due
dates of GSTR-1.
The details of FORM GSTR-1 furnished by the Auto-populated data would be
supplier shall be made available to the recipients in available after due date of GSTR-
PART-A of FORM GSTR-2A 1, i.e., after 10th day of the month
succeeding the tax period.
The FORM GSTR-2A shall be reviewed and modified Between 11th day to 15th day of the
by the recipient of the supply and based on the same month succeeding the tax period.
a FORM GSTR-2 shall be filed by every recipient. In Due dates for filing of GSTR-2
case any outward supplies are not matched with the shall be notified subsequently.
respective recipients’ return of inward supplies
(discussed under section 38), the return for outward
supplies requires rectification. All such modifications
made by the recipient and filed in FORM GSTR-2,
shall be made available to the outward supplier in
FORM GSTR-1A.
CGST Act 391

Activity Due Date

Accept or reject the details communicated by GSTN Before end of 17th day of the month
succeeding the tax period.
Submission of FORM GSTR-2 will result in reflecting Before end of 20th day of the
of details which are added / modified / deleted by the month succeeding the tax period.
recipient in Form GSTR 2 filed by such recipient, Due dates for filing of GSTR-3
which will be made available to supplier in Form shall be notified subsequently.
GSTR 1A. The Supplier receiving details in Form
GSTR 1A has to either reject or accept the changes
by each of the recipient and such changes accepted
or rejected by the supplier which stand amended in
Form GSTR 1 automatically and will get reflected in
monthly return to be furnished in Form GSTR 3.
The supplier may either accept or reject the
modification / addition / deletion made the recipient,
on or before the 17th day of the succeeding month
(not before 15th of succeeding month).
Components of valid GST Return for Outward Supplies made by the Taxpayer (FORM
GSTR-1)
This Statement of outward supplies would capture the following information:
1. GSTIN
2. Name
3. Period to which the return pertains
4. Aggregate turnover of the taxpayer in the previous Financial Year. This information
would be submitted by the taxpayers only in the first year, first tax period and will be
auto-populated in subsequent tax periods and years.
5. The transactions of outward supplies is required to be furnished in the said Statement
i.e., Form GSTR 1 at an invoice / consolidated level, as per the requirements laid down
in law / rules which is as mentioned in the below table:
Table 1: Submission of information at Invoice level.
Table 2: Submission of information at consolidated (Place of supply) level.
Table 1:
Type Supplies made to Invoice Value Level of submission
Inter-State Registered Persons Any Invoice level
Registered Persons Any Invoice level


Unregistered Persons > ` 250,000 Invoice level
(stated as Consumer in the
return)
Table 2:
Intra-State Unregistered Persons Any Consolidated
Unregistered Persons < ` 250,000 Consolidated
(stated as Consumer in the
return)
Note: For all B2C supplies (whether inter-State or intra-State) where invoice value is up to `
2,50,000/- State-wise and rate-wise summary of supplies should be uploaded in Table 7 of the
Form GSTR-1.
Additional Comments: Every registered person furnishing any statement or return or making
any application, shall make sure that they have read the instructions provided by GSTN which
is to be followed by every registered person furnishing such statement / return / application.
The said instruction is available in the format(s) of Form(s) prescribed in CGST Rules, 2017
as well as at the offline utility of each of the Statement / Return / Application.
Illustration:
1. HSN requirement: HSN summary to be provided in Table 12 of Form GSTR 1 is
divided into three parts i.e., (a) every registered person with annual turnover above `
1.5 Crore but below ` 5 Crore in the preceding FY, is required to furnish details of
supply HSN wise atleast at 2 digit level; (b) person with annual turnover above ` 5
Crore is required to provide details of outward supplies at 4 digit level; and (c) supplier
not falling under (a) or (b) above, is required to provide details of goods supplied at the
level of description of goods supplied.
Further, Unit Quantity Code (UQC) for which no specific unit of measurement is
available, shall be selected as ‘OTHERS’ for example in case of supply of services,
UQC can be on the basis of number of invoices issued under particular HSN for a
particular tax period.
It is also important to note that, HSN Summary or summary of supplies at description of
goods / services level, shall also contain details of supplies which are exempt from
payment of tax or is not liable to Goods and Service Tax i.e., non-taxable supply
(example supply of alcoholic liquor meant for human consumption).
2. Furnishing of details of Physical Exports as against supplies made to SEZ unit or
SEZ developer / Deemed Exports: Details of Physical export of goods or services or
both are to be separately furnished in Table 6A of Form GSTR 1. However, details of
CGST Act 393

supply of goods or services or both made to SEZ unit or SEZ developer or a supply
qualifying as deemed exports is to be reported in Table 4 of Form GSTR 1 along with
invoice level details of regular supplies (However, one needs to select the option for
type of supplies as ‘SEZ supplies with payment’ or ‘deemed exports’ based on the
nature of the transaction’.
Relaxation during Transition
Keeping in mind the complications and technical glitches in GST portal, the Government has
been considerate to ensure that assessee are not overburdened with additional cost of late fee
which is to be levied otherwise under the law for belated filing of statements / returns. In this
regard the Government has, from time to time issued notifications extending the deadlines for
filing of statements / returns and at the same time waived the late fee for belated filing of Form
GSTR 3B for the tax period July 2017 to September 2017 and waiving 3/4th of late fee for
subsequent returns to be filed, till the date notification for waiver is rescinded.
Under all the earlier laws, which is been subsumed into GST, there was no concept of furnishing a
statement of outward supplies for the purpose of matching outward supplies with the input tax
credit availed by the recipient of such supply. However, VAT laws of few States such as Karnataka
had the facility of e-UPaSS which was introduced with the intent of matching output tax paid by the
seller with that of input tax credit availed. However, the said activity was never carried out even as
part of assessment under respective State VAT Laws.
(i) It is important for every registered person to note that the details of all outward supplies
made by him is to be furnished in Form GSTR 1 i.e., statement of outward supplies,
irrespective of the fact, whether such supply is outside the umbrella of GST or exempted
from payment of tax i.e., GST, by way of exemption notification or is it a supply of notified
goods or services which is liable to tax in the hands of recipient. The reason for disclosure is
(1) the law requires one to provide details of such supplies though not liable to tax; and (2)
as a registered person, by disclosing the values of all supplies, the registered person is
effecting a reconciliation of financial statements with that of statements / returns furnished.
(ii) Person effecting zero-rated supplies (physical export of goods), who wishes to claim refund
of taxes paid has to ensure that details relating to such supplies as provided in GSTR 1, like
invoice no., shipping bill details, value of goods exported and amount of IGST paid match
with the details as available in the ICEGATE system. Only on matching of such details,
refund of tax paid will be granted. Therefore, it is important that every registered person
making physical export of goods verifies whether details of all export invoices as provided in
GSTR 1 matches with details available in customs in ICEGATE.
The same can be verified by logging in to www.gst.gov.in with valid credentials and following
the below mentioned steps:

Refunds >> Track Status of Invoice data to be shared with ICEGATE

Note: If the difference in the value of IGST paid is more than ` 100, between values
disclosed in Form GTSR 3B and that of Form GSTR 1, the information will not be shared by
GSTN for verification by ICEGATE, in such cases one has to first ensure that there is parity
in the value disclosed in Form GSTR 3B and Form GSTR 1 by amending the details as
required.
38. Furnishing details of inward supplies
(1) Every registered person, other than an Input Service Distributor or a non-resident
taxable person or a person paying tax under the provisions of section 10, section 51 or
section 52, shall verify, validate, modify or delete, if required, the details relating to
outward supplies and credit or debit notes communicated under sub-section (1) of
section 37 to prepare the details of his inward supplies and credit or debit notes and
may include therein, the details of inward supplies and credit or debit notes received by
him in respect of such supplies that have not been declared by the supplier under sub-
section (1) of section 37.
taxable person or a person paying tax under the provisions of section 10 or section 51
or section 52, shall furnish, electronically, the details of inward supplies of taxable
goods or services or both, including inward supplies of goods or services or both on
which the tax is payable on reverse charge basis under this Act and inward supplies of
goods or services or both taxable under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act or
on which integrated goods and services tax is payable under section 3 of the Customs
Tariff Act, 1975, and credit or debit notes received in respect of such supplies during a
tax period after the tenth day but on or before the fifteenth day of the month succeeding
the tax period in such FORM and manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Commissioner may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by
notification, extend the time limit for furnishing such details for such class of taxable
persons as may be specified therein:
Provided further that any extension of time limit notified by the Commissioner of State
tax or Commissioner of Union territory tax shall be deemed to be notified by the
Commissioner
(3) The details of supplies modified, deleted or included by the recipient and furnished
under sub-section (2) shall be communicated to the supplier concerned in such manner
and within such time as may be prescribed
(4) The details of supplies modified, deleted or included by the recipient in the return
furnished under sub-section (2) or sub-section (4) of section 39 shall be communicated
to the supplier concerned in such manner and within such time as may be prescribed.
CGST Act 395

(5) Any registered person, who has furnished the details under sub-section (2) for any tax
period and which have remained unmatched under section 42 or section 43, shall, upon
discovery of any error or omission therein, rectify such error or omission in the tax
period during which such error or omission is noticed in such manner as may be
prescribed, and shall pay the tax and interest, if any, in case there is a short payment of
tax on account of such error or omission, in the return to be furnished for such tax
period:
Provided that no rectification of error or omission in respect of the details furnished
under sub-section (2) shall be allowed after furnishing of the return under section 39 for
the month of September following the end of the financial year to which such details
pertain, or furnishing of the relevant annual return, whichever is earlier
60 Form and manner of furnishing details of inward supplies
(1) Every registered person, other than a person referred to in section 14 of the
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017, required to furnish the details of
inward supplies of goods or services or both received during a tax period under sub-
section (2) of section 38 shall, on the basis of details contained in Part A, Part Band
Part C of FORM GSTR-2A, prepare such details as specified in sub-section (1) of the
said section and furnish the same in FORM GSTR-2 electronically through the
common portal, either directly or from a Facilitation Centre notified by the
Commissioner, after including therein details of such other inward supplies, if any,
required to be furnished under sub-section (2) of section 38.
(2) Every registered person shall furnish the details, if any, required under sub-section
(5) of section 38 electronically in FORM GSTR-2.
(3) The registered person shall specify the inward supplies in respect of which he is not
eligible, either fully or partially, for input tax credit in FORM GSTR-2 where such
eligibility can be determined at the invoice level.
(4) The registered person shall declare the quantum of ineligible input tax credit on
inward supplies which is relatable to non-taxable supplies or for purposes other than
business and cannot be determined at the invoice level in FORM GSTR-2.
(4A) The details of invoices furnished by an non-resident taxable person in his return in
FORM GSTR-5 under rule 63 shall be made available to the recipient of credit in Part
A of FORM GSTR 2A electronically through the common portal and the said recipient
may include the same in FORM GSTR-2.
(5) The details of invoices furnished by an Input Service Distributor in his return in
FORM GSTR-6 under rule 65 shall be made available to the recipient of credit in Part
B of FORM GSTR 2A electronically through the common portal and the said recipient

(6) The details of tax deducted at source furnished by the deductor under sub-section
(3) of section 39 in FORM GSTR-7 shall be made available to the deductee in Part C
of FORM GSTR-2A electronically through the common portal and the said deductee
(7) The details of tax collected at source furnished by an e-commerce operator under
section 52 in FORM GSTR-8 shall be made available to the concerned person in
Part C of FORM GSTR 2A electronically through the common portal and such person
(8) The details of inward supplies of goods or services or both furnished in FORM
GSTR-2 shall include the-
(a) invoice wise details of all inter-State and intra-State supplies received from
registered persons or unregistered persons;
(b) import of goods and services made; and
(c) debit and credit notes, if any, received from supplier.

Section 2(62) Definition of Input Tax
Section 2(67) Definition of Inward Supply
Section 37 Furnishing details of Outward supplies
38.1 Introduction
This provision relates to furnishing of details of inward supplies by the recipient on the basis of
details of outward su4pplies uploaded by the supplier(s) in Form GSTR 1.
CGST Act 397

38.2 Analysis
(a) In respect of the return for outward supplies filed by the supplier of goods / services
(under section 37 of CGST / SGST Act, 2017), recipient of supply is required to match
his inward supply details with that of the details uploaded by the supplier by way of
furnishing Form GSTR 1.
(b) The details uploaded by the supplier will be made available to the recipient in Part ‘A’ of
Form GSTR 2A (the details of input tax credit distributed by input service distributor will
be made available in Part ‘B’ of said Form i.e., Form GSTR 2A). The details will be
available for verification as and when the supplier has furnished Form GSTR 1.
However, a recipient using the said details can accept, reject, modify, add or mark it
pending (in cases where the goods or services or both are not yet received). Such
corrections can be effected on or after 11th day of succeeding month to which such
input tax credit relates to, the said activities can be done any time before 15th day of the
said month and Form GSTR 2 is to be submitted.
(c) The details of tax deducted at source and tax collected at source will be made
available in Part ‘B’ of Form GSTR 2A and the activities as specified supra for Part ‘A’
can be done i.e., accept / modify / reject / add, for values made available to the
recipient of supply in Part ‘B’ of the said form.
(d) Any modification, deletion to details made available to recipient in Form GSTR 2A or
any addition made by him to Form GSTR 2, will be made available to every such
supplier in Form GSTR 1A, which the supplier needs to either accept or reject, such
modification or deletion or addition as the case may be. On either acceptance or
rejection of details made available in Form GSTR 1A the supplier will amend form
GSTR 1 to that effect automatically and will either increase / decrease supplier’s output
tax liability.
Part A of FORM GTSR 2A will contain the following details (auto-populated on basis of
Form GSTR 1 submitted by supplier).
Sl. No. of
Content of FORM GSTR 1 of supplier
Form 2A
3 Inward supplies received from a registered person other than the
supplies attracting reverse charge.
4 Inward supplies received from a registered person on which tax is to be
paid on reverse charge.
5 Debit / Credit notes (including amendments thereof) received during
current tax period.
Note: The filing of Form GSTR-2 has been suspended for the time being and same
will be notified by way of notification.
(e) In case, any error or omission is discovered in the course of matching as specified in

the Act and discussed under Section 42 and 43, rectifications of the same shall be
effected and tax and interest, if any as applicable shall be paid on such corrections by
the person responsible for filing the return of inward supplies.
(f) Such rectification of error or omission, however, is not permitted after filing of annual
return or before the due date for filing the return for the month of September of the
following financial year to which the details pertain, whichever is earlier.
Facility to furnish details of outward supply on quarterly basis
Please note that, registered persons with aggregate turnover upto ` 1.5 Crore, can furnish
details of outward supplies in Form GSTR 1 on quarterly basis instead of furnishing such
details on monthly basis (Notification No. 57/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.11.2017 read with
Notification No. 71/2017 – Central Tax dated 29.12.2017 and Notification No. 17/2018 –
Central Tax dated 28.03.2018.
(i) The GST Council / GSTN is effecting a number of modifications in the modules to the
returns and more changes to the same are expected to be made in the near future. In
this regard, as a recipient of supply one would have to be cautious since uploading of
the supply details is by his suppliers by way of filing of GSTR 1 (for the period beginning
July 2017 till date new system of return is made available). The Recipient will only
download and verify such details in Form GSTR 2A. The Recipient should ensure that,
all his inward supplies on which he has availed input tax credit has been uploaded by
his supplier and the details of the same is available in Form GSTR 2A. By this, recipient
of supply can avoid interest liability on availment of excess credit (in the eyes of
exchequer) which may also effect his Goods and Service Tax Compliance rating in long
run.
(ii) Further, recipient of credit shall be aware of the fact that, input tax credit in relation to
supply received in a particular financial year say 2018-19 (including transactions of
credit / debit notes as the case may be), if not availed earlier, is to be availed on or
before the due date prescribed for filing of return for the month of September 2019 or
date of filing of annual return in Form GSTR 9, whichever is earlier. On this aspect law
would be sacrosanct and may not allow additional time which will result in losing out on
input tax credit.
Additional Comments
It is important to note that GST Council in its 27th Council Meeting held on 04.05.2018 has
approved the principles for the new return design proposed by a Group of Ministers on IT
simplification. According to the press release issued by Central Board of Indirect Taxes and
Customs, it is recommended that there will be one single return to be furnished by taxpayer
every month (except for composition taxpayer). Further uploading of invoices for outward
supplies will be allowed on real time basis and the same will visible to the recipient as and
when the invoice(s) is / are uploaded by the supplier.
CGST Act 399

The recommendations also state that for another six months, returns will have to be filed in
Form GSTR 3B and GSTR 1. Input tax credit will be available to the recipient during this
phase as well as for six months from the date of introduction of new return proposed on
provisional basis i.e., on the basis of input tax credit availed by the recipient of supply in his
return. However from the date of introduction of proposed return system, details of differences
between credit availed by recipient of supply and amount of credit as per the invoices
uploaded by the supplier will be made available to the recipient of the supply. After end of
Phase 2 of introduction of new return system, availability of input tax credit on provisional
basis will be withdrawn i.e., input tax credit will be available only when the invoice details is
uploaded by the supplier i.e., purely on the matching concept basis.
Also, the proposed return system has taken into consideration unnecessary movement of input
tax credit by suppliers who are defaulters of payment of taxes. Default beyond threshold
amount will result in blocking of input tax credit to the recipient of supply from such default
suppliers.
39. Returns
taxable person or a person paying tax under the provisions of section 10, section 51
or section 52 shall, for every calendar month or part thereof, furnish, in such FORM
and manner as may be prescribed, a return, electronically, of inward and outward
supplies of goods or services or both, input tax credit availed, tax payable, tax paid
and such other particulars as may be prescribed, on or before the twentieth day of the
month succeeding such calendar month or part thereof.
(2) A registered taxable person paying tax under the provisions of section 10 shall, for
each quarter or part thereof, furnish, in such FORM and manner as may be
prescribed, a return, electronically, of turnover in the state or union territory, inward
supplies of goods or services or both, tax payable and tax paid within eighteen days
after the end of such quarter.
(3) Every registered person required to deduct tax at source under the provisions of
section 51 shall furnish, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, a return,
electronically, for the month in which such deductions have been made within ten
days after the end of such month.
(4) Every taxable person registered as an Input Service Distributor shall, for every
calendar month or part thereof, furnish, in such form and in such manner as may be
prescribed, a return, electronically, within thirteen days after the end of such month.
(5) Every registered non-resident taxable person shall, for every calendar month or part
thereof, furnish, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, a return,
electronically, within twenty days after the end of a calendar month or within seven
days after the last day of the period of registration specified under sub-section (1) of
section 27, whichever is earlier.

(6) The Commissioner may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by notification, extend
the time limit for furnishing the returns under this section for such class of registered
persons as may be specified therein
Provided that any extension of time limit notified by the Commissioner of State tax or
Union territory tax shall be deemed to be notified by the Commissioner.
(7) Every registered person, who is required to furnish a return under sub-section (1) or
sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) or sub-section (5), shall pay to the Government the
tax due as per such return not later than the last date on which he is required to
furnish such return.
(8) Every registered person who is required to furnish a return under sub-section (1) or
sub-section (2) shall furnish a return for every tax period whether or not any supplies
of goods or services or both have been made during such tax period.
(9) Subject to the provisions of sections 37 and 38, if any registered person after
furnishing a return under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) or sub-
section (4) or sub-section (5) discovers any omission or incorrect particulars therein,
other than as a result of scrutiny, audit, inspection or enforcement activity by the tax
authorities, he shall rectify such omission or incorrect particulars in the return to be
furnished for the month or quarter during which such omission or incorrect particulars
are noticed, subject to payment of interest under this Act:
Provided that no such rectification of any omission or incorrect particulars shall be
allowed after the due date for furnishing of return for the month of September or
second quarter following the end of the financial year, or the actual date of furnishing
of relevant annual return, whichever is earlier.
10. A registered person shall not be allowed to furnish a return for a tax period if the
return for any of the previous tax periods has not been furnished by him.
61 Form and manner of submission of monthly return

(1) Every registered person other than a person referred to in section 14 of the Integrated
Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 or an Input Service Distributor or a non-resident
taxable person or a person paying tax under section 10 or section 51 or, as the case
may be, under section 52 shall furnish a return specified under sub-section (1) of
section 39 in FORM GSTR-3 electronically through the common portal either directly
or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner.
(2) Part A of the return under sub-rule (1) shall be electronically generated on the basis of
information furnished through FORM GSTR-1, FORM GSTR-2 and based on other
liabilities of preceding tax periods.
(3) Every registered person furnishing the return under sub-rule (1) shall, subject to the
provisions of section 49, discharge his liability towards tax, interest, penalty, fees or
any other amount payable under the Act or the provisions of this Chapter by debiting
CGST Act 401

the electronic cash ledger or electronic credit ledger and include the details in Part B
of the return in FORM GSTR-3.
(4) A registered person, claiming refund of any balance in the electronic cash ledger in
accordance with the provisions of sub-section (6) of section 49, may claim such
refund in Part B of the return in FORM GSTR-3 and such return shall be deemed to
be an application filed under section 54.
(5) Where the time limit for furnishing of details in FORM GSTR-1 under section 37 and in
FORM GSTR-2 under section 38 has been extended and the circumstances so
warrant, the Commissioner may, by notification, [specify the manner and conditions
subject to which the return shall be furnished in FORM GSTR-3B electronically
the Commissioner.
(6) Where a return in FORM GSTR-3B has been furnished, after the due date for
furnishing of details in FORM GSTR-2—
(a) Part A of the return in FORM GSTR-3 shall be electronically generated on the
basis of information furnished through FORM GSTR-1, FORM GSTR-2 and
based on other liabilities of preceding tax periods and PART B of the said
return shall be electronically generated on the basis of the return in FORM
GSTR-3B furnished in respect of the tax period;
(b) the registered person shall modify Part B of the return in FORM GSTR-3 based
on the discrepancies, if any, between the return in FORM GSTR-3B and the
return in FORM GSTR-3 and discharge his tax and other liabilities, if any;
(c) where the amount of input tax credit in FORM GSTR-3 exceeds the amount of
input tax credit in terms of FORM GSTR-3B, the additional amount shall be
credited to the electronic credit ledger of the registered person.
62 Form and manner of submission of quarterly return by the composition
supplier
(1) Every registered person paying tax under section 10 shall, on the basis of details
contained in FORM GSTR-4A, and where required, after adding, correcting or
deleting the details, furnish the quarterly return in FORM GSTR-4 electronically
the Commissioner.
Provided that the registered person who opts to pay tax under section 10 with effect
from the first day of a month which is not the first month of a quarter shall furnish the
return in FORM GSTR-4 for that period of the quarter for which he has paid tax under
section 10 and shall furnish the returns as applicable to him for the period of the
quarter prior to opting to pay tax under section 10
(2) Every registered person furnishing the return under sub-rule (1) shall discharge his
liability towards tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount payable under the Act

or the provisions of this Chapter by debiting the electronic cash ledger.

(3) The return furnished under sub-rule (1) shall include the-
(a) invoice wise inter-State and intra-State inward supplies received from
registered and un-registered persons; and
(b) consolidated details of outward supplies made.
(4) A registered person who has opted to pay tax under section 10 from the beginning of
a financial year shall, where required, furnish the details of outward and inward
supplies and return under rules 59, 60 and 61 relating to the period during which the
person was liable to furnish such details and returns till the due date of furnishing the
return for the month of September of the succeeding financial year or furnishing of
annual return of the preceding financial year, whichever is earlier.
Explanation.– For the purposes of this sub-rule, it is hereby declared that the person
shall not be eligible to avail of input tax credit on receipt of invoices or debit notes
from the supplier for the period prior to his opting for the composition scheme.
(5) A registered person opting to withdraw from the composition scheme at his own
motion or where option is withdrawn at the instance of the proper officer shall, where
required, furnish the details relating to the period prior to his opting for payment of tax
under section 9 in FORM GSTR- 4 till the due date of furnishing the return for the
quarter ending September of the succeeding financial year or furnishing of annual
return of the preceding financial year, whichever is earlier.
63 Form and manner of submission of return by non-resident taxable person.-
Every registered non-resident taxable person shall furnish a return in FORM GSTR-5
electronically through the common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation
Centre notified by the Commissioner, including therein the details of outward supplies
and inward supplies and shall pay the tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount
payable under the Act or the provisions of this Chapter within twenty days after the
end of a tax period or within seven days after the last day of the validity period of
registration, whichever is earlier.
64 Form and manner of submission of return by persons providing online
information and database access or retrieval services
Every registered person providing online information and data base access or
retrieval services from a place outside India to a person in India other than a
registered person shall file return in FORM GSTR-5A on or before the twentieth day
of the month succeeding the calendar month or part thereof
65 Form and manner of submission of return by an Input Service Distributor.-
Every Input Service Distributor shall, on the basis of details contained in FORM
GSTR-6A, and where required, after adding, correcting or deleting the details, furnish
electronically the return in FORM GSTR-6, containing the details of tax invoices on
which credit has been received and those issued under section 20, through the
CGST Act 403

common portal either directly or from a Facilitation Centre notified by the

Commissioner.
66 Form and manner of submission of return by a person required to deduct tax at
source.-
(1) Every registered person required to deduct tax at source under section 51 (hereafter
in this rule referred to as deductor) shall furnish a return in FORM GSTR-7
electronically through the common portal either directly or from a Facilitation Centre
(2) The details furnished by the deductor under sub-rule (1) shall be made available
electronically to each of the suppliers in Part C of FORM GSTR-2A and FORM-
GSTR- 4A on the common portal after the due date of filing of FORM GSTR-7.
(3) The certificate referred to in sub-section (3) of section 51 shall be made available
electronically to the deductee on the common portal in FORM GSTR-7A on the basis
of the return furnished under sub-rule (1).
67 Form and manner of submission of statement of supplies through an
ecommerce operator.-
(1) Every electronic commerce operator required to collect tax at source under section
52 shall furnish a statement in FORM GSTR-8 electronically on the common portal,
either directly or from a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner, containing
details of supplies effected through such operator and the amount of tax collected as
required under sub-section (1) of section 52.
(2) The details furnished by the operator under sub-rule (1) shall be made available
electronically to each of the suppliers in Part C of FORM GSTR-2A on the common
portal after the due date of filing of FORM GSTR-8.
68. Notice to non-filers of returns.-
A notice in FORM GSTR-3A shall be issued, electronically, to a registered person
who fails to furnish return under section 39 or section 44 or section 45 or section 52.



Section 41 Claim of input tax and provisional acceptance thereof
Section 42 Matching of reversal and reclaim of input tax credit
Section 43 Matching, reversal and reclaim of reduction in output tax liability
Section 46 Notice to return defaulters
39.1 Analysis
This section deals with filing of GST Return by persons registered under different provisions of
this Act and rules made thereto.
A. Return and due dates for payment of tax and filing of return for the registered person
Section Person Liable – FORM – CGST Due date Due Date Periodicity
Ref – (B) (C) Rule – for for filing – (G)
(A) (D) payment of return -
of tax – (F)
(E)
39(1) Regular GSTR-3 Rule – On or On or Monthly
Taxpayers / 3B 61 before the before 20th
(other than due date day of
registered of filing of subsequent
person covered return – month
under As
subsection 2, 3, referred in
4 & 5 of Section column
39) (F)
39(2) Composition GSTR-4 Rule – On or Within 18th Quarterly
Taxable persons 62 before the day from
due date the end of
of filing of relevant
return – quarter
Ref
column
(F)
CGST Act 405

39(3) Any Registered GSTR-7 Rule – On or On or Monthly

person who is 66 before the before 10th
liable to deduct due date day of the
tax at source of filing of subsequent
under section 51 return – month
As
referred in
column
(F)
39(4) Input Service GSTR-6 Rule – Not On or Monthly
Distributor (for 65 Applicable before 13th
distributing day of the
credits) succeeding
month
39(5) Non-Resident GSTR-5 Rule – On or Within 20 days from the
Taxable person 63 before the end of the calendar
due date month or within 7 days
of filing of after the last day of the
return – period of registration,
As whichever is earlier
referred in
column
(F)
39(5) Supplier located GSTR- Rule – On or On or Monthly
outside taxable 5A 64 before before 20th
territory – due date day of the
making supply of filing of succeeding
of online return – month
information and As (including
data base referred in part
access or Column thereof)
retrieval (F)
services from a
place outside
India to non-
taxable online
recipient
B. The extension of time limit for furnishing the returns

The Commissioner is empowered by sub-section (6) of section 36, for extending the due dates
for furnishing the returns and basis this commissioner Central Tax / State Tax has issued

Notification(s) extending due date(s) originally prescribed for filing of statement(s) / return(s)
as the case may be.
Please refer ‘Annexure – A’ at the end of the chapter, giving details of Notification(s)
extending due date(s) for various statement(s) / return(s) prescribed under the GST laws.
C. Mandatory to file returns
Every registered person covered under section 39(1) & 39(2) shall furnish a return for every
tax period whether or not any supplies of goods and/or services have been effected during
such tax period. In other words, the person registered as regular taxpayer (including SEZ unit
or developer) and person registered as a composition taxpayer, are obliged to file “NIL
RETURN” even when there is / are no transaction(s) effected by them in any tax period.
D. Rectification of error and omission
(i) Every registered person (including ISD, person liable to deduct tax at source) who has
furnished or is required to file a return in terms of this section, can on identification of
any error or omission rectify the same in the tax period in which such error or omission
is noticed by him.
(ii) Rectification, resulting in additional output tax or reduction in input tax credit shall be
paid / reversed and the same would be subject to interest as prescribed in section 50 of
this Act.
(iii) Such rectification of error or omission will not be allowed, when omission or incorrect
particulars are discovered as a result of scrutiny, audit, inspection or enforcement
activity by the tax authorities,
(iv) Further, no rectification of any error or omission will be allowed after the due date for
filing of return for the month of September or second quarter of the succeeding financial
year, or the actual date of filing of relevant annual return, whichever is earlier.
E. Non-submission of previous tax period returns
A registered person will not be allowed to furnish a return for any tax period, unless returns for
all previous tax periods has been furnished by him. Currently, the filing of monthly return in
Form GSTR 3 is suspended and a summary return in Form GSTR 3B is required to be filed on
monthly basis by every taxpayer including composition taxpayer.
Further, filing of Form GSTR 2 i.e., Statement of inward supply is also suspended for an
indefinite period and therefore filing of Form GSTR 3 i.e., monthly return will not be possible.
As a result, it now appears that for the period July 2017 to the date of the proposed return
system is in place the assessment of returns and information furnished thereon, will be done
on the basis of information furnished in Form GSTR 3B, Form GSTR 1 i.e., statement of
outward supply for supplies effected and Form GSTR 2A which is made available to the
recipient of supply on the basis of details of outward supply furnished by supplier in Form
GSTR 1.
Provisions relating to deduction of tax at source (section 51) and provisions of collection of tax
CGST Act 407

at source (section 52), has been suspended till 30.06.2017 based on the recommendations of
the GST Council in its 26th Council Meeting held on 10.03.2018 (Press release to this effect is
issued and is available on CBEC website). Therefore question of filing of returns prescribed
for these persons does not arise. As such, the question of filing return in Form GSTR 7 by
person liable to deduct tax at source and furnishing of a statement in Form GSTR 8 by the
person liable to collect at source in terms of GST provisions.
Return by Composition taxpayer:
Every person registered as composition taxpayer is required to furnish return on quarterly
basis in Form GSTR 4 within 18 days from the end of the relevant quarter to which such return
pertains to.
Please refer Annexure – A at the end of this chapter for changes in due dates and
details of relevant notifications.
Return by Input Service Distributor:
Every person who is registered as an Input Service Distributor for the purpose of distributing
credits relating to input services, is required to file a monthly return in Form GSTR 6 within 13
days of the succeeding month.
Please refer Annexure – A at the end of this chapter for changes in due dates and
details of relevant notifications.
Valid Return:
Return furnished for any tax period will be considered as a valid return in terms of section
2(117) of the CGST Act, 2017, only when self-assessed taxes are paid in full.
40. First Return
Every registered person who has made outward supplies in the period between the date on
which he became liable to registration till the date on which registration has been granted
shall declare the same in the first return furnished by him after grant of registration.
40.1 Analysis
First Return – On grant of registration, a taxable person is required to file his first return. This
section specifies the period for which this first return needs to be furnished. It is important to
note that that there is no separate form / return prescribed for first return and will have to
furnish first return in regular forms such as GSTR 3B / 3 or GSTR 4 as the case may be.
Furnishing details as part of first return would apply, only when the person has effected
taxable supplies between the period of date of application for registration and the actual date
of grant of registration, where such registration certificate is granted effective from the date of
application for registration.

The details would generally include:

Transaction to be reported Related Period
Outward supplies From date on which he becomes liable to get registered till
the date on which registration is granted
Applicability of provisions of revised invoice:

It is important to note that, one would have to issue or raise a revised invoice, to give effect for
the taxes liable to be paid under GST laws. This would be applicable only when any person,
receives a certificate of registration in Form GST REG-06 bearing the date of application for
registration as effective date of registration, though such registration certificate may be
received at a later date (Rule 53 of CGST Rules, 2017 should be referred).
Input tax credit on purchases prior to the date of registration:
Person making an application for new registration shall be entitled to claim credit of input tax
held in inputs as such, inputs contained in semi-finished goods or finished goods held in stock
by such person on the day immediately preceding the date from which such person is liable to
obtain registration i.e., the supplies made thirty days before the date of registration if the
application for registration is made on thirtieth day, from the date on which he became liable to
get registered OR the date on which he made an application for registration, if application for
registration is made immediately he became liable for registration.
Note: Input tax credit in relation to capital goods held as a fixed asset as on the above date,
which will be used or is intended to be used in making taxable supply will not be available, as
there is no specific provision in this regard. In such cases, person making an application for
registration could effect purchases of such capital goods (if he is intending to purchase any)
after receiving the said registration certificate.
41. Claim of input tax credit and provisional acceptance thereof
1. Every registered person shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be
prescribed, be entitled to take the credit of eligible input tax, as self-assessed, in his
return and such amount shall be credited on a provisional basis to his electronic credit
ledger.
2. The credit referred to in sub section (1) shall be utilised only for payment of self-
assessed output tax liability as per the return referred to in the said sub-section.
41.1 Introduction
This Section relates to claim of input tax credit on self-assessment basis and its provisional
acceptance thereof by the revenue.
41.2 Analysis
All registered persons shall be eligible to avail eligible input tax credit on self-assessment
CGST Act 409

basis. Amount availed as input tax credit on self-assessment basis, shall be credited to his
electronic credit ledger on a provisional basis and it would attain finality only after applying the
procedures as prescribed under section 42 and 43 of CGST / SGST Act, 2017.
This self-assessed input tax credit can be utilised for making payment of self-assessed output
tax only (other than inward supplies liable to tax under reverse charge).
42. Matching, reversal and reclaim of input tax credit
(1) The details of every inward supply furnished by a registered person (hereafter in this
section referred to as the “recipient”) for a tax period shall, in such manner and within
such time as may be prescribed, be matched-
(a) with the corresponding details of outward supply furnished by the
corresponding registered person (hereafter in this section referred to as the
“supplier”) in his valid return for the same tax period or any preceding tax
period,
(b) with the integrated goods and services tax paid under section 3 of the Customs
Tariff Act, 1975 in respect of goods imported by him, and
(c) for duplication of claims of input tax credit.
(2) The claim of input tax credit in respect of invoices or debit notes relating to inward
supply that match with the details of corresponding outward supply or with the
integrated goods and services tax paid under section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act,
1975 in respect of goods imported by him shall be finally accepted and such
acceptance shall be communicated, in such manner as may be prescribed, to the
recipient.
(3) Where the input tax credit claimed by a recipient in respect of an inward supply is in
excess of the tax declared by the supplier for the same supply or the outward supply
is not declared by the supplier in his valid returns, the discrepancy shall be
communicated to both such persons in such manner as may be prescribed.
(4) The duplication of claims of input tax credit shall be communicated to the recipient in
such manner as may be prescribed.
(5) The amount in respect of which any discrepancy is communicated under subsection
(3) and which is not rectified by the supplier in his valid return for the month in which
discrepancy is communicated shall be added to the output tax liability of the recipient,
in such manner as may be prescribed, in his return for the month succeeding the
month in which the discrepancy is communicated.
(6) The amount claimed as input tax credit that is found to be in excess on account of
duplication of claims shall be added to the output tax liability of the recipient in his
return for the month in which the duplication is communicated.
(7) The recipient shall be eligible to reduce, from his output tax liability, the amount

added under sub-section (5), if the supplier declares the details of the invoice or debit
note in his valid return within the time specified in sub-section (9) of section 39.
(8) A recipient in whose output tax liability any amount has been added under subsection
(5) or sub-section (6), shall be liable to pay interest at the rate specified under
subsection (1) of section 50 on the amount so added from the date of availing of
credit till the corresponding additions are made under the said sub-sections.
(9) Where any reduction in output tax liability is accepted under sub-section (7), the
interest paid under sub-section (8) shall be refunded to the recipient by crediting the
amount in the corresponding head of his electronic cash ledger in such manner as
may be prescribed
Provided that the amount of interest to be credited in any case shall not exceed the
amount of interest paid by the supplier.
(10) The amount reduced from the output tax liability in contravention of the provisions of
sub-section (7) shall be added to the output tax liability of the recipient in his return
for the month in which such contravention takes place and such recipient shall be
liable to pay interest on the amount so added at the rate specified in sub-section (3)
of section 50.

69 Matching of claim of input tax credit.-
The following details relating to the claim of input tax credit on inward supplies including
imports, provisionally allowed under section 41, shall be matched under section 42 after the
due date for furnishing the return in FORM GSTR-3-
(a) Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the supplier;
(b) Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the recipient;
(c) invoice or debit note number;
(d) invoice or debit note date; and
(e) tax amount:
Provided that where the time limit for furnishing FORM GSTR-1 specified under section 37
and FORM GSTR-2 specified under section 38 has been extended, the date of matching
relating to claim of input tax credit shall also be extended accordingly:
Provided further that the Commissioner may, on the recommendations of the Council, by
order, extend the date of matching relating to claim of input tax credit to such date as may
be specified therein.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this rule, it is hereby declared that –
(i) The claim of input tax credit in respect of invoices and debit notes in FORM GSTR- 2
CGST Act 411

that were accepted by the recipient on the basis of FORM GSTR-2A without
amendment shall be treated as matched if the corresponding supplier has furnished
a valid return;
(ii) The claim of input tax credit shall be considered as matched where the amount of
input tax credit claimed is equal to or less than the output tax paid on such tax
invoice or debit note by the corresponding supplier.
70 Final acceptance of input tax credit and communication thereof.--
(1) The final acceptance of claim of input tax credit in respect of any tax period, specified
in sub-section (2) of section 42, shall be made available electronically to the
registered person making such claim in FORM GST MIS-1 through the common
portal.
(2) The claim of input tax credit in respect of any tax period which had been
communicated as mismatched but is found to be matched after rectification by the
supplier or recipient shall be finally accepted and made available electronically to the
person making such claim in FORM GST MIS-1 through the common portal.
71 Communication and rectification of discrepancy in claim of input tax credit and
reversal of claim of input tax credit.-
(1) Any discrepancy in the claim of input tax credit in respect of any tax period, specified
in sub-section (3) of section 42 and the details of output tax liable to be added under
sub-section (5) of the said section on account of continuation of such discrepancy,
shall be made available to the recipient making such claim electronically in FORM
GST MIS-1 and to the supplier electronically in FORM GST MIS-2 through the
common portal on or before the last date of the month in which the matching has
been carried out.
(2) A supplier to whom any discrepancy is made available under sub-rule (1) may make
suitable rectifications in the statement of outward supplies to be furnished for the
month in which the discrepancy is made available.
(3) A recipient to whom any discrepancy is made available under sub-rule (1) may make
suitable rectifications in the statement of inward supplies to be furnished for the
(4) Where the discrepancy is not rectified under sub-rule (2) or sub-rule (3), an amount
to the extent of discrepancy shall be added to the output tax liability of the recipient in
his return to be furnished in FORM GSTR-3 for the month succeeding the month in
which the discrepancy is made available.
(i) Rectification by a supplier means adding or correcting the details of an outward
supply in his valid return so as to match the details of corresponding inward
supply declared by the recipient;

(ii) Rectification by the recipient means deleting or correcting the details of an

inward supply so as to match the details of corresponding outward supply
declared by the supplier.
72 Claim of input tax credit on the same invoice more than once.-
Duplication of claims of input tax credit in the details of inward supplies shall be
communicated to the registered person in FORM GST MIS-1electronically through
the common portal.
77 Refund of interest paid on reclaim of reversals.-
The interest to be refunded under sub-section (9) of section 42 or sub-section (9) of
section 43 shall be claimed by the registered person in his return in FORM GSTR-3
and shall be credited to his electronic cash ledger in FORM GST PMT-05 and the
amount credited shall be available for payment of any future liability towards interest
or the taxable person may claim refund of the amount under section 54.

Section 50 Interest on delayed payment of tax
42.1 Introduction
This provision relates to matching, reversal and reclaim of input tax credit. However, the
provisions of section 42 shall not be applicable for the financial year 2017-18 due to deferment
of filing of Form No. GSTR-2 and GSTR-3. However, the matching of input tax credit and
verification of output tax liability would still be done on the basis of GSTR 1 furnished for
outward supplies and amount of credit availed by recipient apart from values as made
available to him in his Form GSTR 2A, the facility of which is still available to both registered
CGST Act 413

persons as well as to exchequer to ensure that there is no mismatch in output tax paid or
payable / input tax credit availed or available, as the case may be.
42.2 Analysis
A. Matching, reversal and reclaim envisages the following circumstances
Situation Remarks / Comments
All Transactions where Input credit details The transaction is treated as matched.
of recipient are matched for output tax as
stated by supplier and recipient (including
cases where amount of input tax credit
claimed is less than the amount of output
tax paid by supplier on a particular tax
invoice)
Transactions where the claim of input tax Details of such discrepancy shall be
credit is made more than once (i.e., communicated to the registered person (only
Duplication of claims) recipient) in FORM GST MIS 1.
Transactions where the claim for input tax Details of such discrepancy shall be made
credit is higher than the output tax as available to recipient in Form GST MIS-1 and
declared by the supplier to the supplier in Form GST MIS-2 – Two
possibilities:
(a) If discrepancy is due to supplier’s mistake
and accepts it, can correct it in GSTR 1 of that
month (results in increase in output liability in
the hands of supplier).
(b) If discrepancy is due to recipient’s mistake
and accepts it, can correct it in statement of
inward supply for that month (results in
reduction in input tax credit in the hands of
recipient).
However, if the same is not rectified by both of
them, such amount will get added to output tax
liability of such recipient and the said amount
is payable along with applicable interest
(section 50(1) of CGST Act, 2017).
Transactions where the claim for input tax Same as above
credit is higher than the output tax as
declared by the supplier because the
supplier has not furnished a particular
transaction.

Illustration:
The recipient of supply has filed his return for the month of July, 2018 on 20th of August, 2018.
There is mismatch in the amount of input tax credit availed and amount of tax paid by the
supplier on the particular tax invoice, the discrepancy will be made available to recipient in
Form GST MIS-1 and to the supplier in Form GST MIS-2 by 31st day of August 2018 through
the common portal.
In this case one has to understand who has committed the error and who should rectify –
whether the supplier shall make rectification in their GSTR 1 to be submitted for the month of
August 2018 OR the recipient shall make rectification in Form GSTR 2 to be submitted for the
said month i.e., August 2018. In such a situation, if the supplier has committed the error and
corrects it in his GSTR 1 to the said extent there will be increase in his output tax, along with
applicable interest. Similarly, if the error has been committed by the recipient and he corrects
it in Form GSTR 2, then to the said extent there will be reduction in the amount of input tax
credit available for payment of taxes.
However, if neither the supplier nor the recipient rectifies the discrepancy, then the difference
amount will get added to the output tax liability of the recipient of supply in his return in FORM
GSTR-3 / GSTR 3B as the case may be for the month of September 2018. The said
differential amount shall be along with applicable interest.
However, if the supplier declares the invoice or debit note in any subsequent month but before
the time limit prescribed, say in the month Jan 2019, the recipient of supply can reduce the
relevant tax amount from the output tax liability for the month of January 2019. Further,
recipient will also be eligible for refund of interest paid earlier and the said amount will get
credited to electronic cash ledger under the head of interest and can be utilised for any
payment towards interest in future.
43. Matching, reversal and reclaim of reduction in output tax liability
(1) The details of every credit note relating to outward supply furnished by a registered
person (hereinafter referred to in this section as the ‘supplier’) for a tax period shall,
in such manner and within such time as may be prescribed, be matched -
(a) with the corresponding reduction in the claim for input tax credit by the
corresponding registered person (hereinafter referred to in this section as the
‘recipient’) in his valid return for the same tax period or any subsequent tax
period, and
(b) for duplication of claims for reduction in output tax liability.
(2) The claim for reduction in output tax liability by the supplier that matches with the
corresponding reduction in the claim for input tax credit by the recipient shall be
finally accepted and communicated, in the manner as may be prescribed, to the
supplier.
CGST Act 415

(3) Where the reduction of output tax liability in respect of outward supplies exceeds the
corresponding reduction in the claim for input tax credit or the corresponding credit
note is not declared by the recipient in his valid returns, the discrepancy shall be
communicated to both such persons in the manner as may be prescribed.
(4) The duplication of claims for reduction in output tax liability shall be communicated to
the supplier in such manner as may be prescribed.
(5) The amount in respect of which any discrepancy is communicated under sub-section
(3) and which is not rectified by the recipient in his valid return for the month in which
discrepancy is communicated shall be added to the output tax liability of the supplier,
in such manner as may be prescribed, in his return for the month succeeding the
month in which the discrepancy is communicated.
(6) The amount in respect of any reduction in output tax liability that is found to be on
account of duplication of claims shall be added to the output tax liability of the
supplier in his return for the month in which such duplication is communicated.
(7) The supplier shall be eligible to reduce, from his output tax liability, the amount
added under sub-section (5) if the recipient declares the details of the credit note in
his valid return within the time specified in sub-section (9) of section 39.
(8) A supplier in whose output tax liability any amount has been added under subsection
(5) or sub-section (6), shall be liable to pay interest at the rate specified under
subsection (1) of section 50 in respect of the amount so added from the date of such
claim for reduction in the output tax liability till the corresponding additions are made
under the said sub-sections..
(9) Where any reduction in output tax liability is accepted under sub-section (7), the
interest paid under sub-section (8) shall be refunded to the supplier by crediting the
amount in the corresponding head of his electronic cash ledger in such manner as
may be prescribed
Provided that the amount of interest to be credited in any case shall not exceed the
amount of interest paid by the recipient.
(10) The amount reduced from output tax liability in contravention of the provisions of sub-
section (7) shall be added to the output tax liability of the supplier in his return for the
month in which such contravention takes place and such supplier shall be liable to
pay interest on the amount so added at the rate specified in sub-section (3) of section
50.


73 Matching of claim of reduction in the output tax liability.-
The following details relating to the claim of reduction in output tax liability shall be
matched under section 43 after the due date for furnishing the return in FORM
GSTR-3, namely:-
(a) Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the supplier;
(b) Goods and Services Tax Identification Number of the recipient;
(c) credit note number;
(d) credit note date; and
(e) tax amount:
Provided that where the time limit for furnishing FORM GSTR-1 under section 37and
FORM GSTR-2 under section 38 has been extended, the date of matching of claim of
reduction in the output tax liability shall be extended accordingly: Provided further
that the Commissioner may, on the recommendations of the Council, by order,
extend the date of matching relating to claim of reduction in output tax liability to such
date as may be specified therein.
(i) the claim of reduction in output tax liability due to issuance of credit notes in
FORM GSTR-1 that were accepted by the corresponding recipient in FORM
GSTR-2 without amendment shall be treated as matched if the said recipient
has furnished a valid return.
(ii) the claim of reduction in the output tax liability shall be considered as matched
where the amount of output tax liability after taking into account the reduction
claimed is equal to or more than the claim of input tax credit after taking into
account the reduction admitted and discharged on such credit note by the
corresponding recipient in his valid return.
74. Final acceptance of reduction in output tax liability and communication
thereof.-
(1) The final acceptance of claim of reduction in output tax liability in respect of any tax
period, specified in sub-section (2) of section 43, shall be made available
electronically to the person making such claim in FORM GST MIS-1 through the
common portal.
(2) The claim of reduction in output tax liability in respect of any tax period which had
been communicated as mis-matched but is found to be matched after rectification by
the supplier or recipient shall be finally accepted and made available electronically to
the person making such claim in FORM GST MIS-1 through the common portal.
CGST Act 417

75. Communication and rectification of discrepancy in reduction in output tax

liability and reversal of claim of reduction.-
(1) Any discrepancy in claim of reduction in output tax liability, specified in sub-section
(3) of section 43, and the details of output tax liability to be added under sub-section
(5) of the said section on account of continuation of such discrepancy, shall be made
available to the registered person making such claim electronically in FORM GST
MIS- 1 and the recipient electronically in FORM GST MIS- 2 through the common
portal on or before the last date of the month in which the matching has been carried
out.
(2) A supplier to whom any discrepancy is made available under sub-rule (1) may make
suitable rectifications in the statement of outward supplies to be furnished for the
(3) A recipient to whom any discrepancy is made available under sub-rule (1) may make
suitable rectifications in the statement of inward supplies to be furnished for the
(4) Where the discrepancy is not rectified under sub-rule (2) or sub-rule (3), an amount
to the extent of discrepancy shall be added to the output tax liability of the supplier
and debited to the electronic liability register and also shown in his return in FORM
GSTR-3 for the month succeeding the month in which the discrepancy is made
available.
(i) rectification by a supplier means deleting or correcting the details of an
outward supply in his valid return so as to match the details of corresponding
inward supply declared by the recipient;
(ii) rectification by the recipient means adding or correcting the details of an
inward supply so as to match the details of corresponding outward supply
declared by the supplier.
76 Claim of reduction in output tax liability more than once.-
The duplication of claims for reduction in output tax liability in the details of outward
supplies shall be communicated to the registered person in FORM GST MIS-1
electronically through the common portal.
77 Refund of interest paid on reclaim of reversals.-
The interest to be refunded under sub-section (9) of section 42 or sub-section (9) of
section 43 shall be claimed by the registered person in his return in FORM GSTR-3
and shall be credited to his electronic cash ledger in FORM GST PMT-05 and the
amount credited shall be available for payment of any future liability towards interest
or the taxable person may claim refund of the amount under section 54.


43.1 Introduction
This provision relates to matching, reversal and reclaim of output tax liability due to
discrepancy in the output tax reduced by the supplier by way of issuing credit note and
corresponding reduction of input tax credit by the recipient. However, the provisions of section
43 shall not be applicable for the financial year 2017-18 as filing of details in inward supplies
in Form GSTR 2 and furnishing a monthly return in Form GSTR 3 has been suspended for an
indefinite period. However, still matching of reduction in output tax paid by the supplier and
reduction of corresponding input tax credit (If availed earlier) will be verified by revenue
authorities by adopting different modes, such as, obtaining details through jurisdiction of the
recipient of supply, as the Government will not be ready to forego revenue twice viz., (i) on
account of reduction in output tax liability by the supplier by way of issuing credit note; and (ii)
availment of input tax credit in full, without reversing credit resulting due to credit note issued
by the supplier.
The said reduction in output tax liability can also be possible on account of reduction of output
tax liability by the supplier which originally was due to duplication of output tax liability, the
procedure as said above would mutatis and mutandis would apply
43.2 Analysis
A. Issuance of Credit note for reduction in output tax liability:
Where the output tax is reduced by the supplier by way of issuing a credit note, details
of every such credit note issued is to be matched with the corresponding reduction in
the credit by the recipient by availing lower input tax credit to that extent in the return
furnished for such period in which details of credit note is made available to the
recipient on the portal. For example: a supply invoice was originally issued at `
CGST Act 419

150,000 was overstated by ` 50,000, to that effect a credit note is issued by the
supplier (along with tax). This credit note is to be accepted by the recipient and should
result in reduction of input tax credit to the said extent in the return furnished by the
recipient of the supply.
B. Reduction in output tax liability due to duplication of output liability:
Similarly, where the supplier has paid taxes twice on a particular supply by issuing tax
two tax invoices or otherwise and a credit note is issued to rectify the said error, the
recipient of supply shall reduce his input tax credit (only if availed credit twice) in the tax
period in which such credit note is issued by the supplier and the same is made
available to the portal to the recipient. same shall also be accounted by the recipient.
Additional Comments:
All procedures as prescribed in analysis of section 42 supra and related rules thereto,
would equally be applicable to this section and the reference to the same can be made
to understand consequences, liability to pay interest and refund of interest paid earlier
by way of credit to electronic credit ledger.
44. Annual return

(1) Every registered person, other than an Input Service Distributor, a person paying tax
under section 51 or section 52, a casual taxable person and a non-resident taxable
person, shall furnish an annual return for every financial year electronically in such
form and manner as may be prescribed on or before the thirty-first day of December
following the end of such financial year.
(2) Every registered person who is required to get his accounts audited in accordance
with the provisions of sub-section (5) of section 35 shall furnish, electronically, the
annual return under sub-section (1) along with a copy of the audited annual accounts
and a reconciliation statement, reconciling the value of supplies declared in the return
furnished for the financial year with the audited annual financial statement, and such
other particulars as may be prescribed.

80 Annual return.-
(1) Every registered person, other than an Input Service Distributor, a person paying tax
under section 51 or section 52, a casual taxable person and a non-resident taxable
person, shall furnish an annual return as specified under sub-section (1) of section
44 electronically in FORM GSTR-9 through the common portal either directly or
through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner:

Provided that a person paying tax under section 10 shall furnish the annual return in
FORM GSTR-9A.
(2) Every electronic commerce operator required to collect tax at source under section
52 shall furnish annual statement referred to in sub-section (5) of the said section in
FORM GSTR -9B.
(3) Every registered person whose aggregate turnover during a financial year exceeds
two crore rupees shall get his accounts audited as specified under sub-section (5) of
section 35 and he shall furnish a copy of audited annual accounts and a
reconciliation statement, duly certified, in FORM GSTR-9C, electronically through the
common portal either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the
Commissioner.

Section 2(6) Definition of aggregate turnover
Section 2(94) Definition of registered person
Section 37 Furnishing details of outward supplies
Section 39 Furnishing of returns
44.1 Introduction
This section applies to all registered taxable person other than person registered as,
— An Input Service Distributor;
— A person liable to deduct tax under Section 51 (TDS) – Provision suspended till
30.06.2018;
— A person liable to collect tax at source under Section 52 (TCS) – Provision suspended
till 30.06.2018;
— A casual tax Taxable person; and
— Non-resident taxable person.
Due date for filing Annual Return is on or before 31st December, following the end of the
financial year to which the said Annual return is to be submitted.
CGST Act 421

44.2 Analysis
(a) Every taxable person (other than those covered in the exclusion list specified supra) is
required to file an annual return in FORM GSTR-9;
(b) Person paying tax under composition scheme in terms of section 10 of this Act will be
required to furnish annual return in Form GSTR 9A;
The said annual return is to be submitted electronically by persons specified in (a) and (b)
supra, for every financial year on or before 31st day of December of the following the end of
financial year, to which such annual return pertains to.
Further, as per sub-section (5) of Section 52 read with Rule 80, every Electronic Commerce
Operator who is required to collect tax at source in terms of section 52 of this Act, is required
to furnish annual statement electronically in Form GSTR 9B on or before 31st day of
December of the following the end of financial year, to which such annual statement pertains
to.
Every person, whose aggregate turnover exceeds ` Two crores, who is required to get his
accounts audited in terms of section 35(5) of this Act, shall in addition to annual return in 9, 9A
or 9B as the case may be, furnish a copy of audited financial statements along with
reconciliation statement in Form GSTR 9C, electronically.
45. Final return
Every registered person who is required to furnish a return under sub-section (1) of section
39 and whose registration has been cancelled shall furnish a final return within three
months of the date of cancellation or date of order of cancellation, whichever is later, in
such form and manner as may be prescribed.

81 Final return
Every registered person required to furnish a final return under section 45, shall furnish
such return electronically in FORM GSTR-10 through the common portal either directly or
through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner.

Section 18 Availability of credit in special circumstances
Section 25 Cancellation of registration


45.1 Introduction
This section applies to all registered taxable person other than persons registered as,
— Input Service Distributor;
— A person paying tax under Section 51 (TDS) – Provision suspended till 30.06.2018;
— A person paying tax under Section 52 (TCS) – Provision suspended till 30.06.2018;
— Non-resident taxable person; and
— A person paying tax under Section (10) composition levy.
45.2 Analysis
Every registered person whose registration is cancelled (suo moto or on an application made
by applicant i.e., voluntary cancellation) shall file a final return in FORM GSTR-10 through the
common portal within 3 months from the date of cancellation (in case of voluntary
cancellation) or date of order of cancellation (forceful cancellation by authority), whichever is
later.
Details, which shall be made available in the Final return to be furnished in Form GSTR 10, is
available in CGST Rules, 2017 as latest amended on 18,04.2018 vide Notification No. 21/2018
– Central Tax dated 18.04.2018.
Most important information, is that this return would require a person whose registration is
cancelled, to furnish, is as follows:
a. The details of value (after adjustment of credit/debit notes) and quantity of inputs held in
stock, inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock and capital
goods /plant and machinery.
b. The details of credit availed / reversed as per the provisions of GST law and tax
payable if any.
c. Details of amount to be payable on cancellation of registration through Electronic Cash
Ledger/ Electronic Credit Ledger.
d. Details of interest / late fee if any payable and paid details.
e. State-wise summary of supplies, rate-wise, should be uploaded in Table 7 of the Form
GSTR-1.
Further, it is also important to take care of the following things while furnishing final return in
Form GSTR 10.
(a) While providing details of inputs held in stock, inputs contained in semi-finished goods
or finished goods as the case may be:
CGST Act 423

 Where the tax invoices related to the inputs held in stock or inputs contained in
semi-finished or finished goods held in stock are not available, the registered
person shall estimate the value of inputs available in stock (in all three forms) for
the purpose of reversal, is based on the on prevailing market price of the goods
Note: The details of stock for which invoices are not available, shall be certified by
a Chartered Accountant or Cost Accountant and needs to be furnished with final
return filed in Form GSTR 10.
 In case of capital goods / plant and machinery, the value for the purpose of arriving
at the value of input tax to be reversed or paid, should be the invoice value reduced
by 1/60th value per month or part thereof, from the date of invoice / purchase taking
useful life as five years. For example: if the asset value was say ` 5 Lac and input
tax credit availed on the same was ` 90,000 (at 18%), the said asset was put to
use for say 48 months as on the date of cancellation of registration, then in such
case amount of reversal would be calculated as follows:
Amount of input tax credit eligible, till the date of cancellation - ` 90,000 / 60 * 48 =
` 72,000/-
Amount of input tax credit to be reversed / paid in cash - ` 90,000 / 60 * 12 = `
18,000
46. Notice to return defaulters
Where a registered person fails to furnish a return under section 39 or section 44 or section
45, a notice shall be issued requiring him to furnish such return within fifteen days in such
form and manner as may be prescribed.

Section 62 Assessment of non-filers of returns

46.1 Introduction
This section applies to all registered persons who fail to furnish return under section 39 or
section 44 and includes final return to be furnished in terms of section 45 of CGST Act, 2017.
46.2 Analysis
Notice to defaulter
Notice in FORM GSTR–3A shall be issued electronically to a registered person, who has
failed to file return(s) under 39 (monthly return) and under section 44 (annual return) requiring
him to file all such return(s) within 15 days from the date of serving of notice.
It is important to note that, a registered person who has failed to furnish return(s) as
prescribed under section 39 including annual return under section 44, read with relevant rules
thereto even after serving of notice as specified supra, the proper officer in such cases, can
proceed with making a best judgement assessment on the basis of information available with
him or gathered by him, anytime within 5 years from the due date prescribed for filing annual
return under section 44 of CGST Act, 2017 for that particular year, and issue an assessment
order to that effect (reference to Rule 100(1) of CGST Rules, 2017 can be made).
However, where the return(s) are furnished by a person on whom such order is served, within
30 days from the date of serving of order, the order issued will stand withdrawn but the liability
to pay interest for delay in payment and late fee for delay in furnishing returns would continue.
47. Levy of late fee
(1) Any registered person who fails to furnish the details of outward or inward supplies
required under section 37 or section 38 or returns required under section 39 or
section 45 by the due date shall pay a late fee of one hundred rupees for every day
during which such failure continues subject to a maximum amount of five thousand
rupees.
(2) Any registered person who fails to furnish the return required under section 44 by the
due date shall be liable to pay a late fee of one hundred rupees for every day during
which such failure continues subject to a maximum of an amount calculated at a
quarter per cent. of his turnover in the State or Union territory.

Section 2(112) Definition turnover in the State or turnover in Union territory
CGST Act 425


47.1 Introduction
This provision provides for late fee applicable on belated filing of statement / return(s)
including belated filing of annual return.
47.2 Analysis
For late filing of return, late fee as specified below will apply:
Defaulted Return Late fee under each CGST & Revised late fee under each
SGST / UTGST Law CGST & SGST / UTGST Law
Details of Outward ` 100 per day of delay with ` 25 per day of delay
Supplies (Ref: Section 37) cap on maximum late fee of ` (maximum of ` 5,000)
5,000 In case of NIL return – ` 10
per day of delay maximum of
` 5000
Details of Inward Supplies same as above Not Applicable – As Form
(Ref: Section 38) GSTR 2 is suspended for
indefinite period
Monthly Return (Ref: same as above ` 25 per day of delay
Section 39) – GSTR 3 / (maximum of ` 5,000)
GSTR 3B In case of NIL return – ` 10
per day of delay maximum of
` 5000
Details of Supplies made ` 100 per day of delay with ` 25 per day of delay
by Composition dealers cap on maximum late fee of ` (maximum of ` 5,000)
(Ref Sec 39(2)) 5,000 In case of nil return – ` 10 per
day of delay maximum of `
5000
Annual Return (Sec 44) ` 100 per day of delay with No revision
cap on maximum amount =
0.25% on turnover in the state
/ UT*
Final Return in case of Same as applicable to regular No revision
cancellation of registration return / statement
(Sec 45)

(Refer Note No. 2 at the end of the chapter, for details of Notification reducing late fee
for returns to be furnished in Form GSTR 1 and GSTR 3B.
* “turnover in State” or “turnover in Union territory” means the aggregate value of all taxable
supplies (excluding the value of inward supplies on which tax is payable by a person on
reverse charge basis) and exempt supplies made within a State or Union territory by a taxable
person, exports of goods or services or both and inter-State supplies of goods or services or
both made from the State or Union territory by the said taxable person but excludes central
tax, State tax, Union territory tax, integrated tax and cess.
However, by way of Notification No. 1/2018 – Central Tax dated 01.01.2018, trader will have
to pay taxes at 1% (0.5% CGST and 0.5% SGST) on turnover of taxable supply of goods in
the State / Union territory, by this logic the late fee should also be calculated only on value of
taxable supplies for the purpose of levy of late fee on belated annual return furnished in Form
9A, by composition taxpayer being a trader. However, contradictory view is also possible to
say that the restricted meaning was provided only for the purpose of collecting taxes on supply
of taxable goods and not otherwise.
48. Goods and Service tax practitioners
(1) The manner of approval of goods and services tax practitioners, their eligibility
conditions, duties and obligations, manner of removal and other conditions relevant for
their functioning shall be such as may be prescribed
(2) A registered person may authorise an approved goods and services tax practitioner to
furnish the details of outward supplies under section 37, the details of inward supplies
under section 38 and the return under section 39 or section 44 or section 45 in such
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the responsibility for correctness
of any furnished in the return or other details filed by the goods and services tax
practitioners shall continue to rest with the registered person on whose behalf such
return and details are furnished.
83 Provisions relating to a goods and services tax practitioner.-
(1) An application in FORM GST PCT-01 may be made electronically through the common
portal either directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner for
enrolment as goods and services tax practitioner by any person who,
(i) is a citizen of India;
(ii) is a person of sound mind;
(iii) is not adjudicated as insolvent;
CGST Act 427

(iv) has not been convicted by a competent court;

and satisfies any of the following conditions, namely:-
(a) that he is a retired officer of the Commercial Tax Department of any State
Government or of the Central Board of Excise and Customs, Department of
Revenue, Government of India, who, during his service under the Government, had
worked in a post not lower than the rank of a Group-B gazetted officer for a period
of not less than two years; or
(b) that he has enrolled as a sales tax practitioner or tax return preparer under the
existing law for a period of not less than five years;
(c) he has passed,
(i) a graduate or postgraduate degree or its equivalent examination having a
degree in Commerce, Law, Banking including Higher Auditing, or Business
Administration or Business Management from any Indian University established
by any law for the time being in force; or
(ii) a degree examination of any Foreign University recognised by any Indian
University as equivalent to the degree examination mentioned in sub-clause (i);
or
(iii) any other examination notified by the Government, on the recommendation of
the Council, for this purpose; or
(iv) has passed any of the following examinations, namely:
(a) final examination of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India; or
(b) final examination of the Institute of Cost Accountants of India; or
(c) final examination of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India.
(2) On receipt of the application referred to in sub-rule (1), the officer authorised in this
behalf shall, after making such enquiry as he considers necessary, either enrol the
applicant as a goods and services tax practitioner and issue a certificate to that effect in
FORM GST PCT-02 or reject his application where it is found that the applicant is not
qualified to be enrolled as a goods and services tax practitioner.
(3) The enrolment made under sub-rule (2) shall be valid until it is cancelled
Provided that no person enrolled as a goods and services tax practitioner shall be
eligible to remain enrolled unless he passes such examination conducted at such
periods and by such authority as may be notified by the Commissioner on the
recommendations of the Council:
Provided further that no person to whom the provisions of clause (b) of sub-rule (1)
apply shall be eligible to remain enrolled unless he passes the said examination within
a period of one year from the appointed date.

(4) If any goods and services tax practitioner is found guilty of misconduct in connection
with any proceedings under the Act, the authorised officer may, after giving him a notice
to show cause in FORM GST PCT-03 for such misconduct and after giving him a
reasonable opportunity of being heard, by order in FORM GST PCT -04 direct that he
shall henceforth be disqualified under section 48 to function as a goods and services
tax practitioner.
(5) Any person against whom an order under sub-rule (4) is made may, within thirty days
from the date of issue of such order, appeal to the Commissioner against such order.
(6) Any registered person may, at his option, authorise a goods and services tax
practitioner on the common portal in FORM GST PCT-05 or, at any time, withdraw such
authorisation in FORM GST PCT-05 and the goods and services tax practitioners
authorised shall be allowed to undertake such tasks as indicated in the said
authorisation during the period of authorisation.
(7) Where a statement required to be furnished by a registered person has been furnished
by the goods and services tax practitioner authorised by him, a confirmation shall be
sought from the registered person over email or SMS and the statement furnished by
the goods and services tax practitioner shall be made available to the registered person
on the common portal:
Provided that where the registered person fails to respond to the request for
confirmation till the last date of furnishing of such statement, it shall be deemed that he
has confirmed the statement furnished by the goods and services tax practitioner.
(8) A goods and services tax practitioner can undertake any or all of the following activities
on behalf of a registered person, if so authorised by him to-
(a) furnish the details of outward and inward supplies;
(b) furnish monthly, quarterly, annual or final return;
(c) make deposit for credit into the electronic cash ledger;
(d) file a claim for refund; and
(e) file an application for amendment or cancellation of registration:
Provided that where any application relating to a claim for refund or an application for
amendment or cancellation of registration has been submitted by the goods and
services tax practitioner authorised by the registered person, a confirmation shall be
sought from the registered person and the application submitted by the said practitioner
shall be made available to the registered person on the common portal and such
application shall not be proceeded with further until the registered person gives his
consent to the same.
(9) Any registered person opting to furnish his return through a goods and services tax
practitioner shall-
CGST Act 429

(a) give his consent in FORM GST PCT-05 to any goods and services tax practitioner
to prepare and furnish his return; and
(b) before confirming submission of any statement prepared by the goods and services
tax practitioner, ensure that the facts mentioned in the return are true and correct.
(10) The goods and services tax practitioner shall-
(a) prepare the statements with due diligence; and
(b) affix his digital signature on the statements prepared by him or electronically
verify using his credentials.
(11) A goods and services tax practitioner enrolled in any other State or Union territory shall
be treated as enrolled in the State or Union territory for the purposes specified in sub-
rule (8).
84 Conditions for purposes of appearance.-
(1) No person shall be eligible to attend before any authority as a goods and services tax
practitioner in connection with any proceedings under the Act on behalf of any
registered or un-registered person unless he has been enrolled under rule 83.
(2) A goods and services tax practitioner attending on behalf of a registered or an
unregistered person in any proceedings under the Act before any authority shall
produce before such authority, if required, a copy of the authorisation given by such
person in FORM GST PCT-05.
48.1 Introduction
This provision relates to:
— Procedure to be followed in appointment / termination of specified persons as Goods
and Service Tax Practitioners (GSTPs)
— Activities, which can be performed or services that can be offered by a person eligible
for appointment as GST practitioner.
48.2 Analysis
The procedure as prescribed in Rule 83 of CGST Rules, 2017 supra, is to be followed to enrol
as a Goods and Services Tax Practitioner (GSTP). The eligibility and disqualifications from
enrolment as GSTP is also provided in the said rule.
Further, procedure and purposes for which a registered person can appoint a GSTP and
duties of GSTP in relation to activities specified, is also clearly provided in the rule.
Activities, such as application for refund and cancellation of registration it is important to note
that though the application is made by GSTP, approval / confirmation of the information by the
registered person of information submitted by GSTP is mandatory.

A GST practitioner can undertake any or all of the following activities on behalf of a registered
person, if so authorised by the registered person viz.,
(a) furnish details of outward and inward supplies;
(b) furnish monthly, quarterly, annual or final return;
(c) make deposit for credit into the electronic cash ledger;
(d) file a claim for refund; and
(e) file an application for amendment or cancellation of registration.
Notes to the Chapter:
Note 1. Filing of GSTR-2 and GSTR-3 have been suspended for indefinite period. As such, all
provisions relating to filing of details of inward supply in GSTR-2, monthly return in GSTR-3,
matching provisions specified in section 42 and section 43 shall not be applicable till the date
government prescribes the new model of returns and issue notification(s)in this regard.
Note 2. Late fees for failure to file GSTR-3B has been waived for the months of July 2017,
August 2017 and September 2017. From October 2017, the late fees has been reduced to
twenty five rupees per day (both under CGST, SGST / UTGST) and where the central tax
payable is nil, the late fee is restricted to ten rupees per day (both under CGST and SGST /
UTGST / IGST). Refer table in Para 47.2 supra.
Annexure A
Revised / Applicable due dates:
Type of Tax period Due date Reference
Return:
July 2017 to Sep 2017 10.01.2018 Notification No. 71/2017 -
Oct 2017 to Dec 2017 15.02.2018 Central Tax dated 29.12.2017
GSTR - 1
&
(Quarterly) Jan 2018 to Mar 2018 30.04.2018
Notification No. 17/2018 -
Apr 2018 to June 2018 31.07.2018 Central Tax dated 28.03.2018
July 2017 to Nov 17 10.01.2018
Dec-17 10.02.2018
Jan-18 10.03.2018 Notification No.72/2017 -
GSTR - 1 Feb-18 10.04.2018 Central Tax dated 29.12.2017
(Monthly) Mar-18 10.05.2018 & Notification No.18/2018 -
Apr-18 31.05.2018 Central Tax dated 28.03.2018
May-18 10.06.2018
Jun-18 10.07.2018
GSTR - 3B Jul-17 25/28.08.2017 Notification No. 23 & 24/2017 -
CGST Act 431

Aug-17 20.09.2017 Central Tax dated 17.08.2017

and 21.08.2017 respectively
Sep-17 20.10.2017 Notification No.35/2017
Oct-17 20.11.2017 Central Tax dated 15.09.2017
&
Nov-17 20.12.2017
Dec-17 22.01.2018 Central Tax dated 20.01.2018
(for January only)
Jan-18 20.02.2018
Notification No. 56/2017 –
Feb-18 20.03.2018
Central Tax dated 15.11.2017
Mar-18 20.04.2018 &
Apr-18 20.05.2018 Notification No.16/2018 –
May-18 20.06.2018
Jun-18 20.07.2018
July 2017 to Sept 2017 24.12.2017
No Notification issued and date
Oct 2017 to Dec 2017 18.01.2018
GSTR - 4 as per law continues
Jan 2018 to Mar 2018 18.04.2018 No extension as of now [as per
Apr 2018 to June 2018 18.07.2018 section 39(2) due date is
provided]
Notification No. 19/2018 –
GSTR 6 July 2017 to April 2018 31.05.2018

Chapter–X
Payment of Tax
Sections Rules
49. Payment of tax, interest, penalty and 85. Electronic Liability Register
other amounts
86. Electronic Credit Ledger
50. Interest on delayed payment of tax
87. Electronic Cash Ledger
51. Tax deduction at source
88. Identification number for each transaction
52. Collection of tax at source
53. Transfer of input tax credit
49 Payment of Tax, Interest, Penalty and other Amounts

(1) Every deposit made towards tax, interest, penalty, fee or any other amount by a
person by internet banking or by using credit or debit cards or National Electronic
Fund Transfer or Real Time Gross Settlement or by such other mode and subject to
such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed, shall be credited to the
electronic cash ledger of such person to be maintained in such manner as may be
prescribed.
(2) The input tax credit as self-assessed in the return of a registered person shall be
credited to his electronic credit ledger, in accordance with section 41; to be
maintained in such manner as may be prescribed.
(3) The amount available in the electronic cash ledger may be used for making any
payment towards tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount payable under the
provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder in such manner and subject to
such conditions and within such time as may be prescribed.
(4) The amount available in the electronic credit ledger may be used for making any
payment towards output tax under this Act or under the Integrated Goods and
Services Tax Act in such manner and subject to such conditions and within such time
as may be prescribed.
(5) The amount of input tax credit available in the electronic credit ledger of the
registered person on account of-
(a) integrated tax shall first be utilised towards payment of integrated tax and the
amount remaining, if any, may be utilised towards the payment of central tax
and State tax, or as the case may be, Union territory tax, in that order;
(b) the central tax shall first be utilised towards payment of central tax and the
Ch-X: Payment of Tax Sec. 49-53
amount remaining, if any, may be utilised towards the payment of integrated

tax;
(c) the State tax shall first be utilised towards payment of State tax and the
amount remaining, if any, may be utilised towards payment of integrated tax;
(d) the Union territory tax shall first be utilised towards payment of Union territory
tax and the amount remaining, if any, may be utilised towards payment of
integrated tax;
(e) the central tax shall not be utilised towards payment of State tax or Union
territory tax; and
(f) the State tax or Union territory tax shall not be utilised towards payment of
central tax.
(6) The balance in the electronic cash ledger or electronic credit ledger after payment of
tax, interest, penalty, fee or any other amount payable under this Act or the rules
made thereunder may be refunded in accordance with the provisions of section 54.
(7) All liabilities of a taxable person under this Act shall be recorded and maintained in
an electronic liability register in such manner as may be prescribed.
(8) Every taxable person shall discharge his tax and other dues under this Act or the
rules made thereunder in the following order, namely:
(a) self–assessed tax, and other dues related to returns of previous tax periods;
(b) self-assessed tax, and other dues related to the return of the current tax
period;
(c) any other amount payable under this Act or the rules made thereunder
including the demand determined under Section 73 or 74.
(9) Every person who has paid the tax on goods or services or both under this Act shall,
unless the contrary is proved by him, be deemed to have passed on the full incidence
of such tax to the recipient of such goods or services or both.
Explanation.1- For the purposes of this section,
(a) the date of credit to the account of the Government in the authorised bank
shall be deemed to be the date of deposit in the electronic cash ledger;
(b) the expression
(i) “tax dues” means the tax payable under this Act and does not include
interest, fee and penalty; and
(ii) “other dues” means interest, penalty, fee or any other amount payable
under this Act or the rules made thereunder.
85 Electronic Liability Register

(1) The electronic liability register specified under subsection(7) of section 49 shall be
maintained in FORM GST PMT-01 for each person liable to pay tax, interest, penalty,

late fee or any other amount on the common portal and all amounts payable by him
shall be debited to the said register.
(2) The electronic liability register of the person shall be debited by-
(a) the amount payable towards tax, interest, late fee or any other amount payable as
per the return furnished by the said person;
(b) the amount of tax, interest, penalty or any other amount payable as determined by
a proper officer in pursuance of any proceedings under the Act or as ascertained
by the said person;
(c) the amount of tax and interest payable as a result of mismatch under section42 or
section 43 or section 50; or
(d) any amount of interest that may accrue from time to time.
(3) Subject to the provisions of section 49, payment of every liability by a registered
person as per his return shall be made by debiting the electronic credit ledger
maintained as per rule 86 or the electronic cash ledger maintained as per rule 87 and
the electronic liability register shall be credited accordingly.
(4) The amount deducted under section 51, or the amount collected under section 52, or
the amount payable on reverse charge basis, or the amount payable under section
10, any amount payable towards interest, penalty, fee or any other amount under the
Act shall be paid by debiting the electronic cash ledger maintained as per rule 87 and
the electronic liability register shall be credited accordingly.
(5) Any amount of demand debited in the electronic liability register shall stand reduced
to the extent of relief given by the appellate authority or Appellate Tribunal or court
and the electronic tax liability register shall be credited accordingly.
(6) The amount of penalty imposed or liable to be imposed shall stand reduced partly or
fully, as the case may be, if the taxable person makes the payment of tax, interest
and penalty specified in the show cause notice or demand order and the electronic
liability register shall be credited accordingly.
(7) A registered person shall, upon noticing any discrepancy in his electronic liability
ledger, communicate the same to the officer exercising jurisdiction in the matter,
through the common portal in FORM GST PMT-04.
86 Electronic Credit Ledger
(1) The electronic credit ledger shall be maintained in FORM GST PMT-02 for each
registered person eligible for input tax credit under the Acton the common portal and
every claim of input tax credit under the Act shall be credited to the said ledger.
(2) The electronic credit ledger shall be debited to the extent of discharge of any liability
in accordance with the provisions of section 49.
(3) Where a registered person has claimed refund of any unutilized amount from the
electronic credit ledger in accordance with the provisions of section 54, the amount
CGST Act 435

to the extent of the claim shall be debited in the said ledger.

(4) If the refund so filed is rejected, either fully or partly, the amount debited under sub
rule (3), to the extent of rejection, shall be re-credited to the electronic credit ledger
by the proper officer by an order made in FORM GST PMT-03.
(5) Save as provided in the provisions of this Chapter, no entry shall be made directly in
the electronic credit ledger under any circumstance.
(6) A registered person shall, upon noticing any discrepancy in his electronic credit
Explanation.– For the purposes of this rule, it is hereby clarified that a refund shall be
deemed to be rejected, if the appeal is finally rejected or if the claimant gives an
undertaking to the proper officer that he shall not file an appeal.
87 Electronic Cash Ledger
(1) The electronic cash ledger under sub-section (1) of section 49 shall be maintained
FORM GST PMT-05 for each person, liable to pay tax ,interest, penalty, late fee or
any other amount, on the common portal for crediting the amount deposited and
debiting the payment therefrom towards tax, interest, penalty, fee or any other
amount.
(2) Any person, or a person on his behalf, shall generate a challan in FORM GST PMT-
06 on the common portal and enter the details of the amount to be deposited by him
towards tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount:
Provided that the challan in FORM GST PMT-06 generated at the common portal
shall be valid for a period of fifteen days.
Provided further that a person supplying online information and database access or
may also do so through the Board’s payment system namely, Electronic Accounting
System in Excise and Service Tax from the date to be notified by the Board.
(3) The deposit under sub-rule (2) shall be made through any of the following modes
namely:-
(i) Internet Banking through authorised banks;
(ii) Credit card or Debit card through the authorised bank;
(iii) National Electronic Fund Transfer or Real Time Gross Settlement from an
bank; or
(iv) Over the Counter payment through authorised banks for deposits up to ten
thousand rupees per challan per tax period, by cash, cheque or demand draft:
Provided that the restriction for deposit up to ten thousand rupees per challan in
case of an Over the Counter payment shall not apply to deposit to be made by –

(a) Government Departments or any other deposit to be made by persons as

maybe notified by the Commissioner in this behalf;
(b) Proper officer or any other officer authorised to recover outstanding due from
any person, whether registered or not, including recovery made through
attachment or sale of movable or immovable properties;
(c) Proper officer or any other officer authorised for the amounts collected by way
of cash, cheque or demand draft during any investigation or enforcement
activity or any ad hoc deposit:
Provided further that a person supplying online information and database access or
may also make the deposit under sub-rule (2) through international money transfer
through Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication payment
network, from the date to be notified by the Board
Explanation.– For the purposes of this sub-rule, it is hereby clarified that for making
payment of any amount indicated in the challan, the commission, if any, payable in
respect of such payment shall be borne by the person making such payment.
(4) Any payment required to be made by a person who is not registered under the Act,
shall be made on the basis of a temporary identification number generated through
the common portal.
(5) Where the payment is made by way of National Electronic Fund Transfer or Real
Time Gross Settlement mode from any bank, the mandate form shall be generated
along with the challan on the common portal and the same shall be submitted to the
bank from where the payment is to be made:
Provided that the mandate form shall be valid for a period of fifteen days from the
date of generation of challan
(6) On successful credit of the amount to the concerned government account maintained
in the authorised bank, a Challan Identification Number shall be generated by the
collecting bank and the same shall be indicated in the challan.
(7) On receipt of the Challan Identification Number from the collecting bank, the said
amount shall be credited to the electronic cash ledger of the person on whose behalf
the deposit has been made and the common portal shall make available a receipt to
this effect.
(8) Where the bank account of the person concerned, or the person making the deposit
on his behalf, is debited but no Challan Identification Number is generated or
generated but not communicated to the common portal, the said person may
represent electronically in FORM GST PMT-07 through the common portal to the
bank or electronic gateway through which the deposit was initiated.
(9) Any amount deducted under section 51 or collected under section 52 and claimed in
CGST Act 437

FORM GSTR-02 by the registered taxable person from whom the said amount was
deducted or, as the case may be, collected shall be credited to his electronic cash
ledger in accordance with the provisions of rule 87.
(10) Where a person has claimed refund of any amount from the electronic cash ledger,
the said amount shall be debited to the electronic cash ledger.
(11) If the refund so claimed is rejected, either fully or partly, the amount debited under
sub-rule (10), to the extent of rejection, shall be credited to the electronic cash ledger
by the proper officer by an order made in FORM GST PMT-03.
(12) A registered person shall, upon noticing any discrepancy in his electronic cash
Explanation 1.- The refund shall be deemed to be rejected if the appeal is finally
rejected.
Explanation 2.– For the purposes of this rule, it is hereby clarified that a refund shall
be deemed to be rejected, if the appeal is finally rejected or if the claimant gives an
undertaking to the proper officer that he shall not file an appeal.
88 Identification number for each transaction
(1) A unique identification number shall be generated at the common portal for each
debit or credit to the electronic cash or credit ledger, as the case may be.
(2) The unique identification number relating to discharge of any liability shall be
indicated in the corresponding entry in the electronic liability register.
(3) A unique identification number shall be generated at the common portal for each
credit in the electronic liability register for reasons other than those covered under
sub-rule (2).

1. Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017 – Prescribing rate of interest
payable for delay in payment of tax / issue of refunds.
2. Notification No. 66/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.11.2017 – confirming, no payment of
tax on advances in case of supply of goods.

Section 2(43) Electronic Cash Ledger
Section 2(46) Electronic Credit Ledger


Section 10 (IGST) Place of supply of goods other than supply of goods imported
into or exported from India
Section 11 (IGST) Place of supply of goods imported into or exported from India
Section 12 (IGST) Place of supply of services where location of supplier and
recipient is in India
Section 13 (IGST) Place of supply of services where location of supplier or
location of recipient is outside India
Section 41 Claim of Input Tax Credit and Provisional Acceptance thereof
Section 50 Interest on Delayed Payment of Tax
Section 54 Refund of tax
Section 77 Tax Wrongfully Collected and Paid to Central or State
Government
Section 19 (IGST) Tax Wrongfully Collected and Paid to Central or State
Government
49.1 Introduction
This section provides for the following:
1. Methodology or mode of payment of tax, interest, penalty, fee or any other amount by a
taxable person,
2. This section prescribes maintenance of three kinds of ledgers by the taxable person.
(a) Electronic Cash Ledger;
(b) Electronic Input Tax Credit Leger or Electronic Credit Ledger;
(c) Electronic Tax Liability Register.
3. The section further provides for availability of credit in the cash ledger or the credit
ledger depending on the payment made by the taxable person.
4. It provides for utilization of credit and prescribes the method of cross utilization of
credit.
CGST Act 439

5. Transfer of input tax credit from CGST to IGST account when CGST is utilized for
payment of IGST; similar provisions are enacted in SGST Act and UTGST Act as well.
49.2 Analysis
A. ELECTRONIC CASH LEDGER:
The provisions regarding Electronic Cash Ledger and amounts credited into this ledger are
dealt with in sub-Section (1) & (3) of Section 49 of the CGST Act.
1. Deposit of tax, interest, penalty, fee or any other amount by a taxable person can be
made by the following modes: -
— Internet Banking
— Credit /Debit cards
— National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)
— Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
— Over the Counter payment (OTC) through authorized banks for deposits up to ten
thousand rupees per challan per tax period, by cash, cheque or demand draft.
This amount restriction is not applicable to remittances by
 Government Departments
 Proper Officer or any other Officer recovering outstanding dues or during
any investigation or enforcement activity or ad hoc deposit
— International money transfer through Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunication payment network- for person supplying online information
and database access or retrieval services from a place outside India to a non-
taxable online recipient
— Any other mode as may be prescribed.
2. The ‘deposit’ made by one of the above-mentioned modes will be credited to the
Electronic Cash Ledger of the taxable person. This ledger shall be maintained in FORM
GST PMT-05
3. Any person, or a person on his behalf, shall generate a challan in FORM GST PMT-06
on the Common Portal and enter the details of the amount to be deposited by him
towards tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount
4. The challan in FORM GST PMT-06 generated on the Common Portal shall be valid for a
period of fifteen days
5. A person supplying online information and database access or retrieval services from a
place outside India to a non-taxable online recipient may also do so through the Board‘s
payment system namely, Electronic Accounting System in Excise and Service Tax from
the date to be notified by the Board.

6. Any payment required to be made by a person who is not registered under the Act, shall
be made on the basis of a temporary identification number generated through the
Common Portal
7. Date of credit into the account of the Government is deemed to be the date of deposit
(not the actual date of debit to the account of the taxable person)
8. On successful credit of the amount to the concerned government account maintained in
the authorised bank, a Challan Identification Number (CIN) will be generated by the
collecting Bank and the same shall be indicated in the challan
9. Where the bank account of the person concerned, or the person making the deposit on
his behalf, is debited but no Challan Identification Number (CIN) is generated or
generated but not communicated to the Common Portal, the said person may represent
electronically in FORM GST PMT-07 through the Common Portal to the Bank or
electronic gateway through which the deposit was initiated
10. The amount available in the Electronic Cash Ledger may be used for making any
payment towards tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount payable for the same
head under the provisions of the Act or Rules.
11. Any payment made towards respective Account Heads shall only be utilized for offset of
liability of that head of account. For example, if IGST is paid through a Challan, then
this cash balance against IGST in the cash ledger shall only be utilized for payment of
IGST.
12. Any amount deducted under section 51 (TDS by Central / State Government or local
authority or Government Agencies) or collected under section 52 (TCS by e-commerce
operator) and claimed in FORM GSTR-02 by the registered taxable person from whom
the said amount was deducted or, as the case may be, collected shall be credited to his
electronic cash ledger.
B. ELECTRONIC CREDIT LEDGER
1. Sub Section (2) of Section 49 of the CGST Act provides that the self-assessed Input
Tax Credit as per return filed by a taxable person shall be credited to its Electronic
Credit Ledger.
2. This ledger shall be maintained in FORM GST PMT-02 for each registered person
eligible for input tax credit under the Act on the Common Portal and every claim of input
tax credit under the Act shall be credited to the said Ledger.
3. The Electronic credit ledger may include the following:
— Transitional credit of Excise and Service tax as CGST Credit and State VAT
credit as SGST Credit.
— ITC on inward supplies (including eligible capital goods) from registered tax
payers.
CGST Act 441

— ITC available based on distribution from input services distributor (ISD).

— ITC on Input of Stock held/ semi-finished goods or finished goods held in stock
on the day immediately preceding the date from which the taxpayer became
liable to pay tax provided he applies for registration within 30 days from the date
of his liability.
— Permissible ITC on inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi- finished or
finished goods held in stock on the day of conversion from composition scheme
to regular tax scheme.
— ITC eligible on payment made on reverse charge basis
The above list is illustrative and not exhaustive viz., credit transfers to a recipient in
cases of mergers, amalgamations etc.,.
4. A registered person shall, upon noticing any discrepancy in his electronic credit ledger,
is to communicate the same to the officer exercising jurisdiction in the matter, through
the Common Portal in FORM GST PMT-04
COMMON POINTS FOR ELECTRONIC CASH & CREDIT LEDGER
1. Where a person has claimed refund of any amount from the electronic cash or credit
ledger, the said amount shall be debited to the electronic cash or credit ledger
2. If the refund so claimed is rejected, either fully or partly, the amount debited earlier, to
the extent of rejection, shall be credited to the electronic cash or credit ledger by the
proper officer by an order made in FORM GST PMT-03
MANNER OF UTILISATION OF ITC AND CROSS UTILIZATION
1. The amount available in the electronic credit ledger may be utilized for effecting
payment towards output tax payable under the Act or Rules. The manner of utilization,
conditions and time lines is specifically prescribed.
2. The Electronic Credit Ledger has the following (cross) credit utilization arrangement –
3. Hence cross-utilization of credit is available meaning it can be effected only in that

order. The important restriction is that the CGST credit cannot be utilized for payment
of SGST or UTGST and vice versa. One may note the fact that IGST credit is available
seamlessly, subject to order of utilization as mentioned supra.

4. Sub-Section (6) provides that the balance in the cash or credit ledger after payment of
tax, interest, penalty, fee or any other amount may be refunded in accordance with the
provisions of section 54 (dealing with refunds).
5. A unique identification number shall be generated at the Common Portal for each debit
or credit to the electronic cash or credit ledger, as the case may be.The said UIN must
be used to discharge tax liability.
C. ELECTRONIC TAX LIABILITY LEDGER:
1. A Tax Liability Ledger is required to be maintained electronically for all liabilities of a
taxable person in FORM GST PMT-01.
2. This ledger shall be debited by the following amounts (liability is created by debiting)
— the amount payable towards tax, interest, late fee or any other amount payable in
separate sub-head as per the return furnished by the said taxable person;
— the amount of tax, interest, penalty or any other amount payable as determined
by a proper officer in pursuance of any proceedings under the Act or as
ascertained by the said taxable person;
— the amount of tax and interest payable as a result of mismatch under section 42
or section 43 or section 50; or
— any amount of interest that may accrue from time to time
3. This ledger shall be credited for the following payments (liability is discharged by
crediting)
— Tax Deducted at Source under section 51
— Tax Collected at Source under section 52
— Reverse Charge on supply of goods or services under sub- section 3 of section 9
of CGST /SGST Act, sub-section 3 of section 5 of IGST Act and sub section 3 of
section 7 of UTGST Act
— Tax on supplies from unregistered suppliers under sub section 4 of section 9 of
CGST/SGST Act, sub section 4 of section 5 of IGST Act and sub section 4 of
section 7 of UTGST Act
The entire procedure cited supra can be pictorially depicted as follows:
CGST Act 443

Order of discharge of tax

Sub-Section (8) prescribes the chronological order in which the tax liability of a taxable person
can be discharged:
1. Self-assessed tax and other dues arising out of returns for previous tax periods must
be discharged first.
2. Self-assessed tax and other dues relating to the return of the current tax period.
3. Any other amount payable under the Act/Rules (liability arising out of demand notice or
adjudicated proceedings etc.).
Presumption that incidence of tax is passed on
Sub-Section (9) of CGST/SGST Act provides that the incidence of tax on goods/services is
deemed to have been passed on to the recipient of such goods and /or services when the tax
is paid unless the contrary is proved.
49.3 Issues and Concerns:
i. Registered person, while making payment of tax, interest, penalty or any other fee is
required to exercise abundant caution, as any incorrect payment made in particular
major / minor head cannot be utilised for payment of tax, interest, penalty or any other
fee of other major / minor head.
ii. Recipient of notified services who is liable to reverse charge, is required to ensure that

no tax is charged on the Tax invoice issued by the supplier of notified goods or services
and all necessary declarations as required under the tax invoice and input tax credit
provisions are complied with.
iii. A Person having multiple registrations is required to ensure that payment of tax is made
for the registrations against which the tax liability is due. Any incorrect payment will
envisage that the correct payment of taxes under the appropriate registration, while
such person needs to seek refund from that particular registration under which the said
wrong payment is effected. This will impact working capital and obtaining refunds will
envisage time and costs.
The Electronic Cash Ledger, Electronic Credit Ledger and Tax Liability Register are unique
features of the GST law. This would ensure only eligible credits are availed thereby eliminating
the need for Forms such as ‘C’ or ‘F’ or ‘H’ etc. (Ref: Relevant provisions of CST Act 1956).
On the other hand, assessee would be expected to reconcile their financial ledgers with the
corresponding Electronic ledgers.
49.5 FAQs
Q1. What are the three types of Ledgers to be maintained by a taxable person under the
GST Law?
Ans. The three types of ledgers to be maintained are: Electronic credit ledger, electronic
cash ledger and electronic tax liability register.
Q2. What are the deposit amounts that need to be reflected in the Electronic Cash Ledger?
Ans. Electronic Cash Ledger shall contain details of every deposit made towards tax,
interest, penalty or any other amount (including the Tax Deducted at Source u/s 51 and
Tax Collected at Source u/s 52).
Q.3 What are the major and minor heads of Credit in the Electronic Cash Ledger?
Ans
Major heads Minor Heads
IGST Tax
CGST Interest
SGST Penalty
UTGST Any other amount
CESS Fees
Q4. What is meant by Cross-utilization of credit and how is it done in the Electronic Credit
Ledger?
CGST Act 445

Ans. Cross utilization means utilizing Credit of IGST against liabilities of CGST/ SGST/
UTGST or Credit of CGST / SGST / UTGST against IGST. The amount available in the
Electronic Credit ledger may be used for making payment towards output tax payable
under the Act and Rules made thereunder.
Q5. Is cross-utilization permissible among Major heads in the Electronic Cash Ledger?
Ans. No, cross-utilization is not permissible among major heads in the Electronic Cash
Ledger. But there is a facility available on Common portal where excess amount paid
under major head can be apply for Refund.
Q6. What are the amounts to be reflected in the Electronic Credit Ledger?
Ans. The input tax credit as self-assessed in the details of inward supplies (Form GSTR-2) of
a taxable person shall be reflected in the electronic credit ledger.
Q7. Can direct remittances to the treasury be shown in the Electronic Credit Ledger?
Ans. No, direct remittances to the treasury cannot be shown in the electronic credit ledger.
But in case of Import of Goods or Payment made under reverse charge has, where
credit needs to be first availed, and then it will be reflected in electronic Credit Leader.
Q8. What is the order in which tax liability has to be discharged?
Ans. The order in which the liability of a taxable person must be discharged is as under:
1. Self-assessed tax and other dues arising out of returns for previous tax periods
must be discharged first.
2. Self-assessed tax and other dues relating to the return of the current tax period.
3. Any other amount payable under the Act/Rules (liability arising out of demand
notice or adjudicated proceedings etc.).
49.6 MCQs
Q1. Deposits towards tax, penalty, interest, fee or any other amount are credited into the ----
------------------ of a taxable person:
(a) Electronic Credit Ledger
(b) Tax Liability Ledger
(c) Electronic Cash Ledger
Ans. (c) Electronic Cash Ledger
Q2. The Input Tax Credit as self-assessed by a taxable person is credited into the
(b) Tax Liability Ledger

Ans. (a) Electronic Credit Ledger

Q3. Cross-Utilization of credit of available IGST after utilization towards payment of IGST is
done in the following chronological order:
(a) CGST then SGST/UTGST
(b) SGST/UTGST then CGST
(c) CGST, UTGST and SGST simultaneously
(d) None of the Above
Ans. (a) CGST then SGST//UTGST
Q4. Which of the following Statements is true?
(a) ITC of CGST is first utilized for payment of CGST and the balance is utilized for
payment of SGST/UTGST
(b) ITC of SGST is first utilized for payment of SGST and the balance is utilized for
payment of CGST
(c) ITC of CGST is first utilized for payment of CGST and the balance is utilized for
payment of IGST
(d) None of the Above
Ans. (c) ITC of CGST is first utilized for payment of CGST and the balance is utilized for
payment of IGST
50. Interest on delayed payment of tax
(1) Every person who is liable to pay tax in accordance with the provisions of this Act or
the rules made thereunder, but fails to pay the tax or any part thereof to the
Government within the period prescribed, shall, for the period for which the tax or any
part thereof remains unpaid, pay, on his own, interest at such rate, not exceeding
eighteen per cent, as may be notified by the Government, on the recommendation of
the Council.
(2) The interest under sub-section (1) shall be calculated, in such manner as may be
prescribed, from the day succeeding the day on which tax was due to be paid.
(3) A taxable person who makes an undue or excess claim of input tax credit under sub-
section (10) of section 42 or undue or excess reduction in output tax liability under
sub-section (10) of section 43, shall pay interest on such undue or excess claim or on
such undue or excess reduction, as the case may be, at such rate not exceeding
twenty four per cent, as may be notified by the Government on the recommendations
of the Council.
CGST Act 447


1. Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017 – Prescribing rate of interest
payable for delay in payment of tax / issue of refunds.

Section 42 Matching, reversal and reclaim of input tax credit
Section 77 Tax Wrongfully Collected and Paid to Central or State
Government
Section 19 (IGST) Tax Wrongfully Collected and Paid to Central or State
Government
50.1 Introduction
This section lays down the provisions for payment of interest under the Act for delayed
payment of tax.
50.2 Analysis
Section 50 of CGST Act makes it mandatory for a tax payer to pay interest on belated
payment of tax i.e. when he fails to pay tax (or any part of tax) to the Government’s account
within the due date/s.
Interest - When Payable
Interest under section 50 of CGST Act is payable in the following three circumstances
1. Sub-section (1):period for which there is a delay in payment of tax, in full or in part
2. Sub-section (3): Undue or excess claim of input tax credit under section 42 (10)
contravening the provisions of section 42(7)
3. Sub-section (3): Undue or excess reduction in output tax liability under section 43 (10)
contravening the provisions of section 43(7)

It may be recalled that –

a) section 42 (10) CGST/SGST Act deals with contravention of provisions for matching of
claims for input tax credit by a recipient and
b) section 43 (10) CGST/SGST Act deals with contravention of provisions for matching of
claims for reduction in output tax liability by a supplier
Section 42(7) and 43(7) only deals with discrepancies in matching of credits & reduction in
output tax liability against credit notes issued, between a supplier / recipient. All other
discrepancies that do not relate to matching would attract interest at the higher rate of 24%.
For instance if the supplier discloses output taxes in respect of a particular invoice – say after
the 30th of September (which is technically the due date for availment of all credits) then the
recipient would not be in a position to avail the entire credit in the first place while the supplier
would need to pay the output taxes as well as interest. In this situation what would be the rate
of interest – 18% pa or at 24% pa. The readers may debate this issue.
Rate of Interest
The actual rate of interest notified by the Government vide Notification no. 13/ 2017 Central
tax Dated 28 June 2017 are as follows:
S. No. CGST Act, Section description Rate of
2017 Sections interest
1. 50(1) Failure to pay tax or part thereof to the 18%
Government within period prescribed
2. 50(3) For undue or excess claim of ITC or reduction of 24%
output tax liability
3. 54(12) Interest on withheld refund 6%
4. 56 Interest on delayed refunds 6%
5. Proviso to 56 Interest on refund arising from order passed by 9%
Adjudicating Authority/ Appellate Authority/
Tribunal/ Court and not refunded within 60 days
Manner of Computation of Interest
1. The manner of computation of period for which interest under sub-section (1) or sub-
section (3) is to be paid has not been addressed in the Rules. Generally, the period of
interest shall be from the date following the due date of payment to the actual date of
payment of tax.
It may be noted that Section 39 (7) lays down the last date for remittance, as the last
date on which the taxable person is required to furnish such return. Also, Section 2
(117) lays down that a return shall be considered valid, only if the tax payable as per
the return is paid in full.
CGST Act 449

2. Sections 73 (5) & 73 (6) provide that if the tax along with interest has been paid, the
adjudicating authority shall not serve any show cause notice.
3. Section 73 (8) provides that where a person has been served with show cause notice
but has made the payment of tax and penal interest under Section 50 within thirty days
of issue of notice, no penalty is payable and all proceedings in respect of that tax
amount are deemed to be concluded. The issue is – whether interest is payable u/s
50(1) or 50(3) ?
4. On a conjoint reading of Sections 50 (1), 73 (5), 73 (6) and 73 (8) of the Act, it is
evident that where a person makes a voluntary payment of interest along with belated
payment of tax whether admitted on his own or within thirty days from the date of issue
of show cause notice, then the proceedings are deemed to be concluded and no penalty
is leviable.
Other Important Points to Note
1. The term ‘tax’ here means the tax payable under the Act or Rules made thereunder.
2. The phrase ‘on his own’ used in sub-section (1) indicates that such payment of interest
should be made voluntarily (i.e.) even without a demand.
3. There are no specific provisions for payment of interest on the interest amount due.
4. The interest payable under this section shall be debited to the Electronic Tax Liability
Register as per sub Rule 1 of Rule 85
5. Such liability for interest can be settled by adjustment with balance in Electronic Cash
Ledger but not with balance in Electronic Credit Ledger
50.3 Issues and Concerns:
i. Unlike Central Excise or Service Tax Law, where interest was to be paid only when
CENVAT Credit was availed and utilised incorrectly. In a GST regime availing of
incorrect input tax credit is sufficient cause to attract the provisions of liability to pay
interest.
ii. When there is change in the value of input tax credit (common credit) to be reversed to
the extent it relates to exempt turnover on the basis of amounts calculated finally at the
end of the financial year is liable to interest immediately from first day of subsequent
financial year, whereas Central Excise Act, 1944, Finance Act 1994 read with CENVAT
Credit Rules, 2004 allowed time for reversal without interest upto 30.06 of the
subsequent financial year.
1. This provision is similar to that in service tax and excise laws. In the case of VAT laws,
if the payment of tax and interest is after issuance of show cause notice, it is at the
discretion of the adjudicating authority to drop the penalty. Some State VAT laws have
mandatory penalty provisions.

2. The view laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in [Prathibha Processors v. UOI
(1996) 11 SCC 101] that interest is automatic as it is compensatory in nature and not
penal in character, holds good even under the subject Act.
50.5 FAQs
Q1. When is a person liable to pay interest?
Ans. When a person who is liable to pay tax under the provisions of the Act or the respective
rules made thereunder, fails to pay the whole/ part of the tax due, to the account of the
Government, within the prescribed time, he shall be liable to pay interest.
Q2. How is the interest computed?
Ans. Interest is computed for the period for which the tax remains unpaid at the notified rate
not exceeding 18%, i.e., from the date following the day on which tax becomes due to
be paid, till the date of payment of tax.
Q3. Is penalty still payable if a person pays the tax and interest as per show cause notice?
Ans. Where the person has made payment of tax and interest under Section 50 within thirty
days of issue of the show cause notice, no penalty is payable and all proceedings in
respect of that tax amount is deemed to be concluded.
Q4. Is interest leviable on excess reduction of reduction of Output tax liability?
Ans. Yes, interest is also leviable where there is undue or excess reduction in output tax
liability under section 43 (10) of CGST Act at the rate of 24% per annum.
Q5. Is a show cause notice or demand required to determine the liability to pay interest?
Ans. No, there is no requirement of demand from the department to determine the interest
liability. It is the responsibility of the person liable to pay tax to compute and pay the
interest ‘on his own’.
50.6 MCQs
Q1. Interest is payable on: -
(a) Belated payment of tax
(b) Undue/excess claim of Input Tax Credit in case matching
(c) Undue/Excess reduction of output tax liability
(d) All of the above
Ans. (d) All of the above
Q2. Interest is calculated: -
(a) From the date following the day on which tax becomes due to be paid
(b) Last day such tax was due to be paid
(c) No periods specified
CGST Act 451


Ans. (a) from the date following the day on which tax becomes due to be paid
51 Tax Deducted at Source

(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, the Government may
mandate, ––
(a) a department or establishment of the Central Government or State
Government; or
(b) local authority; or
(c) Governmental agencies; or
(d) such persons or category of persons as may be notified by the Government on
the recommendations of the Council,
(hereafter in this section referred to as “the deductor”), to deduct tax at the rate of
one per cent from the payment made or credited to the supplier (hereafter in this
section referred to as “the deductee”) of taxable goods or services or both, where the
total value of such supply, under a contract, exceeds two lakh and fifty thousand
rupees:
Provided that no deduction shall be made if the location of the supplier and the place
of supply is in a State or Union territory which is different from the State or as the
case may be, Union territory of registration of the recipient.
Explanation.––For the purpose of deduction of tax specified above, the value of
supply shall be taken as the amount excluding the central tax, State tax, Union
territory tax, integrated tax and cess indicated in the invoice.
(2) The amount deducted as tax under this section shall be paid to the Government by
the deductor within ten days after the end of the month in which such deduction is
made, in such manner as may be prescribed.
(3) The deductor shall furnish to the deductee a certificate mentioning therein the
contract value, rate of deduction, amount deducted, amount paid to the Government
and such other particulars in such manner as may be prescribed.
(4) If any deductor fails to furnish to the deductee the certificate, after deducting the tax
at source, within five days of crediting the amount so deducted to the Government,
the deductor shall pay, by way of a late fee, a sum of one hundred rupees per day
from the day after the expiry of such five-day period until the failure is rectified,
subject to a maximum amount of five thousand rupees.
(5) The deductee shall claim credit, in his electronic cash ledger, of the tax deducted and
reflected in the return of the deductor furnished under sub-section (3) of section 39,
in such manner as may be prescribed.

(6) If any deductor fails to pay to the Government the amount deducted as tax under
sub-section (1), he shall pay interest in accordance with the provisions of sub-section
(1) of section 50, in addition to the amount of tax deducted.
(7) The determination of the amount in default under this section shall be made in the
manner specified in section 73 or section74.
(8) The refund to the deductor or the deductee arising on account of excess or
erroneous deduction shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of section
54:
Provided that no refund to the deductor shall be granted, if the amount deducted has
been credited to the electronic cash ledger of the deductee.

1. Press Release issued by Central Government as part of recommendations made in
26th GST Council meeting held on 10.03.2018 - extends suspension till 30.06.2018 for
TDS and TCS provisions.
2. Notification No. 33/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.09.2017 – notifying such persons or
category of persons liable to deduct tax under Section 51.

Section 2(43) Definition of Electronic Cash Ledger
Section 2(53) Definition of Government
Section 49 Payment of tax
51.1 Introduction
With an objective of ensuring smooth rollout of GST, the provisions of Tax Deduction at
Source (Section 51 of the CGST / SGST Act 2017) and Tax Collection at Source (Section 52
of the CGST/SGST Act, 2017) has been postponed. Thereby, Persons who will be liable to
deduct or collect tax at source will be required to take registration, but the liability to deduct or
collect tax will arise from the date the respective sections are brought in force. It has further
been clarified that persons supplying goods or services through electronic commerce operator
liable to collect tax at source would not be required to obtain registration immediately, unless
they are so liable under Section 22 or any other category specified under Section 24 of the
CGST Act, 2017.
CGST Act 453

The GST Council in the 26th GST council meeting, held on 10.03.2018 decided that the
provisions for TDS under section 51 of the CGST Act and TCS under section 52 of the CGST
Act shall remain suspended till 30.06.2018.
Notification No. 33/2017 – Central Tax has appointed 18th September 2017notifies the
following persons under Section 51(1)(d) as liable for TDS;
(a) an authority or a board or any other body, -
(i) set up by an Act of Parliament or a State Legislature; or
(ii) established by any Government,
with fifty-one percent or more participation by way of equity or control, to carry
out any function;
(b) society established by the Central Government or the State Government or a Local
Authority under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860);
(c) public sector undertakings:
The Notification also states that TDS provisions shall come into effect from a date to be
notified subsequently, on the recommendations of the Council, by the Central Government.
Press Release issued by the Government highlighting decisions of 26thGST Council
Meeting held on 10.03.2018,reads that the provisions for TDS under section 51 of CGST
Act, 2017 and TCS under section 52 of CGST Act, 2017 shall remain suspended till
30.06.2018
This section provides for deduction of tax at source in certain circumstances. The Section
specifically lists out the deductors who are mandated by the Central Government to deduct tax
at source, the rate of tax deduction and the procedure for remittance of the tax deducted. The
amount of tax deducted is reflected in the Electronic Cash Ledger of the deductee.
51.2 Analysis
CGST Act vide Section 2 (53) defines the term Government to mean the Central Government.
Section 51 (1), ibid refers to TDS related mandating by ‘Government’ (Central/State
Government). Such mandating shall be for the following persons -
Department or Establishment of Central Government or State Government
Local Authority.
Government Agencies.
Persons or category of persons notified by the Central Government on recommendation of
the Council. (Notified vide Notification No. 33/2017- Central Tax)
1. The above ‘persons’ are referred to as deductors.
2. The deductors have to deduct tax at the rate of 1% from the payment made or credited

to the supplier of taxable goods and / or services, notified by the Central Government or
State Government on the recommendations of the Council. Deduction is required where
the total value of supply under ‘a contract’ exceeds INR 2.5 lakhs. Value of supply shall
exclude the tax indicated in the invoice. No deduction shall be made if the location of
the supplier and the place of supply is in a State or Union territory which is different
from the State or as the case may be, Union territory of registration of the recipient
3. The amount deducted shall be paid to the Central Government within ten days after the
end of the month in which such deduction is made.
Sub Rule 9 of rule 87 of the CGST rules provides) that payment shall be made by
debiting the electronic cash ledger and crediting the electronic tax liability register.
4. As per Rule 66, the deductor shall furnish a TDS certificate in Form GSTR-7A to the
deductee mentioning therein the following:
(a) contract value
(b) rate of deduction
(c) Amount deducted
(d) Amount paid to the appropriate Government
(e) Any other particulars as may be prescribed
5. This certificate has to be furnished within five days of remittance as mentioned above.
6. Certificate not furnished by the deductor: - If the deductor does not furnish the
certificate of deduction-cum- remittance within five days of the remittance, the deductor
has to pay a late fee of INR 100 per day from the 6th day until the day he furnishes the
certificate. The maximum late fee is prescribed as INR 5000.
7. Non-remittance by the deductor: If the deductor does not remit the amount deducted as
TDS, he is liable to pay penal interest under Section 50 in addition to the amount of tax
deducted.
8. The amount of tax deducted reflected in Electronic Cash Ledger of deductee in the
return in Form GSTR-7 filed by deductor shall be claimed as credit.
This provision enables the Government to cross-check whether the amount deducted by
the deductor is correct and that there is no mis-match between the amount reflected in
the Electronic Cash Ledger as reflected in the return filed by deductor. One may draw
easy analogy from existing practice in income tax related E-TDS returns filed by
deductor and 26AS statement available for viewing the TDS remitted in respect of his
transactions by deductee.
9. Refund on excess collection: The deductor or the deductee can claim refund of excess
deduction or erroneous deduction. The provisions of section 54 relating to refunds
would apply in such cases. However, if the amount deducted has been credited to the
CGST Act 455

Electronic Cash Ledger of the deductee, the deductor cannot claim refund (only
deductee can claim).
10. As mentioned above, UTGST Act 2017, subject to its own provisions, adopts the
provisions in CGST Act in respect of Tax Deduction at Source mutatis mutandis (Ref:
Sec 21 of UTGST Act).

None
Provisions for deduction of tax at source exist in the VAT laws. There were no TDS provisions
in central excise or service tax laws, though there was a concept of reverse charge. Under
most State VAT laws, TDS provisions are applicable on payments made to works contractors.
Some States had provisions for TDS on ‘transfer of right to use goods’
Comparative table between State VAT Law and CGST Act:
S.No. State VAT Law CGST Act
1. Applicable only to works Applicable to recipients notified by the Central
contractors. Government on recommendations of GST council.
2. Two different standard rates One standard rate viz. 1%
3. Deductor- every works (a) A department or establishment of the Central

contractee or awarder of or State Government, or

contract (b) Local authority, or
(c) Governmental agencies, or
(d) Such persons or category of persons as may
be notified, by the Central or a State
Government on the recommendations of the
Council (Refer Notification 33/2017 – Central
Tax and para 51.1)
4. Two certificates have to be One single certificate of deduction –cum-
furnished by the Deductor. remittance to be furnished by the Deductor within
1. Certificate of deduction five days of remittance.
2. Certificate of remittance.
5. If certificate of deduction No such burden cast on the Deductee. More onus
alone is furnished by the is on the Deductor.
Deductor, burden on the
works contractor to prove
deduction of tax at source.
6. Refund provisions and Credit Refund provisions clear. Credit can also be
provisions not clear. claimed from the amount reflected in the
Electronic Cash Ledger.
7. TDS would apply on TDS would apply on the payment made or credited
payments towards transfer of to the supplier. No TDS on interstate supplies.
property in goods in the State.
Inter-state supplies are
generally not subject to TDS.
51.5 FAQs
Q1. Who are the ‘persons’ who can deduct tax at source under Section 51 of CGST Act?
Ans. The following persons are to deduct tax at source as per the provisions of Section 51 of
the CGST Act:
(a) A department or establishment of the Central or State Government,
(b) Local authority,
(c) Governmental agencies,
(d) Such persons or category of persons as may be notified, by the Central or a
State Government on the recommendations of the Council.
Q.2 Under what circumstances can the Deductors mentioned in Section 51 deduct tax at
source?
CGST Act 457

Ans. The Deductors u/s 51 are required to deduct tax from the payment made or credited to
the supplier of taxable goods and/ or services, notified by the Central Government on
the recommendations of the Council, where the total value of such supply, under a
contract, exceeds rupees 2.50 lakh. Also no deduction will be made if the location of
supplier and the place of supply is in a state which is different from the state of
registration of the recipient.
Q3. What is the rate of tax deduction at source?
Ans. The prescribed rate of tax to be deducted at source is 1% from the payment made or
credited to the supplier of taxable goods and / or services.
Q4. What is the time limit for remittance of the deducted tax by the deductor into the credit
of the Government?
Ans. The amount deducted shall be paid to the credit of the Government within 10 days from
the end of the month in which such deduction is made.
Q5. What is the nature of certificate to be furnished by the deductor to the deductee and
what is the time limit?
Ans. The Deductor shall furnish a certificate in in Form GSTR-7A mentioning therein the
contract value, rate of deduction, amount deducted, amount paid to the appropriate
Government and such particulars as may be prescribed in this behalf, to the deductee.
This certificate is to be furnished within five days of crediting the amount so deducted to
the appropriate Government, failing which, the deductor would be liable to pay late fee
being rupees one hundred per day during which the failure continues but subject to
Maximum of rupees 5000.
Q6. Can the deductee claim credit of the remittance of TDS amount by the Deductor?
Ans. Yes, the deductee can claim credit of the tax deducted, in his electronic cash ledger.
This deduction would also be reflected in the return of the deductor filed under sub-
section (3) of Section 39, in the manner prescribed.
Q7. Can tax, once deducted, be claimed as a refund? Who can claim refund?
Ans. Yes, it is possible to claim refund arising on account of excess or erroneous deduction,
and this would be governed by the provisions of Section 54.
Such refund may be claimed either by the deductor or the deductee, but not both.
Further, no refund would be available to the deductor once the amount deducted has
been credited to the electronic cash ledger of the deductee.
51.6 MCQs
Q1. The deduction of tax by the Deductor under Section 51 of CGST Act is at the rate of:
(a) 2%

(b) 3%
(c) 1%
Ans. (c) 1%
Q2. The amount of tax deducted by the deductor has to be paid to the credit of the
appropriate Government within ………… days after the end of the month in which such
deduction is made:
(a) 20 days
(b) 10 days
(c) 15 days
(d) 5 days
Ans. (b) 10 days
Q3. The time limit for furnishing the deduction –cum- remittance certificate by the deductor
to the deductee is:
(a) 10 days
(b) 20 days
(c) 5 days
Ans. (c) 5 days
Q4. The deductee can claim credit of the remittance made by the Deductor in his,
(b) Tax liability Ledger
Ans. (c) Electronic Cash Ledger
Q5. If excess or erroneous deduction has been made by the Deductor and this amount is
credited to Electronic Cash Ledger of the Deductee, refund can be claimed by,
(a) Deductor
(b) Deductee
(c) Both Deductor and Deductee
Ans. (b) Deductee
CGST Act 459

Q6. Tax deduction shall be made if -

(a) A contract is for an amount exceeds ` 25 lakh
(b) A supplier supplies goods or services or both exceeding ` 2.5 lakh in a year
(c) A recipient receives goods or services or both exceeding ` 2.5 lakh in a year
from various contractors
Ans. (b) A supplier supplies goods or services or both exceeding ` 2.5 lakh in a year
52. Tax Collected at Source

(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, every electronic
commerce operator (hereafter in this section referred to as the “operator”), not being an
agent, shall collect an amount calculated at such rate not exceeding one per cent., as
may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council, of the net
value of taxable supplies made through it by other suppliers where the consideration
with respect to such supplies is to be collected by the operator.
Explanation. ––For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “net value of
taxable supplies” shall mean the aggregate value of taxable supplies of goods or
services or both, other than services notified under sub-section (5) of section 9, made
during any month by all registered persons through the operator reduced by the
aggregate value of taxable supplies returned to the suppliers during the said month.
(2) The power to collect the amount specified in sub-section (1) shall be without prejudice
to any other mode of recovery from the operator.
(3) The amount collected under sub-section (1) shall be paid to the Government by the
operator within ten days after the end of the month in which such collection is made, in
(4) Every operator who collects the amount specified in sub-section (1) shall furnish a
statement, electronically, containing the details of outward supplies of goods or services
or both effected through it, including the supplies of goods or services or both returned
through it, and the amount collected under sub-section (1) during a month, in such form
and manner as may be prescribed, within ten days after the end of such month.
(5) Every operator who collects the amount specified in sub-section (1) shall furnish an
annual statement, electronically, containing the details of outward supplies of goods or
services or both effected through it, including the supplies of goods or services or both
returned through it, and the amount collected under the said sub-section during the
financial year, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, before the thirty first day
of December following the end of such financial year.

(6) If any operator after furnishing a statement under sub-section (4) discovers any
omission or incorrect particulars therein, other than as a result of scrutiny, audit,
inspection or enforcement activity by the tax authorities, he shall rectify such omission
or incorrect particulars in the statement to be furnished for the month during which such
omission or incorrect particulars are noticed, subject to payment of interest, as specified
in sub-section (1) of section 50:
Provided that no such rectification of any omission or incorrect particulars shall be
allowed after the due date for furnishing of statement for the month of September
following the end of the financial year or the actual date of furnishing of the relevant
annual statement, whichever is earlier.
(7) The supplier who has supplied the goods or services or both through the operator shall
claim credit, in his electronic cash ledger, of the amount collected and reflected in the
statement of the operator furnished under sub-section (4), in such manner as may be
prescribed.
(8) The details of supplies furnished by every operator under sub-section (4) shall be
matched with the corresponding details of outward supplies furnished by the concerned
supplier registered under this Act in such manner and within such time as may be
prescribed.
(9) Where the details of outward supplies furnished by the operator under sub-section (4)
do not match with the corresponding details furnished by the supplier under section 37,
the discrepancy shall be communicated to both persons in such manner and within such
time as may be prescribed.
(10) The amount in respect of which any discrepancy is communicated under sub-section (9)
and which is not rectified by the supplier in his valid return or the operator in his
statement for the month in which discrepancy is communicated, shall be added to the
output tax liability of the said supplier, where the value of outward supplies furnished by
the operator is more than the value of outward supplies furnished by the supplier, in his
return for the month succeeding the month in which the discrepancy is communicated in
(11) The concerned supplier, in whose output tax liability any amount has been added under
sub-section (10), shall pay the tax payable in respect of such supply along with interest,
at the rate specified under sub-section (1) of section 50 on the amount so added from
the date such tax was due till the date of its payment.
(12) Any authority not below the rank of Deputy Commissioner may serve a notice, either
before or during the course of any proceedings under this Act, requiring the operator to
furnish such details relating to—
(a) supplies of goods or services or both effected through such operator during any
period; or
(b) stock of goods held by the suppliers making supplies through such operator in
CGST Act 461

the godowns or warehouses, by whatever name called, managed by such

operator and declared as additional places of business by such suppliers, as
may be specified in the notice.
(13) Every operator on whom a notice has been served under sub-section (12) shall furnish
the required information within fifteen working days of the date of service of such notice.
(14) Any person who fails to furnish the information required by the notice served under sub-
section (12) shall, without prejudice to any action that may be taken under section 122,
be liable to a penalty which may extend to twenty-five thousand rupees.
Explanation. —For the purposes of this section, the expression “concerned supplier” shall
mean the supplier of goods or services or both making supplies through the operator.
Note: Press Release issued by the Government highlighting decisions of 26thGST

Council Meeting held on 10.03.2018, reads that the provisions for TDS under section 51
of the CGST Act and TCS under section 52 of the CGST Act shall remain suspended till
30.06.2018.
Section 2(45) Definition of Electronic Commerce Operator
Section 122 Penalty for certain offences
52.1 Introduction
This Section provides for collection of tax at source in certain circumstances. The Section
specifically lists out the tax collecting persons who are mandated by the Central Government
to collect tax at source, the rate of tax collection and the procedure for remittance of the tax
collected. The amount of tax collected is reflected in the Electronic Cash Ledger of the person
from who tax collected.
Provisions which are common under CGST, UTGST and SGST Act have been analyzed
herein.
52.2 Analysis
(i) Every E-Commerce Operator shall collect TCS at a rate not exceeding 1% on the net
value of transaction in which he collects consideration of the supply. Please note that if
there is returning of supplies to Suppliers, then the same shall be reduced from the

gross value; TCS shall be worked on such net figure only (after such reduction). It is
pertinent to note the following definitions here –
Section 2 (44), –
“electronic commerce” means the supply of goods or services or both, including digital
products over digital or electronic network;
Section 2 (45), –
“electronic commerce operator” means any person who owns, operates or manages
digital or electronic facility or platform for electronic commerce
(ii) The amount collected so shall be paid to the Central/State Government respectively
within ten days after the end of the month in which such collection is made.
(iii) In case the E-commerce operator fails to collect to tax under sub-section 1 of section 52
or collects an amount which is less than the amount required to be collected under said
sub-section or where he fails to pay to the government the amount collected as tax
under sub-section 3 of section 52, he shall be liable to penalty under clause (vi) of sub-
section 1 of section 122 of the Act which may extend to twenty five thousand along with
penalty under of i.e.`.10,000 or the amount of TCS involved, whichever is higher.
(iv) E-Commerce operator shall furnish details of outward supplies of goods or services or
both made through it, including the supplies returned through it and the amount
collected by it in sub-section 1, in Form GSTR-8 within the 10 days after end of the
month in which supplies are made.
(v) The details of tax collected at source furnished by an E-commerce operator under
section 52 in Form GSTR-8 shall be made available to the supplier in Part D of FORM
GSTR - 2A electronically through the Common Portal and such taxable person may
include the same in FORM GSTR-2.”
(vi) Section 52 (5) of CGST Act requires filing of Annual Statement by E-Commerce
operator on or before 31st December following the year end (31st March of relevant
year).
(vii) The amount of tax collected is reflected in Electronic Cash Ledger of supplier since
related monthly return is filed by E-Commerce Operator.
(viii) Any mismatch between the data submitted by the E-Commerce operator in his monthly
returns and that of suppliers making supplies through him shall cause due ‘mismatch
enquiry’ from the proper officer; and either party may rectify the erroneous data. If
rectification is not carried out by supplier his offences get confirmed. Short remittance, if
any, identified thus will have to be paid by erring supplier (who under reported the
turnover) with interest calculated as per Section 50.
(ix) Any authority, in the rank of Deputy Commissioner or above it can issue a notice –
during, or before a proceeding under this Act - to E Commerce Operator seeking
information on –
(a) supplies of goods or services or both effected through such operator during any
period; or
CGST Act 463

(b) stock of goods held by the suppliers making supplies through such operator in
the godowns or warehouses, by whatever name called, managed by such
operator and declared as additional places of business by such suppliers, as may
be specified in the notice.
This shall be a notice which need to be responded within 15 days from the date of
receipt by the E Commerce Operator. Failure to submit the required details will cause
penalty under Section 52 (14) of the Act which may extend to `. 25,000.
(x) UTGST Act 2017, subject to its own provisions, adopts the provisions in CGST Act in
respect of Tax Collection at Source mutatis mutandis (Ref: Sec 21 of UTGST Act).
None
52.4 FAQs
Q1. Who are the ‘persons’ liable to make collection of tax under Section 52 of CGST Act?
Ans. E Commerce operator (as defined in Section 2 (45)) is the person to collect the tax on
net value of taxable Supplies by him/her.
Q2. What is a Net Value of Taxable Supplies for the purpose of TCS u/s 52 of the Act?
Ans. The expression “net value of taxable supplies” shall mean the aggregate value of
taxable supplies of goods or services or both, other than services notified under sub-
section (5) of section 9, made during any month by all registered persons through the
operator reduced by the aggregate value of taxable supplies returned to the supplier
during the said month.
Q3. Which format of monthly return has to be filed by E Commerce Operator?
Ans. E Commerce operator shall use form GSTR 8 to make statement of outward supplies
made through him in that particular month.
Q4. Whether an E Commerce operator files any annual return? What is the format thereof?
Ans. Section 52 (5) of CGST Act requires filing of Annual return by E Commerce operator on
or before 31st December following the year end (31st March of relevant year).
Q5. What is the penalty if an E Commerce operator failed to respond as required in a notice
issued by Deputy Commissioner or an officer of higher rank?
Ans. Failure to submit the required details will cause penalty under Section 52 (14) of the Act
upto `. 25,000. In addition to this, penalty under section 122 of the Act ‘shall’ also be
there (`. 10,000 or the amount of TCS involved, whichever is higher).
52.5 MCQs
Q1. Tax Collection at Source under Section 52 of CGST Law shall be at the rate of:
(a) 1%
(b) 2%

(c) 0.5%
(d) A percentage not exceeding 1%.
Ans. (d) A percentage not exceeding 1%
Q2. The amount of tax collected by the E Commerce Operator has to be paid to the credit of
the appropriate Government within ………… days after the end of the month in which
such TCS is made:
(a) 5 days
(b) 10 days
(c) 15 days
(d) 20 days
Ans. (b) 10 days
Q3. E Commerce operators should file:
(a) Monthly returns only
(b) Annual return only
(c) Quarterly return only
(d) Monthly Returns as well as Annual Return
Ans. (d) Monthly Returns as well as Annual Return
Q4. A notice to E Commerce operators seeking information can be issued by:
(a) Superintendent
(b) Inspector
(c) Assistant Commissioner
(d) Deputy Commissioner
Ans. (d) Deputy Commissioner
Q5. E Commerce operator received notice which sought information as per Section 52 of
the CGST Actbuthe failed to duly respond to the same. The penalty -
(a) Shall not be there
(b) Penalty u/s 52 shall be there
(c) Penalty u/s 122 may be there
(d) Both the penalty u/s 52 as well as 122 shall be there
Ans. (d) Both the penalty u/s 52 as well as 122 shall be there

On utilisation of input tax credit availed under this Act for payment of tax dues under the
CGST Act 465

Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (5)
of section 49, as reflected in the valid return furnished under sub-section (1) of section 39,
the amount collected as central tax shall stand reduced by an amount equal to such credit
so utilised and the Central Government shall transfer an amount equal to the amount so
reduced from the central tax account to the integrated tax account in such manner and
within such time as may be prescribed

Section 2(53) Definition of Government
Section 2(62) Definition of input tax
Section 2(82) Definition of output tax
Section 2(94) Definition of registered person
Section 17 (IGST) Apportionment of tax and settlement of funds
53.1 Introduction
This Section provides simple but important modus operandi in respect of post CGST/
SGST/UGTST utilisation towards IGST liability.
53.2 Analysis
U/s 49 (5) (b) (c) and (d) of the Act, SGST / CGST / UTGST credits can be utilised by a tax
payer on priority basis to respective SGST / CGST / UTGST dues first. Then, in case of
CGST, balance, if any, can be used pay towards IGST. If used so, there shall be reduction in
central tax caused by Central Government and equal credit shall be ensured to IGST in the
prescribed manner.
Such treatment shall be ensured by the Central Government for UTGST and SGST also in
respective cases.
For better clarity, it may please be noted that equivalent provision is there vide Section 18 of
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act 2017.
None
53.4 FAQs
Q1. If CGST is utilised to pay towards dues of IGST how the Central Government shall
ensure due credit to IGST?
Ans. There shall be reduction in CGST on such utilisation; the Central Government shall
transfer equivalent amount to the credit of IGST account.

53.5 MCQs
Q1. Section 53 of CGST/SGST Act, 2017 provides for transfer of amount (equivalent to
CGST credit utilised) by Central Government to:
(a) CGST A/c
(b) SGST A/c
(c) UTGST A/c
(d) IGST A/c
Ans. (d) IGST A/c
CGST Act 467

Chapter–XI
Refunds
Sections Rules
54. Refund of tax 89. Application for refund of tax, interest,
55. Refund in certain cases penalty, fees or any other amount
56. Interest on delayed refunds 90. Acknowledgement
57. Consumer Welfare Fund 91. Grant of provisional refund
58. Utilisation of Fund 92. Order sanctioning refund
93. Credit of the amount of rejected
refund claim
94. Order sanctioning interest on delayed
refunds
95. Refund of tax to certain persons
96. Refund of integrated tax paid on
goods or services exported out of
India
96A. Refund of integrated tax paid on
export of goods or services under
bond or Letter of Undertaking
97. Consumer Welfare Fund
97A. Manual filing and processing
54. Refund of tax
(1) Any person claiming refund of any tax and interest, if any, paid on such tax or any
other amount paid by him, may make an application before the expiry of two years
from relevant date in such form and manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that a registered taxable person, claiming refund of any balance in the
electronic cash ledger in accordance with the provisions as per sub-section (6) of
section 49 may claim such refund in return furnished under section 39 in such
(2) A specialized agency of United Nations Organization or any Multilateral Financial
Institution and Organization notified under the United Nations (Privileges and
Ch-XI : Refunds Sec. 54-58
Immunities) Act, 1947, Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries or any other

person or class of persons as notified under section 55, entitled to a refund of tax
paid by it on inward supplies of goods or services or both, may make an application
for such refund, in such form and manner prescribed, before the expiry of six months
from the last day of the quarter in which such supply was received
(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (10), a registered person may claim refund of
any unutilized input tax credit at the end of any tax period:
Provided that no refund of unutilized input tax credit shall be allowed in cases other
than-
(i) zero rated supplies made without payment of tax
(ii) where the credit has accumulated on account of rate of tax on inputs being
higher than the rate of tax on output supplies, other than nil rated or fully
exempt supplies, except supplies of goods or services or both as may be
notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council:
Provided Further that no refund of unutilized input tax credit shall be allowed in
cases where the goods exported out of India are subjected to export duty.
Provided also that no refund of input tax credit shall be allowed if the supplier of
goods or services or both avails of drawback in respect of central tax or claims refund
of the integrated tax paid on such supplies .
(4) The application shall be accompanied by—
(a) such documentary evidence as may be prescribed to establish that a refund is
due to the applicant; and
(b) such documentary or other evidence (including the documents referred to in
section 33) as the applicant may furnish to establish that the amount of tax and
interest, if any, paid on such tax or any other amount paid in relation to which
such refund is claimed was collected from, or paid by, him and the incidence of
such tax and interest had not been passed on to any other person:
Provided that where the amount claimed as refund is less than two lakh rupees, it
shall not be necessary for the applicant to furnish any documentary and other
evidences but, he may file a declaration, based on the documentary or other
evidences available with him, certifying that the incidence of such tax and interest
had not been passed on to any other person.
(5) If, on receipt of any such application, the proper officer is satisfied that the whole or
part of the amount claimed as refund is refundable, he may make an order
accordingly and the amount so determined shall be credited to the Fund referred to in
section 57.
(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (5), the proper officer may, in the
case of any claim for refund on account of zero-rated supply of goods or services or
both made by registered persons, other than such category of registered persons as
CGST Act 469

may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council, refund

on a provisional basis ninety percent of the total amount so claimed, excluding the
amount of input tax credit provisionally accepted, in such manner and subject to such
conditions, limitations and safeguards as may be prescribed and thereafter make an
order under sub-section (5) for final settlement of the refund claim after due
verification of documents furnished by the applicant.
(7) The proper officer shall issue the order under sub-section (5) within sixty days from
the date of receipt of application complete in all respects.
(8) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (5), the refundable amount shall,
instead of being credited to the Fund, be paid to the applicant, if such amount is
relatable to–
(a) refund of tax paid on zero-rated supplies of goods or services or both or on
inputs or input services used in making such zero-rated supplies;
(b) refund of unutilized input tax credit under sub-section (3);
(c) refund of tax paid on a supply which is not provided, either wholly or partially,
and for which invoice has not been issued, or where a refund voucher has
been issued;
(d) refund of tax in pursuance of section 77;
(e) the tax and interest, if any, or any other amount paid by the applicant, if he had
not passed on the incidence of such tax and interest to any other person; or
(f) the tax or interest borne by such other class of applicants as the Government
may, on the recommendation of the Council, by notification, specify.
(9) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any judgment, decree, order or
direction of the Appellate Tribunal or any Court or in any other provisions of this Act
or the rules made thereunder or in any other law for the time being in force, no refund
shall be made except in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (8).
(10) Where any refund is due under the said sub-section (3) to a registered person who
has defaulted in furnishing any return or who is required to pay any tax, interest or
penalty, which has not been stayed by any Court, Tribunal or Appellate Authority by
the specified date, the proper officer may—
(a) withhold payment of refund due until the said person has furnished the return
or paid the tax, interest or penalty, as the case may be;
(b) deduct from the refund due, any tax, interest penalty, fee or any other amount
which the taxable person is liable to pay but which remains unpaid under this
Act or under the erstwhile law.
Explanation- For the purposes of this sub-section the expression “specified date”
shall mean the last date for filing an appeal under this Act.
(11) Where an order giving rise to a refund is the subject matter of an appeal or further

proceedings or where any other proceedings under this Act is pending and the
Commissioner is of the opinion that grant of such refund is likely to adversely affect
the revenue in the said appeal or other proceeding on account of malfeasance or
fraud committed, he may, after giving the taxable person an opportunity of being
heard, withhold the refund till such time as he may determine.
(12) Where a refund is withheld under sub-section (11), the taxable person shall
notwithstanding anything contained in section 56, be entitled to interest at such rate
not exceeding six per cent, as may be notified on the recommendations of the
Council, if as a result of the appeal or further proceedings he becomes entitled to
refund.
(13) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this section, the amount of
advance tax deposited by a casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person
under sub-section (2) of section 27 shall not be refunded unless such person has, in
respect of the entire period for which the certificate of registration granted to him had
remained in force, furnished all the returns required under section 39.
(14) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, no refund under sub-section (5)
or sub-section (6) shall be paid to an applicant if the amount is less than one
thousand rupees.
Explanation. — For the purposes of this section -
1. “refund” includes refund of tax paid on zero-rated supplies of goods or services
or both or on inputs or input services used in making such zero-rated supplies,
or refund of tax on the supply of goods regarded as deemed exports, or refund
of unutilized input tax credit as provided under sub-section (3).
2. “relevant date” means –
(a) in the case of goods exported out of India where a refund of tax paid is
available in respect of the goods themselves or, as the case may be, the
inputs or input services used in such goods, -
(i) if the goods are exported by sea or air, the date on which the ship
or the aircraft in which such goods are loaded, leaves India; or
(ii) if the goods are exported by land, the date on which such goods
pass the frontier, or
(iii) if the goods are exported by post, the date of dispatch of goods by
Post Office concerned to a place outside India;
(b) in the case of supply of goods regarded as deemed exports where a
refund of tax paid is available in respect of the goods, the date on which
the return relating to such deemed exports is furnished;
(c) in the case of services exported out of India where a refund of tax paid
is available in respect of services themselves or, as the case may be,
the inputs or input services used in such services, the date of -
CGST Act 471

(i) receipt of payment in convertible foreign exchange, where the

supply of services had been completed prior to the receipt of such
payment; or
(ii) issue of invoice, where payment for the service had been received
in advance prior to the date of issue of the invoice;
(d) in case where the tax becomes refundable as a consequence of
judgment, decree, order or direction of Appellate Authority, Appellate
Tribunal or any Court, the date of communication of such judgment,
decree, order or direction;
(e) in the case of refund of unutilized input tax credit under sub-section (3),
the end of the financial year in which such claim for refund arises;
(f) in the case where tax is paid provisionally under this Act or the rules
made thereunder, the date of adjustment of tax after the final
assessment thereof.
(g) in the case of a person, other than the supplier, the date of receipt of
goods or services or both by such person; and
(h) in any other case, the date of payment of tax.

89. Application for refund of tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount.
1) Any person, except the persons covered under notification issued under section
55,claiming refund of any tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount paid by him,
other than refund of integrated tax paid on goods exported out of India, may file an
application electronically in FORM GST RFD-01 through the common portal, either
directly or through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner:
Provided that any claim for refund relating to balance in the electronic cash ledger in
accordance with the provisions of sub-section (6) of section 49 may be made through
the return furnished for the relevant tax period in FORM GSTR-3 or FORM GSTR-4 or
FORM GSTR-7, as the case may be:
Provided further that in respect of supplies to a Special Economic Zone unit or a
Special
Economic Zone developer, the application for refund shall be filed by the –
a) supplier of goods after such goods have been admitted in full in the Special
Economic Zone for authorised operations, as endorsed by the specified officer of
the Zone;
b) supplier of services along with such evidence regarding receipt of services for
authorised operations as endorsed by the specified officer of the Zone:

Provided also that in respect of supplies regarded as deemed exports, the application
may be filed by, -
a) the recipient of deemed export supplies; or
b) the supplier of deemed export supplies in cases where the recipient does not
avail of input tax credit on such supplies and furnishes an undertaking to the
effect that the supplier may claim the refund
Provided also that refund of any amount, after adjusting the tax payable by the
applicant out of the advance tax deposited by him under section 27 at the time of
registration, shall be claimed in the last return required to be furnished by him.
2) The application under sub-rule (1) shall be accompanied by any of the following
documentary evidences in Annexure 1 in Form GST RFD-01, as applicable, to
establish that a refund is due to the applicant, namely:-
a) the reference number of the order and a copy of the order passed by the proper
officer or an appellate authority or Appellate Tribunal or court resulting in such
refund or reference number of the payment of the amount specified in
subsection (6) of section 107 and sub-section (8) of section 112 claimed as
refund;
b) a statement containing the number and date of shipping bills or bills of export
and the number and the date of the relevant export invoices, in a case where the
refund is on account of export of goods;
c) a statement containing the number and date of invoices and the relevant Bank
Realisation Certificates or Foreign Inward Remittance Certificates, as the case
may be, in a case where the refund is on account of the export of services;
d) a statement containing the number and date of invoices as provided in rule 46
along with the evidence regarding the endorsement specified in the second
proviso to sub-rule (1) in the case of the supply of goods made to a Special
Economic Zone unit or a Special Economic Zone developer;
e) a statement containing the number and date of invoices, the evidence regarding
the endorsement specified in the second proviso to sub-rule (1) and the details
of payment, along with the proof thereof, made by the recipient to the supplier
for authorised operations as defined under the Special Economic Zone Act,
2005, in a case where the refund is on account of supply of services made to a
Special Economic Zone unit or a Special Economic Zone developer;
f) a declaration to the effect that the Special Economic Zone unit or the Special
Economic Zone developer has not availed the input tax credit of the tax paid by
the supplier of goods or services or both, in a case where the refund is on
account of supply of goods or services made to a Special Economic Zone unit or
a Special Economic Zone developer;
CGST Act 473

g) a statement containing the number and date of invoices along with such other
evidence as may be notified in this behalf, in a case where the refund is on
account of deemed exports;
h) a statement containing the number and the date of the invoices received and
issued during a tax period in a case where the claim pertains to refund of any
unutilised input tax credit under sub-section (3) of section 54 where the credit
has accumulated on account of the rate of tax on the inputs being higher than
the rate of tax on output supplies, other than nil-rated or fully exempt supplies;
i) the reference number of the final assessment order and a copy of the said order
in a case where the refund arises on account of the finalisation of provisional
assessment;
j) a statement showing the details of transactions considered as intra-State supply
but which is subsequently held to be inter-State supply;
k) a statement showing the details of the amount of claim on account of excess
payment of tax;
l) a declaration to the effect that the incidence of tax, interest or any other amount
claimed as refund has not been passed on to any other person, in a case where
the amount of refund claimed does not exceed two lakh rupees:
Provided that a declaration is not required to be furnished in respect of the
cases covered under clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) or clause (d) or
clause (f) of sub-section (8) of section 54;
m) a Certificate in Annexure 2 of FORM GST RFD-01 issued by a chartered
accountant or a cost accountant to the effect that the incidence of tax, interest or
any other amount claimed as refund has not been passed on to any other
person, in a case where the amount of refund claimed exceeds two lakh rupees:
Provided that a certificate is not required to be furnished in respect of cases
covered under clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) or clause (d) or clause (f) of
subsection (8) of section 54;
Explanation.– For the purposes of this rule-
(i) in case of refunds referred to in clause (c) of sub-section (8) of section 54,
the expression ―invoice means invoice conforming to the provisions
contained in section 31;
(ii) where the amount of tax has been recovered from the recipient, it shall be
deemed that the incidence of tax has been passed on to the ultimate
consumer.
3) Where the application relates to refund of input tax credit, the electronic credit ledger
shall be debited by the applicant by an amount equal to the refund so claimed.

4) In the case of zero-rated supply of goods or services or both without payment of tax
under bond or letter of undertaking in accordance with the provisions of sub-section
(3) of section 16 of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (13 of 2017),
refund of input tax credit shall be granted as per the following formula –
Refund Amount = (Turnover of zero-rated supply of goods + Turnover of zero-rated
supply of services) x Net ITC ÷Adjusted Total Turnover
Where, -
(A) "Refund amount" means the maximum refund that is admissible;
(B) "Net ITC" means input tax credit availed on inputs and input services during the
relevant period other than the input tax credit availed for which refund is claimed
under sub-rules (4A) or (4B) or both;
(C) "Turnover of zero-rated supply of goods" means the value of zero-rated supply of
goods made during the relevant period without payment of tax under bond or letter of
undertaking, other than the turnover of supplies in respect of which refund is claimed
(D) "Turnover of zero-rated supply of services" means the value of zero-rated supply
of services made without payment of tax under bond or letter of undertaking,
calculated in the following manner, namely:-
Zero-rated supply of services is the aggregate of the payments received during the
relevant period for zero-rated supply of services and zero-rated supply of services
where supply has been completed for which payment had been received in advance
in any period prior to the relevant period reduced by advances received for zero-rated
supply of services for which the supply of services has not been completed during the
relevant period;
(E) "Adjusted Total turnover" means the turnover in a State or a Union territory, as
defined under clause (112) of section 2, excluding –
(a) the value of exempt supplies other than zero-rated supplies and
(b) the turnover of supplies in respect of which refund is claimed under subrules
(4A) or (4B) or both, if any,
during the relevant period;
(F) ―”Relevant period” means the period for which the claim has been filed.
4A) In the case of supplies received on which the supplier has availed the benefit of the
Government of India, Ministry of Finance, notification No. 48/2017-Central Tax dated
the 18th October, 2017 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,
Section 3, Subsection (i), vide number G.S.R 1305 (E) dated the 18th October, 2017,
refund of input tax credit, availed in respect of other inputs or input services used in
making zero-rated supply of goods or services or both, shall be granted.
CGST Act 475

4B) In the case of supplies received on which the supplier has availed the benefit of the
Government of India, Ministry of Finance, notification No. 40/2017-Central Tax (Rate)
dated the 23rd October, 2017 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,
Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number G.S.R 1320 (E) dated the 23rd October, 2017
or notification No. 41/2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated the 23rd October, 2017
published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide
number G.S.R 1321(E) dated the 23rd October, 2017 or notification No. 78/2017-
Customs dated the 13th October, 2017 published in the Gazette of India,
Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Subsection (i), vide number G.S.R 1272(E) dated the
13th October, 2017 or notification No. 79/2017-Customs dated the 13th October, 2017
published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide
number G.S.R 1299(E) dated the 13th October, 2017, or all of them, refund of input
tax credit, availed in respect of inputs received under the said notifications for export
of goods and the input tax credit availed in respect of other inputs or input services to
the extent used in making such export of goods, shall be granted
5) In the case of refund on account of inverted duty structure, refund of input tax credit
shall be granted as per the following formula:-
Maximum Refund Amount = {(Turnover of inverted rated supply of goods and services)
x Net ITC ÷ Adjusted Total Turnover} - tax payable on such inverted rated supply of
goods and services.
Explanation:- For the purposes of this sub-rule, the expressions –
a) “Net ITC” shall mean input tax credit availed on inputs during the relevant period
other than the input tax credit availed for which refund is claimed under sub-rules
(4A) or (4B) or both; and
b) Adjusted Total turnover shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in sub-
rule (4)
90. Acknowledgement
1) Where the application relates to a claim for refund from the electronic cash ledger, an
acknowledgement in FORM GST RFD-02 shall be made available to the applicant
through the common portal electronically, clearly indicating the date of filing of the
claim for refund and the time period specified in sub-section (7) of section 54 shall be
counted from such date of filing.
2) The application for refund, other than claim for refund from electronic cash ledger, shall
be forwarded to the proper officer who shall, within a period of fifteen days of filing of
the said application, scrutinize the application for its completeness and where the
application is found to be complete in terms of sub-rule (2), (3) and (4)of rule 89, an
acknowledgement in FORM GST RFD-02 shall be made available to the applicant
through the common portal electronically, clearly indicating the date of filing of the

claim for refund and the time period specified in sub-section (7) of section 54 shall be
counted from such date of filing.
3) Where any deficiencies are noticed, the proper officer shall communicate the
deficiencies to the applicant in FORM GST RFD-03 through the common portal
electronically, requiring him to file a fresh refund application after rectification of such
deficiencies.
4) Where deficiencies have been communicated in FORM GST RFD-03 under the State
Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017, the same shall also deemed to have been
communicated under this rule along with the deficiencies communicated under sub-rule
(3).
91. Grant of provisional refund
1) The provisional refund in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (6) of section
54 shall be granted subject to the condition that the person claiming refund has, during
any period of five years immediately preceding the tax period to which the claim for
refund relates, not been prosecuted for any offence under the Act or under an existing
law where the amount of tax evaded exceeds two hundred and fifty lakh rupees.
2) The proper officer, after scrutiny of the claim and the evidence submitted in support
thereof and on being prima facie satisfied that the amount claimed as refund under sub-
rule (1) is due to the applicant in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (6) of
section 54, shall make an order in FORM GST RFD-04, sanctioning the amount of
refund due to the said applicant on a provisional basis within a period not exceeding
seven days from the date of the acknowledgement under sub-rule (1) or sub-rule (2) of
rule 90.
3) The proper officer shall issue a payment advice in FORM GST RFD-05 for the amount
sanctioned under sub-rule (2) and the same shall be electronically credited to any of
the bank accounts of the applicant mentioned in his registration particulars and as
specified in the application for refund.
92. Order sanctioning refund
1) Where, upon examination of the application, the proper officer is satisfied that a refund
under sub-section (5) of section 54 is due and payable to the applicant, he shall make
an order in FORM GST RFD-06 sanctioning the amount of refund to which the applicant
is entitled, mentioning therein the amount, if any, refunded to him on a provisional basis
under sub-section (6) of section 54, amount adjusted against any outstanding demand
under the Act or under any existing law and the balance amount refundable:
Provided that in cases where the amount of refund is completely adjusted against any
outstanding demand under the Act or under any existing law, an order giving details of
the adjustment shall be issued in Part A of FORM GST RFD-07.
2) Where the proper officer or the Commissioner is of the opinion that the amount of
refund is liable to be withheld under the provisions of sub-section (10) or, as the case
CGST Act 477

may be, sub-section (11) of section 54, he shall pass an order in Part B of FORM GST
RFD-07 informing him the reasons for withholding of such refund.
3) Where the proper officer is satisfied, for reasons to be recorded in writing, that the
whole or any part of the amount claimed as refund is not admissible or is not payable to
the applicant, he shall issue a notice in FORM GST RFD-08to the applicant, requiring
him to furnish a reply in FORM GST RFD-09 within a period of fifteen days of the
receipt of such notice and after considering the reply, make an order in FORM GST
RFD-06 sanctioning the amount of refund in whole or part, or rejecting the said refund
claim and the said order shall be made available to the applicant electronically and the
provisions of sub-rule (1) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the extent refund is allowed:
Provided that no application for refund shall be rejected without giving the applicant an
opportunity of being heard.
4) Where the proper officer is satisfied that the amount refundable under sub-rule (1) or
sub-rule (2) is payable to the applicant under sub-section (8) of section 54, he shall
make an order in FORM GST RFD-06 and issue a payment advice in FORM GST RFD-
05 for the amount of refund and the same shall be electronically credited to any of the
bank accounts of the applicant mentioned in his registration particulars and as specified
in the application for refund.
5) Where the proper officer is satisfied that the amount refundable under sub-rule (1) or
sub-rule (2) is not payable to the applicant under sub-section (8) of section 54, he shall
make an order in FORM GST RFD-06 and issue an advice in FORM GST RFD-05, for
the amount of refund to be credited to the Consumer Welfare Fund.
93. Credit of the amount of rejected refund claim
1) Where any deficiencies have been communicated under sub-rule (3) of rule 90, the
amount debited under sub-rule (3) of rule 89 shall be re-credited to the electronic credit
ledger.
2) Where any amount claimed as refund is rejected under rule 92, either fully or partly, the
amount debited, to the extent of rejection, shall be re-credited to the electronic credit
ledger by an order made in FORM GST PMT-03.
Explanation.– For the purposes of this rule, a refund shall be deemed to be rejected, if
the appeal is finally rejected or if the claimant gives an undertaking in writing to the
proper officer that he shall not file an appeal.
95. Refund of tax to certain persons
1) Any person eligible to claim refund of tax paid by him on his inward supplies as per
notification issued section 55 shall apply for refund in FORM GST RFD-10 once in
every quarter, electronically on the common portal or otherwise, either directly or
through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner, along with a statement of
the inward supplies of goods or services or both in FORM GSTR-11.

2) An acknowledgement for the receipt of the application for refund shall be issued in
FORM GST RFD-02.
3) The refund of tax paid by the applicant shall be available if-
a) the inward supplies of goods or services or both were received from a registered
person against a tax invoice
b) name and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number or Unique Identity
Number of the applicant is mentioned in the tax invoice; and
c) such other restrictions or conditions as may be specified in the notification are
satisfied.
4) The provisions of rule 92 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply for the sanction and payment of
refund under this rule.
5) Where an express provision in a treaty or other international agreement, to which the
President or the Government of India is a party, is inconsistent with the provisions of
this Chapter, such treaty or international agreement shall prevail.
96. Refund of integrated tax paid on goods or services exported out of India
1) The shipping bill filed by [an exporter of goods] shall be deemed to be an application for
refund of integrated tax paid on the goods exported out of India and such application
shall be deemed to have been filed only when:-
a) the person in charge of the conveyance carrying the export goods duly files an
export manifest or an export report covering the number and the date of shipping
bills or bills of export; and
b) the applicant has furnished a valid return in FORM GSTR-3 or FORM GSTR3B, as
the case may be;
2) The details of the relevant export invoices in respect of export of goods contained in
FORM GSTR-1 shall be transmitted electronically by the common portal to the system
designated by the Customs and the said system shall electronically transmit to the
common portal, a confirmation that the goods covered by the said invoices have been
exported out of India.
Provided that where the date for furnishing the details of outward supplies in FORM
GSTR-1 for a tax period has been extended in exercise of the powers conferred under
section 37 of the Act, the supplier shall furnish the information relating to exports as
specified in Table 6A of FORM GSTR-1 after the return in FORM GSTR-3B has been
furnished and the same shall be transmitted electronically by the common portal to the
system designated by the Customs:
Provided further that the information in Table 6A furnished under the first proviso shall
be auto-drafted in FORM GSTR-1 for the said tax period.
CGST Act 479

3) Upon the receipt of the information regarding the furnishing of a valid return in FORM
GSTR-3or FORM GSTR-3B, as the case may be from the common portal, the system
designated by the Customs or the proper officer of Customs, as the case may be, shall
process the claim of refund in respect of export of goods and an amount equal to the
integrated tax paid in respect of each shipping bill or bill of export shall be electronically
credited to the bank account of the applicant mentioned in his registration particulars
and as intimated to the Customs authorities.
4) The claim for refund shall be withheld where,-
a) a request has been received from the jurisdictional Commissioner of central tax,
State tax or Union territory tax to withhold the payment of refund due to the person
claiming refund in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (10) or sub-
section (11) of section 54; or
b) the proper officer of Customs determines that the goods were exported in violation
of the provisions of the Customs Act, 1962.
5) Where refund is withheld in accordance with the provisions of clause (a) of sub-rule (4),
the proper officer of integrated tax at the Customs station shall intimate the applicant
and the jurisdictional Commissioner of central tax, State tax or Union territory tax, as
the case may be, and a copy of such intimation shall be transmitted to the common
portal.
6) Upon transmission of the intimation under sub-rule (5), the proper officer of central tax
or State tax or Union territory tax, as the case may be, shall pass an order in Part B of
FORM GST RFD-07.
7) Where the applicant becomes entitled to refund of the amount withheld under clause (a)
of sub-rule (4), the concerned jurisdictional officer of central tax, State tax or Union
territory tax, as the case may be, shall proceed to refund the amount after passing an
order in FORM GST RFD-06.
8) The Central Government may pay refund of the integrated tax to the Government of
Bhutan on the exports to Bhutan for such class of goods as may be notified in this
behalf and where such refund is paid to the Government of Bhutan, the exporter shall
not be paid any refund of the integrated tax.
9) The application for refund of integrated tax paid on the services exported out of India
shall be filed in FORM GST RFD-01 and shall be dealt with in accordance with the
provisions of rule 89
10) The persons claiming refund of integrated tax paid on exports of goods or services
should not have received supplies on which the supplier has availed the benefit of the
Government of India, Ministry of Finance, notification No. 48/2017-Central Tax dated
the 18th October, 2017 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,
Section 3, Subsection (i), vide number G.S.R 1305 (E) dated the 18th October, 2017 or

notification No. 40/2017-Central Tax (Rate) 23rd October, 2017 published in the
Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number G.S.R
1320 (E) dated the 23rd October, 2017 or notification No. 41/2017-Integrated Tax
(Rate) dated the 23rd October, 2017 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary,
Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number G.S.R 1321 (E) dated the 23rd October,
2017 or notification No. 78/2017-Customs dated the 13th October, 2017 published in
the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number
G.S.R 1272(E) dated the 13th October, 2017 or notification No. 79/2017-Customs
dated the 13th October, 2017 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,
Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number G.S.R 1299 (E) dated the 13th October, 2017.
96A. Refund of integrated tax paid on export of goods or services under bond or
Letter of Undertaking
1) Any registered person availing the option to supply goods or services for export without
payment of integrated tax shall furnish, prior to export, a bond or a Letter of
Undertaking in FORM GST RFD-11 to the jurisdictional Commissioner, binding himself
to pay the tax due along with the interest specified under sub-section (1) of section 50
within a period of—
a) fifteen days after the expiry of three months, or such further period as may be
allowed by the Commissioner,] from the date of issue of the invoice for export, if
the goods are not exported out of India; or
b) fifteen days after the expiry of one year, or such further period as may be allowed
by the Commissioner, from the date of issue of the invoice for export, if the
payment of such services is not received by the exporter in convertible foreign
exchange.
2) The details of the export invoices contained in FORM GSTR-1 furnished on the
common portal shall be electronically transmitted to the system designated by Customs
and a confirmation that the goods covered by the said invoices have been exported out
of India shall be electronically transmitted to the common portal from the said system.
3) Where the goods are not exported within the time specified in sub-rule (1) and the
registered person fails to pay the amount mentioned in the said sub-rule, the export as
allowed under bond or Letter of Undertaking shall be withdrawn forthwith and the said
CGST Act 481

amount shall be recovered from the registered person in accordance with the provisions
of section 79.
4) The export as allowed under bond or Letter of Undertaking withdrawn in terms of sub-
rule (3) shall be restored immediately when the registered person pays the amount due.
5) The Board, by way of notification, may specify the conditions and safeguards under
which a Letter of Undertaking may be furnished in place of a bond.
6) The provisions of sub rule (1) shall apply, mutatis mutandis, in respect of zero-rated
supply of goods or services or both to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special
Economic Zone unit without payment of integrated tax.;
97A. Manual filing and processing
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Chapter, in respect of any process or procedure
prescribed herein, any reference to electronic filing of an application, intimation, reply,
declaration, statement or electronic issuance of a notice, order or certificate on the common
portal shall, in respect of that process or procedure, include manual filing of the said
application, intimation, reply, declaration, statement or issuance of the said notice, order or
certificate in such Forms as appended to these rules.

1) Notification No.37/2017-Central Tax dated 04.10.2017 issued by CBIC extending
facility of LUT to all exporters
2) Notification No.39/2017-Central Tax dated 04.10.2017 issued by CBIC empowering
State Tax officers for processing and granting of refund
3) Notification 49/2017-Central Tax dated 18.10.2017 issued by CBIC detailing
evidences to be produced by the supplier of deemed exports to claim refund
4) Notification 20/2018-Central Tax dated 28.03.2018 issued by CBIC extending the due
date for filing an application for refund under section 55
5) Circular No. 8/2017 dated 04.10.2017 issued by CBIC being clarifications on issues
related to furnishing of Bond/LUT for exports
6) Circular No. 17/2017 dated 15.11.2017 issued by CBIC being clarifications on Manual
filing and processing of refund claims in respect of zero-rated supplies
7) Circular No. 24/2017 dated 21.12.2017 issued by CBIC regarding manual filing and
processing of refund claims on account of inverted duty structure, deemed exports
and excess balance in electronic cash ledger
8) Circular No. 36/2018 dated 13.03.2018 issued by CBIC regarding Processing of
refund applications for UIN entities
9) Circular No. 37/2018 dated 15.03.2018 issued by CBIC clarifying export related refund
issues

10) Circular No. 43/2018 dated 13.04.2018 issued by CBIC addressing queries relating to
processing of refund applications for UIN entities
11) Chapter Thirty Four of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on
‘Refunds under GST’
12) Chapter Thirty Five of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on
‘Refund of Integrated Tax paid on account of zero rated supplies’
13) Chapter Thirty Six of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBIC on
‘Refund of unutilised Input Tax Credit’

Section 33 Amount of tax to be indicated in tax invoice and other documents
Section 27 Consumer Welfare Fund
Section 55 Refund in certain cases
Section 56 Interest on delayed refunds
Section 77 Tax wrongfully collected and paid to Central Government or State
Government
54.1 Introduction
This section deals with the legal and procedural aspects of claiming refund by any person in
respect of -
 any tax (which was excess paid);
 interest paid on such tax; or
 any other amount paid (which was not required to be paid);
 input tax relating to goods and/or services that are exported out of India;
 tax on inputs or input services “used” in the goods and/or services exported out of India
including zero rated supply;
 tax on the supply of goods regarded as deemed exports;
 unutilized input tax credit at the end of tax period in cases of:
o exports, other than when
 goods are subjected to export duty.
CGST Act 483

 the supplier avails drawback of central tax or claims refund of integrated

tax paid on such supplies.
o input tax rate being higher than output tax rate, other than NIL rated or fully
exempted.
This section provides for conditions and procedures for claiming refund without specifying all
the circumstances in which the refund will be eligible to an applicant.
Thus, it can be inferred that refund is possible only when tax, interest or any other amounts
are physically paid in cash and in respect of exports / deemed exports in the form of input tax.
54.2 Analysis
(i) This provision states that the application for refund shall be made before the expiry of
two years from the relevant date;
(ii) The time limit of two years will not apply where tax / interest / or any other amount has
been paid under protest or otherwise.
(iii) In case of taxable person claiming refund of any balance in the electronic cash ledger, it
can be claimed in the return furnished under section 39.
(iv) Following persons are entitled to a refund of tax paid by it on inward supplies of goods
or services or both –
(a) A specialized agency of the United Nations Organization or
(b) Any Multilateral Financial Institution and Organization notified under the United
Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947,
(c) Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries or
(d) any other person or class of persons as notified under section 55.
(v) Such agencies may make an application for refund, in such specified form and manner
as may be prescribed within six months from the end of the quarter in which such
supply was received. (Vide Notification No. 20/2018 – Central Tax dated 28th March,
2018, the Government has extended the time limit from six months from the end of the
quarter to eighteen months from the last date of the quarter in which such supply was
received)
(vi) Refund of the unutilized input tax credit can be claimed at the end of any tax period in
the following cases:

Refund of Unutilized input tax credit will be

available
Zero rated supplies (without If rate of tax on inputs is higher

payment of tax) than the rate of tax on outputs
not being nil rated or fully
exempt supplies
However, refund is also not eligible in the following cases:

(a) If the goods exported out of India are subject to export duty;
(b) If supplier claims refund of output tax paid under IGST Act.
(c) If the supplier avails duty drawback or refund of IGST on such supplies.
If the amount of refund claim is less than rupees 2 lakh, a self-declaration based on
documentary and other evidences available with the claimant, certifying that he has not
passed on the incidence of such tax and interest would suffice to claim refund.
(vii) The refund relating to an application if found in order, will be sanctioned within sixty
days from the date of receipt of application.
(viii) The refund will be sanctioned to the claimant, in the following cases –
 refund of tax paid on zero-rated supply of goods or services or both
 refund of tax on inputs or input services used in making zero-rated supply
 refund of unutilized input tax credit accumulated on account of inverted duty
structure;
 the tax / interest / other amounts paid by the applicant, if he had not passed on
the incidence of tax to any other person; or
 refund of tax paid on a supply which is not provided, either wholly or partially, and
for which invoice has not been issued or where a refund voucher has been issued
 refund of tax in pursuance of section 77 which means a registered person who
has paid CGST and SGST/UTGST on a transaction considered by him as INTRA-
STATE supply but held to be INTER-STATE supply;
the tax or interest borne by notified class of applicants (done by Central/State
Government on the recommendation of the council);
(ix) In all cases other than the one listed above, where the application is found to be in
order, the refund amount, shall be credited to Consumer Welfare Fund within 60 days of
receipt of the application. (refer section 57 for Consumer Welfare Fund)
CGST Act 485

(x) In case of refund claimed by persons other than notified registered person where refund
is on account of export of goods and/or services, the proper officer may refund ninety
percent of the total amount claimed (excluding input tax credit not yet finalized). This
refund of 90% will be on a provisional basis, and will be subject to conditions, limitations
and safeguards. Remaining ten percent may be refunded after due verification of
documents furnished by the applicant.
(xi) In case of claim of refund of accumulated input tax credit, the refund due will be either
withheld or deducted in cases where –
 A person defaults in furnishing any return;
 A person is required to pay any tax, interest or penalty ordered, which is not
stayed by Court or Appellate Authority within the last date for filing an appeal
under this act.
(xii) The deduction from refund due may be tax, interest, penalty, fee or any other amount
which remains unpaid under GST Act or erstwhile law. In cases where the refund is a
consequence of an order and such order is in –
 appeal; or
 further proceeding; or
 any other proceeding under this Act, and
Where a refund order is the subject matter of an appeal, if the Commissioner is of the
opinion that grant of refund would affect the revenue adversely in the appeal or
proceeding on account of malfeasance or fraud committed, the Commissioner may
withhold the refund till such time as it may be determined. This can be done only after
affording the taxpayer an opportunity of being heard.
The Government vide Notification No. 13/2017- Central Tax dated 28-06-2017 has
prescribed, on the recommendation of the Council, 6% as the rate of interest for a
refund withheld under sub-section (11) of section 54.
Note: As per Rule 91, provisional refund shall be granted subject to the condition that
the person claiming refund has, during any period of five years immediately preceding
the tax period to which the claim for refund relates, not been prosecuted for any offence
under the Act or under an erstwhile law where the amount of tax evaded exceeds two
hundred and fifty lakh rupees.
The proper officer, after scrutiny of the claim and the evidence submitted in support
thereof and on being prima facie satisfied that the amount claimed as refund is due to
the applicant then he shall make an order in FORM GST RFD-04, sanctioning the
amount of refund due to the said applicant on a provisional basis within a period not
exceeding seven days from the date of the acknowledgement under sub-rule (1) or sub-
rule (2) of rule 90 (refer para 54.10). Also, the proper officer shall issue a payment
advice in FORM GST RFD-05 for the amount sanctioned and the same shall be

electronically credited to any of the bank accounts of the applicant mentioned in his
registration particulars and as specified in the application for refund.
(xiii) The amount of advance tax deposited by a casual taxable person or a non-resident
taxable person at the time of taking registration would be refunded only after furnishing
all the returns required under section 39, of the entire period for which the certificate of
registration granted to him had remained in force.
(xiv) No refund shall be granted or paid to an applicant, if the amount is less than rupees one
thousand.
Relevant date: The relevant date is crucial to determine the time within which the refund
claim has to be filed. If the refund claim is made after the relevant date, the refund claim would
be rejected and there is no provision in the Act to condone the delay in filing refund claim and
accept delayed refund claims.
The relevant date is identified as follows:
 Refund of tax paid on goods exported or tax paid on inputs/input service
o If exported by sea or air ->date when the ship or the aircraft leaves India; or
o If exported by land ->date when such goods pass the Customs frontier; or
o If exported by post ->date of dispatch of goods by concerned Post Office to a
place outside India.
 Deemed exports supply of goods->the date on which the return relating to such deemed
exports is furnished.
 Refund of tax paid on such services exported itself or tax paid on inputs/input service
o If supply of service is completed prior to the receipt of payment–>date of receipt
of payment in convertible foreign exchange;
o If payment for the service received in advance prior to the date of issue of invoice
–> date of issue of invoice.
 Refund of tax as a consequence of judgment, decree, order or direction of Appellate
authority, Appellate Tribunal or any Court -> date of communication of such
judgement/decree/order/ direction.
 Refund of unutilized input tax credit accumulated due to exports including zero rated
supplies - end of the financial year in which such claim for refund arises;
 Provisionally paid tax - the date of adjustment of tax after the final assessment.
 In the case of a person, other than the supplier, the date of receipt of goods or services
or both by such person; and
 In any other case, the date of payment of tax
CGST Act 487

To summarise the above:

Situation of Refund 2 years from the Relevant Date as under
On account of excess payment Date of payment of tax
On account of Export of Goods Date on which the conveyance carrying the
goods leaves India
On account of Export of Services Date of receipt of convertible foreign
exchange or invoice as the case may be
On account of deemed exports Date of filing return
On account of finalization of provisional Date of the finalization of the order
assessment
In pursuance of an order in favour of the Date of communication of the
taxpayer by the Appellate Authority/ judgement/order/direction
Appellate Tribunal / Court
On account of accumulated unutilised input End of the financial year in which the claim
tax credit of GST arises
Claim of refund by a person not being a Date of receipt of goods or services by such
supplier, or UIN Holder person or UIN holder
Claim of refund by a Casual/Non-resident Date of last return
taxable person
54.3 Rule 89(1) facilitates a taxable person to claim refund in following manner under various
circumstances
S.No. Scenarios Manner to claim refund
1 Refund of any tax, interest, penalty, File an application electronically in
fees or any other amount paid FORM GST RFD-01 through the
common portal
2 Refund relating to balance in the Such a refund may be made through the
electronic cash ledger in accordance return furnished for the relevant tax
with the provisions of sub-section (6) of period in FORM GSTR-3 or FORM
section 49 GSTR-4 or FORM GSTR-7
Note: In terms of Notification No. 55/2017 – Central Tax dated 15th November 2017, Rule 97A
has been inserted in the Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017.
In terms of Rule 97A, any reference to this Chapter (i.e., with respect to Refunds) any
reference to electronic filing of an application, intimation, reply, declaration, statement or
electronic issuance of a notice, order or certificate on the common portal shall, in respect of
that process or procedure, include manual filing of the said application, intimation, reply,

declaration, statement or issuance of the said notice, order or certificate in such Forms as
appended to these rules.
In other words, the refunds may be filed manually and the processing of refund with respect to
any notice, reply or order, among others, can also be issued / filed manually.
54.4 Documentary Evidences: As per Rule 89(2) the above application(s) shall be
accompanied by following documentary evidences
S.No. Scenarios Documents
1 Pre-deposit as per sub-section (6) Reference number of the order and a copy of
of section 107 and sub-section (8) the order passed by the proper officer or an
of section 112 appellate authority or Appellate Tribunal or
court resulting in such refund or reference
number of the payment of the pre-deposit
amount.
2 Refund on account of export of A statement containing the number and date
goods of shipping bills or bills of export and the
number and the date of the relevant export
invoices
3 Refund on account of export of A statement containing the number and date
services of invoices and the relevant Bank
Realisation Certificates or Foreign Inward
Remittance Certificates
4 Refund on account of supply of A statement containing the number and date
goods made to a Special Economic of invoices as provided in rule 46 along with
Zone unit or a Special Economic the evidence regarding the endorsement by
Zone developer the specified officer of the Zone
A declaration to the effect that the Special
Economic Zone unit or the Special Economic
Zone developer has not availed the input tax
credit of the tax paid by the supplier of goods
or services or both, in a case where the
refund is on account of supply of goods or
services made to a Special Economic Zone
unit or a Special Economic Zone developer
5 Refund on account of supply of A statement containing the number and date
Service made to a Special of invoices, the evidence regarding the
Economic Zone unit or a Special endorsement specified in the second proviso
Economic Zone developer to sub-rule (1) and the details of payment,
along with the proof thereof, made by the
CGST Act 489

recipient to the supplier for authorised

operations as defined under the Special
Economic Zone Act, 2005, in a case where
the refund is on account of supply of
A declaration to the effect that the Special
Economic Zone unit or the Special Economic
Zone developer has not availed the input tax
credit of the tax paid by the supplier of goods
or services or both, in a case where the
refund is on account of supply of goods or
6 Refund on account of deemed A statement containing the number and date
exports (where refund is claimed by of invoices along with the following
the Supplier) documents notified under Notification No.
49/2017 – Central Tax dated 18th October,
2017:
(a) Proof of receipt of Goods by the Eligible
Recipient:
In case of Supply Document required
to
Advance Acknowledgment
Authorisation that Holder has
Holder or EPCG received the goods
Holder should be obtained
from the
jurisdictional Tax
officer having
jurisdiction over the
said Holder,
EOUs Copy of the tax
invoice under which
such supplies have
been made by the
supplier, duly signed
by the recipient
Export Oriented Unit

that said deemed

export supplies have
been received by it
(b) Undertaking from the Recipient of the
Deemed Export that the Recipient has
not taken Input Tax Credit of the GST
paid by the Supplier
(c) Undertaking from the Recipient of the
Deemed Export that they shall not claim
the refund of the GST paid by the
Supplier.
7 Refund on account of deemed A statement containing the number and date
exports (where refund is claimed by of invoices along with further documents as
the Recipient of Deemed Exports) may be notified.
However, no documents has been notified by
the Government when the Recipient is
claiming the Refund.
It may be prudent for the Recipient to obtain
an undertaking from the Supplier that
Supplier has not claimed refund of the GST
paid on the Deemed Exports
8 Refund on account of the rate of A statement containing the number and the
tax on the inputs being higher than date of the invoices received and issued
the rate of tax on output supplies, during a tax period in a case where the claim
other than nil-rated or fully exempt pertains to refund of any unutilised input tax
supplies credit under sub-section (3) of section 54
9 Refund arises on account of the The reference number of the final
finalisation of provisional assessment order and a copy of the said
assessment order
10 Refund as per Section 77 (tax A statement showing the details of
wrongly collected and paid to transactions considered as intra-State
Central or state government) supply but which is subsequently held to be
inter-State supply
11 Refund claimed does not exceed A declaration to the effect that the incidence
two lakh rupees (tax paid but the of tax, interest or any other amount claimed
incidence has not been passed on as refund has not been passed on to any
to the other person) other person
CGST Act 491

12 Refund claimed exceed two lakh A Certificate in Annexure 2 of FORM GST

rupees (tax paid but the incidence RFD-01 issued by a chartered accountant or
has not been passed on to the a cost accountant to the effect that the
other person) incidence of tax, interest or any other
amount claimed as refund has not been
passed on to any other person
54.5 As per Rule 89(3), where the application relates to refund of input tax credit, the
electronic credit ledger shall be debited by the applicant by an amount equal to the refund so
claimed.
54.6 Formula for computation of refund as provided in Rule 89(4) & Rule 89(5) is as under:
(a) In the case of zero-rated supply of goods or services or both without payment of tax
under bond or letter of undertaking, refund of input tax credit shall be granted as per
the following formula (for the procedure, refer para 54.8) -
Refund Amount = (Turnover of zero-rated supply of goods + Turnover of zero-rated
supply of services) x Net ITC ÷ Adjusted Total Turnover
(b) In the case of refund on account of inverted duty structure, refund of input tax credit
shall be granted as per the following formula –
Maximum Refund Amount = {(Turnover of inverted rated supply of goods and services)
x Net ITC ÷ Adjusted Total Turnover} - tax payable on such inverted rated supply of
goods and services
(c) In the case of zero-rated supply of goods or services or both on payment of IGST tax,
refund of entire amount of IGST shall be available (refer para 54.7)
(d) In the case of supplies received on which the supplier has availed the benefit of
Notification No. 48/2017-Central Tax dated the 18th October, 2017 (deemed exports),
refund of input tax credit, availed in respect of other inputs or input services used in
making zero-rated supply of goods or services or both (Rule 89(4A))
(e) In the case of supplies received on which the supplier has availed the benefit of
Notification No. 40/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated the 23rd October, 2017 (concessional
rate of tax at 0.05% on intra-State supply of taxable goods by a registered supplier to a
registered recipient for export) or Notification No. 41/2017 Integrated Tax (Rate) dated
the 23rd October, 2017 (concessional rate of tax at 0.1% on inter-State supply of
taxable goods by a registered supplier to a registered recipient for export) or
Notification No. 78/2017-Customs dated the 13th October, 2017 (goods imported by
EOUs) or Notification No. 79/2017-Customs dated the 13th October, 2017 (import of
goods under AA/EPCG schemes) or all of them, refund of input tax credit, availed in
respect of inputs received under the said notifications for export of goods and the input
tax credit availed in respect of other inputs or input services to the extent used in
making such export of goods. (Rule 89(4B))

Where, -
(A) "Refund amount" means the maximum refund that is admissible;
(B) "Net ITC" means input tax credit availed on inputs and input services during the
under sub-rules (4A) or (4B) or both; (in case of refund on account of inverted rate
structure, Net ITC shall mean input tax credit availed on only inputs during the
under sub-rules (4A) or (4B) or both)
(C) "Turnover of zero-rated supply of goods" means the value of zero-rated supply of
goods made during the relevant period without payment of tax under bond or letter of
undertaking, other than the turnover of supplies in respect of which refund is claimed
(D) "Turnover of zero-rated supply of services" means the value of zero-rated supply of
services made without payment of tax under bond or letter of undertaking, calculated
in the following manner, namely: -
Zero-rated supply of services is the aggregate of the payments received during the
relevant period for zero-rated supply of services and zero-rated supply of services
where supply has been completed for which payment had been received in advance
in any period prior to the relevant period reduced by advances received for zero-rated
supply of services for which the supply of services has not been completed during the
relevant period;
(E) "Adjusted Total turnover" means the turnover in a State or a Union territory, as
defined under sub-section (112) of section 2, excluding the value of exempt supplies
other than zero-rated supplies and the turnover of supplies in respect of which refund
is claimed under sub rules (4A) or (4B) or both, if any, during the relevant period;
(F) “Relevant period” means the period for which the claim has been filed.
54.7 Rule 96 provides for Refund of integrated tax paid on goods or services exported
out of India-
 The shipping bill filed by an exporter of goods shall be deemed to be an application for
refund of integrated tax paid on the goods exported out of India.
 Such application shall be deemed to have been filed only when: -
 the person in charge of the conveyance carrying the export goods duly files an
export manifest or an export report covering the number and the date of shipping
bills or bills of export; and
 the applicant has furnished a valid return in FORM GSTR-3 or FORM GSTR- 3B,
as the case may be;
CGST Act 493

The details of the relevant export invoices in respect of export of goods contained in
FORM GSTR-1 shall be transmitted electronically by the common portal to the system
designated by the Customs and the said system shall electronically transmit to the
common portal, a confirmation that the goods covered by the said invoices have been
exported out of India.
GSTR-1 for a tax period has been extended, then in exercise of the powers conferred
under section 37 of the Act, the supplier shall furnish the details of information relating
to exports as specified in Table 6A of FORM GSTR-1 after the return in FORM GSTR-
3B has been furnished and the same shall be transmitted electronically by the common
portal to the system designated by the Customs:
Provided further that the information in Table 6A forming part of Form GSTR-1 shall be
auto-drafted in FORM GSTR-1 for the said tax period. (Refer proviso to Rule 96(2)
inserted vide Notification No. 51/2017 – Central Tax dated 28th October 2017)
Note that the Table 6A has to be furnished only after filing of Form GSTR-3B under the
respective tax period.
As and when the Form auto-drafted in FORM GSTR-1 are furnished for the said tax
period, then details of exports will be auto-drafted from the Table 6A referred above.
The procedure is as follows:
a. File GSTR-3B for a Tax Period
b. Fill Table 6A of Form GSTR-1 available on the Common Portal. Refund will be
processed based on this Table 6A
c. As and when Form GSTR-1 is filed, the data relating to exports will be auto-
populated from the above Table 6A
Upon the receipt of the information regarding the furnishing of a valid return in FORM
GSTR-3 or FORM GSTR-3B, as the case may be, from the common portal, the system
designated by the Customs or the proper officer of Customs, as the case may be shall
process the claim of refund in respect of export of goods and an amount equal to the
integrated tax paid in respect of each shipping bill or bill of export shall be electronically
credited to the bank account of the applicant mentioned in his registration particulars
and as intimated to the Customs authorities.
It is interesting to note that although Rule 96 reads “Refund of integrated tax paid on
goods or services exported out of India”, refund of integrated tax paid on the services
exported out of India shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of rule 89 and
the application for refund shall be filed in FORM GST RFD-01.
The persons claiming refund of integrated tax paid on exports of goods or services
should not have received supplies on which the supplier has availed the benefit of
Notification No. 48/2017-Central Tax dated the 18th October, 2017 (deemed exports) or

Notification No. 40/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated the 23rd October, 2017 (concessional
rate of tax at 0.05% on intra-State supply of taxable goods by a registered supplier to a
registered recipient for export) or Notification No. 41/2017 Integrated Tax (Rate) dated
the 23rd October, 2017 (concessional rate of tax at 0.1% on inter-State supply of
taxable goods by a registered supplier to a registered recipient for export) or
Notification No. 78/2017-Customs dated the 13th October, 2017 (goods imported by
EOUs) or Notification No. 79/2017-Customs dated the 13th October, 2017 (import of
goods under AA/EPCG schemes)
Withholding of Refund
 The claim for refund shall be withheld where, -
 a request has been received from the jurisdictional Commissioner of central tax,
State tax or Union territory tax to withhold the payment of refund due to the
person claiming refund in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (10) or
sub-section (11) of section 54; or the proper officer of Customs determines that
the goods were exported in violation of the provisions of the Customs Act, 1962.
 the proper officer of integrated tax at the Customs station shall intimate the
applicant and the jurisdictional Commissioner of central tax, State tax or Union
territory tax, as the case may be, and a copy of such intimation shall be
transmitted to the common portal
 the proper officer of central tax or State tax or Union territory tax, as the case
may be, shall pass an order in Part B of FORM GST RFD-07
 Where the applicant becomes entitled to refund of the amount withheld, the
concerned jurisdictional officer of central tax, State tax or Union territory tax, as
the case may be, shall proceed to refund the amount after passing an order in
FORM GST RFD-06.
54.8 Rule 96A provides for Refund of integrated tax paid on export of goods or
services under bond or Letter of Undertaking
 Any registered person availing the option to supply goods or services for export without
payment of integrated tax shall furnish, prior to export, a bond or a Letter of Undertaking
in FORM GST RFD-11 to the jurisdictional Commissioner (vide circular no 2/2/2017-
GST the power has been delegated to Deputy/Assistant Commissioner).
 The registered person shall bind himself to pay the tax due along with the interest
specified under sub-section (1) of section 50 (18%) within a period of —
(a) fifteen days after the expiry of three months, or such further period as may be
allowed by the Commissioner,] from the date of issue of the invoice for export, if
the goods are not exported out of India; or
(b) fifteen days after the expiry of one year, or such further period as may be allowed
by the Commissioner, from the date of issue of the invoice for export, if the
CGST Act 495

payment of such services is not received by the exporter in convertible foreign

exchange
The Government has clarified & emphasized that exports have been zero rated under
the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (IGST Act) and as long as goods
have actually been exported even after a period of three months, payment of integrated
tax first and claiming refund at a subsequent date should not be insisted upon. In such
cases, the jurisdictional Commissioner may consider granting extension of time limit for
export as provided in the said sub-rule on post facto basis keeping in view the facts and
circumstances of each case. The same principle should be followed in case of export of
services. (Circular No. 37/11/2018-GSTdated 15th March, 2018)
 The details of the export invoices contained in FORM GSTR-1 furnished on the common
portal shall be electronically transmitted to the system designated by Customs and a
confirmation that the goods covered by the said invoices have been exported out of
India shall be electronically transmitted to the common portal from the said system.
Provided that where the due date for furnishing the details of outward supplies in FORM
Note that the Table 6A has to furnished only after filing of Form GSTR-3B for the
respective tax period.
 In the event, goods are not exported within the time specified above and the registered
person fails to pay the IGST amount, the export as allowed under bond or Letter of
Undertaking shall be withdrawn forthwith and the said amount shall be recovered from
the registered person in accordance with the provisions of section 79.
 The export as allowed under bond or Letter of Undertaking withdrawn shall be restored
immediately when the registered person pays the amount due.
The provisions of sub rule (1) shall apply, mutatis mutandis, in respect of zero-rated
supply of goods or services or both to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special
Economic Zone unit without payment of integrated tax.”
 The Government has clarified that the substantive benefits of zero rating may not be
denied where it has been established that exports in terms of the relevant provisions
have been made. The delay in furnishing of LUT in such cases may be condoned and
the facility for export under LUT may be allowed on ex post facto basis taking into

account the facts and circumstances of each case (Circular No. 37/11/2018-GSTdated
15th March, 2018)
Note: The Government vide Notification No. 16/2017 – Central Tax dated 07.07.2017 has
specified following conditions for a registered person to be eligible for submission of Letter of
Undertaking in place of a bond.
(a) a status holder as specified in paragraph 5 of the Foreign Trade Policy 2015-2020; or
(b) who has received the due foreign inward remittances amounting to a minimum of 10%
of the export turnover, which should not be less than one crore rupees, in the preceding
financial year.
Further, the registered person has not been prosecuted for any offence under the Central
Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (12 of 2017) or under any of the erstwhile laws in case
where the amount of tax evaded exceeds two hundred and fifty lakh rupees.
However, the above requirement has been relaxed with effect from 04th October, 2017
The Government vide Notification No. 37/2017 – Central Tax dated 04.10.2017 has extended
the facility of Letter of Undertaking to all registered tax payers.
However, the following persons shall not be eligible to furnish LUT:
1) A registered person prosecuted for any offence under GST or any existing laws in force
with tax evaded exceeding Rs.2.5 crores
2) Registered person who fails to pay tax due along with interest within:
 15 days after the expiry of 3 months from the date of issue of the invoice for
export, if the goods are not exported out of India; or
 15 days after the expiry of 1 year, or such further period as may be allowed by the
Commissioner, from the date of issue of invoice for export, if the payment of such
services is not received by the exporter in convertible foreign exchange.
However, the disqualification in respect of point 2 above will cease on payment of tax
along with interest.
Thus, a registered person who is not eligible to furnish an LUT for reasons discussed above,
shall execute a Bond. The Bond shall be accompanied by Bank Guarantee for 15% of the
Bond amount. (Circular No. 8/8/2017-GST dated 04.10.2017)
A self-declaration by the exporter that he has not been prosecuted is sufficient for the
purposes of Notification No. 37/2017- Central Tax dated 4th October, 2017. Department may
verify the claim after acceptance of the LUT, unless Department has any specific information
otherwise, regarding the prosecution. (Circular No. 8/8/2017-GST dated 04.10.2017)
The LUT facility is also extended to Supplies made to SEZ.
Further, the registered person (exporters) shall fill and submit FORM GST RFD-11 on the
common portal. An LUT shall be deemed to be accepted as soon as an acknowledgement for
CGST Act 497

the same, bearing the Application Reference Number (ARN), is generated online. If it is
discovered that an exporter whose LUT has been so accepted, was ineligible to furnish an
LUT in place of bond as per Notification No. 37/2017-Central Tax, then the exporter’s LUT will
be liable for rejection. In case of rejection, the LUT shall be deemed to have been rejected ab
initio. No document needs to be physically submitted to the jurisdictional office for acceptance
of LUT. (Circular No. 40/14/2018-GST dated 06.04.2018)
54.9 Refund in case of Deemed Exports
Deemed Exports are defined as “Supplies” as may be notified under Section 147 of the CGST
Act.
The Central Government vide Notification No. 48/2017 – Central Tax dated 18.10.2017 has
notified the following items as “Deemed Exports”
 Supply of goods by a registered person against Advance Authorisation
 Supply of capital goods by a registered person against Export Promotion Capital Goods
Authorisation (EPCG)
 Supply of goods by a registered person to an Export Oriented Unit (EOU) and includes:
 Electronic Hardware Technology Park Unit (EHTP) or
 Software Technology Park Unit (STP) or
 Bio-Technology Park Unit (BTP).
 Supply of gold by a bank or Public Sector Undertaking specified in the Notification No.
50/2017-Customs, dated the 30.06.2017 (as amended) against Advance Authorisation.
Analysis
The Foreign Trade Policy (2015-2020) in terms of Para 7.02 has provided a list of Supplies
which are Deemed Exports under FTP.
However, only the aforesaid four supplies have been covered under Deemed Export under
GST. Therefore, other Deemed Export under FTP but not specified in Notification No. 48/2017
– Central Tax dated 18.10.2017 shall not be classified as Deemed Exports. The recipient of
deemed exports will be eligible to take Input Tax Credit of the tax paid by the supplier subject
to restrictions / blocking of credits as Section 16, 17 of the CGST Act and rules thereunder.
It is to be noted that only supply of goods and not supply of services can be classified as
Deemed Exports.
Person claiming refund
The Application of refund may be filed by the Recipient of the Goods.
However, the Supplier may also file the refund application if the supplier furnishes a
declaration from the Recipient that he has not availed Input Tax Credit on such deemed
exports.

Special Procedures with Respect to Supply of Goods to EOUs

The Government vide Circular No. 14/14 /2017 – GST dated 06.11.2017 has issued detailed
guidelines on the procedure to be adopted for Supply of goods to EOU, EHTP, STP and BTP
(hereinafter collectively referred to as “EOU”)
Procedure to be adopted by the EOU:
Steps Particulars Form No, if Explanation
any / Due Date
Step 1 Issuance of Prior Form-A The EOU shall give prior intimation of
Intimation goods to be procured from the Supplier
in Form-A.
The Intimation must be serially number
and must prepared in Triplicate and sent
to:
(1) the Registered Supplier undertaking
the Supply
(2) the jurisdictional GST Officer in
charge of the Supplier
charge of the EOU
Step 2 Supply of goods by The registered supplier thereafter will
the Supplier supply goods under tax invoice to the
recipient EOU / EHTP / STP / BTP unit.
Step 3 Endorsement of On receipt of such supplies, the EOU,
Invoice by EOU on the Unit shall endorse the tax invoice
receipt of goods and send a copy of the endorsed tax
invoice to –
(1) the Registered Supplier
undertaking the Supply
charge of the Supplier.
charge of the EOU.
Such endorsement is the Proof of
Deemed Export Supplies by a registered
person to the EOU
Step 4 EOU shall Form-B EOU shall maintain the record of
maintain records Receipt, use and Removal of Goods in
for receipt, use Form-B
CGST Act 499

and removal of The data is required to be maintained in

Goods Digital form.
The Record must be updated
immediately and accurately and open for
Verification by the Proper office
Step 5 Monthly Due date - 10th A digital copy of Form – B containing
submission of of the transactions for the month, shall be
Form-B to the GST Following provided to the jurisdictional GST
Officer month officer, each month in a CD or Pen
drive, as convenient to the said unit.
54.10 Rule 90 - Acknowledgement and Deficiency memo

(a) The application relates to a claim for refund from the electronic cash ledger- on
receipt of the application for refund, an acknowledgement in FORM GST RFD-02 shall
be made available to the applicant through the common portal electronically, clearly
indicating the date of filing of the claim for refund and the time period of 60 days for
passing an order by proper officer shall be counted from such date of filing.
(b) The application for refund, other than claim for refund from electronic cash
ledger- such applications shall be forwarded to the proper officer who shall, within a
period of fifteen days of filing of the said application scrutinize the application for its
completeness and where the application is found to be complete, an acknowledgement
in FORM GST RFD-02 shall be made available to the applicant through the common
portal electronically, clearly indicating the date of filing of the claim for refund and the
time period 60 days for passing an order by proper officer shall be counted from such
date of filing.
(c) Where any deficiencies are noticed, the proper officer shall communicate the
deficiencies to the applicant in FORM GST RFD-03 through the common portal
electronically, requiring him to file a fresh refund application after rectification of such
deficiencies.
(d) If deficiencies have been communicated in FORM GST RFD-03 under the State Goods
and Service Tax Rules, 2017, the same shall also deemed to have been communicated
under CGST Act also.
54.11 Note: Refer Notification No. 55/2017 – Central Tax dated 15.11.2017, mentioned
above.
54.12 Rule 92 provides for Order sanctioning refund-
Rule No Scenarios Procedures

92(1) When entire refund is  Where, upon examination of the application,
payable the proper officer is satisfied that a refund

under sub-section (5) of section 54 is due

and payable to the applicant, he shall make
an order in FORM GST RFD-06 sanctioning
the amount of refund to which the applicant
is entitled, mentioning therein the amount, if
any, refunded to him on a provisional basis
under sub-section (6) of section 54
Proviso In cases where the amount  the proper officer shall pass an order giving
to 92(1) of refund is completely details of the adjustment, which shall be
adjusted against any issued in Part A of FORM GST RFD-07.
outstanding demand under
the Act or under any
erstwhile law
92(2) Where the proper officer or  the proper officer shall pass an order in Part
the Commissioner is of the B of FORM GST RFD-07 informing him the
opinion that the amount of reasons for withholding of such refund
refund is liable to be withheld
under
 the provisions of sub-
section (10) [when the
applicant is required to
pay tax, interest or
penalty which has not
been stayed by any
court] or,
 sub-section (11) of
section 54 [when any
matter of appeal is
pending and refund shall
affect the revenue
92(3) Where the proper officer is  the proper officer shall issue a notice in
satisfied that the whole or FORM GST RFD-08 to the applicant;
any part of the amount  the Applicant shall furnish a reply in FORM
claimed as refund is not GST RFD-09 within a period of fifteen days
admissible or is not payable of the receipt of such notice and
to the applicant
 after considering the reply, the proper
officer shall make an order in FORM GST
RFD-06 sanctioning the amount of refund in
whole or part, or rejecting the said refund
CGST Act 501

claim and the said order shall be made

available to the applicant electronically
 Provided that no application for refund shall
be rejected without giving the applicant an
92(4) Refund credited to the  Where the proper officer is satisfied that the
account of applicant amount is payable to the applicant, he shall
make an order in FORM GST RFD-06 then
he shall issue a payment advice in FORM
GST RFD-05 for refund and the same shall
be electronically credited to any of the bank
accounts of the applicant mentioned in his
registration and as specified in the
application for refund.
92(5) Refund credited to  Where the proper officer is satisfied that the
Consumer Welfare Fund amount refundable is not payable to the
applicant under sub-section (8) of section
54, he shall make an order in FORM GST
RFD-06 and issue an advice in FORM GST
RFD-05, for the amount of refund to be
credited to the Consumer Welfare Fund
Note: Refer Notification No. 55/2017–Central Tax dated 15.11.2017, mentioned above.
54.13 Rule 93 provides for the Credit of the amount of rejected refund claim
Where any amount claimed as refund is rejected under rule 92, the amount debited to the
extent of rejection, shall be re-credited to the electronic credit ledger by an order made in
FORM GST PMT-03. A refund shall be deemed to be rejected, if the appeal is finally rejected
or if the claimant gives an undertaking in writing to the proper officer that he shall not file an
appeal. Also, where any deficiencies have been communicated in FORM GST RFD-03, the
amount debited under sub-rule (3) of rule 89 shall be re-credited to the electronic credit
ledger.
These provisions are broadly similar to the provisions contained in erstwhile Central Indirect
Tax law. However, they are restrictive when compared to the refund mechanism under earlier
State Value Added Tax law. The GST Law provides refund of unutilised credit in certain
specified circumstances where the State VAT Laws provide for refund of unutilised credit
under any circumstances.


I. Can a registered person exporting non-taxable goods (say, motor spirit) claim refund of
inputs and input services utilised in the manufacture of such non-taxable goods?
Although this is a debatable issue, some experts believe that the law does not place
restriction on claiming refund of taxes paid on inward supplies used in effecting such
export of non-taxable goods. This could be argued on the following grounds:
 Zero rated supply includes within its ambit, inter alia, export of goods
 Motor spirit, although non-taxable, would fall within the meaning of goods as
defined in Section 2(52) of the CGST Act
 Section 17(2) of the CGST Act states that a supplier shall be entitled to avail
input tax credit to the extent of input tax as is attributable to taxable supplies
including zero rated supplies.
 Section 16(2) of the IGST Act states that input tax credit may be availed for
making zero rated supplies notwithstanding the fact that such supply may be an
exempt supply subject to restrictions on ITC in Section 17(5).
 Exempt supply has been defined in Section 2(47) of the CGST Act to include
non-taxable supply.
 Section 54(3) of the CGST Act specifies that refund of unutilised input tax credit
shall be allowed in case of zero rated supplies effected without payment of tax
unless such export are subjected to export duty. Thus, refund on export of non-
taxable goods may be sought by the registered person.
It is relevant to note here that while, just as the argument for eligibility to claim refund of
input tax credit is based on the definition of ‘exempt supply’, the same could well
become a ground for dis-entitlement of input tax credit under Section 16 of the CGST
Act, since they are used for supply of non-taxable goods. It is to be noted that Section
16 of the IGST Act should be read harmoniously with Section 16 of the CGST Act, i.e.,
only input tax credit that was eligible in the first instance could be claimed as refund.
Given that motor spirit is kept outside the ambit of GST, availment of input tax credit
used for non-taxable supplies, could at the very outset, be deemed to be ineligible.
Therefore, this contentious issue may be put to rest by way of an amendment,
clarification by the Board or judicial scrutiny.
II. Can a registered person being an exporter claim refund of unutilised input tax credit
being transitional credit carried forward from the pre-GST regime?
Under the GST law, there is no provision specifically providing for refund of transitional
credit. Section 54(3) pertains to refund of unutilised input tax credit.
Section 2(63) of the CGST Act defines “input tax credit” to broadly refer to CGST,
SGST, UTGST and IGST charged on the supply of goods or services. Thus, it is
CGST Act 503

apparent from the definition that taxes paid under pre-GST regime does not fulfil this
criteria to be classified as input tax credit as referred to in Section 54(3).
However, Explanation (1) to Section 54(14) of the CGST Act defines “refund” to include,
inter alia, refund of tax paid on zero rated supplies. Thus, it is advisable that the
exporter opts to export goods or services on payment of tax, utilise such transitional
credit for payment of output tax on exports and then apply for refund of the tax paid on
exports.
III. Refund in respect of tax paid on capital goods used by an registered person for
effecting exports.
It is interesting to note that Explanation (1) to Section 54(14) of the CGST Act defines
“refund” to include, inter alia, inputs and input services used in making zero rated
supplies. On the same lines, “NET ITC” as defined under Rule 89(4) of the CGST Rules,
refers to merely input tax credit availed on inputs and input services. Thus conspicuous
by its absence is the fact that refund of unutilised input tax credit on account of zero
rated supplies is not available in respect of capital goods.
Such a scenario may be countered by the exporter by choosing to export on payment of
tax. As was the case in (II) above, the exporter who opts to export goods or services on
payment of tax can utilise input tax credit accumulated on capital goods towards
payment of output tax on exports and subsequently apply for refund of taxes paid on
exports.
From the above scenarios, it is interesting to note that a registered person should
wisely exercise his option to either effect zero-rated supplies on payment of tax or
without payment of tax based on the facts of the case and there can be no general rule
that can be applied to one and all.
IV. Determination of Authorised Operations in respect of supplies made to a SEZ developer
or SEZ unit.
The Second proviso to Rule 89 of the CGST Rules, states that in respect of supplies to
a Special Economic Zone unit or a Special Economic Zone developer, the supplier of
goods or services can apply for refund if such supplies are being used for authorised
operations. The question which arises is, who determines the authorised operations and
who is the specified officer referred to in the said Rule.
‘Authorised Operations’ has been defined under Section 2(c) of the SEZ Act to mean:
 For a SEZ Developer – The Board of Approval may authorise the Developer such
operations which the Central Government may authorise
 For a SEZ Unit – Operations as authorised by the Development Commissioner in
the Letter of Approval.
‘Specified officer’ has been defined in the SEZ Rules to mean a Joint or Deputy or
Assistant Commissioner of Customs for the time being posted in the SEZ.

Thus, the terms as defined above, may be adopted for the purpose of Rule 89 of the
GST Rules.
54.16 FAQs
Q1. Is there a time limit to file refund claim?
Ans. Generally, Yes. The refund claim has to be filed within two years from the relevant date.
However, if the tax or interest thereon or amount claimed as refund is paid under
protest, the time limit is not applicable.
Q2. Whether there is any provision for condonation of delay in filing refund claim beyond
two years from the relevant date (where tax/interest/amount is not paid under protest)?
Ans. No. There is no provision to condone the delay and the refund claim will be rejected
without getting into merits of the refund claim.
Q3. Whether there is any procedure to pay tax/interest/amount under protest?
Ans. There is no mechanism or procedure set out in the GST Act or. As per the practice
prevailing under the erstwhile central indirect tax laws, a letter expressing the fact that
the tax/interest/amount is being paid under protest setting out the reason may be
sufficient to consider that the payment is made under protest.
Q4. What would be the time limit for sanctioning refund?
Ans. The refund has to be sanctioned within 60 days from the receipt of duly completed
application containing all the prescribed information/documents.
Q5. What happens in case the incidence of duty/tax has been passed on by the person
claiming the refund?
Ans. The refund claimed and eligible will be credited to Consumer Welfare Fund.
Q6. Is there a minimum amount specified below which no refund can be claimed?
Ans. Yes. The minimum amount of refund payable should be ` 1000/- or more.
Q7. Whether refund of unutilized credit at the end of tax period can be claimed by supplier
who does not have any exports.
Ans. Yes. It is available in cases where the accumulation of credit is for the reason of tax rate
on inputs and input services being higher than the rate of tax on outputs other than NIL
rated or fully exempted outward supply.
54.17 MCQs
Q1. In case of refund claim on account of export of goods and/or services made by such
category of registered taxable persons as may be notified in this behalf, what percent
would be granted as refund on a provisional basis?
(a) 70%
(b) 65%
CGST Act 505

(c) 80%
(d) 90%
Ans. (d) 90%
Q2. What is the relevant date in case of refund on account of excess payment of GST due
to mistake or inadvertence?
(a) Date of payment of GST
(b) Last day of the financial year
(c) Date of providing of service
Ans. (a) Date of payment of GST
Q3. Refund of accumulated input tax of inputs credit at the end of any tax period is eligible
in cases of?
(a) Due to purchase of huge stocks
(b) Credit cannot be used for any reason.
(c) Due to Exports and input tax rate of inputs being higher than output tax rate
(d) Due to Exports only.
Ans. (c) Due to Exports and input tax rate of inputs being higher than output tax rate
Q4. Relevant date for computing time limit to claim refund in case of deemed exports supply
of goods is –
(a) Date of filing returns relating to such deemed exports;
(b) Date of goods leaving India;
(c) Date of payment of Tax;
(d) Date of receipt of consideration in Foreign Exchange;
Ans. (a) Date of filing returns relating to such deemed exports
55. Refund in certain cases
The Government may, on the recommendation of the Council, by notification, specify any
specialized agency of the United Nations Organization or any Multilateral Financial
Institution and Organization notified under the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities)
Act, 1947, Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries and any other person or class of
persons as may be specified in this behalf, who shall, subject to such conditions and
restrictions as may be prescribed, be entitled to claim a refund of taxes paid on the notified
supplies of goods or services or both received by them.

Rule 95 Refund of tax to certain persons

1) Any person eligible to claim refund of tax paid by him on his inward supplies as per
notification issued section 55 shall apply for refund in FORM GST RFD-10 once in
every quarter, electronically on the common portal or otherwise, either directly or
through a Facilitation Centre notified by the Commissioner, along with a statement of
the inward supplies of goods or services or both in FORM GSTR-11.
2) An acknowledgement for the receipt of the application for refund shall be issued in
FORM GST RFD-02.
3) The refund of tax paid by the applicant shall be available if-
a) the inward supplies of goods or services or both were received from a registered
person against a tax invoice
b) name and Goods and Services Tax Identification Number or Unique Identity
Number of the applicant is mentioned in the tax invoice; and
c) such other restrictions or conditions as may be specified in the notification are
satisfied.
4) The provisions of rule 92 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply for the sanction and payment
of refund under this rule.
5) Where an express provision in a treaty or other international agreement, to which the
President or the Government of India is a party, is inconsistent with the provisions of
this Chapter, such treaty or international agreement shall prevail.

1) Circular No. 36/2018 dated 13.03.2018 issued by CBIC regarding Processing of refund
applications for UIN entities
2) Circular No. 43/2018 dated 13.04.2018 issued by CBIC addressing queries relating to
processing of refund applications for UIN entities
55 Related Provisions of the Statute

Section 54 Refund of Tax
Rule 92 Order sanctioning refund
55.1 Introduction
This section deals with refund of taxes paid on notified supplies of goods or services or both
CGST Act 507

received by certain specified agencies notified by the Government on the recommendation of

the Council.
55.2 Analysis
This section provides that –
(i) The Government, is vested with powers to notify certain agencies on the
recommendation of the Council, to be entitled to claim refund.
(ii) The agencies that can be notified are –
(a) any specialized agency of the United Nations Organization or
(b) any Multilateral Financial Institution and Organization notified under the United
Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947,
(c) any other person or class of persons as may be specified.
(iii) In addition to the above, Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries would also be
eligible for refund.
(iv) The agencies mentioned above would be entitled to claim a refund of taxes paid on the
notified supplies of goods or services or both received by them. The refund claim is
subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed,
55.3 Procedure for refund of tax
The Government vide Circular No. 36/10/2018-GST dated 13.03.2018 and Circular No.
43/17/2018-GST dated 13.04.2018 has clarified some of the issues to ensure uniformity which
are as under:
(a) The FORM GSTR-11 along with FORM GST RFD-10 has to be filed separately for each
of those quarters for which refund claim is being filed.
(b) All the entities claiming refund shall submit the duly filled in print out of FORM RFD-10
to the jurisdictional Central Tax Commissionerate. All refund claims shall be processed
and sanctioned by respective Central Tax offices. In order to facilitate processing of
refund claims of UIN entities, a nodal officer has been designated in each State.
Application for refund claim may be submitted before the designated Central Tax nodal
officers in the State in which the UIN has been obtained.
(c) The print version of FORM GSTR-11 generated by the system does not have invoice-
wise details. Therefore, it is clarified that till the system generated FORM GSTR-11
does not have invoice-level details, UIN agencies are requested to manually furnish a
statement containing the details of all the invoices on which refund has been claimed,
along with refund application.
(d) The recording of UIN on the invoice is a necessary condition under rule 46 of the CGST
Rules, 2017. If suppliers / vendors are not recording the UINs, action may be initiated
against them under the provisions of the CGST Act, 2017.

Note: In terms of Notification No. 55/2017 – Central Tax dated 15th November 2017, Rule 97A
has been inserted in the Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017.
In terms of Rule 97A, refunds may be permitted to be filed manually and the processing of
refund with respect to any notice, reply or order, among others, can also be issued / filed
manually.
55.4 FAQs
1. Name the agencies that can be notified to be eligible to claim refund of taxes under
Section 55 of the CGST Act?
Ans. Any specialized agency of the United Nations Organization or any Multilateral Financial
Institution and Organization notified under the United Nations (Privileges and
Immunities) Act, 1947 and any other person or class of persons as may be specified in
this behalf, are the agencies that can be notified.
2. What refund are the agencies specified above entitled to claim under this section?
Ans. The agencies specified above are entitled to claim a refund of taxes paid on the notified
supplies of goods or services or both received by them.
55.5 MCQs
Q1. Who is empowered to notify the agencies that are entitled to claim refund under this
section?
(a) Government on the recommendations of the GST Council
(b) Board
(c) GST Council
Ans. (a) Government on the recommendations of the GST Council
56. Interest on delayed refunds
If any tax ordered to be refunded under sub-section (5) of section 54 to any applicant is not
refunded within sixty days from the date of receipt of application under sub-section (1) of
that section, interest at such rate not exceeding six per cent as may be specified in the
notification issued by the Government on the recommendations of the Council shall be
payable in respect of such refund from the date immediately after the expiry of sixty days
from the date of receipt of an application under the said sub-section till the date of refund of
such tax.
Provided that where any claim of refund arises from an order passed by an adjudicating
authority or Appellate Authority or Appellate Tribunal or court which has attained finality and
the same is not refunded within sixty days from the date of receipt of application filed
CGST Act 509

consequent to such order, interest at such rate not exceeding nine per cent. as may be
notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council shall be payable in
respect of such refund from the date immediately after the expiry of sixty days from the date
of receipt of application till the date of refund.
Explanation.- For the purpose of this section, where any order of refund is made by an
Appellate Authority, Tribunal or any Court against an order of the proper officer under sub-
section (5) of section 54, the order passed by the Appellate Authority, Appellate Tribunal or,
by the Court shall be deemed to be an order passed under the said sub-section (5).

Rule 94 Order sanctioning interest on delayed refunds
Where any interest is due and payable to the applicant under section 56, the proper officer
shall make an order along with a payment advice in FORM GST RFD-05, specifying therein
the amount of refund which is delayed, the period of delay for which interest is payable and
the amount of interest payable, and such amount of interest shall be electronically credited
to any of the bank accounts of the applicant mentioned in his registration particulars and as
specified in the application for refund.

1) Notification No.13 /2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017 notifying interest rates.
56.1. Introduction
This section provides for payment of interest on delayed refunds beyond the period of sixty
days from the date of receipt of application to avoid delays in sanction or grant of refund.
56.2. Analysis
(i) The section provides that interest is payable if –
 Tax paid becomes refundable under section 54(5) to the applicant; and
 It is not refunded within 60 days from the date of receipt of application for refund
of tax under Section 54(1)
(ii) Interest is liable to be paid from the due date for payment of refund till the date of
sanction or grant of refund.
(iii) For the above delay, the Government has specified 6% as the rate of interest vide
Notification No.13 /2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017.
Illustration:
A Ltd has filed a refund claim of excess tax paid with all the documents and records on

19.08.2017. The department sanctioned the refund on 30.11.2017. In such a case,

interest has to be paid for the period from 19.10.2017 to 30.11.2017.
(iv) Explanation to section provides that in cases where the orders of Appellate Authority /
Tribunal / Court sanctions refund in an appeal, against the order of refund sanctioning
authority, the order of Appellate Authority / Tribunal / Court will be considered as orders
passed by refund sanctioning authority. In other words, by virtue of such order, the
refund has become due and the interest will then be computed form the date of
completion of 60 days from the date of original refund claim made. For all such claims
the Government has specified 9% as the rate of interest vide Notification No.13 /2017 –
Central Tax dated 28.06.2017.
Illustration:
A Ltd has filed a refund claim of excess tax paid with all the documents and records on
19.08.2017. It was rejected by refund sanctioning authority. On Appeal the Appellate
Authority passed the order for refund based on which the department sanctioned the
refund on 30.09.2018. In such case, interest has to be paid for the period from
18.10.2017 to 30.09.2018.
(v) Rule 94 provides for Order sanctioning interest on delayed refunds- where any
interest is due and payable to the applicant under section 56, the proper officer shall
make an order along with a payment advice in FORM GST RFD-05, specifying the
following:
(a) Amount of refund which is delayed,
(b) the period of delay for which interest is payable and
(c) the amount of interest payable,
and such amount of interest shall be electronically credited to any of the bank accounts
of the applicant.
56.3. Comparative review
The refund provisions under the GST regime are in line with the refund provisions envisaged
in the erstwhile regime under Central Excise law under section 11BB of the Central Excise
Act, 1944.
56.4. FAQs
Q1. Whether interest is payable on delayed sanction of refund of tax only?
Ans. Yes. The provision for payment of interest is only with respect to delayed payment of
refund of tax only and not interest or any other amount sanctioned as refund.
Q2. What would be the rate of interest on delay of sanctioning refund?
Ans. The government has specified 6% as the rate of interest for delay in refund under
Section 54(5) and 9% for the delay of refund arising from an order passed by an
CGST Act 511

adjudicating authority vide notification no. Notification No. 13 /2017 – Central Tax dated
June 28, 2017.
Q3. Whether interest is payable on delayed refund of unutilized input tax credit.
Ans. The provision only refers to refund claim under Section 48(1) relating to tax paid and
not Section 54(3). Therefore, there is no provision for payment of interest on delayed
refund of unutilized input tax credit.
56.5. MCQs
Q1. Interest U/s 56 is applicable on delayed payment of refunds issued under?
(a) Section 54
(b) Section 44
(c) Section 41
(d) Section 45
Ans. (b) Section 54
Q2. Interest U/s 56 has to be paid for delayed refunds, if the refund is not granted within
……….
(a) 90 days
(b) 3 months
(c) 60 days
Ans. (c) 60 days
57. Consumer Welfare Fund
The Government shall constitute a Fund, to be called the Consumer Welfare Fund and
there shall be credited to the Fund, —
(a) the amount referred to in sub-section (5) of section 54;
(b) any income from investment of the amount credited to the Fund; and
(c) such other monies received by it,
in such manner as may be prescribed.


Rule 97 Consumer Welfare Fund
1) All amounts of duty/central tax/ integrated tax /Union territory tax/cess and income from
investment along with other monies specified in subsection (2) of section 12C of the
Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944), section 57 of the Central Goods and Services Tax
Act, 2017 (12 of 2017) read with section 20 of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax
Act, 2017 (13 of 2017), section 21 of the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act,
2017 (14 of 2017) and section 12 of the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to
States) Act, 2017 (15 of 2017) shall be credited to the Fund:
Provided that an amount equivalent to fifty per cent. of the amount of integrated tax
determined under sub-section (5) of section 54 of the Central Goods and Services Tax
Act, 2017, read with section 20 of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017,
shall be deposited in the Fund.
2) Where any amount, having been credited to the Fund, is ordered or directed to be paid
to any claimant by the proper officer, appellate authority or court, the same shall be paid
from the Fund.
3) Accounts of the Fund maintained by the Central Government shall be subject to audit by
the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
4) The Government shall, by an order, constitute a Standing Committee (hereinafter
referred to as the ‗Committee‘) with a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, a Member Secretary
and such other members as it may deem fit and the Committee shall make
recommendations for proper utilisation of the money credited to the Fund for welfare of
the consumers.
5) (a) The Committee shall meet as and when necessary, generally four times in a year;
(b) the Committee shall meet at such time and place as the Chairman, or in his
absence, the Vice-Chairman of the Committee may deem fit;
(c) the meeting of the Committee shall be presided over by the Chairman, or in his
absence, by the Vice-Chairman;
(d) the meeting of the Committee shall be called, after giving at least ten days‘ notice in
writing to every member;
(e) the notice of the meeting of the Committee shall specify the place, date and hour of
the meeting and shall contain statement of business to be transacted thereat;
(f) no proceeding of the Committee shall be valid, unless it is presided over by the
Chairman or Vice-Chairman and attended by a minimum of three other members.
6) The Committee shall have powers -
a) to require any applicant to get registered with any authority as the Central
Government may specify;
CGST Act 513

b) to require any applicant to produce before it, or before a duly authorised officer of
the Central Government or the State Government, as the case may be, such books,
accounts, documents, instruments, or commodities in custody and control of the
applicant, as may be necessary for proper evaluation of the application;
c) to require any applicant to allow entry and inspection of any premises, from which
activities claimed to be for the welfare of consumers are stated to be carried on, to a
duly authorised officer of the Central Government or the State Government, as the
case may be;
d) to get the accounts of the applicants audited, for ensuring proper utilisation of the
grant;
e) to require any applicant, in case of any default, or suppression of material
information on his part, to refund in lump-sum along with accrued interest, the
sanctioned grant to the Committee, and to be subject to prosecution under the Act;
f) to recover any sum due from any applicant in accordance with the provisions of the
Act;
g) to require any applicant, or class of applicants to submit a periodical report,
indicating proper utilisation of the grant; (h) to reject an application placed before it
on account of factual inconsistency, or inaccuracy in material particulars;
h) to reject an application placed before it on account of factual inconsistency, or
inaccuracy in material particulars
i) to recommend minimum financial assistance, by way of grant to an applicant,
having regard to his financial status, and importance and utility of the nature of
activity under pursuit, after ensuring that the financial assistance provided shall not
be misutilised;
j) to identify beneficial and safe sectors, where investments out of Fund may be made,
and make recommendations, accordingly;
k) to relax the conditions required for the period of engagement in consumer welfare
activities of an applicant;
l) to make guidelines for the management, and administration of the Fund
7) The Committee shall not consider an application, unless it has been inquired into, in
material details and recommended for consideration accordingly, by the Member
Secretary.
8) The Committee shall make recommendations:-
a) for making available grants to any applicant;
b) for investment of the money available in the Fund;
c) for making available grants (on selective basis) for reimbursing legal expenses

incurred by a complainant, or class of complainants in a consumer dispute, after its

final adjudication;
d) for making available grants for any other purpose recommended by the Central
Consumer Protection Council (as may be considered appropriate by the
Committee);
e) for making available up to 50% of the funds credited to the Fund each year, for
publicity/ consumer awareness on GST, provided the availability of funds for
consumer welfare activities of the Department of Consumer Affairs is not less than
twenty five crore rupees per annum.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this rule,
a) 'Act' means the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (12 of 2017), or the
Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) as the case may be;
b) 'applicant' means,
i. the Central Government or State Government;
ii. regulatory authorities or autonomous bodies constituted under an Act of
Parliament or the Legislature of a State or Union Territory;
iii. any agency or organization engaged in consumer welfare activities for a
minimum period of three years, registered under the Companies Act, 2013 (18
of 2013) or under any other law for the time being in force;
iv. village or mandal or samiti or samiti level co-operatives of consumers
especially Women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes;
v. an educational or research institution incorporated by an Act of Parliament or
the Legislature of a State or Union Territory in India or other educational
institutions established by an Act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as a
University under section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (3 of
1956) and which has consumers studies as part of its curriculum for a minimum
period of three years; and
vi. a complainant as defined under clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the
Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (68 of 1986), who applies for reimbursement of
legal expenses incurred by him in a case instituted by him in a consumer
dispute redressal agency.
c) 'application' means an application in the form as specified by the Standing
Committee from time to time;
d) 'Central Consumer Protection Council' means the Central Consumer Protection
Council, established under sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Consumer Protection
Act, 1986 (68 of 1986), for promotion and protection of rights of consumers;
CGST Act 515

e) 'Committee' means the Committee constituted under sub-rule (4);

f) 'consumer' has the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (d) of sub-section (1)
of section 2 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (68 of 1986), and includes
consumer of goods on which central tax has been paid;
g) ‘duty‘ means the duty paid under the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) or the
Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962);
h) Fund‘ means the Consumer Welfare Fund established by the Central Government
under sub-section (1) of section 12C of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) and
section 57 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (12 of 2017);
i) 'proper officer' means the officer having the power under the Act to make an order
that the whole or any part of the central tax is refundable


Section 58 Utilisation of Fund
57.1 Introduction
If the applicant is unable to prove that the incidence was not actually passed onto any other
person then the refund amount is credited to the Consumer Welfare Fund.
The overall objective of the Consumer Welfare Fund is to provide financial assistance to
promote and protect the welfare of the consumers and strengthen the consumer movement in
the country.
57.2 Analysis
The following amounts will be credited to the Fund, in such manner as may be prescribed, -
 All amounts of duty/central tax/ integrated tax /Union territory tax/cess
 income from investment along with other monies specified in section 12C(2) of the
Central Excise Act, 1944
57.3 Constitution of the Committee
Rule 97 of the CGST Rules provides that The Government shall constitute a Standing
Committee with a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, a Member Secretary and such other Members

as it may deem fit and the Committee shall make recommendations for proper utilisation of the
money credited to the Consumer Welfare Fund for welfare of the consumers. The Committee
shall meet as and when necessary, generally four times in a year.
57.4 Utilisation of funds by the Committee
Rule 97 of the CGST Rules also provides that any utilisation of amount from the Consumer
Welfare Fund under sub-section (1) of section 58 shall be made by debiting the Consumer
Welfare Fund account and crediting the account to which the amount is transferred for
utilisation.
The Rule also clearly lays down the manner in which the proceedings of the Committee are to
be regulated, the powers that may be exercised and recommendations that may be made by
such Committee
These provisions are broadly similar to the provisions contained in erstwhile Central Indirect
Tax laws.
57.6 MCQs
Q1. In cases where the application of refund is found to be in order, the refund amount shall
be credited to …………………. Fund.
(a) Investor Protection and Education Fund
(b) Consumer Protection Fund
(c) Consumer Welfare Fund
(d) Refund Claim Fund
Ans. (c) Consumer Welfare Fund
Q2. The overall objective of the Consumer Welfare Fund is
(a) To facilitate a simplified refund mechanism.
(b) to promote and protect the welfare of the consumers and strengthen the
consumer movement in the country.
(c) To boost the overall growth of the economy
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans. (b) to promote and protect the welfare of the consumers and strengthen the
consumer movement in the country
CGST Act 517

58. Utilization of the Fund

(1) All sums credited to the Fund shall be utilised by the Government for the welfare of
the consumers in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) The Government or the authority specified by it shall maintain proper and separate
account and other relevant records in relation to the Fund and prepare an annual
statement of accounts in such form as may be prescribed in consultation with the
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.


58.1 Introduction
The monies credited to the Consumer Welfare Fund are meant to provide financial assistance
to promote and protect the welfare of the consumers and strengthen the consumer movement
in the country.
58.2 Analysis
(i) It should be ensured that the monies credited to the fund shall be utilized to provide
assistance to protect the welfare of consumers as per the rules made by the
Government
(ii) The Government shall maintain proper and separate records in relation to the Fund in
consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
These provisions are broadly similar to the erstwhile provisions contained in Section 12D of
the Central Excise Act, 1944.
58.4 FAQs
Q1. How can it be traced whether the amount in the fund is utilised for the welfare of the
consumers?

Ans. The Government shall maintain proper and separate account and other relevant records
in relation to the Fund and prepare an annual statement of accounts in such form as
may be prescribed in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
From these records, it can be ascertained if the amount in the fund were utilised for the
welfare of the consumers.
58.5 MCQs
Q1. Proper and separate account and other relevant records in relation to the Fund in
prescribed form in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall
be maintained by ……………….
(a) the Government
(b) the authority specified by the Government
(c) the assessee who is claiming refund
(d) (a) or (b)
Ans. (d) (a) or (b)
CGST Act 519

Chapter XII
Assessment
Sections Rules
59. Self-assessment 98. Provisional Assessment
60. Provisional assessment 99. Scrutiny of returns
61. Scrutiny of returns 100. Assessment in certain cases
62. Assessment of non-filers of returns
63. Assessment of unregistered persons
64. Summary assessment in certain
special cases
59. Self-assessment
Every registered taxable person shall self assess the taxes payable under this Act
and furnish a return for each tax period as specified under Section 39.
No rules have been specified
Relevant circulars, notifications, clarifications, flyers issued by Government: NA

Chapter VIII of the CGST Rules, 2017 Returns
59.1 Introduction
In terms of Section 2(11) of the Act, “assessment” means determination of tax liability under
this Act and includes self-assessment, re-assessment, provisional assessment, summary
assessment and best judgement assessment. It is important to note that there is no provision
permitting a Proper Officer to re-assess the tax liability of taxable person. As such, reference
to such re-assessment in the definition may have to be suitably read down.
It is normally understood that an Assessment is conducted by a proper officer. In terms of
Ch-XII: Assessment Sec. 65-66
Section 2(91) of the CGST Act, 2017 a “proper officer” in relation to any function to be
performed under this Act, means the Commissioner or the officer of the central tax who is
assigned that function by the Commissioner in the Board;
The CGST Act contemplates the following types of Assessments:
 Self-assessment (Section 59)
 Provisional Assessment (Section 60)
 Scrutiny of returns filed by registered taxable persons (Section 61 )
 Assessment of non-filers of returns (Section 62)
 Assessment of unregistered persons (Section 63)
 Summary Assessment in certain special cases (Section 64)
(i) Self-assessment in terms of Section 59 refers to the assessment made by registered
person himself / itself while all other assessments are undertaken by tax authorities.
(ii) Provisional Assessment under Section 60 is an assessment undertaken at the instance
of the registered person. Provisional Assessment is followed by a final Assessment.
(iii) Scrutiny Assessment under section 61 is a form of re-assessment (since the self-
assessment is made by the registered person himself / itself. A scrutiny of returns
conducted by the proper officer who checks for the correctness of the returns filed and
intimates the registered person of any discrepancies noticed.
(iv) Assessment of non-filers u/s 62 and Assessment of un-registered person u/s 63 are in
the nature of best judgement assessments.
(v) Summary Assessment under Section 64 is a form of protective assessment based on
information gathered from the tax authorities in a particular case.
59.2 Analysis-Self Assessment
Self-assessment means an assessment by the registered person himself and not an assessment
conducted or carried out by the Proper Officer. The GST regime continues to promote the scheme
of self-assessment. Hence, every registered person would be required to assess his tax dues in
accordance with the provisions of GST Act and report the basis of calculation of tax dues to the tax
administrators, by filing periodic tax returns.
The provisions of the law permit a registered person to rectify any incorrect particulars furnished in
the returns. In terms of Section 39(9), if a registered person discovers any omission or incorrect
particulars furnished in a return, he is required to rectify such omission or incorrect particulars in
the return to be furnished for the tax period during which such omission or incorrect particulars are
noticed (on payment of due interest), unless the same is as a result of scrutiny, audit, inspection or
enforcement activity by the tax authorities, or such rectification is time barred(i.e., after the due
date for furnishing of return for the month of September or second quarter following the end of the
financial year, or the actual date of furnishing of relevant annual return, whichever is earlier).
CGST Act 521

Further, Para 4 of Circular 26/2017 dated 29.12.17, clarifies that in case of summary returns like
GSTR-3B, where there are no separate tables for reflecting tax effects of amendments for past
periods are available, the figures pertaining to the current month can be adjusted for past month
amendments, so long as the amount is not negative. These provisions exhort the concept of self-
assessment.
The principles of self-assessment were contained in Central Excise Law, Service Tax Law as
well as VAT Laws.
Rule 6 of Central Excise Rules, provides that the assessee shall himself assess the duty
payable on excisable goods (except in the case of cigarettes). As regards service tax, the
concept of self-assessment is envisaged in Section 70 of the Act which provides that every
person liable to pay service tax shall himself assess the tax due on services provided by him.
State VAT laws also provide for filing of returns and payment of VAT on self-assessment basis
[For instance, Section 20 of MVAT Act, 2002 or Section 38 of the Karnataka VAT Act, 2003]
59.4 Related provisions
Section Rule Form
Self-Assessment by Regular Assessee and Casual Taxable 61 Form GSTR 3 &
Person u/s 39(1) 3B
Self-Assessment by Composition Dealer u/s 39(2) 62 Form GSTR 4
Self-Assessment by Non-Resident Taxable Person u/s 39(5) 63 Form GSTR 5
Self-Assessment of OIDARS provided by person located outside 64 Form GSTR 5A
India to non-taxable person in India u/s 39(1)
Self-Assessment by ISD u/s 39(4) 65 Form GSTR 6
Self-Assessment of Tax Deducted At Source u/s 39(3) 66 Form GSTR 7
Self-Assessment of Tax Collected At Source u/s 52(4) 67 Form GSTR 8
Self-Assessment for purpose of Refund by persons having UIN 82 Form GSTR 11
u/s 39(1)
In respect of discharge of any additional tax liability that may arise on account of any re-
working or re-computation etc., (for example - Reversal of input tax credit on account of
obtaining occupation or completion certificate by a builder in the construction sector), the
proportionate input tax credit ought to be reversed (in the above example, in case of unsold
flats). The quantum of reversal of taxes relating to the pre-GST regime cannot be reflected in
the GST returns, since the credits has been availed under the erstwhile laws (which may or
may not have been carried forward as transitional credit). In so far as GST returns are
concerned (presently GSTR-3B), the return does not permit / allow a registered person to
enter the proportionate reversal of Credit.

59.6 FAQs
Q1. Who is the person responsible to make self-assessment of taxes payable under the
Act?
Ans. Every registered person shall self-assess the taxes payable under this Act and furnish a
return for each tax period as specified under Section 39.
60. Provisional Assessment
(1) Subject to the provision of sub-section (2),where the taxable person is unable to
determine the value of goods or services or both or determine the rate of tax
applicable thereto, he may request the proper officer in writing giving reasons for
payment of tax on a provisional basis and the proper officer shall pass an order
within a period not later than ninety days from the date of receipt of such request,
allowing payment of tax on provisional basis at such rate or on such value as may be
specified by him.
(2) The payment of tax on provisional basis may be allowed, if the taxable person
executes a bond in such form as may be prescribed, and with such surety or security
as the proper officer may deem fit, binding the taxable person for payment of the
difference between the amount of tax as may be finally assessed and the amount of
tax provisionally assessed.
(3) The proper officer shall, within a period not exceeding six months from the date of the
communication of the order issued under sub-Section (1), pass the final assessment
order after taking into account such information as may be required for finalizing the
assessment.
Provided that the period specified in this sub-section may, on sufficient cause being
shown and for reasons to be recorded in writing, be extended by the Joint/Additional
Commissioner for a further period not exceeding six months and by the
Commissioner for such further period not exceeding four years.
(4) The registered person shall be liable to pay interest on any tax payable on the supply
of goods or services or both under provisional assessment but not paid on the due
date specified under subsection (7) of section 39 or the rules made thereunder, at the
rate specified under sub-Section (1) of Section 50, from the first day after the due
date of payment of tax in respect of the said supply of goods or services or both till
the date of actual payment, whether such amount is paid before or after the issuance
of order for final assessment.
(5) Where the registered person is entitled to a refund consequent to the order of final
assessment under sub-Section (3), subject to the provisions of sub-Section (8) of
Section 54, interest shall be paid on such refund as provided in Section 56.
CGST Act 523


98. Provisional Assessment
1) Every registered person requesting for payment of tax on a provisional basis in
accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 60 shall furnish an
application along with the documents in support of his request, electronically in FORM
GST ASMT-01 on the common portal, either directly or through a Facilitation Centre
2) The proper officer may, on receipt of the application under sub-rule (1), issue a notice
in FORM GST ASMT-02 requiring the registered person to furnish additional
information or documents in support of his request and the applicant shall file a reply to
the notice in FORM GST ASMT – 03, and may appear in person before the said officer
if he so desires.
3) The proper officer shall issue an order in FORM GST ASMT-04 allowing the payment of
tax on a provisional basis indicating the value or the rate or both on the basis of which
the assessment is to be allowed on a provisional basis and the amount for which the
bond is to be executed and security to be furnished not exceeding twenty-five per cent.
of the amount covered under the bond.
4) The registered person shall execute a bond in accordance with the provisions of
subsection (2) of section 60 in FORM GST ASMT-05 along with a security in the form of
a bank guarantee for an amount as determined under sub-rule (3):
Provided that a bond furnished to the proper officer under the State Goods and
Services Tax Act or Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be a
bond furnished under the provisions of the Act and the rules made thereunder.
Explanation. - For the purposes of this rule, the expression “amount” shall include the
amount of integrated tax, central tax, State tax or Union territory tax and cess payable
in respect of the transaction.
5) The proper officer shall issue a notice in FORM GST ASMT-06, calling for information
and records required for finalization of assessment under sub-section (3) of section
60 and shall issue a final assessment order, specifying the amount payable by the
registered person or the amount refundable, if any, in FORM GST ASMT-07.
6) The applicant may file an application in FORM GST ASMT- 08 for the release of the
security furnished under sub-rule (4) after issue of the order under sub-rule (5).
7) The proper officer shall release the security furnished under sub-rule (4), after ensuring
that the applicant has paid the amount specified in sub-rule (5) and issue an order
in FORM GST ASMT–09within a period of seven working days from the date of the
receipt of the application under sub-rule (6).


1. Chapter Thirty-One of the compilation of the GST Flyers as issued by the CBEC can
be referred to for a gist of the statutory provisions, titled ‘Provisional Assessment in
GST’.

Section 2(11) Definition of assessment
Section 56 Interest on delayed refunds
60.1 Introduction
Provisional assessment can be resorted to in the following situations:
(i) When a taxable person is unable to determine the Value of goods or services - viz,
there is a difficulty in ascertaining:
 Transaction value to be adopted for determination of tax payable; e.g.open
market value to be determined, where consideration is not wholly in money or
where supplier enters into cost plus contract with the buyer.
 Inclusion or exclusion of any amounts in the value of supply; e.g. as per pre
existing agreement certain percentage of discount to be allowed to buyer
depending upon the buying targets achieved by them.
 Existence of any circumstance causing failure of transaction value declared e.g.
where the supplier is concerned whether the price of the supply can be regarded
as the sole consideration for the supply, if the supply has been effected based on
a certain promise made by the recipient, for which the monetary value is
indeterminable.
(ii) Rate of tax applicable on the supply cannot be determined by the taxable person, viz
there is difficulty in ascertaining:
 Classification of the goods and / or services under the relevant Schedule;
 Eligibility to any exemption notification u/s 11 or compliance with conditions
associated with such exemption.
 Applicability of any abatement in rate of tax to the assesse u/s 9 or compliance of
conditions associated with such abatement.
CGST Act 525

60.2 Analysis
The facility of provisional assessment is available only in the cases of Valuation and
determination of rate of tax. The provisions of this section cannot be extended for any other
purposes or subject matter. For example, there may be uncertainty about the kind of tax (IGST
or CGST-SGST) applicable, time of supply, supplies to be treated as “supply of goods” or
“supply of services”, [determination of mixed or composite supply is a rate dispute],
admissibility of ITC, quantum of reversal of IT, whether a particular action is supply or not. In
the aforesaid kind or classes of cases, recourse is not available to provisional assessment.
Procedure
(i) In terms of Rule 98(1), the process of provisional assessment commences on furnishing
of an application by the registered person along with the necessary supporting
documents in FORM GST ASMT-01, electronically through the common portal. The
provisional assessment cannot be resorted to by the proper officer on a suo-motu basis.
(ii) The proper officer will thereafter issue a notice in FORM GST ASMT-02. As per ASMT-
2, reply is required to be given within 15 days to the registered person and if required
seek additional information or documents. At this stage the proceedings are deemed to
have commenced and the applicant is required to file his objections / make submissions
in FORM GST ASMT – 03. The registered person can also appear in person and be
heard provided he makes a specific request for a personal hearing.
(iii) On due consideration of the reply so filed, and after providing a reasonable opportunity
of being heard the proper officer must issue an order in FORM GST ASMT-04, by
allowing payment of tax on provisional basis, indicating the value or rate or both on the
basis of which assessment is allowed on a provisional basis The proper officer, in the
normal course, cannot pass an order rejecting the application of provisional
assessment. Since section 60(1) employs the term ‘shall’ pass order ‘allowing’ payment
of tax provisionally. The word “shall” in this circumstance cannot be construed as
“may”.
(iv) The order so passed should also indicate the amount for which bond has to be
executed in Form GSMT – 05 by the applicant. The security has to be furnished in the
form of bank guarantee not exceeding 25% of the bond ‘amount’ which shall include
IGST, CGST, SGST or UTGST and cess (if any) payable in respect of the transaction. A
bond furnished to the proper officer under State Goods and Services Tax Act or
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be a bond furnished under
the provisions of Central Goods and Service Tax Act and the rules made thereunder.
As per ASMT-5, if the bond and security is not provided with in period specified in notice, the
provisional assessment shall lapse.
Finalization of provisional assessment
Once the above process is complete the proper officer by issue of a notice in FORM

GST ASMT-06, will call for information and records required for finalization of assessment. On
conclusion of the due process of hearing, a final assessment order shall be passed by the
proper officer in FORM GST ASMT-07, specifying the amount payable or refundable to the
registered person within a period of 6 months from the date of communication of provisional
assessment order. However, on sufficient cause being shown and for reasons to be recorded
in writing, this period can be extended by Joint / Additional Commissioner or by the
Commissioner for such further period as mentioned below:
Additional / Joint Commissioner Maximum of 6 months
Commissioner Maximum of 4 years
It may be noted that, in the statement of outward supply to be furnished by a registered person
under section 37(1) i.e. in Form GSTR-1, the invoices in respect of which tax is paid under
provisional assessment is required to be mentioned.
Interest liability
If the amount of tax determined to be payable under final assessment order, is more than the
tax which is already paid along with the return filed in terms of section 39, the registered
person shall be liable to pay interest on the shortfall, at the rates specified in Section 50(1) of
the Act[i.e. @18%], from the first day after due date of payment of tax in respect of the said
goods and /or services or both, till the date of actual payment, irrespective of whether such
shortfall is paid before or after the issuance of order for final assessment1. Likewise, when the
registered person is entitled to refund consequent upon the order for final assessment, interest
shall be paid on such refund at the rates specified in proviso to Section 56 @ 9% because
refund is arising out of order of adjudicating authority. The interest on refund shall run
from 61st date from the date of receipt of application for refund till the date of
refund.
As such, the registered person must avail this opportunity of provisional assessment after
much thought and careful consideration. Any claim for refund of taxes paid in excess under
this section would be processed in accordance with Section 54 (refund provision), and is
subject to the concept of “unjust enrichment u/s 54(8) (e). Hence if where the registered
person has not borne the incidence of tax and has passed on the burden to some other
person, then instead of granting refund to the applicant, it shall be credited to consumer
welfare fund. Except for authorizing refund, this section does not by itself permit grant of
refund. The application for refund is required to be made within 2 years from the relevant date
defined in clause (f) of Explanation 2 to Section 54 i.e. within 2 years from the date of
adjustment of tax after the final assessment.
Release of Security consequent to Finalization
On conclusion of the final assessment order the applicant can file an application under Rule
1To overcome the decision of Ceat Limited V. CCE, 2015 (317) ELT 192 (Bom), maintained by the
Supreme Court in Commissioner V. Ceat Ltd., 2016 (342) ELT A181 (SC)
CGST Act 527

98(6) in FORM GST ASMT- 08 for release of security furnished. On receipt of such
application, the proper officer ought to release the security furnished, after ensuring that the
payment of the amount specified in the final assessment order and issue an order in FORM
GST ASMT–09. This order has to be issued within a period of 7 working days from the date of
receipt of the application for release of security.
60.3 Comparison with equivalent provisions under other laws:
Section 60 of the CGST Act, is broadly drafted on the lines of the erstwhile provisions of
Central Excise and Service Tax law. A provisional assessment is permitted under Central
Excise Act and also under the Finance Act 1994, and is governed by the procedure contained
in Rule 7 of the Central Excise Rules or as the case may be, Rule 6(4)/(4A)/(4B)/(5) of Service
Tax Rules. Under both these Acts, provisional assessment is carried out only at the instance
of the assessee.
Under the State VAT Acts, the concept of provisional assessment “at the instance of
assessee”, is not prevalent. Some State Acts have used his term to cover the cases of best-
judgment assessment done by the tax authorities, in the absence of returns or records. For
example, refer Section 32 of Gujarat Value Added Tax Act or Section 40 of the Orissa Value
Added Tax Act.
The provisional assessment provides a discretionary power to Joint Commissioner or
Additional commissioner and Commissioner to extend the proceedings or pass the order or
decree upto 6 months or 4 years. If for any reasons, the time limit stands extended till the 4th
year, the registered person shall have to pay interest from the due date of original return filed
under Section 39(7) of the CGST Act, 2017, inspite of the taxable person paying tax as per
provisional order passed by proper officer.
60.5 FAQs
Q1. When is a taxable person permitted to pay tax on a provisional basis?
Ans. Tax payments can be made on a provisional basis only when a proper officer passes an
order for permitting the same. For this purpose, the registered person has to make a
written request to the proper officer, giving reasons for payment of tax on a provisional
basis. The reasons for this purpose may be a case where the registered person is
unable to determine the value of goods and/ or services or determine the applicable tax
rate, etc. Further, the registered person may also be required to execute a bond in the
prescribed form, and with such surety or security as the proper officer may deem fit.
Q2. What is the latest time by which final assessment is required to be made?
Ans. It is the responsibility of the proper officer to pass the final assessment order after
taking into account such information as may be required for finalizing the assessment,
within six months from the date of the communication of the order for provisional

assessment. However, on sufficient cause being shown and for reasons to be recorded
in writing, the timelines may be extended by the Joint/Additional Commissioner for a
further period not exceeding six months and by the Commissioner for such further
period not exceeding 4 years as he may deem fit.
60.6 MCQs
Q1. Where the tax liability as per the final assessment is higher than tax paid at the time of
filing of return u/s 39 the registered person shall_______________.
(a) not be liable to interest, provided he proves that his actions were bonafide
(b) be liable to pay interest from due date till the date of actual payment
(c) be liable to pay interest from date of the final assessment till the date of actual
payment
(d) be liable to pay interest from due date till the date of the final assessment
Ans. (b) be liable to pay interest from due date till the date of actual payment
Q2. Provisional assessment under the GST law is permitted to be:
(a) At the instance of the taxable person
(b) At the instance of the tax authorities on a best judgment basis in absence of
adequate details or response from registered person
(c) Either of (a) and (b)
(d) Available only to certain notified persons
Ans. (a) At the instance of the taxable person
Q3. On the grounds of sufficient reasons being provided by proper officer the time period for
passing final assessment order can be extended by Joint/ Additional Commissioner for
further period of not exceeding
(a) 2 months
(b) 4 months
(c) 6 months
(d) No time limit.
Ans. (c) 6 months
Q4. On the grounds of sufficient reasons being provided by proper officer the time period for
passing final assessment order can be extended by Commissioner for further period of
(a) 2 months
(b) 4 years
(c) 6 months
(d) No time limit.
Ans. (b) 4 years
CGST Act 529

61. Scrutiny of Returns

(1) The proper officer may scrutinize the return and related particulars furnished by the
registered person to verify the correctness of the return and inform him of the
discrepancies noticed, if any, in such manner as may be prescribed and seek his
explanation thereto.
(2) In case the explanation is found acceptable, the registered person shall be informed
accordingly and no further action shall be taken in this regard.
(3) In case no satisfactory explanation is furnished within a period of thirty days of being
informed by the proper officer or such further period as may be permitted by him or
where the taxable person, after accepting the discrepancies, fails to take the
corrective measure in his return for the month in which the discrepancy is accepted,
the proper officer may initiate appropriate action including those under Section 65 or
Section 66 or Section 67, or proceed to determine the tax and other dues under
Section 73 or Section 74.

99. Scrutiny of returns
1) Where any return furnished by a registered person is selected for scrutiny, the proper
officer shall scrutinize the same in accordance with the provisions of section 61 with
reference to the information available with him, and in case of any discrepancy, he
shall issue a notice to the said person in FORM GST ASMT-10, informing him of such
discrepancy and seeking his explanation thereto within such time, not exceeding thirty
days from the date of service of the notice or such further period as may be permitted
by him and also, where possible, quantifying the amount of tax, interest and any other
amount payable in relation to such discrepancy.
2) The registered person may accept the discrepancy mentioned in the notice issued
under sub-rule (1), and pay the tax, interest and any other amount arising from such
discrepancy and inform the same or furnish an explanation for the discrepancy
in FORM GST ASMT- 11 to the proper officer.
3) Where the explanation furnished by the registered person or the information
submitted under sub-rule (2) is found to be acceptable, the proper officer shall inform
him accordingly in FORM GST ASMT-12.

Chapter IX of the CGST Act Returns

Section 65 Audit by tax authorities.

Section 66 Special audit.
Section 67 Power of inspection, search and seizure.
Section 73 Determination of tax not paid or short paid or
erroneously refunded or input tax credit
wrongly availed or utilised for any reason
other than fraud or any wilful-misstatement
or suppression of facts.
Section 74 Determination of tax not paid or short paid or
erroneously refunded or input tax credit
wrongly availed or utilised by reason of fraud
or any wilfull-misstatement or suppression of
facts.
61.1 Introduction
Section 61 deals with the powers vested in the proper officer to scrutinize the returns filed by
registered persons with a view to verifying the correctness of the return. In legal parlance, it is
considered to be a pre-adjudication process. The process of adjudication is provided in
Sections 73 to 75 of the Act.
61.2 Analysis
When a return furnished by a registered person is selected for scrutiny, the proper officer
scrutinizes the same with reference to the information available with him, and in case of any
discrepancy, he shall issue a notice to the said person in FORM GST ASMT-10, under Rule
99(1), informing him of such discrepancy and seeking his explanation thereto. The proper
officer shall quantify the amount of tax, interest and any other amount payable in relation to
such discrepancy, wherever possible.
An explanation shall be furnished by the registered person, in reply to the aforesaid notice,
within a maximum period of thirty days from the date of service of the notice or such further
period as may be permitted by the proper officer.
The registered person may accept the discrepancy mentioned in the notice issued under Rule
99(1), and pay the tax, interest and any other amount arising from such discrepancy and
inform the same OR furnish an explanation for the discrepancy in FORM GST ASMT- 11 to
the proper officer.
Where the explanation furnished by the registered person or the information submitted under
Rule 99(2) is found to be acceptable, the proper officer shall inform the registered period in
FORM GST ASMT-12.
CGST Act 531

In case, explanation is not furnished OR explanation furnished is not satisfactory, OR after

accepting discrepancies, the registered person fails to take corrective measures, in his return
for the month in which the discrepancy is accepted by him, the proper officer, may, take
recourse to any of the following provisions:
 Initiate departmental audit as per section 65 of the Act; or
 Initiate Special Audit as per section 66
 Initiate inspection, search and seizure as per section 67 of the Act
 Issue show cause notice u/s 73 & 74 of the CGST Act.
The first stage in return scrutiny denotes a prima facie scrutiny, in order to ascertain whether
the information furnished by the assessee in returns is prima facie valid and not inadequate or
internally inconsistent. The second stage appears to be a detailed assessment calling for
records and determination of tax liability under sections 73 to 75.
While doing so, the proper officer, is entitled to exercise the powers vested in him under
section 67 of the Act, which deals with power of inspection, search and seizure.
From the language employed in section 67, it appears that, these powers are required to be
exercised not in routine manner, but only under circumstances when there is reasonable belief
regarding probable suppression or intention to evade tax.
It’s important to note that, section 61(3) empathetically provides that, in case the explanation
given by the tax payer in response to discrepancies informed by the proper officer, if found
acceptable, the registered person shall be informed accordingly in FORM GST ASMT-12 and
no further action shall be taken in this regard.
The provisions as to scrutiny of returns were also present in Service Tax / Central Excise and
State VAT laws. For example, Rule 12 of Central Excise Rules. Rule 12(3) provided that, the
‘Proper Officer’ may on the basis of information contained in the return filed by the assessee
under rule 12(1), and after such further enquiry as he may consider necessary, scrutinize the
correctness of the duty assessed by the assessee on the goods removed, in the manner to be
prescribed by the Board. CBEC has issued guidelines for detailed scrutiny of Central Excise
Returns vide Circular No. 1004/11/2015-CX, dated 21-7-2015 and also issued guidelines for
detailed scrutiny of service tax returns vide Circular No, 18/4/2015-ST dated 30-06-2015
During the filing of returns the registered person should ensure that the value of exempted
supplies as well as non-taxable supplies, if any, made by him is properly disclosed or else the
same may be considered as suppression of information and a notice under section 73 or 74
would stand issued or the proper officer can take recourse for conducting an audit or special
audit, as the case may be.

61.5 FAQs
Q1. Describe the recourse that may be taken by the officer in case proper explanation is not
furnished for the discrepancy in the return.
Ans. In case, satisfactory explanation is not obtained or after accepting discrepancies,
registered person fails to take corrective measures, in his return for the month in which
the discrepancy is accepted by him, the Proper Officer may take recourse to any of the
following provisions:
(a) Conduct audit at the place of business of registered person in a manner provided
in Section 65 of the Act, or;
(b) Direct such registered person by notice in writing to provide his records including
audited books of account examined and audited by a Chartered Accountant or
Cost Accountant under Section 66 of the Act or ;
(c) Undertake procedures of inspection, search and seizure under Section 67 of the
Act; and
(d) Issue notice under Sections 73 to 75 of the Act.
Q2. What does Section 61 deal with?
Ans. Section 61 deals with scrutiny of returns filed by registered persons to verify the
correctness of such returns.
Q3. What is the proper officer required to do, if the information obtained from assessee u/s
61 is found satisfactory?
Ans. In case the explanation is found acceptable, the registered person shall be informed
accordingly in Form GST ASMT-12 and no further action shall be taken in this regard.
61.6 MCQs
Q1. Where the tax authorities notice a discrepancy in the details during the scrutiny of
returns, the registered person:
(a) would be liable for interest if he is unable to prove that the discrepancy did not
arise on his account and it was a fault of another person
(b) is required to provide satisfactory/ acceptable explanation for the same within 30
days or any extended timelines as may be permitted
(c) must prepare documents to cover up the discrepancy.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Ans. (b) is required to provide satisfactory/ acceptable explanation for the same within 30
days or any extended timelines as may be permitted
Q2. If the information obtained from taxable person is not found satisfactory by the proper
officer, he can pass assessment order u/s 61 raising demand of disputed tax demand.
CGST Act 533

(a) True
(b) False
Ans. (b) False
Q3. What is the time limit after which action under section 61 cannot be taken?
(a) 30 days from filing of return or such further period as may be decided by proper
officer.
(b) No time Limit
(c) Time limit mentioned in Section 73 or 74 of the Act.
Ans. (c) Time limit mentioned in Section 73 or 74 of the Act.
Q.4 What is the time limit, within which the registered person should take corrective
measures after accepting the discrepancies communicated to him by proper officer?
(a) reasonable time
(b) 30 days from the date of communication of discrepancy.
(c) 30 days from date of acceptance of the discrepancy
(d) date of filing of return for the month in which the discrepancy is accepted
Ans. (d) date of filing of return for the month in which the discrepancy is accepted.
62. Assessment of non-filers of returns
(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in section 73 or section 74,where
a registered taxable person fails to furnish the return under Section 39 or Section 45,
even after the service of a notice under Section 46, the proper officer may proceed to
assess the tax liability of the said person to the best of his judgement taking into
account all the relevant material which is available or which he has gathered and
issue an assessment order within a period of five years from the date specified under
Section 44 for furnishing of the annual return for the financial year to which the tax
not paid relates.
(2) Where the registered person furnishes a valid return within thirty days of the service
of the assessment order under sub-Section (1), the said assessment order shall be
deemed to have been withdrawn but the liability for payment of interest under sub-
section (1) of section 50 or for the payment of late fee under section 47 shall
continue.


100. Assessment in certain cases
(1) The order of assessment made under sub-section (1) of section 62 shall be issued in
FORM GST ASMT-13.

Section 2(11) Definition of Assessment
Section 39 Furnishing of returns.
Section 45 Final return
Section 47 Levy of late fee.
Section 50 Interest on delayed payment of tax.
Section 73 Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded
or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised for any reason other
than fraud or any wilful-misstatement or suppression of facts.
Section 74 Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded
or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised by reason of fraud or
any wilfull-misstatement or suppression of facts.
62.1 Introduction
This section commences with a non obstante clause, meaning whenever the provisions of
section 73 or 74 applies, the provisions of section 62 of the Act cannot be invoked. However,
the provisions of section 62 can be invoked only in case of registered taxable persons who
have failed to file returns, as required, under section 39 or as the case may be, or final return
on cancellation of registration under section 45 of the Act. Issuing notice under section 46
appears to be a pre-condition for initiating proceedings under Section 62 of the Act. Section 62
can however not be invoked for non-filing GSTR-1,2 and GSTR-9
62.2 Analysis of Provisions
Non-compliance with the notice issued under Section 46 paves the way for initiating the
proceedings under this section. If the assessee fails to furnish the return within 15 days of
issue of notice under section 46 then the Proper Officer may assess the tax liability in
accordance with the provisions of Rule 100 to the best of his judgment, taking into account all
CGST Act 535

the relevant material available on record, and issue an assessment order. This is also known
as ‘best judgment assessment’. It can be completed without giving notice of hearing to the
assessee. However best judgment assessment should be made on the basis of material
available or material gathered by proper officer.
The order under section 62 must be issued within a period of five years from the date
specified under section 44 for furnishing annual return for the financial year to which the tax
not paid relates. Section 44(1) states that date for furnishing the annual return is on or before
31st December following the end of such financial year to which such annual return pertains.
Non-issuance of notice under Section 46 closes the door on invoking Section 62 although
other provisions are available to recover the tax dues If, however, a registered person
furnishes a ‘valid return’ within 30 days of the service of assessment order, the said
assessment order shall be deemed to be withdrawn. ‘Valid return’ is defined in Section 2(117)
to mean a return filed under Section 39(1) of the Act on which self-assessed tax has been
paid in full.
Section 62 starts with the words ‘notwithstanding anything contrary to section 73 and 74’.
Section 73 and 74 mandates issue of SCN and providing opportunity of being heard before
passing order demanding tax. Further tax can be demanded for a period of five years only, if
the existence of omissions and commissions mentioned u/s 74 are proved. The pre-condition
of issuing SCN, providing opportunity of being heard for demanding tax for a five-year period
in the presence of omissions and commissions listed u/s 74 is sought to be overcome by the
non-obstante clause u/s 62. The assessment u/s 62, however can also be made only upto 5
years from the due date of furnishing of annual return u/s 44. Consequence of late fee under
Section 47 and interest under Section 50 will both be applicable in cases of conclusion of best
judgement assessment made under this Section, even if the assessment order u/s 62 is
withdrawn
An order passed under this section shall be communicated to the registered person in FORM
GST ASMT 13
62.3 Comparison with equivalent provisions in other laws
It appears that section 62 of the CGST Act is incorporated predominantly on the basis of
provisions contained in the erstwhile State VAT Acts.
Section 72 of the Finance Act, 1994 provides for assessment of persons liable to pay service
tax, but who has failed to furnish return under section 70. However, procedure contained in
section 72 requires that every such person shall be given a reasonable opportunity of being
heard before the order is passed.
The consequence of non-filing of returns may lead to adverse GST compliance rating which
will have an impact on the matters such as claiming of refund. Registered persons who are

non-filers of returns will always be under the scanner of the authorities for each and every
activity carried out by such registered person. Further, it also affects the vendor relationship
due to non-compliance of the provisions of the GST laws.
62.5 FAQ’s
Q1. Whether Proper Officer is required to give any notice to taxable person before
completing assessment u/s 62?
Ans. The assessment u/s 62 can be initiated only after the service of notice under section 46
i.e. notice to return defaulters.
Q2. If a registered person files a return after receipt of notice u/s 46 but fails to make the
payment disclosed by him in the return, can assessment order u/s 62 be passed in this
case?
Ans. An assessment order u/s 62 is deemed to have been withdrawn if the registered person
furnishes a valid return (including payment of taxes).
62.6 MCQs
Q1. The proper officer can complete assessment under section 62 without issuing any
notice to the registered taxable person before passing assessment order.
(a) True
(b) False
Ans. (b) False
Q2. What is the time limit for issuing order under section 62?
(a) 9 months from the end of financial year.
(b) 3 years for cases covered U/s 73 or 5 years for cases covered under 74
(c) 5 years for cases covered U/s 73 or 3 years for cases covered under 74
(d) 5 years from the due date of filing annual return.
Ans. (d) 5 years from the due date of filing annual return
Q3. The assessment order u/s 62 shall be deemed to be cancelled if:
(a) Where the registered person furnishes a valid return within 30 days of the service
of the assessment order.
(b) Where the registered person within 90 days of the service of the assessment
order.
(c) Assessment order under section 46 cannot be cancelled.
(d) Where assessee intimates to the Proper Officer that he has filed the valid return.
Ans. (a) Where the registered person furnishes a valid return within 30 days of the service of
the assessment order.
CGST Act 537

Q4. After serving of notice u/s 46, the proper officer is not required to give notice of hearing
to the registered tax person before passing assessment order.
(a) True
(b) False
Ans. (a) True.
63. Assessment of unregistered persons
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in section 73 or section 74, where a
taxable person fails to obtain registration even though liable to do so, or whose registration
has been cancelled under sub section (2) of section 29 but who was liable to pay tax, the
proper officer may proceed to assess the tax liability of such taxable person to the best of
his judgement for the relevant tax periods and issue an assessment order within a period of
five years from the date specified under section 44 for furnishing of the annual return for the
financial year to which the tax not paid relates.
Provided that no such assessment order shall be passed without giving the person an
100. Assessment in certain cases.

2) The proper officer shall issue a notice to a taxable person in accordance with the
provisions of section 63 in FORM GST ASMT-14 containing the grounds on which the
assessment is proposed to be made on best judgment basis and after allowing a time
of fifteen days to such person to furnish his reply, if any, pass an order in FORM GST
ASMT- 15.

Section 2(11) Definition of Assessment
Section 22 Person liable for Registration
Section 24 Compulsory Registration
Section 29 Cancellation of Registration
refunded or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised for any

reason other than fraud or any wilful-misstatement or

refunded or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised by reason
of fraud or any wilfull-misstatement or suppression of facts.
63.1 Introduction
This section commences with a non obstante clause, meaning whenever the provisions of
section 73 or 74 applies, the provisions of section 62 of the Act cannot be invoked. This
Section is applicable to unregistered persons i.e., persons who are liable to obtain registration
under Section 22 and have failed to obtain registration will come within scope of operation of
this Section. This provision also covers cases where registration was cancelled as under
section 29 (2). Section 29(2) of the Act covers 5 instances where registration may be
cancelled by proper officer:
(a) A person who contravenes the provisions of this Act or Rules made thereunder;
(b) A composition person who fails to furnish returns for 3 consecutive tax periods.
(c) A person other than composition person who fails to furnish returns for 6 consecutive
months.
(d) A person who has sought voluntary registration but has failed to commence business
within 6 months.
(e) Where registration has been obtained by way of fraud, willful misstatement or
63.2 Analysis
This Section is applicable to unregistered taxable persons. In such cases, the proper officer is
required to provide a reasonable opportunity of being heard to such persons before
proceeding to assess such person. The section begins with the phrase “Notwithstanding
anything to the contrary contained in section 73 or section 74”. It is therefore appears that,
assessment under section 63 can be completed independent of section 73 and Section 74,
however, procedures contained in section 73 or 74 to the extent they are not inconsistent with
section 63 need to be followed, while completing the assessment on principles governing best
judgment assessment. Even though no return would have actually been filed in such cases,
the authority to pass such assessment order is extinguished on the expiry of 5 years from due
date applicable for filing annual return for the year to which tax not paid relates.
For assessment under this section, notice has to be issued as per Rule 100(2) in FORM
GST ASMT-14 by the proper officer. The notice would contain the reasons / grounds on which
the assessment is proposed to be made on best judgment basis. The registered person is
allowed a time of 15 days to furnish his reply, if any. After considering the said explanation,
the order has to be passed in FORM GST ASMT- 15.
CGST Act 539

63.3 Comparison with equivalent provisions in other laws:

Section 23(4) of the MVAT Act contains similar provision as that in Section 63 of the GST Act.
The application of the aforesaid section is a discretionary power vested in the officer when it
comes to his notice that a person although liable to registered has not obtained registration.
The powers vested in the section 63 can be invoked only when the proper officer is in
possession of information that is material for initiating the proceedings.
63.5 FAQs
Q1. What is the time limit for passing order u/s 63?
Ans. The proper officer has to pass an assessment order u/s 63 within a period of five years
from the due date for filing the annual return for the year to which such tax unpaid
relates to.
Q2. Can an assessment order be passed without affording an opportunity of being heard to
the person liable to be registered?
Ans. No, an assessment order cannot be passed without giving him an opportunity of being
heard.
63.6 MCQs
Q1. What is the time limit for passing order u/s 63?
(a) 5 years from the date due date for filing of the annual return for the year to which
tax not paid relates.
(b) 5 years from the end of financial year in which tax not paid relates to
(c) No time limit
Ans. (a) 5 years from the date due date for filing of the annual return for the year to which tax
not paid relates
Q2. No Notice is required to be given before passing assessment order under section 63?
(a) True
(b) False
Ans. (b) False
Q3. Section 63 deals with
(a) Assessment of taxable persons who have failed to file the returns.
(b) Assessment of registered taxable person who have filed returns as per the law.
(c) Assessment of unregistered taxable persons.

(d) Assessment of any taxable person, whether registered or unregistered.

Ans. (c) Assessment of unregistered taxable persons
64. Summary assessment in certain special cases
(1) The proper officer may, on any evidence showing a tax liability of a person coming to
his notice, with the previous permission of Additional/Joint Commissioner, proceed to
assess the tax liability of such person to protect the interest of revenue and issue an
assessment order, if he has sufficient grounds to believe that any delay in doing so
may adversely affect the interest of revenue:
Provided that where the taxable person to whom the liability pertains is not
ascertainable and such liability pertains to supply of goods, the person in charge of
such goods shall be deemed to be the taxable person liable to be assessed and liable
to pay tax and any other amount due under this section.
(2) On any application made by the taxable person within thirty days from the date of
receipt of order passed under sub-Section (1) or on his own motion, if the Additional
or Joint Commissioner considers that such order is erroneous, he may withdraw such
order and follow the procedure laid down in Section 73 or section 74.

100. Assessment in certain cases.
(1) The order of summary assessment under sub-section (1) of section 64 shall be issued
in FORM GST ASMT-16.
(2) The person referred to in sub-section (2) of section 64 may file an application for
withdrawal of the summary assessment order in FORM GST ASMT–17.
(3) The order of withdrawal or, as the case may be, rejection of the application under
subsection (2) of section 64 shall be issued in FORM GST ASMT-18.

Section 73 Determination of tax not paid, short paid, erroneously refunded or
input tax credit wrongly availed or utilized for any reason other than
fraud or any wilful misstatement or suppression of facts
input tax credit wrongly availed or utilized by reason of fraud or any
wilful misstatement or suppression of facts
CGST Act 541

64.1 Introduction
The word “summary assessment” is generally used in a tax legislation to denote ‘fast track
assessment’ based on return filed by the assessee. It allows the Tax Officer to make prima
facie adjustments based on errors or factors based on the available information without an
occasion for calling for further information from an assessee or inspecting his records. In the
GST Act, it is used to denote those assessments which are completed ex-parte and on priority
basis when there is reason to believe that there will be loss of tax revenue, if such assessment
is delayed. This provision is only the first step in invoking the machinery provided to enforce
recovery of dues from potential defaulters, and this requires an assessment of the tax liability.
Such amounts are commonly known as protective assessments which in a sense protects
Government revenue. This section pre-supposes the fact that the proper officer must be in
possession of sufficient grounds to believe that any delay will adversely affect revenue.
64.2 Analysis
The summary assessment can be undertaken in case the following conditions are satisfied:
 The Proper Officer must have evidence that there may be a tax liability.
 The Proper Officer has obtained prior permission of Additional / Joint Commissioner to
assess the tax liability summarily. The proper officer must have sufficient ground to
believe that any delay in passing assessment order would result in loss of revenue.
Summary assessment under this Section of the CGST Act can therefore be construed in some
sense as a ‘protective assessment’ carried out in special circumstances, where there are
sufficient grounds to believe that taxable person will fail to make payment of any tax, penalty
or interest, if the assessment is not completed immediately. Such failure to pay tax, penalty or
interest must be due to reasons attributable to the tax payer (ex: insolvency, instances of
defaulting, absconding etc). Hence, summary assessment under this Section is not a
substitute for assessment getting time barred. Further, mere possibility of non-payment cannot
be a grounds for resorting to summary assessment, unless there are factors indicating that
such non-payment pertains to admitted or undisputed tax liability. As per the provision of Rule
100(3) the summary assessment order should be in FORM GST ASMT-16.
The section allows the person who is assessed and is served the order so passed, to come
forward and make an application in accordance with Rule 100(4) in FORM GST ASMT–17 to
the Additional / Joint Commissioner, which will then be examined and if the Additional/ Joint
Commissioner is satisfied, the summary assessment order will be withdrawn. As regards the
contents of this application, it may be understood that the applicant may attempt to challenge
the facts or reasons for the belief about risk of revenue loss and further accept to be available
to respond, if proceedings under Section 73/74 were to be undertaken. Besides, the Additional
/ Joint Commissioner may, on his own motion, withdraw such order and follow the procedure
laid down in Section 73 or as the case may be Section 74 for determination of taxes not paid
or short paid or erroneously refunded, if he considers that such order is erroneous.

From the above, it appears that every summary assessment order so withdrawn under sub-
Section (2), may be followed by a notice under Section 73 or as the case may be 74.
On receipt of application the proper officer has to pass the order of withdrawal or, rejection of
the application in accordance with Rule 100(5) in FORM GST ASMT-18.
Many times, summary assessments are undertaken in circumstances, when a taxable person
to whom liability pertains is not ascertainable. In such cases, the law provides that, if the
liability pertains to supply of goods, then person in charge of such goods shall be deemed to
be the taxable person liable to be assessed and pay tax and amount due on completion of
summary assessment. There is no deeming provision when unpaid tax liability relates to
supply of services.
The law provides for treating the person in charge of goods as the “taxable person” in cases
where the person liable to pay tax cannot be ascertained. This provision will require the
transporter to take due care to ensure that his position in terms of compliance with the law will
not be compromised, while several transporters may themselves be unaware of the provisions
of the law.
64.4 FAQs
Q1. When can Summary Assessment be initiated?
Ans. Summary Assessments can be initiated by a proper officer on seeking permission from
the Additional Commissioner / Joint Commissioner and proving that the taxable person
is liable to pay tax
64.5 MCQs
Q1. What is the time period within which a person can apply to the Additional/ Joint
Commissioner for withdrawal of such order under this Section?
(a) 30 days
(b) 45 days
(c) 60 days
(d) No time limit.
Ans. (a) 30 days
CGST Act 543

Chapter–XIII
Audit
Sections Rules
65. Audit by tax authorities 101. Audit
66. Special audit 102. Special Audit
65. Audit by tax authorities
(1) The Commissioner or any officer authorised by him, by way of a general or a specific
order, may undertake audit of any registered person for such period, at such
frequency and in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) The officers referred to in sub-Section (1) may conduct audit at the place of business
of the registered person or in their office.
(3) The registered person shall be informed by way of a notice not less than fifteen
working days prior to the conduct of audit in such manner as may be prescribed.
(4) The audit under sub-Section (1) shall be completed within a period of three months
from the date of commencement of audit:
Provided that where the Commissioner is satisfied that audit in respect of such
registered person cannot be completed within three months, he may, for the reasons
to be recorded in writing, extend the period by a further period not exceeding six
months.
Explanation. - For the purposes of this sub-Section, the expression ‘commencement
of audit’ shall mean the date on which the records and other documents, called for by
the tax authorities, are made available by the registered person or the actual
institution of audit at the place of business, whichever is later.
(5) During the course of audit, the authorised officer may require the registered person,
(i) to afford him the necessary facility to verify the books of account or other
documents as he may require;
(ii) to furnish such information as he may require and render assistance for timely
completion of audit.
(6) On conclusion of audit, the proper officer shall within thirty days, inform the
registered person, whose records are audited, about the findings, his rights and
obligations and the reasons for such findings.
Ch-XIII: Audit Sec. 65-66
(7) Where the audit conducted under sub-Section (1) results in detection of tax not paid
or short paid or erroneously refunded, or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised,
the proper officer may initiate action under Section 73 or 74.
101. Audit
1) The period of audit to be conducted under sub-section (1) of section 65 shall be a
financial year or multiples thereof.
2) Where it is decided to undertake the audit of a registered person in accordance with the
provisions of section 65, the proper officer shall issue a notice in FORM GST ADT-01 in
accordance with the provisions of sub-section (3) of the said section.
3) The proper officer authorised to conduct audit of the records and the books of account
of the registered person shall, with the assistance of the team of officers and officials
accompanying him, verify the documents on the basis of which the books of account
are maintained and the returns and statements furnished under the provisions of the
Act and the rules made thereunder, the correctness of the turnover, exemptions and
deductions claimed, the rate of tax applied in respect of the supply of goods or services
or both, the input tax credit availed and utilised, refund claimed, and other relevant
issues and record the observations in his audit notes.
4) The proper officer may inform the registered person of the discrepancies noticed, if
any, as observed in the audit and the said person may file his reply and the proper
officer shall finalise the findings of the audit after due consideration of the reply
furnished.
5) On conclusion of the audit, the proper officer shall inform the findings of audit to the
registered person in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (6) of section 65 in
FORM GST ADT-02.

Section 2(13) Definition of the term Audit
Section 73 Determination of tax not paid, short paid, erroneously refunded or input
tax credit wrongly availed or utilized for any reason other than fraud or
any wilful misstatement or suppression of facts.
Section 74 Determination of tax not paid, short paid, erroneously refunded or input
tax credit wrongly availed or utilized by reason of fraud or any wilful
CGST Act 545

65.1 Introduction
(a) Audit of records of tax payers is the bed rock for the proper functioning of a self-
assessment-based tax system. This provision provides for audit of the business
transactions of any registered person. It is an important tool in the tax administration to
ensure compliance of law and prevent revenue leakage.
(b) In terms of Section 2(13) of the CGST Act, 2017, “audit” means the examination of
records, returns and other documents maintained or furnished by the registered person
under this Act or the rules made thereunder or under any other law for the time being in
force to verify the correctness of turnover declared, taxes paid, refund claimed and
input tax credit availed, and to assess his compliance with the provisions of this Act or
the rules made thereunder.
(c) The following three types of audits are envisaged under the GST laws:
(i) The first type of audit is to be done by a chartered accountant or a cost
accountant u/s 35(5) where turnover exceeds certain threshold specified in Rule
80(3) i.e. 2 crores;
(ii) Second type of audit is to be done by the commissioner or any officer authorised
by him in terms of Section 65 of the CGST Act, 2017 read with Section 20(xiv) of
the IGST Act, 2017 and Section 21(xv) of UTGST Act, 2017.
(iii) The third type of audit is called the Special Audit and is to be conducted under
the mandate of Section 66 of CGST Act, 2017 read with Rule 102 of CGST
Rules, 2017.
65.2 Analysis
This is probably for the first time in the history of an indirect tax statute the term audit has
been defined. Audit Means Examination of Records, Returns and other documents maintained
or furnished by registered person. Hence audit cannot be conducted in case of unregistered
person even if he was required to be registered. In Audit records, returns and other
documents to be examined, may be maintained or furnished under this Act or Rules or any
other law for the time being in force. In audit examination is done to verify the correctness of
1. Turnover declared 2. Taxes Paid 3. Refund claimed and 4. Input Tax credit availed. In audit
examination is also done to assess the compliance with the provisions of this Act or rules
.While this chapter discusses the issues arising out of section 65 and section 66 an audit to be
conducted by a chartered accountant has been dealt with elsewhere in this back ground
material.
(a) Section 65 authorizes conduct of audit by the Commissioner or any other officer
authorized by him of the transactions of the registered persons only. The Commissioner
may issue a general order or a specific order, to authorize officers to conduct such
audit. As per Rule 101(1) the period of audit under sub-section (1) of Section 65 shall
be a financial year or multiples thereof. The frequency and manner for conducting such

audit are yet to be prescribed. Normally, such issues could have been dealt with by way
of issue of Office orders or circular instructions. It is important to note that the said
order of Commissioner must be specific to the auditee and the tax period selected for
audit. Absence, error and deficiency in such orders aborts any preparatory step taken
by the audit officer and preparation to respond taken by the auditee.
The audit will be conducted at the place of business of the registered person or office of
tax authorities. Intimation of audit is to be issued to the registered person at least 15
working days in advance in accordance with Rule 101(2) in Form GST ADT-01 and the
audit is to be completed within 3 months from the date of commencement of audit,
which may be extended by the Commissioner, where required, by a further period not
exceeding 6 months.
Commencement of Audit =
Date on which records and other OR Actual Institution of audit at the place
documents called for by tax authorities are of business
made available by Registered Person
whichever is later
(b) The Commissioner needs to record reasons in writing for grant of any such extension.
(c) During the course of audit, the authorized officer may require the registered person to
afford him the necessary facility to verify the books of account and also to furnish the
required information and render assistance for timely completion of the audit.
(d) As per Rule 101(4) Proper Officer may inform discrepancies noticed during audit to
registered person. Registered Person shall reply to discrepancies. Proper Officer shall
finalize findings only after due consideration of reply
(e) Some of the best practices to be adopted for GST audit among others could be:
The evaluation of the internal control viz-a-viz GST would indicate the area to be
focused. This could be done by verifying:
(a) The Statutory Audit report which has specific disclosure needs in regard to
maintenance of record, stock and fixed assets.
(b) The Information System Audit report and the internal audit report.
(c) Internal Control questionnaire designed for GST compliance.
(i) The use of generalised audit software to aid the GST audit would ensure
modern practice of risk-based audit are adopted.
(ii) The reconciliation of the books of account or reports from the ERP’s to the
return is imperative.
(iii) The review of the gross trial balance for detecting any incomes being set
off with expenses.
CGST Act 547

(iv) Review of purchases/expenses to examine applicability of reverse charge

applicable to goods/services. The foreign exchange outgo reconciliation
would also be necessary for identifying the liability of import of services.
(v) Quantitative reconciliation of stock transfer within the State or for supplies
to job workers under exemption.
(vi) Ratio analysis could provide vital clues on areas of non-compliance.
(f) On audit completion, information is required to be provided to the registered person
including the findings during the audit as per section 65(6) read with Rule 101(5) in
FORM GST ADT-02 within thirty days (not mentioned I s. 65(6)). In cases where tax
liability is identified during the audit or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilized by the
auditee, the procedure laid down under Section 73 or 74 is to be followed. Audit cannot
conclude automatically resulting in a demand. Independent application of mind is
necessary for a valid demand to be raised.
1. The Central Excise law empowers the Central Government to make provision for
verification of records of assessee. However, the GST Act itself specifically provides for
audit of the registered person. In EA 2000, the Director General of Audit supervises the
audit functions. Separate Audit Commissionerate have been constituted with effect from
15.10.2014 which will plan, delegate and administer the audit. The audit of the
assessee is carried out through visits by ‘audit groups’ which consist of Superintendents
and Inspectors.
2. The audit groups shall prepare the assessee master file, collect the relevant information
and documents. Desk review shall be done before forming the audit plan. As planned,
audit will be conducted and corrections and improvements shall be suggested to the
assessee.
3. The draft audit report would be discussed and communicated to the assessee and with
the details of spot recoveries and willingness of the assessee to accept the demand etc.
the same shall be placed before monitoring committee. If the assessee does not accept
the audit para, adjudication process will be initiated by the Jurisdictional GST Officer.
65.5 FAQs
Q1. Whether audit is mandatory in case of every registered person?
Ans. No, it is not mandatory. It will be applicable only in cases where the appropriate
authorities authorize the same by issue of general / specific orders.
Q2. Whether any prior intimation is required before conducting the audit?
Ans. Yes, prior intimation is required and the taxable person should be informed at least 15
days prior to conduct of audit in FORM GST ADT-01.
Q3. What is the period within which the audit is to be completed?

Ans. The audit is required to be completed within 3 months from the date of commencement
of audit or within the extended period of 6 months in cases where the Commissioner is
satisfied for reasons to be recorded in writing that the audit cannot be completed in 3
months.
Q4. What is meant by commencement of audit?
Ans. It means the date on which the records and documents requisitioned by the tax
authorities are made available by the registered person or the actual institution of audit
at the place of business whichever is later
Q5. What are the obligations of the taxable person when he receives the notice of audit?
Ans. The taxable person should afford necessary facility / information / assistance /
documents for smooth conduct of audit and its timely completion.
Q6. What would be the action by the proper officer upon conclusion of the audit?
Ans. The proper office must within 30 days inform the registered person (i.e. the auditee)
about his findings, reasons for findings and his rights and obligations in respect of such
findings.
65.6 Case Study 1
A notice for audit was served to M/s. ABC Ltd, on 20.02.2020. Required information was given
by M/s. ABC Ltd, on 25.05.2020. The audit officers visited the place of business on
26.06.2020. What is the last date within which the audit is to be completed?
It will be 3 months from 26.06.2020, viz., 25.09.2020 or within an extended period of 6
months. The extended period would be 25.03.2021.
66. Special Audit

(1) If at any stage of scrutiny, enquiry, investigation or any other proceedings before him,
any officer not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner, having regard to the nature
and complexity of the case and interest of revenue, is of the opinion that the value
has not been correctly declared or the credit availed is not within the normal limits, he
may, with the prior approval of the Commissioner, direct such registered person by a
communication in writing to get his records including books of account examined and
audited by a chartered accountant or a cost accountant as may be nominated by the
Commissioner.
(2) The chartered accountant or cost accountant so nominated shall, within the period of
ninety days, submit a report of such audit duly signed and certified by him to the said
Assistant Commissioner mentioning therein such other particulars as may be
specified:
Provided that the Assistant Commissioner may, on an application made to him in this
CGST Act 549

behalf by the registered person or the chartered accountant or cost accountant or for
any material and sufficient reason, extend the said period by a further period of
ninety days.
(3) The provision of sub-Section (1) shall have effect notwithstanding that the accounts
of the registered person have been audited under any other provision of this Act or
any other law for the time being in force.
(4) The registered person shall be given an opportunity of being heard in respect of any
material gathered on the basis of special audit under sub-Section (1) which is
proposed to be used in any proceedings against him under this Act or the rules made
thereunder.
(5) The expenses of the examination and audit of records under sub-Section (1),
including the remuneration of such chartered accountant or cost accountant, shall be
determined and paid by the Commissioner and such determination shall be final.
(6) Where the special audit conducted under sub-Section (1) results in detection of tax
not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded, or input tax credit wrongly availed or
utilised, the proper officer may initiate action under Section 73 or 74.

102. Special Audit.
1) Where special audit is required to be conducted in accordance with the provisions of
section 66, the officer referred to in the said section shall issue a direction in FORM
GST ADT-03 to the registered person to get his records audited by a chartered
accountant or a cost accountant specified in the said direction.
2) On conclusion of the special audit, the registered person shall be informed of the
findings of the special audit in FORM GST ADT-04.
Relevant circulars, notifications, clarifications, flyers issued by Government:NA

Section 65 Audit by tax authorities
input tax credit wrongly availed or utilized for any reason other than
fraud or any wilful misstatement or suppression of facts.
input tax credit wrongly availed or utilized by reason of fraud or any
wilful misstatement or suppression of facts.

66.1 Introduction
Availing the services of experts is an age-old practice and a due process of law. These
experts have done yeoman service to the process of delivering justice. One such facility
extended by the Act is in Section 66 where an officer not below the rank of an Assistant
Commissioner, duly approved, may avail the services of a Chartered Accountant or Cost
Accountant to conduct a detailed examination of specific areas of operations of a registered
person. Similar provisions exist under the Income Tax Law as well.
66.2 Analysis
(a) Availing the services of the expert be it a Chartered Accountant or Cost Accountant is
permitted by this section only when the officer (considering the nature & complexity of
the business and in the interest of revenue) is of the opinion that:
 Value has not been correctly declared; or
 Credit availed is not within the normal limits.
It would be interesting to know how these ‘subjective’ conclusions will be drawn and
how the proper officers determine what is the normal limit of input credit availed.
(b) An Assistant Commissioner who nurses an opinion on the above two aspects, after
commencement and before completion of any scrutiny, enquiry, investigation or any
other proceedings under the Act, may direct a registered person to get his books of
accounts audited by an expert. Such direction is to be issued in accordance with the
provision of Rule 102 (1) FORM GST ADT-03
(c) The Assistant Commissioner needs to obtain prior permission of the Commissioner to
issue such direction to the taxable person
(d) Identifying the expert is not left to the registered person whose audit is to be conducted
but the expert is to be nominated by the Commissioner.
(e) The Chartered Accountant or the Cost Accountant so appointed shall submit the audit
report, mentioning the specified particulars therein, within a period of 90 days, to the
Assistant Commissioner in accordance with provision of Rule 102(2) FORM GST ADT-
04.
(f) In the event of an application to the Assistant Commissioner by Chartered Accountant
or the Cost Accountant or the registered person seeking an extension, or for any
material or sufficient reason, the due date of submission of audit report may be
extended by another 90 days.
(g) Section 66(3) states that special audit may be initiated notwithstanding that the
accounts of the registered person have been audited under any other provisions of this
Act or any other law for the time being in force.While the report in respect of the special
audit under this section is to be submitted directly to the Assistant Commissioner, the
registered person is to be provided an opportunity of being heard in respect of any
CGST Act 551

material gathered in the special audit which is proposed to be used in any proceedings
under this Act. This provision does not appear to clearly state whether the registered
person is entitled to receive a copy of the entire audit report or only extracts or merely
inferences from the audit. However, the observance of the principles of natural justice in
the proceedings arising from this audit would not fail the taxable person on this aspect.
(h) The remuneration to the expert is to be determined and paid by the Commissioner
whose decision will be final.
(i) As in the case of audit under section 65, no demand of tax, even ad interim, is
permitted on completion of the special audit under this section. In case any possible tax
liability is identified during the audit, procedure under section 73 or 74 as the case may
be is to be followed.
Law relating to Central Excise
(a) Similar provision existed under the Central Excise law. Unduly large proportion of credit
availment considering the industry is a reason for audit. This could also be a reason for
special audit under GST also. The availing or utilization of CENVAT credit by reason of
fraud, collusion or any willful mis-statement or suppression of facts can also be the
reason for issuing notice for special audit. Under GST law, no special audit will be
directed for wrong utilization of the credit, but wrong availment alone without any reason
of fraud, collusion or any willful mis-statement or suppression of facts is sufficient to
issue notice for special audit.
(b) Under Central Excise law, the permission is given by the Principal Chief Commissioner
or the Chief Commissioner of Central Excise. Under GST Act, the said permission is to
be given by the Commissioner.
(c) Under Central Excise law, the period within which the Chartered Accountant or the Cost
Accountant should submit the audit report is not specified but the maximum extended
period within which the audit report should be submitted remains to be 180 days. Under
CGST Act, the audit report shall normally be submitted within 90 days and the
maximum further extension could be another 90 days.
Law relating to Service Tax
(a) The authority to direct the special audit rests with the Principal Commissioner or the
Commissioner.
(b) The special audit may be initiated where person liable to pay service tax;
(i) has failed to declare or determine the value of taxable service correctly; or
(ii) has availed and utilized the CENVAT credit which is not within the normal limits
or by means of fraud, collusion or any willful mis-statement or suppression of
facts; or

(iii) has operations at multiple locations and true and complete picture of his accounts
are not possible to get at his registered premises.
(c) The special audit report shall be submitted within the period as may be specified by the
Commissioner. The time limit of maximum 180 days is not applicable.
(d) No provision exists regarding remuneration payable for the special audit, however, the
same shall be paid by the Central Government +
66.4 FAQs
Q1. Who can serve the notice for special audit?
Ans. An officer not below the rank of an Assistant Commissioner with prior approval of the
Commissioner may serve notice for special audit, having regard to the nature and
complexity of the case and the interest of revenue.
Q2. Under what circumstances notice for special audit shall be issued?
Ans. If the proper officer (not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner) is of the opinion that
the value has not been correctly declared or credit availed is not within the normal
limits, a special audit may be ordered.
Q3. Who will conduct the special audit?
Ans. A Chartered Accountant or a Cost Accountant as may be nominated by the
Commissioner may undertake the audit.
Q4. What is the time limit to submit the audit report?
Ans. The auditor will have to submit the report within 90 days or the further extended period
of 90 days.
Q5. Who will bear the cost of special audit?
Ans. The expenses for examination and audit including the remuneration payable to the
auditor will be determined and borne by the Commissioner.
Q6. What action the tax authorities may take after the special audit?
Ans. Based on the findings / observations of the special audit, action can be initiated under
Section 73 or 74 as the case may be of the CGST Act.
CGST Act 553

THE INTEGRATED GOODS AND SERVICE TAX ACT, 2017
Statement of Objects and Reasons:
Earlier, the States effecting inter-State sale of goods were empowered to collect and retain
Central Sales Tax (CST) under the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956.
The difficulties faced in the erstwhile Central Sales Tax system are:
(i) The levy is non-vatable i.e. the credit of CST is not available as a set-off in the hands of
the purchaser.
(ii) CST directly gets added to the cost of the goods resulting in cascading effect of the
taxes on the cost of production of products.
(iii) Creation of tax arbitrage on account of the rate of CST being different from VAT levied
on intra-State sale.
(iv) Several businesses are not in a position to procure goods in the course of inter-State
trade or commerce after concessional rate of tax against the declaration forms.
To usher in the GST regime, levy of a single tax called Integrated Goods and Service Tax is
considered necessary on the supply of goods or services or both taking place in the course of
inter-State trade/ commerce. The rate of tax is equal to the sum total of Central Tax (CGST)
and State Tax (SGST) or Union Territory Tax (UTGST) though there are some cases where
more rationalisation is required in terms of parity of net tax incidence. The new legislation,
amongst others, broadly:
(i) Provides for levy of tax on all inter-State supplies of goods or services or both (except
alcoholic liquor for human consumption) at a rate recommended by the GST Council
(not exceeding 40%);
(ii) Provides for levy of tax on goods imported into India;
(iii) Provides for levy of tax on import of services on a reverse charge basis;
(iv) Empowers the Central Government to grant exemptions on the recommendation of the
GST Council;
(v) Provides for determination of nature of supply (intra-State or inter-State) and place of
supply
(vi) Provides for payment of tax by a supplier of Online Information and Database Access or
Retrieval Services (OIDAR)
(vii) Enables apportionment of tax and settlement of funds on account of transfer of input tax
credit between the Central Government, State Government and Union Territory; `
(viii) Provides for application of certain provisions of the Central Goods and Service Tax Act,
2017 to the extent relevant for the purposes of this Act;
(ix) Provides for transitional transactions in relation to import of services.
Chapter I
Preliminary
2. Definitions
(1) This Act may be called the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017.
(2) It shall extend to the whole of India except the State of Jammu & Kashmir.
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in
the Official Gazette, appoint:
1. The Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 has been implemented in the State of
Jammu and Kashmir from 8th July 2017 through Constitution (Application to Jammu and
Kashmir) Amendment Order, 2017, the Central Goods and Services Tax (Extension to
Jammu and Kashmir) Ordinance, 2017 and the Integrated Goods and Services Tax
(Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Ordinance, 2017.
2. Certain provisions came into force on 22.6.17 and remaining provisions on 1.7.17 as
notified by the Central Government and hence appointed day for the CGST Act, IGST,
UTGST Acts, SGST Acts was 1st July 2017. However, the appointed day for the State of
Jammu and Kashmir was 8th July 2017.

(CGST / SGST)
Section 2(56) Definition of India
Section 2(22) Definition of Taxable Territory

the date on which the provisions of Section 1, 2, 3, 14, 20 and 22 are effective.
the date on which the provisions of Section 4 to 13, 16 to 19, 21, 23 to 25 are effective.
Ch-I : Preliminary Sec. 1-2
Title
carry a long and a short title. The long title, set out at the head of a statute, gives a full
Extent
(29) States and seven (7) Union Territories.
through an ‘Administrator’ appointed by him. However, the Union Territories of Delhi (Article
239 AA) and Pondicherry (Article 239A) have been provided with Legislatures with powers and
functions as required for their administration.
The State of Jammu and Kashmir enjoys a special status in the Indian Constitution in terms of
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. The Parliament has power to make laws only on
Defence, External Affairs and Communication related matters of Jammu and Kashmir. As
regards the laws related on any other matter, subsequent ratification by the Government of
Jammu and Kashmir is necessary to make it applicable to that State.
The assembly of J&K had passed the GST bill in the first week of July. Subsequently, the
Honourable President of India promulgated two ordinances, namely, the CGST (Extension to
Jammu and Kashmir) Ordinance, 2017 and the IGST (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir)
Ordinance, 2017 making the CGST/ IGST applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir,
w.e.f. 8 July 2017. After the promulgation of ordinance, India has adopted GST in its form
across the country.
Commencement
Provisions of the IGST Act related to registration etc. came into operation through Notification
No. 1/2017- Integrated Tax dated 19.6.2017. Further, Notification No. 3/2017-Integrated Tax
was issued to make other provisions of the IGST Act applicable w.e.f. 1st July. Effectively, all
operation provisions of the IGST Act have become applicable from 1st July 2017.
Similar to extending enforcement of IGST Act, Notification No. 4/ 2017–Integrated Tax dated
28th June, 2017 has been issued to make Integrated Goods and Services Tax Rules,
IGST Act 557

2017applicable w.e.f. 22nd June 2017. However, IGST Rules, 2017 have been separately
notified along with the Central Goods and Services tax Rules, 2017.
2. Definitions
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires-
(1) “Central Goods and Services Tax Act” means the Central Goods and Services Tax Act,
2017;
It refers to the Act under which tax is levied on intra-State supply of goods or services or both
(other than supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption).
(2) ‘‘central tax” means the tax levied and collected under the Central Goods and Services Tax
Act;
Tax levied under the CGST Act is referred to as “Central tax”. It refers to the tax charged
under the CGST Act on intra-State supply of goods or services or both (other than supply of
alcoholic liquor for human consumption). The rate of tax is capped at 20%. The rates for
goods have been notified vide Notification No. 1/2017- Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 28-06-
2017 while Notification No. 8/2017- Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 28-06-2017 covers the rates
of services notified.
It is relevant to note that the term ‘central tax’ under the IGST Act is defined to include tax
levied and collected under the CGST Act whereas the term ‘central tax’ under the CGST Act is
defined to mean the central goods and services levied under section 9. Therefore, the phrase
‘central tax’ has a wider connotation under the IGST Act as it includes taxes collected in
addition to what is levied under CGST Act.
(3) “continuous journey” means a journey for which a single or more than one ticket or invoice
is issued at the same time, either by a single supplier of service or through an agent acting on
behalf of more than one supplier of service, and which involves no stopover between any of
the legs of the journey for which one or more separate tickets or invoices are issued.
Explanation. ––For the purposes of this clause, the term “stopover” means a place where a
passenger can disembark either to transfer to another conveyance or break his journey for a
certain period in order to resume it at a later point of time;
This is relevant to determine the place of supply of passenger transport services.
Continuous journey refers to a journey where:
(a) A single or more than one ticket or invoice is issued at the same time;
(b) Service is provided by one service provider or by an agent on behalf of more than one
service providers
(c) Journey does not involve any stopover at any of the legs of the journey for which one or

more separate tickets or invoices are issued (“Stopover” means a place where a
passenger disembarks from the conveyance).
 All stopovers will not cause a break in the journey. Only those stopovers for which one
or more separate tickets are issued will be relevant. A travel involving Bangalore-Dubai-
New York-Dubai-Bangalore on a single ticket with a halt at Dubai (onward and return)
will be covered by the definition of continuous journey. However, if the passenger
disembarks at Dubai or breaks his journey for a certain period in order to resume it at a
later point of time, it will not be considered a continuous journey.
 All the above conditions should be cumulatively satisfied to consider the journey as
continuous journey.
 A return journey will be treated as a separate journey even if the right to passage for
onward and return journey is issued at the same time.
(4) “customs frontiers of India” means the limits of a customs area as defined in section 2 of
the Customs Act, 1962;
Circular No. 33/2017 –Cus dated 01.08.2017: Leviability of Integrated Goods and Services
Tax (IGST) on High Sea Sales of imported goods and point of collection thereof
The customs frontiers of India include the following:
(a) Customs Port;
(b) Customs Airport;
(c) International Courier Terminal;
(d) Foreign Post Office;
(e) Land Customs Station;
(f) Area in which imported goods or goods meant for export are ordinarily kept before
clearance by Customs Authorities
 Bonded Warehouses would now be covered under this definition.
 A person importing goods into the territory of India from an overseas exporter would be
liable to pay IGST on such supply of goods.
 Where a transfer of documents of title takes place during import, the question of
payment of tax by the importer would not arise since the documents of title would be
transferred before the goods cross the customs frontier of India. It has been clarified
vide Circular No. 33 /2017-Cus dated 1-Aug-17, that IGST on high sea sale(s)
transactions of imported goods, whether one or multiple, shall be levied and collected
IGST Act 559

only at the time of importation i.e. when the import declarations are filed before the
Customs authorities for the customs clearance purposes for the first time.
 Supplies made by an importer after the goods have crossed the customs frontier of
India would be liable to CGST, SGST or IGST, depending on the facts of each case.
(5) “export of goods” with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means taking
goods out of India to a place outside India;

Section 2(52) Definition of Goods (CGST)
Section 2(56) Definition of India (CGST)
Section 7 Inter-State supply (IGST)
Section 11 Place of supply of goods imported into or exported from India
Section 16 Zero rated supply
Export of goods will be treated as ‘zero-rated supplies’. Accordingly, while no tax would be
payable on such supplies, the exporter will be eligible to claim the corresponding input tax
credits. It is relevant to note that the input tax credits would be available to an exporter even if
the supplies were exempt supplies so long as the eligibility of the input taxes is established.
Following aspects need to be noted:
 Unlike export of services which requires fulfilment of certain conditions for a supply to
qualify as ‘export of services’ like the nature of currency in which payment is required to
be made, location of the exporter etc., export of goods doesn’t require fulfilment of any
such conditions.
 The movement of goods is alone relevant and not the location of the exporter/ importer.
 The exporter may utilize such credits for discharge of other output taxes or alternatively,
the exporter may claim a refund of such taxes.
 The exporter will be eligible to claim refund under the following situations:
(i) He may export the goods under a Letter of Undertaking, without payment of IGST
and claim refund of unutilized input tax credit; or
(ii) He may export the goods upon payment of IGST and claim refund of such tax
paid.
(6) “export of services” means the supply of any service when, ––
(i) the supplier of service is located in India;
(ii) the recipient of service is located outside India;

(iii) the place of supply of service is outside India;

(iv) the payment for such service has been received by the supplier of service in convertible
foreign exchange; and
(v) the supplier of service and the recipient of service are not merely establishments of a
distinct person in accordance with Explanation 1 in section 8;

Section 2(93) Definition of Recipient (CGST)
Section 2(105) Definition of Supplier (CGST)
Section 2(14) Definition of Location of the recipient of services
Section 2(14) Definition of Location of the supplier of services
Section 2(21) Definition of Supply
Section 7 Inter-State supply
Section 8 Intra-State supply
Section 10 Place of supply of goods other than supply of goods imported
into, or exported from India
Section 12 Place of supply of services where location of supplier and
Section 13 Place of supply of services where location of supplier or location
of recipient is outside India
The concept of export of services is broadly borrowed from the provisions of the erstwhile
Service Tax law.
Under the GST regime, export of service will be treated as ‘zero-rated supplies’. Accordingly,
while no tax would be payable on such supplies, the exporter will be eligible to claim the
corresponding input tax credits. It is relevant to note that the input tax credits would be
available to an exporter even if supplies were exempt supplies as long as the eligibility of the
input taxes as input tax credits is established.
The exporter may utilise such credits for discharge of other output taxes or alternatively, the
exporter may claim a refund of such taxes.
The exporter will be eligible to claim refund under the following situations:
(a) He may export the services under a Letter of Undertaking, without payment of IGST and
claim refund of unutilized input tax credit; or
IGST Act 561

(b) He may export the services upon payment of IGST and claim refund of such tax paid.
 The requirement under the Service Tax law was that the supplier should be located in
the taxable territory i.e. India, excluding Jammu and Kashmir. Under the GST law, the
requirement is that the supplier is located in India (which includes Jammu and Kashmir)
as GST has been enacted in the State of J&K also.
 Although overseas establishment of a person who is situated in India is treated as a
distinct person for purposes of levy of integrated tax, as regards export of services, this
overseas establishment must demonstrate substance in its activities to qualify as
recipient of the export of the services from India and establish itself as more than just a
mere establishment of the person.
 Establishments will be treated as establishment of distinct persons under the following
situations:
Situation Location of one Location of the other establishment
establishment
I India Outside India
II State or Union Territory Outside that State or Union Territory
III State or Union Territory Business vertical registered in that State
or Union Territory
Therefore, where both the establishments are located in a State/ Union Territory
under the same GSTIN, the establishments will not be considered as distinct persons.
(7) “fixed establishment” means a place (other than the registered place of business) which is
characterised by a sufficient degree of permanence and suitable structure in terms of human
and technical resources to supply services or to receive and use services for its own needs;

Section 2(85) Definition of Place of Business (CGST)
Section 2(102) Definition of Services (CGST)
Section 12 Place of supply of services where location of supplier and
Fixed Establishment refers to a place:

(a) Having a sufficient degree of permanence

(b) Having a structure of human and technical resources

(c) Other than the registered place of business
 Not every temporary or interim location of a project site or transit-warehouse will (ipso
facto) become a fixed establishment of the taxable person.
 The person should undertake supply of services or should receive and use services for
own needs.
 Temporary presence of staff in a place by way of a short visit to a place or so does not
make that place a fixed establishment.
 Liaison Offices meant to undertake liaison activities cannot render services that are
commercial in nature, in the garb of rendering liaison services. For e.g.: If a liaison
office were to render marketing service to its parent entity outside India, for a customer
located in India and the said liaison office staff receive a fee/ commission, then the
concept of liaison office stands to test. In such a scenario, the reimbursements received
by the liaison office could be subject to tax notwithstanding the fact that the entire
transaction can be subjected to valuation as a permanent establishment.
(8) “Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act” means the Goods and Services
Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017;

Section 2(54) Definition of Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States)
Act
The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act (for brevity “Compensation Act”)
provides for compensation to the States for the loss of revenue arising on account of
implementation of GST for a period of 5 years from the said date of implementation. The cess
paid on the supply of goods or services will be available as credit for utilization towards
payment of said cess on outward supply of goods and services on which such cess is leviable.
(9) “Government” means the Central Government;
(10) ‘‘import of goods” with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means
bringing goods into India from a place outside India;

IGST Act 563


Section 8 Intra-State supply
Section 11 Place of supply of goods imported into or exported from India
Import of goods into India would be treated as supply of goods in the course of inter-State
trade/ commerce and would be liable to integrated tax under this Act.
 The place of supply of goods in case of imports would be the location of the importer.
E.g.: If goods are imported at Mumbai port but the importer is at Delhi, the place of
supply shall be Delhi;
 The integrated tax would be levied on the value of goods as determined under the
Customs law in addition to the custom duties levied on such imports. In other words,
levy of Basic Customs Duty (BCD) will continue and the component of Countervailing
Duty (CVD) and Special Additional Duty (SAD) will be replaced by Integrated tax;
 The time at which the customs duties are levied on import of goods would also be the
time when integrated tax is levied;
 The importer will be liable to pay integrated tax on a reverse charge basis and the same
will have to be discharged by cash only and credit cannot be utilized for discharging
such a liability;
 Merchant Trading Transactions (MTT) i.e. where the supplier of goods will be resident
in one foreign country, the buyer of goods will be resident in another foreign country
and the merchant will be resident in India, would primarily not come under the ambit of
GST since they do not involve entry of goods into India.
(11) ‘‘import of services” means the supply of any service, where––
(i) the supplier of service is located outside India;
(ii) the recipient of service is located in India; and
(iii) the place of supply of service is in India;
Section 2(86) Definition of Place of supply (CGST)
Section 2(93) Definition of Recipient (CGST)
Section 2(105) Definition of Supplier (CGST)
Section 2(14) Definition of Location of the recipient of services (IGST)
Section 2(21) Definition of Supply (IGST)
Section 7 Inter-State supply (IGST)

The phrase “import of service” is very broad and covers all such supplies where:
(a) The supplier is located outside India,
(b) The recipient is located in India
(c) Place of supply is in India.
 Supplies, where the supplier and recipient are mere establishments of a person, would
also qualify as “import of service”.
 The importer will be liable to pay integrated tax on a reverse charge basis and the same
will have to be discharged by cash only and credit cannot be utilized for discharging
such a liability;
 Import of service made for a consideration alone would be taxable, whether or not in the
course of business. Therefore, import of service for personal consumption for a
consideration would qualify as ‘supply’ and would be liable to integrated tax. However,
the recipient will not be required to obtain a registration for that purpose. However,
Import of services from related persons or establishments located outside India without
consideration also would be liable to integrated tax as per Schedule I of the CGST Act,
2017;
 The threshold limits for registration would not apply and the importer would be required
to obtain registration irrespective of his turnover.
(12) “integrated tax” means the integrated goods and services tax levied under this Act;

Section 2(102) Definition of Services (CGST)
It refers to the tax charged under this Act on inter-State supply of goods or services or both
(other than supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption). The rate of tax is capped at
40%. The rates for goods have been notified vide Notification No. 1/2017- Integrated Tax
(Rate) dated 28-06-2017 while Notification No. 8/2017- Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 28-06-
2017 covers the rates of services notified.
(13) “intermediary” means a broker, an agent or any other person, by whatever name called,
who arranges or facilitates the supply of goods or services or both, or securities, between two
or more persons, but does not include a person who supplies such goods or services or both
or securities on his own account;
IGST Act 565


Section 14 Special provision for payment of tax by a supplier of online
information and database access or retrieval services

 An intermediary arranges or facilitates supply of goods or services or both, or securities
between two or more persons. For e.g.: Travel Agent
 Two supplies are generally involved:
o Supply between the principal and the third party; and
o Supply of his own service to his principal – generally for a fee or commission;
 An intermediary cannot alter the nature or value of supply, which he facilitates on behalf
of his principal;
 The consideration for an intermediary’s supply is separately identifiable from the main
supply that he is arranging and is in the nature of fee or commission charged by him;
 The test of agency must be satisfied between the principal and the agent i.e. the
intermediary;
 The place of supply in relation to intermediary services is the location of the service
provider.
(14) “location of the recipient of services” means, ––
(a) where a supply is received at a place of business for which the registration has been
(d) in absence of such places, the location of the usual place of residence of the recipient;
The phrase ‘location of the recipient of services’ is essential to determine the place of supply
of service and can be understood in the following 4 sub-clauses:
(a) Services received at a place of business where registration is obtained – Location of
such place of business;

(b) Services received at a fixed establishment (i.e., a place of business not registered, but
having a sufficient degree of permanence involving human and technical resources) –
Location of such fixed establishment;
(c) Services received at more than one establishment – Location of the establishment most
directly concerned with the receipt of the supply;
(d) Services received at a place other than above – Location of the usual place of
residence of the recipient (address where the person is legally registered/ constituted in
case of recipients other than individuals).
Note: The definition uses the term “place”, and not the phrase “State or Union Territory”.
Therefore, a view may be taken that the location of the recipient of the service could be
determined under the residuary clause (i.e., usual place of residence), merely because it is
received in a place of business which is neither registered as an additional place of business,
nor a fixed establishment, although the place of receipt is in the same State as another place
of business which is registered.
E.g.: Event management services received in the Mangalore unit of M/s. ABC Ltd. M/s. ABC
Ltd has its registered office in Mumbai (having a GST registration) and has a branch office in
Bangalore (having a GST registration). Mangalore unit is neither an additional place of
business nor a fixed establishment. In such a case, a view may be taken that the location of
the recipient of service is the Mumbai office, and not the Bangalore office, although Bangalore
and Mangalore are located in the same State.
(15) “location of the supplier of services” means, ––
(a) where a supply is made from a place of business for which the registration has been
concerned with the provision of the supply; and
(d) in absence of such places, the location of the usual place of residence of the supplier;
The phrase ‘location of the supplier of services’ is essential to determine the place of supply of
service and can be understood in the following 4 sub-clauses:
(a) Services made from a place of business where registration is obtained – Location of
such place of business;
(b) Services made from a fixed establishment (i.e., a place of business not registered, but
having a sufficient degree of permanence involving human and technical resources) –
Location of such fixed establishment;
IGST Act 567

(c) Services made from more than one establishment – Location of the establishment most
directly concerned with the receipt of the supply;
(d) Other than the above – Location of the usual place of residence of the supplier (address
where the person is legally registered/ constituted in case of recipients other than
individuals).
Note: The definition uses the term “place”, and not the phrase “State or Union Territory”.
Therefore, a view may be taken that the location of the provider of the service could be
determined under the residuary clause (i.e., usual place of residence), merely because it is
provided from a place of business which is neither registered as an additional place of
business, nor a fixed establishment, although the place of provision is in the same State as
another place of business which is registered.
Where services are provided from more than one establishment i.e. principal place of business
and fixed establishment, the location of the establishment with which the service receiver is
directly concerned will be considered for the purpose of determining the location of supply.
(16) “non-taxable online recipient” means any Government, local authority, governmental
authority, an individual or any other person not registered and receiving online
information and database access or retrieval services in relation to any purpose other
than commerce, industry or any other business or profession, located in taxable
territory.
Explanation. ––For the purposes of this clause, the expression “governmental authority”
means an authority or a board or any other body, ––
(i) set up by an Act of Parliament or a State Legislature; or
(ii) established by any Government,
with ninety per cent. or more participation by way of equity or control, to carry out any
function entrusted to a municipality under article 243W of the Constitution;
Notification No. 02/2017 dated 19.06.2017 - Seeks to empower the Principal Commissioner of
Central Tax, Bengaluru West to grant registration in case of online information and database
access or retrieval services provided or agreed to be provided by a person located in non-
taxable territory and received by a non-taxable online recipient
The phrase “non-taxable online recipient” covers the following persons:
(a) The Central Government
(b) Local Authority
(c) Governmental Authority i.e. an authority established with 90% or more participation by
the Government and set-up to undertake functions entrusted to a municipality under
Article 243W of the Constitution like:
 Preparation of plans for economic development,

 Urban planning,
 Fire Services,
 Water supply, etc.
(17) “online information and database access or retrieval services” means services whose
delivery is mediated by information technology over the internet or an electronic network and
the nature of which renders their supply essentially automated and involving minimal human
intervention and impossible to ensure in the absence of information technology and includes
electronic services such as, ––
(i) advertising on the internet;
(ii) providing cloud services;
(iii) provision of e-books, movie, music, software and other intangibles through
telecommunication networks or internet;
(iv) providing data or information, retrievable or otherwise, to any person in electronic form
through a computer network;
(v) online supplies of digital content (movies, television shows, music and the like);
(vi) digital data storage; and
(vii) online gaming;
Notification No. 02/2017 dated 19.06.2017 - Seeks to empower the Principal Commissioner of
Central Tax, Bengaluru West to grant registration in case of online information and database
access or retrieval services provided or agreed to be provided by a person located in non-
taxable territory and received by a non-taxable online recipient
The definition has very wide coverage of activities/ services delivered in the digital economy
and is drafted in line with the provisions under the Service Tax laws to include services like e-
downloads of games, movies etc., web-hosting services, online supply of on-demand disc
space, distance teaching, etc.
An indicative list of services that would not be covered under Online Information and Database
Access or Retrieval (OIDAR) services are:
 Legal services or Financial services advising clients through e-mail
 Educational or professional courses, where the content is delivered by a teacher over
the internet or an electronic network (using a remote link)
 Supply of Online Information and Database Access or Retrieval (OIDAR) services by a
person located in a non-taxable territory (outside India) to a non-taxable online
recipient, would be liable to tax in the hands of the supplier;
IGST Act 569

 The supplier would be responsible for collection and remittance of integrated tax to the
Government of India;
 The supplier can take a single registration under the Simplified Registration Scheme
(yet to be notified by the Government);
 Alternatively, a person located in India representing the supplier can obtain registration
and pay the tax on behalf of the supplier. If the supplier does not have a representative/
physical presence in India, he can appoint a person who will be liable to pay the
integrated tax on such transactions by providing the details of the State of consumption;
 Business-to-Business (B2B) transactions w.r.t. OIDAR will be taxable in the hands of
the recipient itself under reverse charge mechanism.
(18) “output tax”, in relation to a taxable person, means the integrated tax chargeable under
this Act on taxable supply of goods or services or both made by him or by his agent but
excludes tax payable by him on reverse charge basis;
The output tax i.e. integrated tax chargeable on inter-State taxable supply of goods or services
can be summarised as under:
Type of Supply Reference
Supplies between 2 States (or UT with Legislature) Section 7(1) and 7(3) of the IGST Act
Import of goods or services Section 7(2) and Section 7(4) of the
IGST Act
Supplies to/ by a SEZ developer or unit Section 7 (5) (b) of the IGST Act
Supplies made by a person located in India and Section 7 (5) (a) of the IGST Act
where the place of supply is outside India
 While input tax is in relation to a registered person, output tax is in relation to a taxable
person. Evidently, the law excludes persons who are not registered under the law from
being associated with any input tax. However, where there is a liability due to the
 The amount covered under this term is the amount of tax that is ‘chargeable’, and not
the amount that is ‘charged’. Therefore, in case a person wrongly charges tax, or
charges an excess rate of tax, as compared to the applicable tax rate, such excess
would not qualify as output tax.
o The taxes payable by recipient of supply, on account of making inward supplies
of such categories of supply as are notified for the purpose of reverse
chargeability of tax, or making inward supplies from unregistered persons, would
be out of the scope of ‘output tax’.

 The implication of the exclusions mentioned above is that the input tax credit cannot be
utilised for making payment of any amount that does not qualify as output tax.
Discharge of liability in such cases has to be by way of cash payments (i.e., through the
 The law makes a specific inclusion in respect of supplies made by an agent on behalf of
the supplier, to treat the tax paid on such supplies as output tax in the hands of the
supplier.
(19) “Special Economic Zone” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (za) of
section 2 of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005;
It covers two categories of zones as under:
(a) Zones which are existing as on 10.02.2006 i.e. the date when SEZ Act was made
effective.
(b) Zones which have been notified under section 3(4) and section 4(1) of the SEZ Act,
2005.
Notifications under section 3(4) are issued when the State Government wants to set up a SEZ
and the Notifications under section 4(1) are issued when any other person (except State
Government) wants to set-up a SEZ. The notifications issued therein specify the SEZ area.
(20) “Special Economic Zone developer” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in
clause (g) of section 2 of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 and includes an Authority as
defined in clause (d) and a Co-Developer as defined in clause (f) of section 2 of the said Act;
The term “Special Economic Zone developer” covers the following persons:
(a) Person/ State Government who has been granted a letter of approval by the Central
Government
(b) Special Economic Zone Authority
(c) Co-developer
Where the State Government/ person wants to set up a SEZ, notifications are required to be
issued under section 3(4) and section 4(1) of the SEZ Act, 2005, respectively and after
fulfilment of the prescribed conditions and procedures, a letter of approval is granted. Such a
person who has been granted a letter of approval is regarded as a developer.
A co-developer is a person who has been granted a letter of approval for providing
infrastructure facilities or for carrying out authorized operations in a notified SEZ. The Board of
Approval (BOA) may specify the facility required to be developed by such a co-developer and
in such a case, the co-developer will enter into an agreement with the developer for the
specified purpose.
Supplies made to SEZ developer/ unit would be regarded as zero-rated supplies.
IGST Act 571

(21) “supply” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 7 of the Central Goods
and Services Tax Act;
The concept of ‘supply’ has been discussed in detail in the analysis of ‘Supply’.
(22) “taxable territory” means the territory to which the provisions of this Act apply;
It covers the whole of India including the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(23) “zero-rated supply” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 16;
The following taxable supplies of goods and/ or services are considered as ‘zero rated
supplies’:
(a) Export of goods or services or both
(b) Supply of goods or services or both to a SEZ developer or SEZ unit
Input tax credit can be availed for making zero-rated supplies, even though such zero-rated
supplies may be an exempt supply.
A taxable person exporting goods or services would be eligible for refund under the following
two options:
 Export under bond/ LUT without payment of integrated tax and claim refund of unutilised
input tax credit; or
 Export on payment of integrated tax which can be claimed as refund accordingly.
(24) words and expressions used and not defined in this Act but defined in the Central Goods
and Services Tax Act, the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act and the Goods and
Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act shall have the same meaning as assigned to them
in those Acts;
Certain words and expressions like person, supplier, recipient, reverse charge, time of supply,
value of supply etc. defined in the CGST/ UTGST/ GST (Compensation to States) laws will
have the same meaning for the purpose of IGST law.
(25) any reference in this Act to a law which is not in force in the State of Jammu and Kashmir,
shall, in relation to that State be construed as a reference to the corresponding law, if any, in
force in that State.

Chapter II
Administration
The Board may appoint such central tax officers as it thinks fit for exercising the powers under
this Act.
Without prejudice to the provisions of this Act, the officers appointed under the State Goods
and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act are authorised to be
the proper officers for the purposes of this Act, subject to such exceptions and conditions as
the Government shall, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify.

Section 2(36) Definition of Council (CGST)
Section 2(80) Definition of Notification (CGST)
Section 3 Officers under this Act (CGST)
Section 4 Appointment of Officers (CGST)
Section 5 Powers of Officers (CGST)
Section 6 Authorisation of officers of State tax or Union territory tax as
proper officer in certain circumstances
Section 20 Application of provisions of Central Goods and Services Tax Act
Notification No. 02/2017 – CGST dated 19.06.2017 - Jurisdiction of Central Tax Officers -
CGST officers
3.1/4.1 Introduction
Although CGST and IGST are both taxes of the Union, it is required that lawful authority be
vested in certain persons to discharge duties for purposes of Integrated Tax.
Ch-II: Administration Sec. 3-4
3.2/4.2 Analysis
It is for this reason that the board has been empowered to appoint Central tax officers to
discharge duties under the IGST Act. Please note that appointment of officers remains with
the government but confirmation of responsibility to act as integrated tax officers is left with
the Board.
Suitable enabling provisions have also been made, whereby officers of State / UT Tax can be
authorised to discharge functions under the IGST Act. Such a provision is necessary in order
to maintain uniformity in administration of notified supplies or notified category of taxable
persons which are exclusively left under the CGST Act to be administered by officers of State /
UT Tax. If appreciable that careful consideration has been given to ensure that there is no
duplication of administrative power at the same time sufficient flexibility is enabled to ensure
smooth and seamless tax compliance experience for trade and industry in GST regime.

Chapter III
(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), there shall be levied a tax called the
integrated goods and services tax on all inter-State supplies of goods or services or
both; except on the supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption, on the value
determined under section 15 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act and at such
rates, not exceeding forty per cent., as may be notified by the Government on the
recommendations of the Council and collected in such manner as may be prescribed
and shall be paid by the taxable person:
Provided that the integrated tax on goods imported into India shall be levied and
collected in accordance with the provisions of section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975
on the value as determined under the said Act at the point when duties of customs are
levied on the said goods under section 12 of the Customs Act, 1962.
(2) The integrated tax on the supply of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit
(commonly known as petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel shall be levied with
effect from such date as may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of
the Council.
categories of supply of goods or services or both, the tax on which shall be paid on
reverse charge basis by the recipient of such goods or services or both and all the
provisions of this Act shall apply to such recipient as if he is the person liable for paying
the tax in relation to the supply of such goods or services or both.
(4) The integrated tax in respect of the supply of taxable goods or services or both by a
supplier, who is not registered, to a registered person shall be paid by such person on
reverse charge basis as the recipient and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to
such recipient as if he is the person liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of
such goods or services or both.
categories of services, the tax on inter-State supplies of which shall be paid by the
electronic commerce operator if such services are supplied through it, and all the
provisions of this Act shall apply to such electronic commerce operator as if he is the
supplier liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of such services:
Ch-III : Levy and Collection of Tax Sec. 5-6
Provided that where an electronic commerce operator does not have a physical
presence in the taxable territory, any person representing such electronic commerce
operator for any purpose in the taxable territory shall be liable to pay tax:
presence in the taxable territory and also does not have a representative in the said
territory, such electronic commerce operator shall appoint a person in the taxable
territory for the purpose of paying tax and such person shall be liable to pay tax
Notification No. 18/2017 -TRU Dated 5th July, 2017 - IGST exemption to SEZs on import of
Services by a unit/developer in an SEZ;
Notification No. 03/2017 – Integrated Tax dated 28.06.2017 - Seeks to bring into force certain
sections of the IGST Act, 2017 w.e.f 01.07.2017
Circular No. 1/1/2017-IGST dated 07.07.2017 - Clarification on Inter-state movement of various
modes of conveyance, carrying goods or passengers or for repairs and maintenance
Circular No. 21/21/2017-GST dated 22.11.2017 - Clarification on Inter-state movement of rigs,
tools and spares, and all goods on wheels [like cranes]
Circular No. 22/22/2017-GST dated 21.12.2017 - Clarification on issues regarding treatment of
supply by an artist in various States and supply of goods by artists from galleries
Circular No. 27/01/2018-GST dated 04.01.2018 - Clarifications regarding levy of GST on
accommodation services, betting and gambling in casinos, horse racing, admission to cinema,
homestays, printing, legal services etc.,
Circular No. 34/8/2018-GST dated 01.03.2018 - Clarifications regarding GST in respect of certain
services
Circular No. 35/9/2018-GST dated 05.03.2018 - Joint Venture - taxable services provided by the
members of the Joint Venture (JV) to the JV and vice versa and inter se between the members of
the JV
5.1 Introduction
The Constitution mandates that no tax shall be levied or collected by a taxing Statute except
by authority of law. While no one can be taxed by implication, a person can be subject to tax in
terms of the charging section only.
This is the charging provision of the IGST Act. It provides that all inter-State supplies would be
liable to IGST at rate recommended by the Council and notified subject to a ceiling rate of
40%. The provision of this section is comparable to the provision under section 9 of the CGST
Act and section 7 of the UTGST Act.
The levy is on all goods or services or both except alcoholic liquor for human consumption.
Further, GST may be levied in supply of petroleum crude, high spirit diesels, motor spirit
(petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel with effect from the date notified by the
Government on the recommendations of GST Council.

The levy of tax on supply of goods and / or services is in three parts - (i) in the hands of the
supplier and (ii) in the hands of the recipient of goods / services under reverse charge
mechanism and, (iii) in case of specified services, in the hands of electronic commerce
operator
5.2 Analysis
In terms of section 2(24) of the Act, any words or expression which are used in this Act, but
are not defined should be assigned the meaning as given to such words or expressions in the
CGST Act, the UTGST Act, and the GST (Compensation to States) Act.
With specific reference to this section, the following words/ expressions would be relevant-
 Supply
 Inter-State supply
 Goods
 Services
 Taxable person
The meaning to the expression ‘inter-State supply’ can be understood from section 7 of this
Act. However, the meaning of ‘supply’ and ‘taxable person’ should be borrowed from the
CGST Act. Reference may be made to the CGST Act for an in-depth understanding of such
expressions and words.
Levy of tax: Every inter-State supply will be liable to tax, if:
(i) There is a Supply either of goods or services or both, even when a supply involves
goods or services or both the law provides that such supply would be classifiable only
as goods or services in terms of Schedule II of the Act.
(ii) The supply is an inter-State supply – viz. ordinarily, the location of the supplier and the
place of supply are in different States. (Refer section 7 of the IGST Act to understand
the meaning of inter-State supply);
(iii) The tax shall be payable by a ‘taxable person’ as explained in section 2(107) read with
section 22 and section 24 of the CGST Act.
Imports: Proviso to section 5(1) makes a very important exception in respect of “goods
imported into India”. Import of goods is defined in section 2(10) in a manner identical with the
definition under Customs Act in section 2(23). The important exception made under the
proviso is the carve out from the levy under section 5 supplies involving import of goods and
place such transactions under Customs Act and not under IGST Act. In other words, goods
imported into India will be liable to IGST but not under IGST Act instead under section 3(7) of
Customs Tariff Act. Vide Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 2017 sweeping changes have been
brought about in Customs in the wake of introduction of GST. Amongst others, one significant
change is that, in addition to basic customs duty levied under section 12 of Customs Act-
section 3 of Customs Tariff Act - sub-section 7 levies IGST on import of goods. It merits to
IGST Act 577

mention here is that sub-section 9 levies compensation cess wherever applicable when the
said goods are imported into India.
Going back to the proviso to sub-section 1, the expression ‘the point at which import duties are
leviable’ is very significant. Examination of the ‘point of levy’ under Customs Act reveals that
goods brought into India are liable to customs duties at the time specified in section 15.
Accordingly, no duties are levied until the bill of entry for home consumption is filed. Imported
goods are defined in section 2(25) of Customs Act as:
“imported goods” means any goods brought into India from a place outside India but
does not include goods which have been cleared for home consumption”
Goods that have been cleared for home consumption will cease to be imported goods. Goods
which have entered India but not yet cleared for home consumption will not attract the levy of
customs duty until bill of entry for home consumption is filed. Customs Act permits goods that
have entered India to be deposited in a bonded warehouse on filing ‘into-bond’ bill of entry
without payment of duty. Hence, goods that have entered India will not attract liability to IGST
until they reach the point – location or time – when bill of entry for home consumption is ready
to be filed.
Further, goods imported by SEZ also do not attract liability to IGST as the goods are ‘not yet’
liable to be assessed to customs duty. Section 53 of the SEZ Act states that:
53(1). A Special Economic Zone shall, on and from the appointed day, be deemed to be
a territory outside the customs territory of India for the purposes of undertaking the
authorized operations.
Please note the following aspects:
 Goods deposited in warehouse by filing into-bond bill of entry do not attract liability to
any customs duty until the date specified in section 15 is reached;
 Goods received by EOU attracts liability to customs duty as notification 44/ 2016-Cus
dated 29 July, 2016 has delicensed warehouse facility of EOUs and clarified vide
Circular 35/ 2016 dated 29 July, 2016;
 Notification 15/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 30-Jun-17 issued granting exemption
from IGST on import of goods by a SEZ and this exemption was immediately rescinded
vide notification 18/2017- Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 5-Jul-17 as granting such an
exemption would have been out of harmony with the concept that goods are ‘not yet’
reached the ‘point’ when liability to customs duty is attracted;
 Circular 35/ 2017-Cus dated 1 August, 2017 regarding high-sea sales states that IGST
is applicable but deferred until bill of entry for home consumption is filed;
 ORDER No. CT/2275/18-C3 DATED 26th March, 2018 passed by the AUTHORITY FOR
ADVANCE RULING – KERALA clarifies that no tax is applicable on Merchanting trade
applying the principles laid down in the aforesaid Circular No.35/2017-Cus dated 1
August, 2017. (Merchanting Trade transactions are those transactions where the trader
in one country A, purchases goods from country B and supply the goods to a buyer in

country C. Thus, the goods never cross the Customs frontier of the country of trader);
and
 Circular 46/ 2017-Cus dated 24 November, 2017 regarding in-bond sales makes it
explicitly clear that IGST is not applicable until bill of entry for home consumption is
filed.
In view of the foregoing, proviso to section 5(1) is of paramount importance which attracts the
levy of IGST not before the bill of entry for home consumption is due to be filed in accordance
with the provisions of Customs Act.
Supply: Refer discussion under section 7 of the CGST Act for a detailed understanding of the
expression ‘supply’. Additionally, the comments relating to ‘composite supply’ and ‘mixed
supply’ will equally apply for supplies taxable under IGST Act.
Tax shall be payable by: The tax shall be payable by a ‘taxable person’ as defined under
section 2(107) read with section 22 and section 24 of the CGST Act. Broadly, a taxable person
is one who is registered or who is required to be registered under the GST law. Please refer to
the discussion under the CGST Act for a thorough understanding of this concept.
Tax payable: Every inter-State supply falling under section 7 of the IGST Act will attract IGST,
if it gets covered by section 5. However, all transactions covered within definition of supply in
the course of inter-State trade or commerce within the meaning of section 7 does not mean
that it is always subject to levy of IGST unless it falls in section 5 i.e. charging section.
Tax on import of goods: This Act provides that IGST shall be levied on import of goods in
terms of section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975. It implies that on such importation of
goods, IGST will be payable in addition to the Basic Customs Duty (BCD). The proviso to
section 5(1) of the IGST Act also clarifies that the value and point at which IGST would be
payable will be determined in accordance with section 12 of the Customs Act, 1962.
Rate and value of tax: The rate of tax notified separately, but shall not exceed 40%, and the
value of supplies would be as determined under section 15 of the CGST Act.
Applicability in respect of e-commerce operators: Refer discussion under section 9(5) of
the CGST Act for an understanding of the applicability of this provision for e-commerce
operators.
Reverse charge mechanism: Normally, the supplier of goods and/ or services will be liable to
discharge tax on the supplies effected. However, the Central Government is empowered to
specify categories of supplies in respect of which the recipient of goods and/ or services will
be liable to discharge the tax. Notification No. 4/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 28-Jun-17
amended vide Notification No. 37/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 13-Oct-17, 2017,
Notification No. 45/ 2017- Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 14-Nov-17 & 10/ 2017-Integrated Tax
(Rate), dated 28-Jun-17 amended vide Notification No. 34/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated
13-Oct-17 has been issued to notify the goods and services respectively where tax has to be
paid by recipient of supply under reverse charge mechanism.
IGST Act 579

Similarly, registered person shall be liable to discharge the tax in respect of supply of taxable
and/ or services by unregistered person. There is no threshold exemption limit in case of inter-
State supply. Hence, if the supplier is located in one State and the place of supply is in
another State, the unregistered supplier has to compulsorily obtain registration and charge
IGST. The provision of section 5(4) would be applicable in case of import of service where
supplier is located outside India but the place of supply and location of recipient of service is
in India.
Accordingly, all other provisions of this Act and CGST Act, as applicable, will apply to the
recipient of such goods and/ or services, as if the recipient is the person liable to pay tax in
relation to supply of such goods and/ or services.
E-commerce: Where any supply of services is effected through e-commerce operator
(commonly known as services provided by aggregator), the law provides that the Central /
State Government may on recommendation of the Council specify (notify) that the e-
commerce operator will be liable to discharge the tax on such supplies. It is important to note
that, in such supplies, the e-commerce operator is neither the actual supplier of service/s nor
does he actually receive the services. The actual supplier of services is a third party who
provides such service to the customer through e-commerce operator. Instead of levying tax on
such actual supplier, the law has imposed levy on e-commerce operator. Therefore, this would
be an exception to the imposition of tax as specified in para supra. It is important to note that
this exception is carved out only in respect of supply of services through an e-commerce
operator and will not be applicable / relevant to supply of any goods through an e-commerce
operator. Notification No. 14/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 28-Jun-17 amended vide
Notification No. 23/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 22-Aug-17 has been issued to provide
that in case of the following categories of services, the tax on inter-State supplies shall be
paid by the electronic commerce operator
(i) services by way of transportation of passengers by a radio-taxi, motorcab, maxicab and
motor cycle;
(ii) services by way of providing accommodation in hotels, inns, guest houses, clubs,
campsites or other commercial places meant for residential or lodging purposes, except
where the person supplying such service through electronic commerce operator is liable
for registration under clause (v) of section 20 of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax
Act, 2017 read with sub-section (1) of section 22 of the said Central Goods and
Services Tax Act.
(iii) services by way of house-keeping, such as plumbing, carpentering etc, except where
the person supplying such service through electronic commerce operator is liable for
registration under clause (v) of section 20 of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax
Act, 2017 read with sub-section (1) of section 22 of the said Central Goods and
Services Tax Act.

In case where the e-commerce operator:

(a) Does not have a physical presence then the person who represents the e-commerce
operator will be liable to pay tax.
(b) Does not have a physical presence or a representative, then the e-commerce operator
is mandatorily required to appoint a person who will be liable to pay tax.
Under the erstwhile tax laws, Central Excise is on ‘manufacture of goods’, VAT/ CST is on
‘sale of goods’ and Service tax is on ‘provision of service’. Unlike different incidences under
erstwhile law in a GST regime, ‘it is supply which is a taxable event’. Further, free supplies
would be liable to excise duty, while under the VAT laws, free supplies would require reversal
of input tax credit; Unlike different incidences, under the GST law, it is ‘supply’ which would be
the taxable event. Under the erstwhile law, e.g.: while stock transfers are liable to Central
Excise (if they are removed from the factory), it would not be liable to VAT/ CST. However,
under the GST law, it would be taxable as a ‘supply’.
Under the erstwhile laws, there are multiple transactions which apparently qualify as both ‘sale
of goods’ as well as ‘provision of services’. E.g. license of software, providing a right to use a
brand name, etc. Unlike this situation, GST clarifies as to whether a transaction would qualify
as a ‘supply of goods’ or as ‘supply of services’. A transaction would either qualify as goods or
as services, under the GST law. Even in respect of composite contracts, it has been clarified
under Schedule II, definitions of composite supply and mixed supply in the CGST law.
The payment of VAT by the purchaser (registered dealer) on purchase of goods from an
unregistered dealer and the circumstances where the Service Tax is payable under the
reverse charge mechanism, in respect of say, import of services, sponsorship services etc.,
are comparable to the ‘reverse charge mechanism’ prescribed herein. However, under GST
law, the Central Government can notify class of goods which are a subject matter of reverse
charge.
The detailed analysis of Chapter 3 – Levy and Collection of taxes under the Central Goods
and Service Tax may also be referred.
5.4 Related provisions of the Statute:
Statute Section Description
IGST Section 7 Meaning of inter-State supplies
CGST Section 9 Levy and collection of CGST/ SGST
CGST Section 7 read with Schedule I, II and III Definition of ‘supply’
CGST Section 2(107) read with section 22 and Meaning of ‘taxable person’
section 24
CGST Section 2(17) Definition of ‘Business’
IGST Act 581

5.5 FAQs
Q1. Will sale of business as a whole be liable to tax?
Ans. Clause (d) of section 2(17) of the CGST Act provides that supply or acquisition of
goods including capital goods and services in connection with commencement or
closure of business is also included in the term “business”. Therefore, the goods
element in the sale of business, would be regarded as ‘supply’ and therefore, liable to
tax.
One may also refer to Entry No. 4(c) of Schedule II which specifies listed number of
issues when it will not be taxable.
Q2. Is the reverse charge mechanism applicable only to services?
Ans. No, section 5(3) or 5(4) of the IGST Act and section 9(3) or 9(4) of the CGST Act does
not limit reverse charge to services, it applies to goods also. Notification No. 04/ 2017-
Central Tax (Rate), dated 28-06-2017 as amended from time to tome has been issued
to provide the cases where tax has to be paid by recipient of supply of goods under
reverse charge mechanism. This includes the Cashew nuts, not shelled or peeled, Bidi
wrapper leaves (tendu), Tobacco leaves, Silk yarn, Supply of lottery, used vehicles,
seized and confiscated goods, old and used goods, waste and scrap, raw cotton when
supplied by specified suppliers.
Ans. The recipient of supply will be the person liable to pay the tax – i.e., reverse charge
mechanism would operate. However, Notification No. 32/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate)
dated 13-Oct-17, as amended from time to time, exempts inter-State supply of goods
received by registered person from an un-registered dealer from whole of the
integrated tax under section 5(4) till 30th June 2018,
Q4. In respect of exchange, will the transaction be taxable as two different supplies or will it
taxable only in the hands of the main supplier?
Ans. Taxable as two different supplies. Exchange from point of view of each party will need
to be examined if it attracts the requirements of levy of tax.
Q5. In respect of exchange or barter, if one supply is intra-State and another is inter-State,
how will the taxes be applicable?
Ans. There are two separate supplies and taxes as applicable (as inter-State and/ or intra-
State respectively).
Q6. What are examples of ‘disposals’ as used in supply?
Ans. Sale of old furniture by a garment manufacturer.
Note: Disposal is where the articles are being cleared up and not necessarily as the
main object of the business.

Q7. Will a Bank qualify as a taxable person for sale of hypothecated/ pledged goods
(auction)?
Ans. Yes, the nature of business as a bank does not affect tax liability. GST is payable if
there is any supply of goods or services even by a bank.
Q8. Will an Insurance company be a taxable person for sale of repossessed goods?
Ans. Yes. Although not the principal source of income, sale of repossessed goods is key
aspect of insurance business.
Q9. Will a “not for profit entity” be liable to tax on any sales effected by it – e.g.: sale of
assets received as donation?
Ans. Yes. NPEs do not distribute profit to promoters but that does not exclude from doing
activities that conform to definition of business.
may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, exempt generally, either
absolutely or subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, goods or services
or both of any specified description from the whole or any part of the tax leviable
thereon with effect from such date as may be specified in such notification.
may, on the recommendations of the Council, by special order in each case, under
circumstances of an exceptional nature to be stated in such order, exempt from
payment of tax any goods or services or both on which tax is leviable.
(3) The Government may, if it considers necessary or expedient so to do for the purpose
of clarifying the scope or applicability of any notification issued under sub-section (1)
or order issued under sub-section (2), insert an Explanation in such notification or
order, as the case may be, by notification at any time within one year of issue of the
notification under sub-section (1) or order under sub-section (2), and every such
Explanation shall have effect as if it had always been the part of the first such
notification or order, as the case may be.
Explanation.–– For the purposes of this section, where an exemption in respect of any
granted absolutely, the registered person supplying such goods or services or both
shall not collect the tax, in excess of the effective rate, on such supply of goods or
services or both.
6.1 Introduction
This provision states that the Central Government may grant exemptions for inter-State supply
of certain goods and/ or services. Reference may also be made to section 11 of the CGST Act
and section 8 of the UTGST Act for a better understanding.
IGST Act 583

6.2 Analysis
The Central Government will be empowered to grant exemptions from payment of IGST on
inter-State supplies, subject to the following conditions:
(i) Exemption should be in public interest
(ii) By way of issue of notification
(iii) On recommendation from the Council
(iv) Absolute/ conditional exemption may be for any goods and/ or services
circumstances which are of exceptional nature
With specific reference to the forth condition indicated above, it is important to note that the
exemption would only be in respect of goods and/ or services, and not specifically for classes
of persons.
E.g.: An absolute exemption could be granted in respect of supply of fertiliser. A conditional
exemption could be supply of fertiliser subject to the condition that no input tax credit has
been claimed in respect of inputs and capital goods.
Exemption by way of special order is where the exemption is issued for a specific purpose.
E.g. Exemption to imports made for a defence project during the times of emergency.
Mandatory nature of absolute exemptions has been litigated in the past and where tax is paid
even though exemption is available, credit becomes admissible. For this reason, absolute
exemptions have been made compulsory. As such, credit denial also becomes absolute. No
plea of equity or revenue neutrality becomes admissible.
There is generally not much doubt about exemptions – whether absolute or conditional –
because the condition associated may be examined at one-time or continuously to be
satisfied. Conditional exemptions abate if the associated condition is not complied. Care
should be taken not to mistake conditional exemption with absolute exemption having specific
applicability.
From the explanation provided after sub-section (2), there is one school of thought wherein it
is opined/ understood that in case of conditional exemptions, there is an option available to
the taxable person to pay the tax (by which way, there would be no requirement for input tax
credit reversals). However, an absolute exemption is required to be followed mandatorily. The
other view is that exemptions would never be optional, and would be mandatory automatically
when the conditions relating to the exemption are satisfied. This provision does not bring in
any clarity on this issue.
In terms of sub-section (2), the Government may issue a special order on a case-to-case
basis. The circumstances of exceptional nature would also have to be specified in the special
order. While this provision is welcome, industry is apprehensive that this could be used
without necessary superintendence.

To provide more clarity to the exemption notification or the special order, it is provided that the
Government may issue an “Explanation” at any time within a period of one year from the date
of issue of notification or special order. The effect of this “Explanation” would be retrospective,
viz., from the effective date of the relevant notification or special order.
The law mandates that when the exemption is absolute (i.e., if whole or part of tax leviable is
exempt) the registered person cannot collect taxes in excess of the effective rate.
Exemption under section 11 of the CGST/ SGST Act equally applicable
Any exemption notification or special order issued under section 11 of the CGST Law will
apply equally for inter-State supplies, viz., any supply of goods or services or both which are
exempt under CGST Law will be exempt even under the IGST Law
Effective date of the notification or special order
in the notification or special order. However, if no date is mentioned therein, it would come into
force on the date of its issue by the Central Government for publication in the Official Gazette.
It follows that such notification/ order shall be made available on the official website of the
department of the Central Government.
Exemption under CGST Act Deemed to exempt under SGST Act
Deemed to exempt under UTGST Act
Exemption under IGST Act No auto-application of exemption
Exemptions issued under IGST Act:

Following exemptions have been issued under IGST Act:
 Notification No. 07/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate), dated 28-06-2017: Exemption from
IGST supplies by CSD to Unit Run Canteens and supplies by CSD/ Unit Run Canteens
to authorised customers under section 6(1).
 Notification No. 9/ 2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 28-Jun-17: Mega exemption list for
supply of service amended vide Notification No.21/2017 dated 22- Aug-17, 29/2017
dated 29-Sept-17, 33/2017 dated 13-Oct-17, 42/2017 dated 27-Oct-17. The exemption
notification covers entries where services supplied by supplier of service has been
exempted from levy of GST.
 Notification No. 18 /2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 5-Jul-17 : IGST exemption to
SEZs on import of Services by a unit/ developer in a SEZ.
 Notification No. 31/2017- Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 29-Sept-17: Exempting supply of
services associated with transit cargo to Nepal and Bhutan.
 Notification No.41/2017 – Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 23-Oct-17: Exempting integrated
tax on inter-state supply of taxable goods by a registered supplier to a registered
recipient in excess of 0.1%, subject to fulfilment of conditions in the notification. This
IGST Act 585

transaction commonly known as ‘penultimate sale’ / sale against ‘Form H’ under the
existing law, was completely exempt from tax on production of Form H.
 Notification No.42/2017 - Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 27-Oct-2017: Exempting supply of
service having place of supply in Nepal or Bhutan, against payment in Indian Rupees
The detailed analysis of Chapter 3 – Levy and Collection of taxes under the Central Goods
and Service Tax may also be referred.
The provisions relating to exemption are broadly similar to the exemption provisions under the
6.4 Related provisions of the Statute:
CGST Section 11 Exemption from payment of CGST/ SGST
UTGST Section 8 Power to grant exemption from tax
6.5 FAQs
Q1. Can an exemption be granted for inter-State supplies when such an exemption is not
granted for intra-State supplies?
Ans. Yes.
Q2. Can the Central Government issue a special order for exemptions that are only meant
for transactions liable to IGST?
Ans. Yes.
Q3. Is the State Government empowered to grant exemption by way of a special order for
inter-State supplies?
Ans. No. The State Government is not empowered to grant exemptions on any inter-State
supplies.

Chapter IV
Determination of Nature of Supply
7. Inter-State supply
8. Intra-State supply
9. Supplies in territorial waters
7. Inter-State Supply
(1) Subject to the provisions of section 10, supply of goods, where the location of the
supplier and the place of supply are in––
(a) two different States;
(b) two different Union territories; or
(c) a State and a Union territory,
shall be treated as a supply of goods in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
(2) Supply of goods imported into the territory of India, till they cross the customs frontiers
of India, shall be treated to be a supply of goods in the course of inter-State trade or
commerce.
(3) Subject to the provisions of section 12, supply of services, where the location of the
supplier and the place of supply are in––
(a) two different States;
(b) two different Union territories; or
(c) a State and a Union territory,
shall be treated as a supply of services in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
(4) Supply of services imported into the territory of India shall be treated to be a supply of
services in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
(5) Supply of goods or services or both, ––
(a) when the supplier is located in India and the place of supply is outside India;
(b) to or by a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit; or
(c) in the taxable territory, not being an intra-State supply and not covered elsewhere
in this section, shall be treated to be a supply of goods or services or both in the course
of inter-State trade or commerce.
Ch-IV : Determination of Nature of Supply Sec. 7-9

Statute Section / Rule Description
IGST Section 2(4) Definition of customs frontier of India
IGST Section 2(5) Definition of export of goods
IGST Section 2(6) Definition of export of service
IGST Section 2(10) Definition of import of goods
IGST Section 2(11) Definition of import of service
IGST Section 2(15) Definition of location of supplier of service
IGST Section 2(19) Definition of Special Economic Zone
IGST Section 2(20) Definition of Special Economic Zone developer
CGST Section 2(56) Definition of India
CGST Section 2(103) Definition of State
CGST Section 2(114) Definition of Union Territory
IGST Section 10 Place of supply of goods other than supply of goods
imported into, or exported from India
IGST Section 12 Place of supply of services where location of supplier and
IGST Section 15 Refund of IGST paid on supply of goods to tourist leaving
India
IGST Section 5 Levy and collection of tax
CGST Section 9 Levy and collection of tax
CGST Section 25 Registration
7.1 Introduction
Having examined levy and the scope and coverage of supply, the next aspect to determine is
the nature of supply so as to identify the right kind of tax applicable in a given case. It is
important to note that nature of supply is not a question of fact but the result of application of
the law to the fact, which provides us the answer. Concluding the answer about the nature of
tax is paramount importance not only for the selection of the right kind of tax but also to
recognise the departure of GST from the well understood principles under the erstwhile law.
Nature of supply does not refer to ‘place of supply’. The next Chapter deals with place of
supply but before getting into place of supply it is important to understand the nature of
supply. There are very specific principles laid down that need to be identified from the facts in
each transaction in order to determine the nature of supply that is involved. This section

provides as to when the supplies of goods and/or services shall be treated as Supply in the
course of inter-State trade/commerce.
Section 7(1) and 7(2) of IGST Act, primarily covers two kinds of supplies – Supply of goods
within India and supply of goods imported into India respectively and Section 7(3) and 7(4) of
IGST Act, covers two kinds of supplies – supply of services within India and import of services
into India respectively. Certain supplies of goods or services are treated as supplies in the
course of inter-State trade or commerce as defined in Section 7(5) of the IGST Act.
Supply of goods/ services when location of the supplier

and the place of supply are in two different States / UTs
Supply of goods/ services imported into the territory of

Inter-State Supplies
India
Supplier located in India and the place of supply is

outside India
Supply to/by an SEZ developer or SEZ unit; or
Supply in the taxable territory, not being an intra-State

supply & not specified anywhere
7.2 Analysis
Inter-State supply of goods
At the outset one may need to bear in mind the treatment extended to the subject matter of
supply, that is, whether the supply is of goods or services or both or supply involving goods
but treated as supply of services in terms of the fiction specified in Schedule II of CGST Act,
2017. In respect of goods (treated as goods), if the location of the supplier and the place of
supply are in two different States or UT or either, then the supply will be in the course of inter-
State trade or commerce (amongst others).
We need to pause here and examine the two terms that have been used, namely:
(a) Location of supplier – Unlike in the case of services, location of supplier of goods is a
term that is not defined in the law. This is not an oversight of the draftsmen but a
deliberate intention of the lawmakers to leave it to the facts of each case to determine
the ‘location of supplier of goods’. For example, if a company incorporated in Delhi were
to place a purchase order on a manufacturer in Maharashtra to produce certain articles
and sell it on ex-works basis with instructions to retain it until further instructions. This
would be a case where the manufacturer in Maharashtra would like to charge IGST
because the purchase order is from a customer in Delhi. In this supply, the location of
supplier is Maharashtra and place of supply is also Maharashtra. Therefore, the
IGST Act 589

manufacturer is required to charge CGST/ SGST because this supply does not involve
any movement and due to the instructions (or lapse of time) delivery is complete in
Maharashtra itself. Now, if instructions are subsequently issued to dispatch the goods to
a warehouse in Madhya Pradesh, the supply by the manufacturer having been
completed long before these dispatch instructions are received, there is a new supply
emerging from Maharashtra to Madhya Pradesh but the supplier in this instance will be
the Company in Delhi and not by the manufacturer-supplier in Maharashtra. One
supplier can effect supply only once of the given goods. In this new supply, the location
of supplier can either be Delhi – registered place of business – or Maharashtra – the
physical point where the goods are situated. The location of the registered place of
business (Delhi) cannot guide the decision regarding the nature of supply but will be
guided by their location ‘under the control’ of the supplier (Company in Delhi)). The
point where goods are situated better represents the location of supplier. The location
of supplier is therefore the physical point where the goods are situated under the control
of the person wherever incorporated or registered, ready to be supplied. This
interpretation augurs well with the concept of casual taxable person. The company in
Delhi that collects delivery of the goods in Maharashtra and supplies them from
Maharashtra to Madhya Pradesh must be regarded as casual taxable person in
Maharashtra liable to pay IGST on this supply.
If, however, the delivery by the manufacturer is not completed ex-works but retained to
be delivered to Madhya Pradesh at the instruction of the customer in Delhi, then it
would be a case of supply from Maharashtra to Delhi and a further supply from Delhi to
Madhya Pradesh, regardless of how the goods move. We can identify the examples
where the location of supplier of goods is more accurately determined by the physical
point where the goods are located (under the control of the person wherever
incorporated or registered), and ready to be supplied, instead of relying on a
superfluous fact of the registered place of business.
(b) Place of supply – It appears to be a phrase that is easily understandable but due to the
presence of Chapter V (i.e. place of supply of goods or services or both) in this Act
demands that the common sense understanding be disregarded but the meaning
ascribed to the phrase ‘place of supply’ from sections 10 to 14 of this Act be applied.
‘Place of supply’ is a phrase of legal significance whose meaning is to be determined by
examining the respective sections in Chapter V and brought to bear while determining
nature of supply. For example, manufacture in Maharashtra and supply to a company in
Delhi on Ex-Works basis, its place of supply has to be the location of completion of
delivery. And in respect of the new supply from Maharashtra to Madhya Pradesh, the
place of supply is where the movement terminates for delivery – Madhya Pradesh.
It is therefore important to identify the location of supplier of goods and not based on a
statutory definition but by inquiring into the facts of a transaction of supply and comparing this
with the place of supply appointed by the statute in Chapter V. Now, if these two are situated

in different States or UTs or either, then the nature of supply is declared by section 7 to be in
the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
Location of the
AND Place of supply
supplier
OR OR
two different
two different a State and a
Union
States Union territory
territories
This provision is subject to the provisions of section 10 because any interpretation or

application of this section 7 cannot be in derogation of the place of supply dictated by section
10. Section 7 can be correctly interpreted only by identifying the location of supplier of goods
based on the physical point where the goods are situated and comparing that with the answer
from referring to section 10 regarding place of supply of goods.
With regard to supply of goods that are imported into the territory of India, by legislative
override it is declared that if the goods crossed the customs frontiers of India, the supply will
always be in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. Reference may be made to the
definition of import of goods [section 2(10)] which adverts to the physical movement of goods
into India from a place outside India by the active efforts on the part of any person (who may
be situated in India or outside India).
The use of the word ‘bringing’ in section 2(10) excludes naturally and involuntarily occurring
phenomena causing the relocation of goods into India from a place outside India. There may
be any number of supplies taking place between persons who are incorporated outside India
and persons who are incorporated and even registered in India – they will all be transactions
of supply in the course of inter-State trade or commerce – till such time the goods cross the
customs frontiers of India.
Import of goods
We need to pause here again and examine two kinds of transactions – those that commence
outside the territory of India and are concluded also outside territory of India and those that
IGST Act 591

commence outside India but conclude by entering the territory of India. For example, company
in Germany supplies goods from Germany to another company in Sri Lanka – this is not a
supply in the course of inter-State trade or commerce because it commences and concludes
outside the territory of India. It would be so, even if the goods were supplied by the company
in Germany from Germany to a customer incorporated in India if the goods are not ‘brought’
into India but sold in high seas to yet another company in Singapore. In order for every supply
to come within the operation of sub-section 2 to section 7 it requires that the resultant effect of
the supply must cause the goods to enter the territory of India. This Act does not enjoy extra-
territorial jurisdiction and is limited to imposing tax if the goods are imported into the territory
of India. In this regard Customs circular issued by the CBEC and an Advance Ruling by the
Kerala Authority for Advance Ruling (AAR) is relevant, which is discussed in detail in Section
11 infra.
Further, if goods have been brought into India but have not left the customs frontiers of India,
that is, the limits of a customs area, any supplies that are taking place after being brought into
India until they cross the customs frontiers of India even though the place of entry into India
and the place that comprises the customs frontier may be in the same State will continue to be
supply is in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
For example, goods have been imported from France by a company incorporated and
registered in Nasik which have landed at Mumbai port but during their clearance are supplied
by the Nasik company to a company in Pune, this supply continues to be in the course of
inter-State trade or commerce. Even though the supplier is in Nasik and the recipient is in
Pune, since the goods have not yet crossed the customs frontiers of India at the time of
supply. This supply comes within the operation of sub-section 2 of section 7. A test that can be
applied to determine whether the supply has been concluded before the goods crossed the
customs frontiers of India or not crossed the customs frontiers of India is – who has filed a bill
of entry in respect of the goods imported as required under the Customs Act. Transactions
taking place before filing of bill of entry are termed as “high sea sale” transactions under
common trade practice where the original importer sells the goods to a third person before the
goods are entered for customs clearance. This supply is covered within definition of inter-State
supply. Provisions of sub-section (12) of section 3 of Customs Tariff Act, 1975 in as much as
in respect of imported goods provides that all duties, taxes, cess’ etc. shall be collected at the
time of importation i.e. when the import declarations are filed before the customs authorities
for the customs clearance purposes. High sea sale transactions, though regarded as supply in
the course of inter-State trade or commerce, are not subject to levy of IGST as the supply
takes place before filing of Bill of entry and IGST in case of importation of goods can be levied
at the time of filing of Bill of Entry. Hence, IGST on high sea sale(s) transactions of imported
goods, whether one or multiple, shall be levied and collected only at the time of importation
i.e. when the import declarations are filed before the Customs authorities for the customs
clearance purposes for the first time. Further, value addition accruing in each such high sea
sale shall form part of the value on which IGST is collected at the time of clearance. The
importer (last buyer in the chain) would be required to furnish the entire chain of documents,

such as original Invoice, high-seas-sales-contract, details of service charges/ commission paid

etc, to establish a link between the first contracted price of the goods and the last transaction.
In the above example, supply by Nasik company to recipient of Pune is high sea sale
transaction and is not subject to levy of IGST. When Pune recipient files bill of entry, IGST has
to be paid on the assessable value which shall include the margin charged by Nasik supplier
also.
Inter-State supply of services
Continuing with inter-State supply, but in respect of services, it is firstly important to recollect
that this provision will apply not only in respect of supply of services but also in respect of
transactions involving goods which are treated as supply of services by the fiction in Schedule
II of the CGST Act, 2017. The discussion regarding location of supplier of goods and place of
supply of goods will be applicable in the context of services but only to a limited extent for the
reason that location of supplier of services has been defined in this Act.
The location of supplier of services and the place of supply of services are in two different
States or UTs or either, such as supply of services shall be in the course of inter-State trade
or commerce. It is interesting to note that inter-State trade is not simply called ‘intra-State
trade’ but is prefixed with ‘in the course of’. This prefix is not without reason, because such
prefix is missing in relation to intra-State supply. The significance of ‘in the course of’ is well
explained in the decision of State of Bihar Vs Telco Ltd. 27 STC 127 at pg. 148 where the
Hon’ble Supreme Court has held that it signifies a series of activities that are all inter-related
in an unbroken chain of events so intimately linked to each other that all of them are bound
together ‘in the course of’ such an inter-State trade transaction.
IGST Act 593

Location of supplier of services is defined to mean ‘place of business from where supply is
made and duly registered for the purpose’. It also includes other places ‘from where’ supplies
are made being a fixed establishment – a place with sufficient degree of permanence and
suitable structure to supply services. And lastly, the usual place of residence of the service
provider. It is interesting to note that the location of supplier of services has nothing to do with
the business premises ‘wherefrom’ supply is made.
For example, a company incorporated in Chennai engaged in the business of investment in
immovable property and letting them out on rent may have such investments in Chennai and
in Hyderabad. By the definition of location of supplier of services being the ‘place of business’,
the company has its place of business where its ‘seat of management’ is located – Chennai.
Accordingly, the location of service provider in relation to the transaction involving renting of
immovable property is not where the property let out is situated but the registered office of the
company where the management has its seat for decision making. Therefore, in relation to
property in Chennai that is let out, it is an intra-State supply because location of supplier of
services and place of supply both in Chennai. In respect of its property located in Hyderabad,
it is an inter-State supply because the location of supplier of service is in Chennai but the
place of supply is Hyderabad. Surely, there is no argument to support the view that in every
place where property is located the decision to let out such property is taken in each such
location. On the contrary, all decisions are taken where the seat of management is located
and therefore, the location of supplier of service remains Chennai wherever the let-out
properties may be situated. This view may not be acceptable to all but merits attention.

Special category of inter-State supplies

Fiction in law is no stranger to taxation and GST law
2(105) supplier in relation to any
indulges in use of fiction without any hesitation. The
goods or services or both, shall
following categories of supplies of goods or services
mean the person supplying the
or both, are treated as being in the course of inter-
said goods or services or both
State trade or commerce:
and shall include an agent acting
(a) when the supplier is located in India and the as such on behalf of such
place of supply is outside India supplier in relation to the goods
or services or both supplied;
Here, it is extremely important to note that usage of
the ‘supplier is located’ is not to be equated with ‘location of supplier’. From the previous
discussion, it is learnt that location of supplier of goods is – physical point where the goods
are situated under the control of the person wherever incorporated or registered, ready to be
supplied. But, the deliberate departure in usage of the same set of words is almost misleading.
Supplier is located in India does not refer to location of supplier. Instead, it is a simple
question of fact as to where the supplier is located. Please note, that the ‘supplier’ is none
other than the ‘one who supplies’ and not his agent or representative or any other person.
The question that arises is – what is the GST impact in case the supplier is located outside
India and the place of supply is outside India? The Act applies to supplies within the taxable
territory and when both – supplier as well as place of supply – being located outside India, the
Act does not enjoy any jurisdiction to impose tax even if the recipient is located in India. The
destination of consumption being decided by the place of supply provisions and not location of
the recipient
(b) where the supply is ‘to’ or ‘by’ an SEZ developer or unit
Here, it is important to note that supply to SEZ (developer or unit) is treated as inter-State
supply. Supply ‘by’ SEZ (developer or unit) will also be treated as inter-State supply. Further,
the implication of this provision is also that supply by SEZ’s inter se – one SEZ unit (or
developer) to another SEZ unit (or developer) – will also be treated as a supply in the course
of inter-State trade or commerce.
Let us take a few examples to illustrate the implications from this provision:
o Taxable person (non-SEZ) located in Jaipur supplying goods to a SEZ unit located in
Jodhpur is a supply in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
o SEZ unit in Kolkata supplying services to another SEZ unit in Kolkata is a supply in the
course of inter-State trade or commerce.
o Lease of premises by SEZ developer in Chennai to SEZ unit in that same zone in
Chennai will be a supply in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
o Supply by SEZ unit in Kochi to a non-SEZ in Kochi will be a supply in the course of
inter-State trade or commerce.
IGST Act 595

o Disposal of scrap by a SEZ developer in Mumbai to a scrap dealer in Mumbai (outside

the zone) is a supply in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
o Export of goods by a SEZ unit to a customer in Italy is a supply in the course of inter-
State trade or commerce.
(c) Any supply not being an intra-State supply
Here, it is to be considered that any supply that falls outside the scope of intra-State supply
will not escape GST, but would be an inter-State supply by virtue of this residual provision in
the Act.
8. Intra-State Supply
(1) Subject to the provisions of section 10, supply of goods where the location of the
supplier and the place of supply of goods are in the same State or same Union territory
shall be treated as intra-State supply:
Provided that the following supply of goods shall not be treated as intra-State supply,
namely: –
(i) supply of goods to or by a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special
Economic Zone unit;
(ii) goods imported into the territory of India till they cross the customs frontiers of
India; or
(iii) supplies made to a tourist referred to in section 15.
(2) Subject to the provisions of section 12, supply of services where the location of the
supplier and the place of supply of services are in the same State or same Union
territory shall be treated as intra-State supply:
Provided that the intra-State supply of services shall not include supply of services to or
by a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit.
Explanation 1 ––For the purposes of this Act, where a person has, ––
(i) an establishment in India and any other establishment outside India;
(ii) an establishment in a State or Union territory and any other establishment
outside that State or Union territory; or
(iii) an establishment in a State or Union territory and any other establishment being
a business vertical registered within that State or Union territory,
then such establishments shall be treated as establishments of distinct persons.
Explanation 2. ––A person carrying on a business through a branch or an agency or a
representational office in any territory shall be treated as having an establishment in
that territory.

8.1 Introduction
With the background discussion on inter-State supplies, it would be appropriate to contrast
this understanding with a discussion on intra-State supplies.
8.2 Analysis
Intra-State supply of goods
In relation to goods, Section 8 of the IGST Act provides that where the ‘location of the
supplier’ and the ‘place of supply’ are in the same State or same UT, such a supply will be
treated as an intra-State supply. Reference may be had with respect to the discussion on
location of supplier of goods in the context of Section 7 of the IGST Act which may be relied
upon for the purpose of this discussion. This provision too, is made subject to the provisions of
Section 10, that is, regarding the place of supply, and the conclusion reached by applying the
said provisions is required to be read into this Section for the purpose of determination of
intra-State in nature. The two factors – ‘location of supplier’ and ‘place of supply’ – must at the
conclusion of a supply, be in the same State or UT. And when it is so, the supply would be an
intra-State supply of goods.
For example, a company having its regular registration in Uttar Pradesh has taken a causal
registration in Odisha. It has purchased certain goods in Odisha and supplying the same to
the customer also in Odisha under two separate transactions of supply, both of them will be
intra-State supplies.
Therefore, it is important to bear in mind that the place of incorporation of the supplier in any
transaction is not relevant as the location of the supplier which has been explained earlier as –
physical point where the goods are situated under the control of the distinct person, wherever
incorporated or registered, ready to be supplied.
Three exceptions have been carved out in this provision, namely:
(1) supply ‘to’ or ‘by’ a SEZ developer or unit;
(2) supply involving goods imported into India but not beyond the customs frontiers;
(3) supply to outbound tourist in terms of Section 15 of the IGST Act.
These three exceptions make it abundantly clear that they have been treated to be an inter-
State supply, expressly stated under Section 7. This proviso excludes any opportunity to
question the probable intra-State nature of the said supply. As discussed in the various
examples, even though the movement of goods may be within the same State, due to the
deeming fiction imposed in Section 7 – these supplies are treated as supplies in the course of
inter-State trade or commerce – and cannot be disturbed by Section 8. The express exclusion
is evidence of a suspect inclusion – with this proviso, there is no question of the intra-State
nature of the supplies listed.
Please note that the supplies are not three specific supplies but three classes of supplies.
Examples of supply to or by a SEZ developer or unit has already been discussed in detail
IGST Act 597

earlier the same may be referred. Supply involving goods imported into India also been
discussed and the same may be referred. For examples, regarding supplied to tourist, kindly
refer discussion under Section 15.
Intra-State supply of services
With regard to supply of service, if the twin factors – location of supplier of services’ and ‘place
of supply of services’ – are in the same State or UT, then such supply will be treated as intra-
State supply. Location of supplier of services
2(15) location of supplier of services
has been defined in the Act to mean ‘place of means –
business from where supply is made and duly
registered for the purpose’. It also includes (a) where a supply is made from a place
other places and reference may be had to the of business for which the registration
discussion in respect of inter-State supply of has been obtained, the location of such
services for the implications of this definition. place of business;
To provide some additional illustration, (b) where a supply is made from a place
consider audit services being provided by a other than the place of business for
Chartered Accountant located in Delhi to a which registration has been obtained (a
company in Delhi. For the purpose of the audit, fixed establishment elsewhere), the
the Chartered Accountant visits the company’s location of such fixed establishment;
factory located in Noida. Here, although the (c) where a supply is made from more than
Chartered Accountant is physically moving to one establishment, whether the place
Noida, he is not supplying the audit services of business or fixed establishment, the
from Noida. Here, the transaction will be an location of the establishment most
intra-State supply from Delhi to Delhi. Please directly concerned with the provision of
refer to more detailed discussion under Section the supply; and
12.
(d) in the absence of such places, the
Further, here too we find caution exercised in location of the usual place of residence
expressly excluding supply of services ‘to’ or of the supplier;
‘by’ SEZ developer or unit from the scope of
intra-State supply of services. The two explanations provided are significant as the concept of
distinct persons in Section 25(4) and (5) of the CGST Act is further clarified in stating that the
following will also be distinct persons, namely:
 establishment in India and an establishment outside India;
 establishment in a State or UT and an establishment outside that State or UT;
 establishment in a State or UT and a business vertical (registered separately) in the
same State or UT.
Please note that the term ‘establishment’ may be interpreted as being similar to ‘fixed
establishment’ which is defined in this Act in identical manner with the definition in section
2(50) of CGST Act. It refers to it being ‘a place with sufficient degree of permanence and
suitable structure to supply services or to receive and use the services’.

Section 2(7) fixed establishment means a place (other than the registered place of business) which
is characterised by a sufficient degree of permanence and suitable structure in terms of human and
technical resources to supply services or to receive and use services for its own needs;
Place of supply concept – goods or services

Supplier Place of Supply Whether inter-State/ intra-State
Kerala Bihar Inter-State (IGST)
Puducherry Puducherry Intra-State (CGST + Puducherry GST)
Daman and Diu Daman and Diu Intra-State (CGST + UTGST)
Chandigarh Punjab Inter-State (IGST)
Chandigarh Daman and Diu Inter-State (IGST)
Goa Goa Intra-State (CGST + Goa GST)
Karnataka (SEZ) Karnataka (non-SEZ) Inter-State (IGST)

There is no such proposition in the erstwhile laws as the concept of supply is unique to our tax
system and considered as a ‘taxable event’ for the first time in indirect tax regime. The
provisions of Section 7 and 8 have to be read alongside Sections 10 and 12 and whenever a
conflict arises between the said provisions, Section 7, or as the case may be, Section 8 has to
make way for section 10/ 12, which is signified by usage of the words “subject to the
provisions of sections 10/ 12”.
However, broadly this can be compared with the provisions of CST Act, 1956 which provides
for determining when a sale will be an inter-State sale or when a sale in outside the State.
1. By virtue of Section 7(5) of the IGST Act, all supplies made by or to SEZ units or
developers are treated as inter-State supplies. So to say, a small tea vendor (kinara
shop) supplying evening beverages to an SEZ unit, or an inward supply of office
stationery from a small stationery supplier, by an SEZ unit, will be regarded as inter-
State supplies. In this regard, it is important to note that the GST Law mandates
registration, regardless of the turnover, where a supplier is engaged in effecting inter-
State taxable supplies. Although the inclusion of such transactions was, perhaps, not
the intent of the legislature, it is noted that there is no relaxation provided in this regard,
in respect of mandatory registration in respect of supply of goods.
2. Evidently, the law provides for the definition of the phrase ‘location of the supplier of
services’ and turns a blind eye to the phrase ‘location of the supplier of goods’.
Accordingly, the debate arises as to what constitutes the location of the supplier, in
respect of goods. Drawing inference from Section 22(1) of the CGST Act, every supplier
shall be liable to be registered in the State or UT from where he effects taxable
IGST Act 599

supplies, subject to crossing the aggregate turnover threshold limits. This means that,
while a supplier may be registered in one State, and stocks his goods in another State
for any reason, shall be required to take a registration in the second State as well, when
he effects a supply of such goods from the State. Merely because the supplier has not
obtained a registration in the second State does not alter the fact that the supply is in
fact, effected from a State other than the State in which he has obtained registration.
Therefore, the location of the supplier is regarded as the location of the goods at the
time of removal of such goods for supply.
3. The meaning of the term ‘fixed establishment’ and its usage have not been adequately
justified in the Statute. By definition, a fixed establishment is one, other than a
registered place of business, and by such definition, it is built to supply services or
receive services. However, it is also noted that a supplier is liable to obtain registration
from every place (State or UT) from where he effects any taxable supplies, as explained
supra, On a combined reading of the two, there is no possibility for one to operate
through a fixed establishment in India, for the supply of services, given that a fixed
establishment is not a registered place of business. Clarity is awaited in this regard.
9. Supplies in Territorial Waters
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, ––
(a) where the location of the supplier is in the territorial waters, the location of such
supplier; or
(b) where the place of supply is in the territorial waters, the place of supply,
shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be in the coastal State or Union territory
where the nearest point of the appropriate baseline is located.
IGST Section 2(6) Definition of export of service
IGST Section 2(11) Definition of import of service
IGST Section 2(15) Definition of location of supplier of service
CGST Section 2(103) Definition of State
CGST Section 2(114) Definition of Union Territory

IGST Section 8 Meaning of intra-State supplies

IGST Section 10 Place of supply of goods other than supply of goods
imported into, or exported from India
IGST Section 11 Place of supply of goods imported into, or exported from
India
IGST Section 12 Place of supply of services where location of supplier
and recipient is in India
IGST Section 13 Place of supply of services where location of supplier or
CGST Section 25 Registration
9.1 Introduction
GST being a destination-based consumption tax (discussed in greater detail in section 10), the
supply may at times take place in the territorial waters of India, including cases where a
supplier is required to travel into the territorial waters in order to supply goods or services.
While the nature of supply in these cases may be inter-State supplies (in terms of Section
7(5)(c) of the IGST Act – residuary clause), by virtue of this Section, the law provides a
deeming fiction to reinstate the steps to be applied in Sections 7 and 8 by artificially specifying
the location of ‘location of supplier’ and the location of ‘place of supply’. For this reason, clear
provisions are laid down as to where on the land mass of India, the actual location will be
linked to. Please note, the statute uses the expression ‘deemed to be’ which would supply an
artificial meaning. Also, this provision does not seek to violate exclusive jurisdiction of the
Union on matters of territorial waters but merely establishes a link to the land mass of India to
overcome judicial intervention or assumptions by industry.
9.2 Analysis
The provision identifies two facts that have been discussed at length in the context of section
7 and 8, namely:
 Location of supplier of goods or services or both
 Place of supply of goods or services or both
By applying the provisions of Sections 10 and 12, if it is established that the ‘place of supply’
or ‘the location of the supplier’ is found to be in the territorial waters and not on the land mass,
an ambiguity could arise as to where the supplier is required to be registered, or which State
the tax on the supply should be apportioned to. To address these situations, the statue lays
down, vide this deeming fiction, that such locations – ‘supplier’ or ‘place of supply’ – will be the
most proximate State or UT.
IGST Act 601

For example, consider a case where a ship is moored off the coast of Kochi (Kerala) needs a
replacement of a crucial part, and such replacement is carried out along with the supply of the
part by a Company located in Karnataka for the shipping company from United Kingdom. In
this case, the place of supply of the part, being the location of the ship (as determined in terms
of Section 10) will create doubt about the applicability of GST. By virtue of the provisions of
Section 9, it is clear that the place of supply will not be the territorial waters but would be
Kochi itself. With this doubt having been resolved, it would be an inter-State taxable supply
effected by the Company in Karnataka albeit to the UK Company, while the State tax would be
apportioned to the Kerala Government.
The non-obstante clause at the beginning of this Section is important to overcome any
alternative interpretations that may be attempted by reading other provisions of the Act.
Under the erstwhile tax laws, Central Excise is on ‘manufacture of goods’, VAT/ CST is on
‘sale of goods’ and Service tax is on ‘provision of service’. Unlike different incidences, under
the GST law, it is ‘supply’ which would be the taxable event. Under the erstwhile law, e.g.:
while stock transfers are liable to Central Excise (if they are removed from the factory), it
would not be liable to VAT/ CST. However, under the GST law, it would be taxable as a
‘supply. Further, free supplies would be liable to excise duty, while under the VAT laws, free
supplies would require reversal of input tax credit; under the GST law, the treatment would be
similar to the erstwhile VAT laws, where the supplies are made without any consideration
(monetary/ otherwise).
Under the erstwhile laws, there are multiple transactions which apparently qualify as both ‘sale
of goods’ as well as ‘provision of services’. E.g.: license of software, providing a right to use a
under the GST law (Schedule II of the Act, concept of composite supply and mixed supply).
the reverse charge mechanism in respect of say, import of services, sponsorship services etc.
are comparable to the ‘reverse charge mechanism’ prescribed herein. However, the concept of
partial reverse charge/ joint charge has not continued in the GST regime, viz., every supply
will be liable to forward charge/ reverse charge, wholly. Further, the concept of reverse charge
only existed in relation to services under Service tax as Central Excise did not provide for
payment of duty under reverse charge on goods. However, the VAT laws of most states did
provide for payment of tax under reverse charge on goods purchases effected from
unregistered dealers in specified circumstances. The GST law, however, permits the supply of
both, goods as well as services, to be subjected to reverse charge.


1. While it is clear that the location on the landmass that is most proximate to the location
in the territorial waters will be the deemed location of the supplier / place of supply, as
the case may be, it may be noted that the GST Law does not prescribe the methodology
for determining the distance between the location in the territorial waters and the
landmass. Therefore, the basis adopted for determining the nautical distance computed
to determine the territorial waters is to be adopted to determine the distance.
2. There could be an exceptional case wherein the location in the territorial waters (being
the location of the supplier / place of supply) is equally proximate from two different
States / UTs. Such a scenario has not been addressed in this Section and can only be
dealt with as and when it is brought to light.
IGST Act 603

Chapter V
Place of Supply of Goods or Services or
Both
10. Place of supply of goods other than supply of goods imported into, or exported
from India
11. Place of supply of goods imported into, or exported from India
12. Place of supply of services where location of supplier and recipient is in India
13. Place of supply of services where location of supplier or location of recipient is
outside India
14. Special provision for payment of tax by a supplier of online information and
database access or retrieval services
10. Place of supply of goods, other than supply of goods imported into, or exported
from India
(1) The place of supply of goods, other than supply of goods imported into, or exported
from India, shall be as under, ––
(a) where the supply involves movement of goods, whether by the supplier or the
recipient or by any other person, the place of supply of such goods shall be the
location of the goods at the time at which the movement of goods terminates for
delivery to the recipient;
(b) where the goods are delivered by the supplier to a recipient or any other person
on the direction of a third person, whether acting as an agent or otherwise, before
or during movement of goods, either by way of transfer of documents of title to
the goods or otherwise, it shall be deemed that the said third person has received
the goods and the place of supply of such goods shall be the principal place of
business of such person;
(c) where the supply does not involve movement of goods, whether by the supplier
or the recipient, the place of supply shall be the location of such goods at the
time of the delivery to the recipient;
(d) where the goods are assembled, or installed at site, the place of supply shall be
the place of such installation or assembly;
(e) where the goods are supplied on board a conveyance, including a vessel, an
aircraft, a train or a motor vehicle, the place of supply shall be the location at
which such goods are taken on board.
Ch-V : Place of Supply of Goods or Services or Both Sec. 10-14
(2) Where the place of supply of goods cannot be determined, the place of supply shall be
determined in such manner as may be prescribed.

GST Section 2(93) Definition of recipient
India
10.1 Introduction
Place of supply is important to determine the kind of tax that is to be applied. When the
location of supplier and the place of supply are in two different States, then it will be an inter-
State supply and IGST applies. And when they are in the same State, then it will be an intra-
State supply and CGST/ SGST applies. ‘Place of supply’ is not a phrase of common
understanding, it is a legal term and as in the cases of all legal terms, their common
understanding must not be applied but the meaning assigned to them in the law must be
followed. Place of supply, similar to time of supply, is that which the legislature has appointed.
GST is understood as a ‘destination-based consumption tax’ but there is no provision that
declares this fact. This missing declaration is more than adequately supplied by the principle
being embodied in the provisions of ‘place of supply’. It is here that we find that the destination
principle of GST is fully captured. The law maker has declared, in each case of supply, its
destination of supply.
IGST Act 605

10.2 Analysis
(a) Place of Supply – Supplies within India
Place of supply of goods, where the supplier and the recipient are both located within India,
will be determined in accordance with section 10 of the IGST Act. The phrase ‘location of
supplier of goods’ has not been defined in the IGST Act and this is deliberate. Two very
important phrases are relevant, namely:
 Location of supplier – the word ‘location’ in this phrase refers to the site or premises
(geographical point) where the supplier is situated with the goods in his control ready to
be supplied or in other words it is the physical point where the goods are situated under
the control of the person wherever incorporated or registered, ready to be supplied.
However, in case where goods are sent by the Principal to a job worker and the goods
are subsequently supplied by the Principal from such job worker’s place directly to the
premises of the Principal’s customer, a view can be taken that the ‘location of supplier’
would be the location of the Principal from where the goods were originally sent.
Support on this view can be taken from circular no 38/12/2018 dated 26.03.2018 para
9.4 (ii) though there is much doubt if this view is really in harmony with the provisions of
the law, which require that the Principal declares the location of the jobworker as his
additional place of business in order to effect supplies directly from the jobworker’s
location (and an additional place of business ought to be within the same State for
which the registration has been obtained) Therefore, in the alternate view, the Principal
would be required to obtain a separate registration in the State in which the jobworker is
located, in order to effect taxable supplies from the jobworker’s premises;
 Place of supply of goods – this is a legal phrase which the Section decides to be the
site or premises (geographical point) as its ‘place of supply’.
Place of supply in each case is discussed below:
(a) Where ‘supply involves movement’, the place of supply will be the place where the
goods are located at the time at which the movement terminates for delivery to the
recipient.
 The location of the goods is a question of fact to be ascertained by observing the
journey that the goods supplied make from their origin from supplier and
terminating with recipient.
 This movement, however, can be by the supplier or by the recipient after having
disclosed the destination of their movement or journey.
 Movement ‘terminates for delivery’ requires a brief understanding about the
manner of concluding delivery. Delivery – the mode and the time – is the unilateral
choice of the recipient and the supplier has no authority to decide ‘how’ and ‘when’
he will deliver the goods to the recipient. It is easy to determine in a contract for
supply where it records this ‘choice’ of the recipient regarding the mode and time

of delivery. The supplier is always duty-bound to deliver in exactly the same way –
manner and timing – which the recipient dictates. In fact the supplier continues to
be obligated until delivery is completed in the way it is stated by the recipient. In
other words, delivery is not complete if there is any deviation in either the manner
or the timing as compared to that dictated by the recipient. When the delivery is to
the satisfaction of the recipient, then the supplier is released from his obligation.
Therefore, the additional question of fact to be determined is the mode and time of
delivery dictated by the recipient and whether the same has been complied with to
the satisfaction of the recipient.
(b) Where goods are delivered by the supplier to the recipient but at the instruction
of a third person, then the place of supply will be determined to be the place of supply
which will be the principal place of business of such third party and not of the actual
recipient.
 It is important to identify the two supplies involved – by supplier to third party and
by third party to recipient. This provision deals only with the first limb of supply, that
is, supply by supplier to third party.
 The question that arises is – the locus or authority of the third party to issue
instructions to the supplier regarding its delivery. Even though the definition in
section 2(93) refers to recipient as the ‘payer of the consideration’, in this provision,
recipient is the one who actually collects the goods. And the third party is the one
who enjoys privity with the supplier to be able to direct him to deliver the goods.
Now, the place of supply will not be dependent on whether the movement of goods
is from one State to another (if the supplier and recipient are in two different States)
but as declared by the Section to be dependent on the principal place of business
of such third party (i.e., the person providing instructions to the supplier on where
the delivery should take place).
Gives instructions to
Third person B in
Supplier A in New Delhi
Haryana
Deemed to be received by
Goods delivered as
per instructions of B
Place of supply: Location of principal

place of business of B (third person) i.e.,
Recipient C in New Delhi Haryana – Supply chargeable to IGST
IGST Act 607

(c) Where the supply does not involve movement of goods, the place of supply will be
the location of the goods at the time of its delivery to the recipient.
 It is not a case where there is difficulty in movement of the goods, but a case where
the supply contemplates that the goods ought not to move and when their delivery
to the recipient will stand complete.
 For example, a generator that is bolted to the concrete floor in the basement of a
building purchased by the tenant and being left behind at the time of rejecting the
tenancy, the supply of the generator by the tenant to the landlord for an agreed
price is a case of ‘supply that does not involve movement of the goods’. In such
cases, the place of supply will be where the generator stands bolted to the concrete
floor and without requiring any movement. The landlord (recipient) confirms
satisfactory completion of delivery.
 This provision comes into operation only when its applicability is established based
on the facts involved in the supply, that is, they do not involve movement. Reverting
to the previous sub-section where the second limb of supply – by the third party to
the recipient, where the goods having already reached their destination under the
first supply are supplied – is a supply that does not involve movement of goods.
And the place of supply would be where the equipment is located (with the
recipient) at the time of confirmation of satisfactory completion of delivery.
(d) Where the goods are assembled or installed at site, the place of supply will be the
location of such installation or assembly.
 It is important to note that assembly or installation as referred to in this clause is
not a ‘works contract’, which has been classified by law as a supply of services (in
paragraph 6(a) of Schedule II to the CGST Act, 2017) – please note that the
concept of works contract would arise only in respect of services, for which the
place of supply is determined in Section 12 / 13 of the IGST Act.
 The supply addressed in this provision refers to only a supply of goods, being a
composite supply of goods along with some services, or a mixed supply treated as
a supply of goods in terms of Section 8 of the CGST Act, 2017. In other words,
supply from the place of their origin to the site ‘for’ assembly or installation is
subsumed within this provision and merged with the supply to the recipient by virtue
of such assembly or installation.
 This provision appoints the place of supply based on the final act of assembly or
installation. There is no requirement to vivisect the entire composite supply of
goods (not being works contracts) that is a supply-cum-installation into a supply-
plus-installation. If such vivisection were to be done, then in every instance of
supply-cum-installation, the supplier will become a ‘casual taxable person’ in the
State where the assembly or installation is required.

(e) Where goods are supplied on-board a conveyance, the place of supply will be the
location at which the goods are taken on-board.
 Such transactions also cover two supplies – first being the supply of goods ‘to’ the
operator of the conveyance, and second being the supply of such goods as goods
or as services, ‘by’ the operator to the passenger (or any other person), during the
journey ‘in’ the conveyance.
 The place of supply appointed under this clause is in respect of the second limb,
and particularly for the supply of goods, being the supply of goods by the operator
of the conveyance during its journey to the passenger. Therefore, supply of goods
being food or beverages on board a conveyance would be outside the scope of this
clause, given that such supply is treated as a composite supply of services in terms
of paragraph 6(b) of Schedule II to the CGST Act, 2017. In this regard, it is
important to note that the Authority for Advance Ruling, Delhi (“AAR-Delhi”) in the
case of supplies on trains by IRCTC has ruled that a train is a mode of transport
and hence cannot be regarded as a restaurant, eating joint, mess or canteen.
Therefore, the supply of goods, i.e., food and beverages (cooked / MRP / packed
including bottled water) on board a train shall be regarded as a pure supply of
goods, since it does not have any element of service. In such a case, the place of
supply shall be determined under this clause.
 The term ‘Conveyance’ includes vessel, aircraft, train or motor vehicle.
 The place of supply in respect of first limb of supply will continue to be determined
by other provisions of this Chapter and only the second limb of supply ‘on-board the
conveyance’, being a supply of goods, will be determined by this clause.
(f) Residuary provision: Where none of the foregoing provisions are applicable to
determine the place of supply in case of a supply of goods, the Central Government
may prescribe rules regarding the manner of its determination. Please ensure that
before taking recourse to this residual provision, it must be demonstrated that the
supply is one which cannot be covered by any of the earlier sub-sections.
Illustrations
Section 10(1) (a): Supply involves movement of goods
Particulars Supplier's Termination Place Tax Payable
factory from of of
where goods movement supply
are removed for delivery
Movement of goods by the Orissa Assam Assam IGST payable
supplier (goods dispatched by at Orissa
supplier)
IGST Act 609

[Section 10(1)(a) read with Orissa Orissa Orissa CGST / SGST

section 2(96)(a) of CGST Act] payable at
Orissa
Movement of goods by the Kerala Goa Goa IGST payable
recipient (goods collected by at Kerala
recipient)
[Section 10(1)(a) read with Kerala Kerala Kerala CGST / SGST
section 2(96)(b) of CGST Act] payable at
Kerala
Section 10(1)(b): Supply involves movement of goods, and delivered to a person on the
instruction of a third person
Ship to Person to
Supplier of Goods
LEG 2 of transaction whom
LEG 1 of goods are
Bill to delivered
SUPPLY -1 transaction
SUPPLY - 2
Person on whose
instruction delivery of
goods is made
Leg 1: Supply from the supplier of goods (Seeta) to the person to whom the goods are
delivered (Ram) on the instruction of a third person (Lakshman) – Place of supply shall be the
principal place of business of the person on whose instruction goods are delivered to the
receiver of goods, being the principal place of business of Lakshman Section 10(1)(b):
Cas Location of Place of Principal place Place of Type of tax

e Supplier - delivery of of Lakshman supply payable by
Seeta goods - Office who instructed for Seeta Seeta
of Ram delivery to Ram
1 Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Amritsar Amritsar IGST at
Gujarat
2 Ahmedabad Amritsar Amritsar Amritsar IGST at
Gujarat
3 Ahmedabad Bangalore Bangalore Bangalore IGST at
Gujarat
4 Ahmedabad Chandigarh Ahmedabad Ahmedabad CGST +
Gujarat GST at
Gujarat

Leg 2: Deemed supply of goods by the person on whose instruction (Lakshman) the goods
were delivered by the original supplier (Seeta) to the receiver of goods (Ram) – Place of
supply shall be the location of the goods at the time of delivery to the recipient Section
10(1)(c):
Case Location of Place of Principal place Place of Type of tax
Supplier - delivery of of Lakshman supply for payable by
Seeta goods - who instructed Lakshman Lakshman
Office of Ram delivery to Ram
1 Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Amritsar Ahmedabad IGST at Punjab
2 Ahmedabad Amritsar Amritsar Amritsar CGST + Punjab
GST at Punjab
3 Ahmedabad Bangalore Bangalore Bangalore CGST +
Karnataka GST
at Karnataka
4 Ahmedabad Chandigarh Ahmedabad Chandigarh IGST at Gujarat
Section 10(1)(c): Supply does not involve movement of goods
Particulars Location Location Location Place Tax Payable
of of of goods of
supplier recipient at the supply
time of
delivery
Sale of pre-installed DG Delhi Bhopal Bhopal Bhopal IGST payable at
Set Delhi*
Manufacture of moulds by Tamil Kerala Tamil Tamil CGST + Tamil
job-worker (supplier), Nadu Nadu Nadu Nadu GST
sold to the Principal, but payable at Tamil
retained in job worker’s Nadu
premises
*Note: Some experts are of the view that the supplier may be required to obtain registration in
Bhopal, and pay CGST + SGST at Bhopal.
Section 10(1)(d): Supply of goods assembled/ installed at site
Particulars Location Registered Installation Place of Tax Payable
of office of / Assembly supply
supplier recipient Site
Installation of Delhi Bhopal Bhopal Bhopal IGST payable
weigh bridge at Delhi
Servers supplied Karnataka Goa Karnataka Karnataka CGST + Kar
IGST Act 611

and installed at an GST payable

office at Karnataka
Supply of work- Gujarat Gujarat Kerala Kerala IGST payable
stations at Gujarat
Section 10(1)(e): Supply of goods supplied on board a conveyance
Particulars Location Loading Passenger Place of Tax Payable

of of goods boards at supply
supplier
Supply of canned Punjab Punjab Delhi Punjab CGST + Pun
aerated drinks on a GST payable
flight at Punjab
Sale of packaged Pune Goa Hyderabad Goa IGST payable
snacks during the at Pune
journey
Sale of sun-glasses Bangalore Chennai Cochin Chennai IGST payable
on a ship at Bangalore

1. Consider a case of delivery ex-factory. In such a case, a question may arise as to
whether the supply involves movement of goods. However, considering that clause (a)
specifies that the movement may be by the supplier or the recipient or any other person,
it can be inferred that even a supply with an ex-factory delivery would be considered to a
be a supply involving movement of goods. The law does not provide the meaning of the
phrase “terminates for delivery”. Delivery may be physical, constructive, implied or in any
other form. A plain reading of this clause suggests that the delivery is completed ex-
factory, and accordingly, ex-factory supplies would always be intra-State supplies (unless
the supplier or recipient is an SEZ). An alternative view is possible – It may be noted that
the delivery for the purpose of the contract law and delivery indicated by this clause may
be different. For the purpose of the GST law, a supply is effected on removal of goods for
delivery, whereas for contract law, the supply may be understood (in terms of an
agreement) to be completed only on acceptance of such goods by the recipient.
Similarly, while the risks and rewards pertaining to the goods being supplied may pass at
the factory gate, the movement for delivery of such goods may stand terminated only at
the premises of the recipient, considering that the movement is undertaken by the
recipient for delivery at his own premises.
2. By virtue of the definition of the word ‘recipient’, a recipient is the person who is liable to
pay the consideration. Reading the meaning of the term ‘recipient’ in clause (b) of
Section 10(1) of the IGST Act would however, distort the meaning of the Section
10(1)(b). In this specific clause, the meaning of the term ‘recipient’ can be applied to the

person referred to therein as the “third person”, whereas, the term ‘recipient’ in the
clause refers to the person receiving the goods, regardless of whom the consideration is
flowing from. Therefore, one must be cautious while understanding the meaning of the
term ‘recipient in this clause in order to ensure that the place of supply is determined
accurately, which in turn determines the State to which the tax would accrue.
3. Recipient and Location of Recipient of Services are two different terms with both enjoying
specific definition in the law. In case payments are made from a Head Office of a
company and services are supplied to a Branch (in another State), there is a question of
whether there is a supply inter se Head Office and Branch. The purpose of such central
payment process and the internal arrangement of allocation or cross-link to each Branch
must be examined to make a final assessment but the inevitable question does need to
be answered to be free from risk of new tax demand.
4. Consider a case where a person located outside India is the “third” person, on whose
direction the supply has been effected by a supplier in India, with the delivery of goods
also taking place in India. Such a transaction does not qualify as an export or import,
given that the goods are neither moving out of India, nor are being received from a place
outside India. Therefore, Section 10(1) (b) would operate, making the principal place
business of the third person, i.e., a place outside India, as the place of supply. Therefore,
this transaction would be liable to IGST although the place of supply is outside India.
Accordingly, although the invoice is billed to a person outside India, the transaction does
not qualify as an export.
11. Place of Supply of Goods Imported into, or Exported from India
The place of supply of goods, ––
(a) imported into India shall be the location of the importer;
(b) exported from India shall be the location outside India.
3. Circular No. 33 /2017-Customs dated 01.08.2017 clarifying the applicability of IGST on
High Sea Sales

IGST Act 613

IGST Section 10 Place of supply of goods other than goods imported

IGST Section 16 Zero-rated supplies
11.1 Analysis
Place of Supply – Supplies outside India
Place of supply of goods where the goods are 2(5) “export of goods” with its
imported into or exported from India will be determined grammatical variations and
in accordance with section 8 of the IGST Act. Import of cognate expressions, means
goods is defined in section 2(5) of the IGST Act and taking goods out of India to a
export of goods is defined in section 2(10) of the IGST place outside India;
Act. With these definitions, which are with reference to
2(10) “import of goods” with its
the movement of goods and not the location of the
grammatical variations and
supplier or recipient. In this case, the place of supply
cognate expressions, means
will be: bringing goods into India from a
(a) In the case of import of goods, the location of place outside India;
the importer and
(b) In the case of export of goods, the location outside India where the goods are exported.
While payment in convertible foreign exchange is for services including transactions involving
goods treated as services, the same is not a criterion for determining whether a supply of
goods is an export of goods or import of goods. . Transactions of merchanting trade – where
the goods are procured from one country and are directly dispatched without their entering
India, will not be a supply in the ‘taxable territory’ of India. Such transactions will be included
for a financial effect in the books of accounts, without invoking the levy provisions under the
GST laws. Another form of international supply commonly known as “high sea sales” – is also
a transaction that transpires outside the taxable territory and accordingly, does not attract the
incidence of GST. Re-import of export goods will however, be liable to GST. It is interesting to
note that ‘location of supplier or recipient’ are not relevant in this Section.
High Sea Sales of imported goods is a term used to denote a transaction whereby the original
importer sells the goods to a third person before the goods are entered for customs clearance.
Since all transactions entered within the territory of India for sale and purchase of goods is
taxable under GST, there were doubts on the levy of GST on High Sea Sales. More so, when
such ‘High Sea Sales were categorised as Inter-State Supplies. Accordingly, the Government

clarified the position of levy of GST on High Sea Sales vide Circular No. 33/ 2017-Cus dated
01.08.2017 – that IGST on High Sea Sale(s) transactions of imported goods, whether one or
multiple, shall be levied and collected only at the time of importation i.e. when the import
declarations are filed before the Customs authorities for the customs clearance purposes for
the first time. In other words, the buyer of High Sea Sales shall be disposing IGST on such
imports and as part of Customs. Further, value addition accruing in each such High Sea Sale
shall form part of the value on which IGST is collected at the time of clearance i.e. Buyer shall
pay IGST on the final purchase value as per last High Sea Transaction envisaging all margins
earned by all persons who made High Sea Sales of such Goods.
Taxation of High Sea Sales: The Advance Ruling by the Kerala Authority for Advance Ruling
(AAR) in the case of M/s. Synthite Industries Ltd. TS-111-AAR-2018 is relevant to note:
The impact of GST on High Sea Sales may be aptly summarised through the four issues that
were raised before the AAR for determination by the Authority:
1. Whether GST is payable on goods procured from China, but are not brought into India?
2. Whether GST is payable on the sale of goods to the company in USA, where goods sold
are shipped directly from China to USA without entering India?
3. Whether GST would be applicable on goods procured from China (not against any specific
export order) and the same is directly shipped to a warehouse located in Netherlands?
4. Whether GST would be applicable on sales effected directly from the warehouse in
Netherlands to the customers located in that country?
The AAR observed that goods are liable to IGST only when they are imported into India and
the IGST is payable at the time of importation of goods into India. All the above queries were
answered in the negative as the goods were never imported into India and thus not liable to
GST.
Imports will be liable to IGST in addition to Basic Customs Duty and exports will be zero-rated
with benefit of refund of attributable input tax credit, or refund of tax paid on such exports.
Please refer to the Taxation Amendment Act, 2017 for the necessary amendments made to
Customs Tariff Act, 1975 and Central Excise Act, 1944 to enable imposition of BCD+IGST on
import of goods liable to GST.
Illustrations: Place of supply of goods imported into, or exported from India
Section 11(a): Import of goods
Case Location of Location of Goods Location of Place of supply
supplier goods supplied to recipient
before
supply
1 Thailand Thailand Assam Assam Assam
2 China China Kashmir Haryana Kashmir
IGST Act 615

3 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Kerala Kerala Kerala

4 Karnataka Iran Dubai Karnataka Not an import
since the goods
are not brought
into India.
Therefore, the
place of supply
shall be
determined under
Section 10 and
not Section 11
Section 11(b): Export of goods
Case Location of Location Goods Location Place of supply
supplier of goods supplied to of
recipient
1 Assam Assam Thailand Assam Thailand
2 Tamil Nadu Kashmir China Texas China
3 Sri Lanka Kerala Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
4 Maharashtra Dubai Iran Iran Not an export
since the goods
are not moving
from India.
Another aspect to be carefully considered here is ‘bill to-ship to’ arrangements involving cross-
border trade. It is not important for the supply is ‘billed to’ a person outside India but the
supply is the ‘shipped to’ a person outside India. In fact, it is not at all relevant where the
billing is done ‘to’ for the transaction to come within the operation of section 11. As mentioned
earlier, payment of foreign exchange is not a criterion that determines whether the supply is
an export or not. Reference may be had to discussion under section 16 regarding ‘supply by
way of export’ which qualifies for zero-rated benefit. It is sufficient to mention here that in the
export – goods shipped to a place outside India – would qualify as an export eligible for zero
rated benefit. Exports, therefore, are always determined based on their ‘ship to’ location being
a place outside India whether or not the additionally qualify for the zero rated benefit under
section 16. Similarly, import of goods also are determined based on the ‘ship to’ location being
the place within India with a journey or originating outside India. However, with the proviso to
section 5(1) imposing GST not under the IGST Act but under the Customs Tariff Act, as soon
as the goods supplied qualify as import of goods under section 11, they are attract the
incidence of additional customs duty equivalent to IGST. It is important to note that the
similarity in the definition of import of goods and export of goods and the dissimilarity in the
treatment of GST in these cases.

12. Place of Supply of Services where Location of Supplier and Recipient is in India
(1) The provisions of this section shall apply to determine the place of supply of services
where the location of supplier of services and the location of the recipient of services is
in India.
(2) The place of supply of services, except the services specified in sub-sections (3) to (14)
(a) made to a registered person shall be the location of such person;
(b) made to any person other than a registered person shall be, ––
(i) the location of the recipient where the address on record exists; and
(ii) the location of the supplier of services in other cases.
(3) The place of supply of services, ––
(a) directly in relation to an immovable property, including services provided by
architects, interior decorators, surveyors, engineers and other related experts or
estate agents, any service provided by way of grant of rights to use immovable
property or for carrying out or co-ordination of construction work; or
(b) by way of lodging accommodation by a hotel, inn, guest house, home stay, club
or campsite, by whatever name called, and including a house boat or any other
vessel; or
(c) by way of accommodation in any immovable property for organizing any marriage
or reception or matters related thereto, official, social, cultural, religious or
business function including services provided in relation to such function at such
property; or
(d) any services ancillary to the services referred to in clauses (a), (b) and (c),
shall be the location at which the immovable property or boat or vessel, as the case
may be, is located or intended to be located:
Provided that if the location of the immovable property or boat or vessel is located or
intended to be located outside India, the place of supply shall be the location of the
recipient.
Explanation. ––Where the immovable property or boat or vessel is located in more than
one State or Union territory, the supply of services shall be treated as made in each of
the respective States or Union territories, in proportion to the value for services
separately collected or determined in terms of the contract or agreement entered into in
this regard or, in the absence of such contract or agreement, on such other basis as
may be prescribed.
(4) The place of supply of restaurant and catering services, personal grooming, fitness,
beauty treatment, health service including cosmetic and plastic surgery shall be the
location where the services are actually performed.
IGST Act 617

(5) The place of supply of services in relation to training and performance appraisal to, ––
(a) a registered person, shall be the location of such person;
(b) a person other than a registered person, shall be the location where the services
are actually performed.
(6) The place of supply of services provided by way of admission to a cultural, artistic,
sporting, scientific, educational, entertainment event or amusement park or any other
place and services ancillary thereto, shall be the place where the event is actually held
or where the park or such other place is located.
(7) The place of supply of services provided by way of, —
(a) organization of a cultural, artistic, sporting, scientific, educational or
entertainment event including supply of services in relation to a conference, fair,
exhibition, celebration or similar events; or
(b) services ancillary to organization of any of the events or services referred to in
clause (a), or assigning of sponsorship to such events, ––
(i) to a registered person, shall be the location of such person;
(ii) to a person other than a registered person, shall be the place where the
event is actually held and if the event is held outside India, the place of
supply shall be the location of the recipient.
Explanation.––Where the event is held in more than one State or Union territory and a
consolidated amount is charged for supply of services relating to such event, the place
of supply of such services shall be taken as being in each of the respective States or
Union territories in proportion to the value for services separately collected or
determined in terms of the contract or agreement entered into in this regard or, in the
absence of such contract or agreement, on such other basis as may be prescribed.
(8) The place of supply of services by way of transportation of goods, including by mail or
courier to, ––
(b) a person other than a registered person, shall be the location at which such
goods are handed over for their transportation.
(9) The place of supply of passenger transportation service to, —
(b) a person other than a registered person, shall be the place where the passenger
embarks on the conveyance for a continuous journey:
Provided that where the right to passage is given for future use and the point of
embarkation is not known at the time of issue of right to passage, the place of supply of
such service shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (2).

Explanation. ––For the purposes of this sub-section, the return journey shall be treated
as a separate journey, even if the right to passage for onward and return journey is
issued at the same time.
(10) The place of supply of services on board a conveyance, including a vessel, an aircraft,
a train or a motor vehicle, shall be the location of the first scheduled point of departure
of that conveyance for the journey.
(11) The place of supply of telecommunication services including data transfer,
broadcasting, cable and direct to home television services to any person shall, —
(a) in case of services by way of fixed telecommunication line, leased circuits,
internet leased circuit, cable or dish antenna, be the location where the
telecommunication line, leased circuit or cable connection or dish antenna is
installed for receipt of services;
(b) in case of mobile connection for telecommunication and internet services
provided on post-paid basis, be the location of billing address of the recipient of
services on the record of the supplier of services;
(c) in cases where mobile connection for telecommunication, internet service and
direct to home television services are provided on pre-payment basis through a
voucher or any other means, ––
(i) through a selling agent or a re-seller or a distributor of subscriber identity
module card or re-charge voucher, be the address of the selling agent or
re-seller or distributor as per the record of the supplier at the time of
supply; or
(ii) by any person to the final subscriber, be the location where such pre-
payment is received or such vouchers are sold;
(d) in other cases, be the address of the recipient as per the records of the supplier
of services and where such address is not available, the place of supply shall be
location of the supplier of services:
Provided that where the address of the recipient as per the records of the supplier of
services is not available, the place of supply shall be location of the supplier of services:
Provided further that if such pre-paid service is availed or the recharge is made through
internet banking or other electronic mode of payment, the location of the recipient of
services on the record of the supplier of services shall be the place of supply of such
services.
Explanation.––Where the leased circuit is installed in more than one State or Union
territory and a consolidated amount is charged for supply of services relating to such
circuit, the place of supply of such services shall be taken as being in each of the
respective States or Union territories in proportion to the value for services separately
collected or determined in terms of the contract or agreement entered into in this regard
IGST Act 619

or, in the absence of such contract or agreement, on such other basis as may be
prescribed.
(12) The place of supply of banking and other financial services, including stock broking
services to any person shall be the location of the recipient of services on the records of
the supplier of services:
Provided that if the location of recipient of services is not on the records of the supplier,
the place of supply shall be the location of the supplier of services.
(13) The place of supply of insurance services shall, ––
(a) to a registered person, be the location of such person;
(b) to a person other than a registered person, be the location of the recipient of
services on the records of the supplier of services.
(14) The place of supply of advertisement services to the Central Government, a State
Government, a statutory body or a local authority meant for the States or Union
territories identified in the contract or agreement shall be taken as being in each of such
States or Union territories and the value of such supplies specific to each State or
Union territory shall be in proportion to the amount attributable to services provided by
way of dissemination in the respective States or Union territories as may be determined
in terms of the contract or agreement entered into in this regard or, in the absence of
such contract or agreement, on such other basis as may be prescribed.

1. Notification No, 12/2017-Integrated Tax dated 15.11.2017 for apportionment of IGST with
respect to advertisement services under Section 12(14) of the IGST Act, 2017;
2. Circular No. 2/1/2017-IGST dated 27.09.2017 for clarification on the place of supply of
satellite launch services by ANTRIX Corporation Ltd.

IGST Section 2(6) Definition of export of services
IGST Section 2(11) Definition of import of services


India
IGST Section 14 Special provision for payment of tax by a supplier of
OIDAR services
IGST Section 2(3) Definition of Continuous journey
IGST Section 2(13) Definition of Intermediary
IGST Section 2(14) Definition of Location of the recipient of services
IGST Section 2(15) Definition of Location of the supplier of services
CGST Section 2(2) Definition of Address on record
CGST Section 2(34) Definition of Conveyance
12.1 Important Definitions

(a) Location of Recipient of Services:
Section 2(14) of the IGST Act, 2017 defines “location of the recipient of services” as:
(a) where a supply is received at a place of business for which the registration has
been obtained, the location of such place of business;
registration has been obtained (a fixed establishment elsewhere), the location of
(d) in absence of such places, the location of the usual place of residence of the
recipient.
(b) Location of the Supplier of Services:
Section 2(15) of the IGST Act, 2017 defines “location of the supplier of services” as:
(a) where a supply is made from a place of business for which the registration has
been obtained, the location of such place of business;
registration has been obtained (a fixed establishment elsewhere), the location of
IGST Act 621

concerned with the provision of the supply; and
(d) in absence of such places, the location of the usual place of residence of the
supplier;
12.2 Analysis
Place of Supply – Supplies within India
Place of supply (POS) of services where both the supplier and recipient are located within
India will be determined in accordance with Section 12 of the IGST Act.
(i) The residuary provision to determine the place of supply in respect of supply of services
will be as follows:
 Services supplied to a recipient who is registered, POS will be the location of
such person;
 Services supplied to a recipient who is not registered, POS will be the address-
on-record of such person and where such address is not available, it will be the
location of supplier
Supply of Services
B2B B2C
If address on Record If address on record

Location of Recipient exists – Location of doesn’t exist –
Recipient Location of Supplier
There could be a scenario where multiple POS in the same invoice to a particular customer
because of supply of distinct goods and goods, or services and services, or goods and
services may get covered. In such a case, the supplier has to issue a separate invoice where
each invoice has only one POS. This method is also supported by the fact that Form GSTR-1
(Outward supply) returns does not allow one to key in 2 different POS for the same invoice.
It is crucial to note that under the erstwhile Service tax regime, the scheme of centralised
registration was available, by virtue of which, the location of the recipient was always
construed to be the registered address in the statutory records. However, under the GST law,

a separate registration is required to be obtained in every State / UT from where a person

effects taxable supplies. Accordingly, due caution must be exercised to provide for what is to
be the location of the recipient, where the place of supply is determined to be the location of
the registered person, under this clause, or any other clauses of Section 12 / 13 of the IGST
Act.
(ii) Specific provisions regarding place of supply that will apply in priority over the aforesaid
residuary provisions are as follows:
(a) Services directly in relation to immovable property will be the location of such
property. The expression ‘in relation to’ encompasses a wide range of services
that have a proximate nexus with the immovable property. The provision lists
these services – architects, interior decorators, surveyors, engineers and other
related experts or estate agents, grant of rights to use immovable property or
carrying out/ coordination of construction work. As can be seen, this list is not
exhaustive and therefore – ‘in relation to’ – test will continue to be applicable to
identify the services that will have the location of the property as its place of
supply.
Also, the location of the supplier or recipient is irrelevant in such cases. Further,
there are other services that have proximity to immovable property that are ‘by
way of’ accommodation. Such services too have, as their place of supply, the
location of such property. Such property may be a hotel, inn, guest house,
homestay, club or campsite including houseboat. The use of such property may
be accommodation or for organizing a function such as marriage. The end-use
will not alter the applicability of this provision but the proximity of the property vis-
à-vis the services. Services that are ancillary to such services would also be
covered by this provision.
Further, goods required in construction activity received as stock before being
assigned to any particular site will not be determined by this provision but the
general provision. For example, steel purchased in bulk and sent to a central
warehouse being deployed to any specific site.
Designing services
pertaining to hotel being
constructed in Delhi.
Architect from Mumbai Client in Mumbai

POS would be Delhi as the location of immovable property is Delhi. IGST
would be payable at Maharashtra.
IGST Act 623

(b) Services of restaurant and catering, personal grooming, fitness, beauty

treatment, health service including cosmetic and plastic surgery will be the
location where these services are actually performed. The services listed in this
provision do not carry a common thread so as to allow expanding this list. At the
same time, each of these services themselves are a broad description of various
specific services that may be performed under that umbrella. Services, must be
examined very carefully to fall with the scope of this provision.
It is important to understand that POS would not help one in determining the
State in which registration is required to be obtained, and it only determines the
State in which the supply is consumed, so as to determine the nature of tax
applicable on the supply. For understanding registration requirement one has to
determine the same, basis Chapter VI of CGST Act.
A person from Chennai

Travels to Bangalore for
beauty treatment services
Person from Chennai Famous beauty Centre in Bangalore

(c) POS would be Bangalore as that is the place where service is performed.
CGST + Karnataka GST would be payable at Bangalore.
(d) Services of training and performance appraisal supplied to a registered person
will be the location of the recipient. When the recipient is not registered, the place
of supply will be the location where services are actually performed.
Recipient here being the ‘person liable to pay the consideration’ is not to be
misconstrued to be the ‘trainee’ or ‘person appraised’. E.g.: In case of a
corporate training organized by a training institute in Mumbai for a registered
corporate client in Bangalore, the consideration is paid by the corporate through
the individual participants who would be required to pay a certain delegate fee.
Hence, the POS has to be determined on the basis of location of the recipient
being the corporate entity and not based on the place where the services are
actually performed.
Training through satellite
classes at various
locations across the country
CA from Mumbai Students at various locations

POS would be Mumbai as that is the place where service is performed. CGST
+ Maharashtra GST would be payable at Mumbai.
(e) Services of admission to a venue will be the location of the venue. The event that
is organized may be cultural, artistic, sporting, scientific, education or
entertainment or an amusement park including ancillary services. Services
referred to here are only ‘admission’ and not for organizing the event at the
venue.
Fees collected for
admission to Conference
organised for CA members

at Jaipur
ICAI (Delhi) Resort at Jaipur
POS would be Jaipur as that is the place where event is actually held. IGST
would be payable at Delhi.
(f) Services of organizing an event including ancillary services supplied to a
registered person will be the location of the recipient. When the recipient is not
registered, the place of supply will be the location of the venue itself.
The event that is organized may be cultural, artistic, sporting, scientific,

education or entertainment. Services referred to here are ‘by way of’ organizing
the event at the venue. Where the event is organized in a ground or field being
an immovable property, the service of securing the location has, as its place of
supply, determined by a foregoing provision but the rest of the services of
organizing the event alone will fall in this provision.
On a comparison of this provision with the previous provision, the striking

difference is that in case of B2B transaction for admission to an event, the POS
would be the location of the event whereas services of organizing the event is
based on the location of the recipient in case of B2B supplies (i.e., where the
recipient is a registered person).
(g) Services of transportation of goods supplied to a registered person will be the
location of the recipient being a registered person. When the recipient is not
registered, the place of supply will be the location where goods are handed over
for such transportation. Transportation of goods may be by any mode including
mail or courier.
IGST Act 625

Transportation of Goods
including by Mail or
Courier
B2C:
B2B: Location at which such
Location of Recipient goods are handed over
their transportation
(h) Services of transportation of passenger will be the location of the registered

recipient (including where an employee of a registered person travels on
business). When the recipient is not a registered person, the place of supply will
be the location of embarkation. Please note that a return journey is regarded as a
separate journey (even in case of bookings of round-trips). Where the point of
embarkation is unknown (in cases where the right to passage is given for future
use) then the place of supply will be determined under the residuary clause (i.e.,
Section 12(2) of the IGST Act).
Passenger Transportation
Services
B2C:
B2B: Place where the passenger
Location of Recipient embarks on the conveyance
for a continuous journey
(i) Services supplied on-board a conveyance, will be the first scheduled point of
departure of such conveyance. Irrespective of whether the supplies are B2B or
B2C, the POS is determined based on the first scheduled point of departure.
Please note that by this logic, it is possible that the place of supply is determined
to be a place in the route which has passed crossed even before the passenger
availing the service embarks the conveyance. The registered recipient receiving
any services on board through its employees / directors would lose the ITC on
the said transaction in case the location of the registered recipient and the first
schedule point of departure are in two different States.
(j) Telecommunication services are provided in various forms and the place of

supply will depend on the mode of providing the services. Where the services
involve an in situ device installed to enable the service, the place of supply will
be the location where such device is installed. This device may be a dish
antenna, telephone line, etc. Where the services involve portable device, the
place of supply will be the billing address if the same is on post-paid basis.
Where it is on pre-paid basis, the place of supply will be the location of any
intermediary who facilitates the supply or location where payment is received.
Where none of the situations provide an appropriate location, then the place of
supply will be the address-on-record of the recipient. If address is not available,
then the location of supplier will be the place of supply.
Fixed Post-paid
telecommuni- mobile
cation line, connection
leased circuit, and
internet internet
leased circuit, services
cable, dish
antenna Pre-paid
mobile
connection,
internet &
DTH services
Telecommunication
Services
(k) Banking and financial services including stock broking services will be the
location of the address-on-record of the recipient. And if address is not available,
then the location of supplier will be the place of supply. The services referred in
this provision are not services ‘by’ a banking or financial institution but services
‘of’ banking and financial services. As such, the service is to be examined and
not the service provider. Classification of services to identify the applicability of
this provision is an important exercise that is to be undertaken.
(l) Insurance services supplied to a registered person will be the location of the
recipient. When the recipient is not registered, the place of supply will be the
address-on-record of the recipient.
(m) Advertisement services involving ‘dissemination’ of the material supplied to the
Government or a statutory body will be the location of such dissemination. Where
it is identifiable to a specific State, then that would be the place of supply and
where it is disseminated over number of States, then a rule of proportion or any
other reasonable basis is to be applied.
IGST Act 627

The proportion of value of advertisement services provided to Government,

statutory body or local authority shall be determined in the manner laid down in
Rule 3 of IGST Rules, 2017, as follows-
1. Advertisements in newspapers and publications: The amount payable for
publishing in all the editions of a newspaper published in a State/UT shall
be the value of advertisement service attributable to such dissemination in
each such State/UT
2. Printed material like pamphlets, leaflets, diaries, t-shirts and the like:
Amount payable for the distribution of specified number of such printed
material in a State/UT shall be the value of service attributable to such
dissemination in each such State/UT
3. Advertisement on hoardings (other than those on trains): The amount
payable for the hoardings located in a State/UT shall be the value of
service attributable to such dissemination in each such State/UT
4. Advertisements on trains: Value of advertisement service attributable to
each State/UT shall be calculated in proportion to the length of the railway
track in each State/UT for that train.
5. Advertisements on the back of utility bills: Value of advertisement service
attributable to each State/UT shall be calculated in proportion to the
number of consumers having billing addresses in such State/UT.
6. Advertisements on railway tickets: Value of advertisement service
attributable to each State/UT shall be calculated in proportion to the
number of railway stations in such State/UT.
7. Advertisements on radio stations: Value of advertisement services
attributable to each State/UT shall be the amount payable towards the
broadcast made in a State/UT
8. Advertisements on television channels: Value of advertisement services
attributable to each State/UT in a month shall be calculated proportionately
on the basis of number of channel viewership figures published by
Broadcast Audience Research Council for the last week of the immediately
preceding quarter. Where the channel viewership figures relate to a region
comprising of more than one State/UT, viewership figures for a State/UT
shall be calculated by applying the ratio of populations in those States/UTs
as per the last census.
9. Advertisements in cinema halls: Amount payable to cinema halls in a
State/UT, shall be the value of advertisement services attributable to each
State/UT
10. Advertisements over the internet: Value of advertisement services

attributable to each State/UT in a month shall be calculated proportionately

on the basis of number of internet subscriber figures published by TRAI for
the last quarter of the immediately preceding financial year. Where the
channel viewership figures relate to a region comprising of more than one
State/UT, viewership figures for a State/UT shall be calculated by applying
the ratio of populations in those States/UTs as per the last census.
11. Advertisements through SMS: Value of advertisement services attributable
to each State/UT in a month shall be calculated proportionately on the
basis of number of telecom subscriber figures published by TRAI for the
immediately preceding quarter. Where the channel viewership figures
relate to a region comprising of more than one State/UT, viewership figures
for a State/UT shall be calculated by applying the ratio of populations in
those States/UTs as per the last census.
(iii) Considering that place of supply has been so specifically covered in the various
provisions discussed, it is to be borne and recollected that identifying the place of
supply is for purposes of determining whether it is an inter-State supply or an
intra-State supply. After much resistance to let go of the experience from
erstwhile tax laws, it would dawn upon each of us to eschew seeking registration
in every State where their services constitute a place of supply, but rather rely
upon this section to open the doors to choose to effect inter-State supplies from
one (or few) State only instead of multi-State registration that may be
necessitated under erstwhile tax laws. Another important aspect especially when
a recipient is a registered person which comes out on analysis of Section 12 is
that where ever the POS is based on location of the recipient the ITC is intact
and wherever the POS is not based on location of the recipient but based on
some other criterion as discussed above, then there is high probability of losing
out on ITC in the hands of a registered person. Eg: immovable property related
services, admission to an event, services on board an aircraft etc.
13. Place of Supply of Services where Location of Supplier or Location of Recipient is
outside India
(1) The provisions of this section shall apply to determine the place of supply of services
where the location of the supplier of services or the location of the recipient of services
is outside India.
(2) The place of supply of services except the services specified in sub-sections (3) to (13)
shall be the location of the recipient of services:
Provided that where the location of the recipient of services is not available in the
ordinary course of business, the place of supply shall be the location of the supplier of
services.
IGST Act 629

(3) The place of supply of the following services shall be the location where the services
are actually performed, namely: —
(a) services supplied in respect of goods which are required to be made physically
available by the recipient of services to the supplier of services, or to a person acting on
behalf of the supplier of services in order to provide the services:
Provided that when such services are provided from a remote location by way of
electronic means, the place of supply shall be the location where goods are situated at
the time of supply of services:
Provided further that nothing contained in this clause shall apply in the case of services
supplied in respect of goods which are temporarily imported into India for repairs and
are exported after repairs without being put to any other use in India, then that which is
required for such repairs;
(b) services supplied to an individual, represented either as the recipient of services or a
person acting on behalf of the recipient, which require the physical presence of the
recipient or the person acting on his behalf, with the supplier for the supply of services.
(4) The place of supply of services supplied directly in relation to an immovable property,
including services supplied in this regard by experts and estate agents, supply of
accommodation by a hotel, inn, guest house, club or campsite, by whatever name
called, grant of rights to use immovable property, services for carrying out or co-
ordination of construction work, including that of architects or interior decorators, shall
be the place where the immovable property is located or intended to be located.
(5) The place of supply of services supplied by way of admission to, or organization of a
cultural, artistic, sporting, scientific, educational or entertainment event, or a
celebration, conference, fair, exhibition or similar events, and of services ancillary to
such admission or organization, shall be the place where the event is actually held.
(6) Where any services referred to in sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) is
supplied at more than one location, including a location in the taxable territory, its place
of supply shall be the location in the taxable territory.
(7) Where the services referred to in sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) or sub-section (5)
are supplied in more than one State or Union territory, the place of supply of such
services shall be taken as being in each of the respective States or Union territories and
the value of such supplies specific to each State or Union territory shall be in proportion
to the value for services separately collected or determined in terms of the contract or
agreement entered into in this regard or, in the absence of such contract or agreement,
on such other basis as may be prescribed.
(8) The place of supply of the following services shall be the location of the supplier of
services, namely: ––
(a) services supplied by a banking company, or a financial institution, or a non-
banking financial company, to account holders;

(b) intermediary services;

(c) services consisting of hiring of means of transport, including yachts but excluding
aircrafts and vessels, up to a period of one month.
Explanation. ––For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression, ––
(a) “account” means an account bearing interest to the depositor, and includes a
non-resident external account and a non-resident ordinary account;
(b) “banking company” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it under clause
(a) of section 45A of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934);
(c) ‘‘financial institution” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (c)
of section 45-I of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934);
(d) “non-banking financial company” means, ––
(i) a financial institution which is a company;
(ii) a non-banking institution which is a company and which has as its principal
business the receiving of deposits, under any scheme or arrangement or in any
other manner, or lending in any manner; or
(iii) such other non-banking institution or class of such institutions, as the Reserve
Bank of India may, with the previous approval of the Central Government and by
notification in the Official Gazette, specify.
(9) The place of supply of services of transportation of goods, other than by way of mail or
courier, shall be the place of destination of such goods.
(10) The place of supply in respect of passenger transportation services shall be the place
where the passenger embarks on the conveyance for a continuous journey.
(11) The place of supply of services provided on board a conveyance during the course of a
passenger transport operation, including services intended to be wholly or substantially
consumed while on board, shall be the first scheduled point of departure of that
conveyance for the journey.
(12) The place of supply of online information and database access or retrieval services
shall be the location of the recipient of services.
Explanation. ––For the purposes of this sub-section, person receiving such services
shall be deemed to be located in the taxable territory, if any two of the following non-
contradictory conditions are satisfied, namely: ––
(a) the location of address presented by the recipient of services through internet is
in the taxable territory;
(b) the credit card or debit card or store value card or charge card or smart card or
any other card by which the recipient of services settles payment has been
issued in the taxable territory;
IGST Act 631

(c) the billing address of the recipient of services is in the taxable territory;
(d) the internet protocol address of the device used by the recipient of services is in
the taxable territory;
(e) the bank of the recipient of services in which the account used for payment is
maintained is in the taxable territory;
(f) the country code of the subscriber identity module card used by the recipient of
services is of taxable territory;
(g) the location of the fixed land line through which the service is received by the
recipient is in the taxable territory.
(13) In order to prevent double taxation or non-taxation of the supply of a service, or for the
uniform application of rules, the Government shall have the power to notify any
description of services or circumstances in which the place of supply shall be the place
of effective use and enjoyment of a service.

1. Circular No. 2/1/2017-IGST dated 27.09.2017 for clarification on the place of supply of
satellite launch services by ANTRIX Corporation Ltd;
2. Notification No. 02/2017-Integrated Tax dated 19.06.2017 notified to empower the
Principal Commissioner of Central Tax, Bengaluru West to grant registration in case of
OIDAR Services provided or agreed to be provided by a person located in non-taxable
territory and received by a non-taxable online recipient.
IGST Section 2(6) Definition of export of services
IGST Section 2(11) Definition of import of services
India
and location of recipient is in India

IGST Section 14 Special provision for payment of tax by a supplier of

OIDAR services
IGST Section 2(3) Definition of Continuous journey
IGST Section 2(14) Definition of Location of the recipient of services
IGST Section 2(17) Definition of OIDAR services
CGST Section 2(2) Definition of Address on record
CGST Section 2(34) Definition of Conveyance
13.1 Analysis
2(6) “export of services” means the
Place of supply of services where either the supplier or supply of any service when
recipient are located outside India will be determined in (i) the supplier of service is
accordance with section 13 of the IGST Act. In other located in India;
words, this provision applies for the determination of (ii) the recipient of service is
export of services as well as for import of services. located outside India;
(iii) the place of supply of service
International supplies involving services are not
is outside India;
verifiable similar to goods. GST, in certain cases, treats (iv) the payment for such service
supplies involving goods as ‘supply of services’. In has been received by the
such cases too, this provision will apply for supplier of service in
determination of their export and import. Given the convertible foreign exchange;
definition of export of services and import of services and
and on comparing them to goods, it will be evident that (v) the supplier of service and
there is really no comparison. Matters such as location recipient of service are not
of supplier, location of recipient, currency of merely establishments of a
compensation, etc., assume importance in relation to distinct person in accordance
services including goods that are treated as supply of with explanation 1 of section
services. In this background, we may analyze place of 8;
supply of services where either one – supplier or 2(11) “import of service” means the
recipient – is located outside India. supply of any service, where
(i) the supplier of service is
Then the place of supply determined by application of
located outside India;
this provision may be carried into the definition to
(ii) the recipient of service is
determine whether the international supply meets the
located in India; and
requirements to be regarded as ‘export of services’ or (iii) the place of supply of service
‘import of services’. This may be somewhat unnatural is in India;
but that is the correct approach because location of
IGST Act 633

recipient outside India and payment in foreign currency are tests that the GST law does not
appreciate. In this time and age of forex surplus, when two enterprises which are both located
within India transacting in foreign currency is not impermissible.
Place of supply of international supplies is as follows:
(i) The residuary provision for determining the place of supply (POS) is that the POS will
be the location of the recipient of the services; whereas, it will be the location of the
supplier of services if the location of the recipient cannot be known without employing
any extraordinary means. ‘Recipient’ is defined as the ‘person liable to pay
consideration’ in section 2(93) of the CGST Act.
(ii) It is important to note that this section merely appoints the POS. Merely because the
POS is determined under this clause, the supply cannot be regarded as an export of
service or an import of service.
(iii) Specific provisions regarding place of supply that will apply in priority over the residuary
provision will be as follows:
(a) POS of Services that are ‘in respect of’ goods made available ‘by’ recipient ‘to’
supplier or persons representing supplier for performance of those services will
be the location where the services are actually performed. It is worthwhile to note
here that the goods must be made available only by the recipient and not his
representative but whereas person to whom it is made available could be
supplier or his representative. It is also noteworthy that the services to which this
provision is to apply are not expressly listed here and left to an application of –
made available for performance – test to determine its applicability. Services that
are supplied by remotely accessing the goods, the place of supply will be the
location of the goods, without prejudice to goods that are imported for ‘repair and
return’. In cases where services are supplied at multiple locations, including a
location in the taxable territory, PoS is location in the taxable territory. Further,
rule of proportion is to be applied in case the services are carried out in different
States.
(b) Similar to the provisions of Section 12(3), the POS in case of services ‘directly in
relation to’ immovable property will be the location of such property. The
expression ‘in relation to’ encompasses a wide range of services that have a
proximate nexus with the immovable property. Such property may be a hotel, inn,
guest house, homestay, club or campsite including houseboat. The end-use will
not alter the applicability of this provision but the proximity of the property vis-à-
vis the services. Services that are ancillary to such services would also be
covered by this provision. In cases where services are supplied at multiple
locations, including a location in the taxable territory, PoS is location in the
taxable territory. The rule of proportion is to be applied in case the services are
carried out in different States. Services required in construction activity which are
received before being assigned to any particular site will not be determined by

this provision but the general provision. For example, lease of construction
equipment sent to a central warehouse before being deployed to any specific
site.
(c) Services of admission to a venue will be the location of the venue. The event that
is organized may be cultural, artistic, sporting, scientific, education or
entertainment or an amusement park including ancillary services. Services
referred to here are admission or organizing the event at the venue. In cases
where services are supplied at multiple locations, including a location in the
taxable territory, PoS is location in the taxable territory. Further, rule of proportion
is to be applied in case the services are carried out in different States.
(d) Services in the following three cases deviates from the ‘destination’ principle and
appoints the POS to be the location of the supplier:
o Services of a banking company or a financial institution or NBFC –
reference to services ‘of’ indicate that this specific provision will
encompass all activities by such a service provider performed in their
capacity as such.
o Intermediary services – defined in section 2(13) provide for a broad set of
activities. It is important to examine whether the role of an intermediary is
limited in any manner to marketing (proliferation of information to potential
customers), pre-sale (submitting quotations) and post-sale (assisting in
delivery, installation and after-sales support).
o Hiring of transport for a period upto one month – all services attendant to
securing such limited duration. This excludes aircraft and vessel other than
yacht.
(e) POS of services of transportation of goods will be the destination of the goods, as
opposed to the location where they are handed over for transportation as in case
of supplies to unregistered persons in Section 12(8). Transportation of goods
may be by any mode, but not mail or courier. E.g.: A transporter registered in
Kolkata may provide transportation service in respect of goods owned by a
person in Nepal for delivery to another person in Assam. In such a case, although
the service is supplied to a person located outside India, the supply will be a
taxable supply and will not be considered to be an export of service.
(f) POS of Services of transportation of passenger will be the location where the
passenger embarks on the conveyance for a continuous journey.
(g) POS of Services supplied on-board a conveyance, will be the first scheduled
point of departure. Services are to be supplied during the journey and
substantially consumed on-board. Any deviation from this condition will result in it
getting classified under the general rule.
(h) POS of Services of OIDAR (online information and database access or retrieval)
IGST Act 635

services will be location of recipient. Please refer to detailed discussion under

section 14 on OIDAR services. Further, such recipient will be deemed to be
situated in a taxable territory if any two of the following conditions are fulfilled:
o Address of recipient is in taxable territory
o Card of recipient that is used to pay for the services is issued in taxable
territory
o Billing address is in taxable territory
o Internet protocol address in taxable territory
o Bank account of recipient used to make payment is in the taxable territory
o Country code of SIM card is of taxable territory
o Fixed land line used by recipient is in taxable territory
(iv) Where there is any occasion for double taxation or non-taxation, the Central
Government is empowered to notify the place of supply with respect to service of any
specific description, wherein the place of supply will be the place of effective use and
enjoyment of a service.
14. Special Provision for Payment of Tax by a Supplier of Online Information and
Database Access and Retrieval (OIDAR) Services
(1) On supply of online information and database access or retrieval services by any
person located in a non-taxable territory and received by a non-taxable online recipient,
the supplier of services located in a non-taxable territory shall be the person liable for
paying integrated tax on such supply of services:
Provided that in the case of supply of online information and database access or
retrieval services by any person located in a non-taxable territory and received by a
non-taxable online recipient, an intermediary located in the non-taxable territory, who
arranges or facilitates the supply of such services, shall be deemed to be the recipient
of such services from the supplier of services in non-taxable territory and supplying
such services to the non-taxable online recipient except when such intermediary
satisfies the following conditions, namely:––
(a) the invoice or customer’s bill or receipt issued or made available by such
intermediary taking part in the supply clearly identifies the service in question and
its supplier in non-taxable territory;
(b) the intermediary involved in the supply does not authorize the charge to the
customer or take part in its charge which is that the intermediary neither collects
or processes payment in any manner nor is responsible for the payment between
the non-taxable online recipient and the supplier of such services;

(c) the intermediary involved in the supply does not authorize delivery; and
(d) the general terms and conditions of the supply are not set by the intermediary
involved in the supply but by the supplier of services.
(2) The supplier of online information and database access or retrieval services referred to
in sub-section (1) shall, for payment of integrated tax, take a single registration under
the Simplified Registration Scheme to be notified by the Government:
Provided that any person located in the taxable territory representing such supplier for
any purpose in the taxable territory shall get registered and pay integrated tax on behalf
of the supplier:
Provided further that if such supplier does not have a physical presence or does not
have a representative for any purpose in the taxable territory, he may appoint a person
in the taxable territory for the purpose of paying integrated tax and such person shall be
liable for payment of such tax.
1. Notification No. 02/2017-Integrated Tax dated 19.06.2017 notified to empower the
Principal Commissioner of Central Tax, Bengaluru West to grant registration in case of
OIDAR Services provided or agreed to be provided by a person located in non-taxable
territory and received by a non-taxable online recipient;
2. Notification No. 10/2017-Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 notifying services on
which tax is payable on reverse charge basis.

CGST Section 2(93) Definition of recipient
IGST Section 2(17) Definition of OIDAR services
IGST Section 2(16) Definition of Non-taxable online recipient
CGST Section 2(79) Definition of Non-taxable territory
CGST Rule 64 Form and manner of submission of return by persons
providing OIDAR services
IGST Act 637

14.1 Introduction
This is a new transaction that is brought within the tax net only from 1 Dec 2016 under Service
Tax. The experience was more than encouraging in the amount of tax that has been collected
that OIDAR is in a class of its own as regards taxable person and place of supply. Everything
discussed until now must be given a go-bye and OIDAR understood clearly.
14.2 Analysis
Online Information and database access or retrieval (OIDAR) is defined in a specific manner
and may be simplified as follows:
2-step definition Services (and not goods) supplied

Delivered over continuous internet connectivity
2-step Involves minimal human intervention
clarification
Impossible to ensure in absence of information technology
Six illustrations in the definition and some explanation about inclusions and exclusions:
Illustration Includes Excludes

Online advertising  Banner ads, pop-up ads,  Preparation of content for
E.g. Google sponsored ads, etc. online display like
production, distribution and
services of intermediaries
 Advertisement in
newspaper, on posters and
on television
Cloud services  Webhosting  Software license issued by
E.g. Amazon Web  Data warehousing delivery of key number to
services remotely download via FTP
e-books, movies,  Access to content  Downloadable e-books,
music, software and permitted only ‘online’ movies, music, etc. which
other intangibles even if stored in cache on are available for offline
E.g. Gaana.com and user-end device but not viewing without any
Netflix allowing (official) mandatory e-check of the
permanent download user credentials
 Content provided through
dedicated user-end device
for use of content
 Supply of physical books,
newsletter, newspaper or
journals
 Booking services or tickets

to entertainment events,
hotel accommodation or
car hire
 Educational or professional
courses, where the content
is delivered by a teacher
over the internet or
electronic network
Online data or  Paid websites that provide  Net banking where banking
information information information is accessed
E.g. LinkedIn,  Free sites with valuable online but merely incidental
Taxindiaonline.com information – if not treated to offline banking
as ‘supply’, ITC will not be transactions
available but if treated as  Electronic commerce
‘supply, output tax will  Non-commerce and
apply on like-kind-and- information portals
quality or cost-plus basis  C2C portals
Online supply of digital TV programs and movies  Auditors report sent to
content supplied over the internet client via email. It is merely
E.g. Setmax online, like monitored by issuing a form in which the offline
YouTube user login / password services are
communicated. Services of
auditor is not the email of
report issued but the
opinion expressed about
the financial position of the
auditee
 Online order processing in
respect of offline supply of
goods
 Services of lawyers and
financial consultants who
advise clients through
email
Data storage  Webservers – shared or  Lease of server with
E.g. Amazon dedicated, with/ without redundancy
support, etc.
Online gaming  Live-gaming  Computer/ mobile games to
E.g. Zapak.com  Collaborative gaming be used after downloading
to user-end device
IGST Act 639

Like every transaction done over the internet is not e-commerce, everything delivered online is
not OIDAR. The acid-test is to see- ‘always on’-status of internet connectivity for the
continuous supply of the underlying service. Mere use of internet for delivery of services that
can otherwise be provided offline through some media like CD, pen-drive, etc. all though less-
securely will not be OIDAR. The use of file-transfer-protocol (FTP) for delivery of software or
music or games is only to ensure integrity in the delivery of these high-volume files and the
use of internet for FTP does not become OIDAR.
To summarise, the following table depicts the ingredients prescribed in this section:
Supplier Supplier of Services in non-taxable territory
Recipient B2C Intermediary@ B2B#
(non-taxable online (deemed to be (all others)
recipient – NTOR) recipient re-supplying
to NTOR)
Tax Payer Overseas supplier Recipient Recipient
Tax Payment Forward Charge Forward Charge Reverse Charge
(through
representative)
@ issues invoice, authorizes charge for services, responsible to collect payment, authorizes
delivery and controls terms and conditions of supply. Else, not an intermediary liable to pay
# B2B may be registered taxable person for any output supply
Note: For the purposes of the definition of ‘non-taxable online recipient, “governmental
authority” means an authority or a board or any other body:
(i) set up by an Act of Parliament or a State legislature; or
(ii) established by Government,
with 90% or more participation by way of equity or control, to carry out any function entrusted
to a municipality under article 243W of the Constitution.
In the erstwhile Service Tax law, a similar provision was inserted with effect from 01.12.2016.
1. The place of supply provisions, in certain cases, is determined to be a place outside the
State in which the registered person has obtained registration – such as POS in case of
services in relation to immovable property, admission to an event (including educational
events), services on board a conveyance (say letting out a laptop on hire during the
journey), banking services (where a single bank account is used for various GST
registrations across States). In all such cases, the registered person is restricted from

availing input tax credits even where the services have been availed in the course or
furtherance of business.
2. Section 13(12) provides a deeming fiction whereby the location of the recipient of the
OIDAR services is appointed to be in the taxable territory if any 2 of 7 conditions are
satisfied. For instance, say the debit card through which payment is made has been
issued in Delhi (Condition in clause b), and the IP address is in Bangalore (Condition in
clause f), there is no mechanism in place to appoint a single place of supply for the
transaction. This could lead to issued as regards the apportionment of tax revenue
between States.
3. A supply of OIDAR services by a supplier located in a non-taxable territory to a non-
taxable online recipient in India is specifically excluded from a supply on which the
recipient is required to discharge taxes on RCM basis. Accordingly, non-taxable online
recipients are not required to obtain registration. The recipients being non-taxable
persons, may not be in possession of any documents including the invoices issued by
the suppliers, since they are not mandated under any law to keep / maintain such
documents. This would make it extremely difficult for the revenue authorities to identify
suppliers of OIDAR services located in a non-taxable territory, and even where
identified, to track such suppliers.
IGST Act 641

Chapter VI
Refund of Integrated Tax to International
Tourist
15. Refund of integrated tax paid on supply of goods to tourist leaving India
15. Refund of integrated tax paid on supply of goods to tourist leaving India
The integrated tax paid by tourist leaving India on any supply of goods taken out of India by
him shall be refunded in such manner and subject to such conditions and safeguards as may
be prescribed.
Explanation.–For the purposes of this section, the term “tourist” means a person not normally
resident in India, who enters India for a stay of not more than six months for legitimate non-
immigrant purposes.
15.1 Introduction
Outbound passengers leaving India accompanied by GST-paid goods received during their
stay in India would result in India exporting its taxes and this is sought to be overcome.
15.2 Analysis
All outbound passengers carrying goods on which
“tourist” means a person not
IGST has been paid are entitled to claim refund at the
normally resident in India, who
port-of-exit. It is likely that the verification will be enters India for a stay of not
simple and refund will be online. It is interesting to more than six months for
note that only ‘integrated tax’ is eligible for this refund. non-immigrant
legitimate non-immigrant
Also, as per proviso to section 8(1), all supplies to
such an outbound tourist will always be treated as inter-State supply. The challenge to
supplies-to-tourist’s is to identify an outbound tourist and charge IGST instead of CGST/SGST
of the State where the goods are delivered. Please note that person seeking such refund must
be a ‘tourist’ – who has entered India for genuine non-immigrant purposes. ‘Purpose’ of visit to
India is key factor to be examined. Nationality, residency for tax purposes, etc. are irrelevant
considerations. The provision of this section has not been made applicable as of now.
Detailed inclusions and exclusions can be expected in due course but few illustrations may be
considered.
Tourist will exclude:
 Persons resident in India (not limited to Indian passport holders) who are exiting India
for any purpose whether for short duration or long duration or uncertain duration.
Ch-VI : Refund of Integrated Tax to International Tourist Sec. 15
 Deputation of Indian resident to overseas diplomatic postings.

 Children born in India to foreign nationals during their stay in India.
Tourist will include the following:
 Crew of an international conveyance entering and exiting India within short duration
even though not for purposes of tourism in India
 Foreign diplomatic visitors on official duty in India
 Foreign sports persons visiting India for participating in tournaments or training
purposes
 Foreign journalist and camera crew visiting India in connection with their profession
 Foreign artists, musicians and actors visiting India to perform in shows or content
production
Note: - Provisions of this section are yet to be notified by the Government
IGST Act 643

Chapter VII
Zero Rated Supply
16. Zero Rated Supply
(1) “Zero rated supply” means any of the following supplies of goods or services or both,
namely: ––
(a) export of goods or services or both; or
(b) supply of goods or services or both to a Special Economic Zone developer or a
Special Economic Zone unit.
(2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (5) of section 17 of the Central Goods and
Services Tax Act, credit of input tax may be availed for making zero-rated supplies,
notwithstanding that such supply may be an exempt supply.
(3) A registered person making zero rated supply shall be eligible to claim refund under
either of the following options, namely: ––
(a) he may supply goods or services or both under bond or Letter of Undertaking,
subject to such conditions, safeguards and procedure as may be prescribed,
without payment of integrated tax and claim refund of unutilized input tax credit;
or
(b) he may supply goods or services or both, subject to such conditions, safeguards
and procedures as may be prescribed, on payment of integrated tax and claim
refund of such tax paid on goods or services or both supplied, in accordance with
the provisions of section 54 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act or the
rules made thereunder.
Section 2(47) Definition of Exempt Supply (CGST)
Section 54 Refund of tax (CGST)
Section 2(5) Definition of Export of Goods (IGST)
Section 2(6) Definition of Export of Services (IGST)
Section 2(19) Definition of Special Economic Zone (IGST)
Section 2(20) Definition of Special Economic Zone Developer (IGST)
Section 2(23) Definition of Zero Rate Supply (IGST)
Ch-VII : Zero Rated Supply Sec. 16
Notification No. 9/2017 – Central Tax dated 28.06.2017 - Seeks to bring into force certain
sections of the CGST Act, 2017 w.e.f 01.07.2017
Notification No. 37 /2017 – Central Tax dated 04.10.2017 - Facility of LUT extended to all
exporters / registered persons subject to conditions
NOTIFICATION No. 48/2017–Central Tax dated 18.10.2017 - Notified supplies, when the supply
of goods shall be treated as deemed export under GST e.g. supplies against Advance
Authorisation, to EOU, under EPCG scheme etc
Notification No. 49/2017-Central Tax dated 18.10.2017 - Evidences required to be produced by
the supplier of deemed export supplies for claiming refund under rule 89(2)(g) of the CGST rules,
2017
Notification No. 41/2017--Integrated Tax (Rate) dated 23.10.2017 - IGST at the rate of 0.1%
shall be payable on inter-State supply of taxable goods by a registered supplier to a registered
recipient for export subject to specified conditions
C.B.E. & C. Advisory on Customs related matters on introduction of Goods and Services Tax
regime dated 20.06.2017
Circular No. 1/1/2017-Compensation Cess dated 26.07.2017 - Clarification regarding
applicability of section 16 of the IGST Act, 2017, relating to zero rated supply for the purpose of
Compensation Cess on exports
Circular No. 2/1/2017-IGST dated 27.09.2017 - Clarification on supply of satellite launch services
by ANTRIX Corporation Ltd
Circular No. 8/8/2017-GST dated 04.10.2017 - Clarification on issues related to furnishing of
Bond/Letter of Undertaking for exports
Circular No. 14/14 /2017 – GST dated 06.11.2017 - Procedure regarding procurement of
supplies of goods from DTA by Export Oriented Unit (EOU) / Electronic Hardware Technology
Park (EHTP) Unit / Software Technology Park (STP) Unit / Bio-Technology Parks (BTP) Unit
under deemed export benefits under section 147 of CGST Act, 2017
Circular No. 17/17/2017 – GST dated 15.11.2017 - Manual filing and processing of refund claims
in respect of zero-rated supplies
Circular No. 18/18/2017-GST dated 16.11.2017 - Clarification on refund of unutilized input tax
credit of GST paid on inputs in respect of exporters of fabrics
Circular No.24/24/2017-GST dated 21.12.2017 - Manual filing and processing of refund claims
on account of inverted duty structure, deemed exports and excess balance in electronic cash
ledger
Circular No. 37/11/2018-GST dated 15.03.2018 - Clarifications on exports related refund issues
Circular No. 40/14/2018-GST dated 06.04.2018 - Clarification on issues related to furnishing of
Bond/Letter of Undertaking for exports
IGST Act 645

16.1 Introduction
Exports have been the area of focus in all policy initiatives of the Government for more than
30 years. Now with the Make in India initiative, exports continue to enjoy this special treatment
because exports should not be burdened with domestic taxes. On the other hand, GST
demands that the input-output chain not be broken and exemptions have a tendency to break
this chain. Zero-rated supply is the method by which the Government has approached to
address all these important considerations.
16.2 Analysis
Zero-rated supply does not mean that the goods and services have a tariff rate of ‘0%’ but the
recipient to whom the supply is made is entitled to pay ‘0%’ GST to the supplier. In other
words, as it has been well discussed in section 17(2) of the CGST Act that input tax credit will
not be available in respect of supplies that have a ‘0%’ rate of tax. However, this
disqualification does not apply to zero-rated supplies covered by this section. It is interesting
to note that section 7(5) (and even proviso to section 8(1)) declares that supplies ‘to’ or ‘by’
SEZ developer or unit will be treated as an inter-State supply. So, when two SEZ units or one
SEZ developer and another SEZ unit supply goods or services to each other (among
themselves within the zone) and the zone being located within the same State or UT, such
supplies will always be inter-State supplies. But, it is important to note that this – being treated
as inter-State supplies always – by itself does not mean that non-SEZ sales by SEZ unit will
be liable to IGST in all cases. Please refer to the table below of supplies involving suppliers in
the zone that is covered by the provisions of section 7(5) and proviso to section 8(1):
Supply ‘by’ Supply ‘to’
SEZ unit Outside India
SEZ unit Another SEZ unit
SEZ developer SEZ unit
Non-SEZ unit SEZ unit
SEZ unit Non-SEZ unit
Non-SEZ unit SEZ developer
SEZ developer Non-SEZ unit
Note: Physical location within the political boundaries of a State are irrelevant
The intention of government not to burden the export with tax could be achieved either by
allowing not to charge tax on the exports of goods/services and claim the refund of input tax
credits of taxes paid on inward supplies or by allowing the refund of tax charged on the
exports made. Both these alternatives have been enabled in this section. Zero-rated supplies
may be undertaken in either of the following ways:
Taxable person to avail input tax credit used in making outward supply of goods or service
or both and make zero-rated supply-

 Without any payment of IGST on such  Make payment of IGST on the outward
outward supply by executing LUT (Letter supply by debiting ‘electronic credit
of Undertaking) or bond (dispensed off ledger’ but without collecting this tax
vide notification 37/2017-Central tax) from the recipient
 Claim refund of input tax credit used in  After completing the outward supply,
the outward supply claim refund of the IGST so debited
(unjust enrichment having been duly
satisfied)
Subject to fulfilment of all associated conditions and safeguards that may be prescribed in
either case
Physical exports are well understood due to the vast experience from Customs Act. Physical
exports, as discussed under section 11, are not determined or defined by realization of foreign
exchange (unlike export of services). SEZ is defined in section 2(20) to have the meaning from
2(g) of SEZ Act, 2005. Supply of goods by SEZ to non-SEZ area is governed by Customs Act
in terms of Rule 47 in Chapter V of SEZ Rules, 2006. Accordingly, although the supply is
‘treated as inter-State supply of goods’ in terms of section 7(5), no tax is to be charged by the
SEZ supplier but instead, the non-SEZ recipient is to pay IGST at the time of assessment of
the bill of entry filed for such goods in terms of Customs Tariff Act, 1975 duly amended by the
Taxation Laws Amendment Act, 2017 wherein section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 has
been substantially altered to enable imposition of additional customs duties only on goods not
subsumed into GST and for the imposition of IGST on goods subsumed into GST by sub-
section 7, 8 and 9. However, with respect to supply of services by SEZ to non-SEZ area,
though not prohibited, is not expressly dealt with by this Chapter V of SEZ Rules as to the
taxes/ duties applicable. Hence, when services are supplied from SEZ to non-SEZ area, the
following implications arise:
 It may be an import of services by the non-SEZ recipient in terms of section 7(1)(b)
liable for payment of IGST on reverse charge basis by the recipient. Support for this
view may be found in the SEZ Act which states in section 53 that ‘zone shall be deemed
to be a territory outside the customs boundaries of India’. And as such, the zone could
be a location ‘outside India’ and this supply could be said to be definition in section
2(11) of ‘import of services’.
 At the same time, the definition of India as per section 2(56) of CGST Act means
territory of India as referred to in Article 1 of the Constitution. SEZ units are also
covered within above definition of India. As the CGST and IGST Act extend to whole of
India, it could be said to be applicable to SEZ unit also and thereby making SEZ unit as
falling within definition of taxable territory. If this view is taken, it may very simply be an
inter-State supply of services liable to payment of IGST on forward charge basis by the
SEZ unit because there is no reference in IGST to borrow the operation of section 53
from SEZ Act. Reverse charge Notification No. 10/2017- Integrated Tax (Rate) dated
28-Jun-17 covers any services supplied by any person who is located in a non-taxable
IGST Act 647

territory to any person located in the taxable territory under reverse charge mechanism.
SEZ unit may be said to be falling within definition of taxable territory and liable to tax
under forward charge.
The latter interpretation appears to be more reasonable construction to follow. Accordingly,
certain examples have been discussed below:
These provisions of zero-rated supplies are introduced in the statute on the basis of the
prevalent Central Excise and Service Tax laws. It is widely believed that introduction of this
provision will alleviate the difficulty of a supplier who exempts goods or services or both in
terms of export competitiveness. This provision also specifically expresses that taxes are not
exported. Care must be exercised that while paying taxes, such taxes are not collected from
the recipient of goods or services or both. This would result in unjust enrichment.
The following illustrations may be considered:
Table A – Physical Exports
Zero-rated supply Option A Option B
(Physical exports) (without payment of IGST) (with payment of IGST)
ABC from Chennai  ABC to charge IGST  ABC to charge IGST
supplies goods required (Rs.100/-) to PQR (Rs.100/-) to PQR
by PQR in Delhi to effect  PQR to avail input tax  PQR to avail input tax
exports to Germany credit credit
 PQR to issue invoice for  PQR to issue, invoice for
€15 €15
 PQR to ensure no IGST  IGST to be charged on tax
is charged in the Euro invoice issued in INR
invoice meant only for the purpose
 PQR to bring proof-of- of GST.
export and satisfy all  PQR to debit electronic
other conditions credit ledger with IGST
prescribed applicable of Rs.180/- on
 PQR to claim refund of the export (assume
input tax credit of sufficient balance in credit
Rs.100/- being maximum ledger from all other inputs,
amount related to the input service and capital
outward export supply goods)
 Such refund to be  PQR to bring proof-of-
claimed by filing Form export and satisfy all other
GST RFD-01 conditions prescribed
 Refund of Rs. 180/- to be
allowed on automatic

processing of shipping bill

by Customs once GSTR-3
and EGM is filed (Rule 96
of the CGST Rules to be
followed)
XYZ from Delhi supplies  XYZ to charge  XYZ to charge
services required by CGST/SGST (Rs.250/-) CGST/SGST (Rs.250/-) to
PQR in Delhi to effect to PQR PQR
export of services to  PQR to avail input tax  PQR to avail input tax
USA credit credit
 PQR to issue invoice for  PQR to issue invoice for
$20 $20
 PQR to ensure no IGST  IGST to be charged on tax
is charged in the USD invoice issued in INR
invoice meant only for the purpose
 PQR to bring proof-of- of GST. PQR to debit
export and satisfy all electronic credit ledger with
other conditions IGST applicable of Rs.
prescribed including 300/- on the export
realisation of  PQR to bring proof-of-
consideration in foreign export and satisfy all other
currency conditions prescribed
 PQR to claim refund of  PQR to claim refund of
input tax credit of Rs.250 IGST paid in respect of
being maximum amount export (though actual
related to the outward relatable credit is much
export supply by filing higher at Rs.250/-)
refund claim in Form
GST RFD-01
Table B – Supply ‘to’ SEZ

(supply ‘to’ SEZ) (without payment of IGST) (with payment of IGST)
ABC from Hyderabad  ABC to charge IGST  ABC to charge IGST
supplies goods required (Rs.100/-) to PQR (Rs.100/-) to PQR
by PQR in Kolkata for  PQR to avail input tax  PQR to avail input tax
onward supply to XYZ in credit credit
Kolkata-SEZ (for use in  PQR to supply goods to  PQR to issue invoice to
authorized operations) XYZ (SEZ) for Rs.1,500/- XYZ (SEZ) for Rs.1,500/-
 PQR to ensure no IGST is  PQR to debit electronic
IGST Act 649

charged in invoice to XYZ credit ledger with IGST

 PQR to obtain proof-of- applicable of Rs.270/-
admittance from SEZ (say, 18%) on the export
officer and satisfy all (assume sufficient balance
other conditions in credit ledger from all
prescribed other inputs, input service
 PQR to claim refund of and capital goods)
input tax credit of Rs.100  PQR to obtain proof-of-
being maximum amount admittance from SEZ
related to the supply to officer and satisfy all other
XYZ (SEZ) conditions prescribed
 PQR to claim refund of
Rs.270 debited in
electronic credit ledger in
respect of supply to XYZ
(SEZ)
 SEZ unit not to avail the
credit of IGST paid by
PQR [Rule 89 (2)] of
CGST Rules
XYZ from Surat supplies  XYZ to charge  XYZ to charge
goods required by PQR CGST/SGST (Rs.250/-) CGST/SGST (Rs.250/-) to
in Rajkot for onward to PQR PQR
supply of services to  PQR to avail input tax  PQR to avail input tax
MNO in Ahmedabad- credit credit
SEZ (for use in  PQR to supply services to  PQR to issue invoice to
authorized operations) MNO (SEZ) for Rs.2,000/- MNO (SEZ) for Rs.2,000/-
 PQR to ensure no IGST  PQR to debit electronic
(even though within same credit ledger with IGST
State, it is inter-State applicable of Rs.240/-
supply) is charged in (say, 12%) on the export
invoice to MNO  PQR to obtain proof-of-
 PQR to obtain proof-of- receipt-of-service (as
receipt-of-service (as specified by SEZ officer)
specified by SEZ officer) and satisfy all other
and satisfy all other conditions (proviso to Rule
conditions (proviso to 89 of CGST Rules)
Rule 89 of Refund Rules)  PQR to claim refund of
 PQR to claim refund of Rs.240/- debited in
input tax credit of electronic credit ledger in

Rs.250/- being maximum respect of supply to MNO

amount related to the (SEZ)
supply to MNO (SEZ)
Table C – Supply ‘by’ SEZ

Supply between two
SEZ units: (without payment of IGST) (with payment of IGST)
ABC-SEZ in Indore  Goods or services  Goods or services
supplies goods received by ABC-SEZ received by ABC-SEZ
manufactured in the zone from various suppliers from various suppliers
to PQR-SEZ in Mumbai will be as stated in Table will be as stated in Table
(for use in authorized B (above) B (above)
operations)  ABC-SEZ to issue  ABC-SEZ to issue
Supply by ABC-SEZ to invoice to PQR-SEZ invoice to PQR-SEZ.
PQR-SEZ is inter-State without any IGST IGST to be charged but
supply (whether in same  No input tax credit that not collected from PQR-
State/ UT or in different needs to be availed by SEZ.
States/ UTs) PQR-SEZ  ABC-SEZ to debit
 ABC-SEZ to obtain electronic credit ledger
proof-of-admittance from with IGST applicable of
SEZ officer with Rs.240/-.
assistance of PQR-SEZ  ABC-SEZ to obtain proof-
and satisfy all other of-admittance from SEZ
conditions prescribed officer with assistance of
 There is no refund to be PQR-SEZ and satisfy all
claimed either by ABC- other conditions
SEZ or PQR-SEZ as no prescribed
IGST has been paid in  ABC-SEZ to claim refund
this chain claim of Rs. 240/- and
debit it in electronic credit
ledger in respect of
supply to PQR (SEZ)
XYZ-SEZ developer in  Goods or services  Goods or services
Noida provides lease of received by XYZ-SEZ received by XYZ-SEZ
premises to MNO-SEZ for from various suppliers from various suppliers
its authorized operations will be as stated in Table will be as stated in Table
B (above) B (above)
Note: This applies to all  XYZ-SEZ to issue  XYZ-SEZ to issue invoice
supplies by developer to invoice to MNO-SEZ to MNO-SEZ. IGST to be
IGST Act 651

unit – premises lease, without any IGST charged but not collected
premises maintenance  No input tax credit that from MNO-SEZ.
and other value added needs to be availed by  XYZ-SEZ to debit
services MNO-SEZ electronic credit ledger
 XYZ-SEZ to obtain proof- with IGST applicable of
of-receipt of service from Rs.400/-.
SEZ officer with  XYZ-SEZ to obtain proof-
assistance of MNO-SEZ of-receipt of service from
and satisfy all other SEZ officer with
conditions prescribed assistance of MNO-SEZ
 There is no refund to be and satisfy all other
claimed either by XYZ- conditions prescribed
SEZ or MNO-SEZ as no  ABC-SEZ to claim refund
IGST has been paid in claim of Rs.400/- and
this chain debit it in electronic credit
ledger in respect of
supply to PQR (SEZ)
Supply by SEZ into non-
SEZ:
ABC-SEZ in Gurugram  ABC-SEZ to supply  Nothing to discuss in this
supplies goods to PQR goods to PQR option
(non-SEZ unit) in Delhi  IGST to be collected by
(with necessary non-SEZ ABC-SEZ to PQR
supply permission  ABC to file bill of entry
obtained by ABC from for import of goods from
SEZ officer) SEZ to non-SEZ
 Bill of entry filed by ABC
Note: All supplies ‘by’ will be assessed for BCD
SEZ is treated as inter- + IGST
State supply  PQR can then claim
input tax credit of IGST
paid on in bill of entry
 PQR to utilize IGST
credit
All refunds are subject to the ‘due process’ prescribed in section 54 of CGST Act read with
Chapter X of CGST Rules including verification of unjust enrichment. Care must be taken not
to include the refundable amount in the price charged to overseas customer. This may be
checked by looking into:
 If the refundable amount is expensed directly or carried forward as a current asset

 If overseas customer is given credit in any subsequent invoice to the extent of refund
 If the reversal of refundable amount from the credit ledger is charged to P&L or not
Also, all invoices to have a declaration as to –
 Export of goods or services on payment of IGST;
 Export of goods or services without payment of IGST;
 Supplies to a SEZ developer or unit on payment of IGST; or
 Supplies to a SEZ developer or unit without payment of IGST.
Further, all supplies to SEZ developer or unit being zero-rated does not mean that the entire
company can enjoy this form of ab initio exemption. For example, Company incorporated in
Delhi may have established a SEZ unit in Jaipur. All goods and services supplied to SEZ in
Jaipur will enjoy the ab initio exemption but the goods and services supplied to Delhi will be
liable to tax. Now, if the incorporated address of the Company were also in Jaipur and inside
the zone, the Company must be cautious to differentiate the supplies that are not related to
the authorized operations in the zone but related to the other affairs of the Company and
instruct the suppliers to charge applicable GST on such non-SEZ supplies. It is for this reason
that proviso to Rule 8(1) of the CGST Rules provides for SEZ unit to secure separate
registration as a distinct business vertical, apart from the rest of the Company. Complete use
of this zero-rated exemption will invite recovery action against the SEZ developer or unit. The
supplier who supplied as a zero-rated supply is not responsible for this misuse because the
SEZ developer or unit would have issued the GSTIN of the zone. Further, in case GST is paid
on the non-zone operations of the Company and these costs are included in the export billing,
there may be some aspects to be taken care of in case post-export refund of this GST paid is
sought to be claimed. Please note that all supplies to SEZ developer or unit alone is treated as
an inter-State supply but the supply to the Company relating to non-SEZ activities will continue
to be inter-State or intra-State supply as the case may be. With all information, available
online through GSTN, misuse is not difficult to identify. Care must be taken to diligently use
the provisions of zero-rated supply.
With regard to ‘bill to-ship to’ transactions, it is important to mention that though the supply
may be ‘billed to’ person located outside India (for exports) or inside zone (for SEZ supplies),
where the supplies are ‘shipped to’ must be clearly identified in order to qualify for the benefit
under this section. It is not that ‘exports’ are zero rated but ‘supply by way of export’ are zero
rated. There is a lot of difference between these two expressions. With the difference between
these two expressions having been discussed in the context of sections 11, it is sufficient to
mention here that ‘supply by way of export’ is a subset of ‘exports’. And in order to claim
benefit of zero rating under this section, it is important to examine an ‘export’ to meet the
requirements of ‘supply by way of export’. In other words, both the ‘bill to’ and ‘ship to’
locations must be to the destination – outside India (for exports) or inside zone (for SEZ
IGST Act 653

supplies) – in order to qualify for zero rating benefit. This principle applies equally to supply of
goods as well as supply of services for exports.
The above view is best explained through an illustration. Say, a contractor is awarded civil
works by a zone-developer and this contractor buys cement from a trader with instructions to
deliver the cement directly at site (zone). Now, the supply of cement by trader is 'ship to: zone'
but 'bill to: contractor'. Question that arises is, can the cement trader claim zero-rating benefit?
Answer is, no, because the 'bill to' and 'ship to' locations must both be in the zone to satisfy
the requirements of Section 16 of the IGST Act and Rule 89 of the CGST Rules.
Even if the goods or service which are either exported or supplied to SEZ unit developer are
exempted goods or services, input tax credit is still available for making such zero rated
supplies. The requirement to reverse ITC in relation to exempted supplies is not warranted if it
is zero rated.
16.3 Procedure for zero-rated supply of goods or services:
16.3.1. Export of goods or services without payment of Integrated Tax
Exporter of goods is eligible to export goods or services without payment of IGST by
complying with following procedure
(Note: Same procedures have to be followed by SEZ in respect to export of goods without
payment of tax.)
A. Furnishing of Letter of undertaking:
i. Notification 37/2017 dated 4.10.2017 of Central Tax provides for the conditions and
safeguards for export of goods or services without payment of IGST which supersedes
notification 16/2017 dated 4.7.2017 of Central tax
ii. Conditions and safeguards for issuing letter of undertaking: all registered persons who
intend to supply goods or services for export without payment of integrated tax shall be
eligible to furnish a Letter of Undertaking in place of a bond except those who have
been prosecuted for any offence under the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017
(12 of 2017) or the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (13 of 2017) or any of
the existing laws in force in a case where the amount of tax evaded exceeds two
hundred and fifty lakh rupees;
iii. As per Circular No.40/14/2018GST dated April 6, 2018, the registered person is
required to fill and submit Form GST RFD-11 on the common portal. An LUT is deemed
to be accepted as soon as an acknowledgement for the same, bearing Application
Reference Number (ARN) is generated online. It is further clarified in the aforesaid
Circular that no document needs to be physically submitted to the Jurisdictional office
for acceptance of LUT.

iv. Letter of undertaking would be executed by the working partner, the Managing Director
or the Company Secretary or the proprietor or by a person duly authorised by such
working partner or Board of Directors of such company or proprietor.
vi. Existing LUT would be valid for the whole of the financial year in which it is tendered.
Therefore, every registered person should apply for fresh LUT at the start of each
financial year i.e, 1st of April..
vii. where the registered person fails to pay the tax due along with interest, as specified
under sub-rule (1) of rule 96A of Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017, within
the period mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b) of the said sub-rule, the facility of
export without payment of integrated tax will be deemed to have been withdrawn and if
the amount mentioned in the said sub-rule is paid, the facility of export without payment
of integrated tax shall be restored.
viii. Where a supplier wishes to effect zero-rated supplies without payment of IGST, the
supplier is required to furnish the LUT in Form GST RFD – 11. In terms of Section 16,
the LUT should be filed before effecting the zero-rated supplies in order to claim an
exemption from payment of taxes. Rule 96A of the CGST / SGST Rules, 2017 provides
that LUT should be furnished prior to effecting export of goods / services. It is inferred
that if the LUT is not furnished prior to effecting zero rated supplies, the supplier cannot
claim exemption on zero rated supplies. In this regard, the Board has issued circular
vide No. 37/11/2018 – GST dated 15.03.2018 wherein it is clarified that the substantial
benefits of zero rating supplies should not be denied if the it is established that the
goods or services have been exported in terms of the relevant provisions.
C. Furnishing of RFD-11
i. Rule 96A of CGST Rules provides that any registered person availing option to export
goods or services without payment of IGST has to furnish letter of undertaking prior to
commencement of export in Form RFD-11. Format of RFD-11 is provided in CGST
Rules 2017.
ii. Circular 26/2017 of customs dated 01-07-2017 provides that procedure prescribed
under Rule 96A needs to be followed for export of goods or services w.e.f. 01-07-2017.
iv. Condition to comply:
a. In case of goods: good to be exported within 3 months from date of issue of
invoice
b. In case of services: Payment to be received in convertible foreign exchange
within 1 year from date of invoice
v. Bond or LUT has to be furnished along Form GST RFD-11 binding himself that tax
along with interest @18% would be liable to paid by him;
a. In case of goods: within 15 days after completion of 3 months on failure to export
such goods.
IGST Act 655

b. In case of services: within 15 days of completion of 1 year if such payment is not

received in accordance with point (iv).
D. Tax Invoice:
i. Exporters would be required to raise tax invoice with prescribed particulars mentioning
"Supply meant for export under bond or Letter of Undertaking without payment of
integrated tax".
ii. No tax needs to be charged on the invoice in this case.
iii. Tax invoice may be in addition to other export documents provided to customer.
E. Sealing( in case of goods):
Till mandatory self-sealing is operationalized, sealing of containers shall be done under the
supervision of the central excise officer having jurisdiction over the place of business where
the sealing is require to be done.
F. Shipping Bill (in case of goods):
i. Shipping Bill format has been revised by customs to capture GST related details.
ii. Shipping bill to be prepared in Form SB-I.
iii. In case of export of duty free goods shipping bills has to be prepared in Form SB-II.
iv. Shipping bill needs to be issued in 4 copies (Original, Drawback purpose, Department
purpose and export promotion)
G. Refunds
Refund of taxes in respect of accumulated input tax credit has to be claimed by following
procedure prescribed by section 54 of CGST Act read with Chapter X of CGST Rules, 2017.
• Time limit: 2 years from the relevant date
• Method of filing: Form GST RFD-01 in online portal of GST in format provided in CGST
Rules 2017
• Provisional refund: 90% of refund claim to be sanctioned within 7 days subject to certain
conditions Balance 10% within 60 days on verification of documents by proper officer.
• Details of Bank Realization Certificate (BRC) or Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate
(FIRC) needs to be provided along with details of export invoice while filing Form GST
RFD-01
16.3.2. Export of goods or services with payment of Integrated Tax
The procedures to be followed under this option is as follows:
(Note: Same procedures have to be followed by SEZ in respect to export of goods with
payment of tax.)
A. Commercial Invoice: Exporter can issue 2 sets of invoices to have a smooth flow of
transactions with his foreign customers.

i. Commercial invoice can be issued (along with tax invoice) without showing tax amount.
ii. Points to keep in mind while following practice of issuing commercial invoice along with
tax invoice:
• Total value of both the invoices should be equal.
• Every commercial invoice should have a corresponding tax invoice.
B. Tax Invoice:
i. Exporters would be required to raise tax invoice with prescribed particulars mentioning"
Supply meant for export on payment of integrated tax".
ii. Applicable IGST needs to be charged on the invoice in this case.
iii. Tax invoice would be in addition to other export documents provided to customer.
C. Sealing/ Shipping Bill: same as referred above in 16.3.1.
D. Refunds:
a. In case of goods: Rule 96 of CGST Rules provides for the mechanism for refund of tax
in case of export of goods with payment of tax.
i. Shipping bill filed with custom would be considered as application for refund of
integrated tax paid on export of goods.
ii. Refund application shall be valid only when:
(a) Filing of export manifest/export report by person in charge of the conveyance
carrying the export goods.
(b) Furnishing of valid return in Form GSTR-3 or Form GSTR-3B, whichever is
applicable, by the applicant.
iii. GST and custom portal would be inter-linked in which custom portal would electronically
confirm to GST portal about movement of goods outside India.
iv. Upon the receipt of the information regarding the furnishing of a valid return in FORM
GSTR-3 or FORM GSTR-3B, as the case may be from the common portal, the system
designated by the Customs shall process the claim for refund and an amount equal to
the integrated tax paid in respect of each shipping bill or bill of export shall be
electronically credited to the bank account of the applicant mentioned in his registration
particulars and as intimated to the Customs authorities.
v. Withheld of refund: Refund can be withheld upon receipt of request from Jurisdictional
Commissioner or where customs provisions are violated.
vi. The exporter would not be eligible for refund in case of notified goods where refund of
integrated tax is provided to Government of Bhutan.
b. In case of services: Refund of taxes in respect of tax paid has to be claimed by
following procedure prescribed by section 54 of CGST Act read with Chapter X of CGST
Rules.
IGST Act 657

• Time limit: 2 years from the relevant date

• Method of filing: Form GST RFD-01 on online portal of GST in format provided in
CGST Rules 2017
• Provisional refund: 90% of refund claim to be sanctioned within 7 days subject to
certain conditions. Balance 10% within 60 days on verification of documents by
proper officer.
• Details of Bank Realization Certificate (BRC) or Foreign Inward Remittance
Certificate (FIRC) needs to be provided along with details of export invoice while
filing Form GST RFD-01.
16.4 Procedure for supplies to SEZ unit/ SEZ developer:
Same procedure as referred above in 16.3 can be followed in following cases:
(a) Supply to SEZ without payment of integrated tax
(b) Supply to SEZ with payment of integrated tax.
(Note: Same will be followed in cases the above supplies are made by an SEZ unit or SEZ
developer)
16.5 Issues and concerns:
1. In terms of Section 16 of the IGST Act, 2017 in case of supplies to SEZ developer or
SEZ unit / exports in terms of Section 2(5) or 2(6) of the IGST Act, the supplier can
either effect supplies on payment of tax, which can subsequently be claimed as a
refund. Alternatively, the supplier may effect the supplies without payment of tax
under a bond or LUT and is entitled to claim refund of the input tax credit used in
effecting such supplies. In this regard, attention is drawn to the fact that the supplied
would be disentitled from claiming refund of IGST paid on such supplies effected on
payment of IGST (without LUT), if the supplier recovers the amount of tax from the
recipients.
2. The time of supply provisions require that tax is remitted on receipt of advances, in
respect of supply of services. Consider a case where a supplier of services has
received an advance from a recipient located outside India, in respect of services to
be exported. In this regard, it is important to understand whether the LUT should be
obtained prior to receipt of advance payment for supply of services, or if it would be
sufficient for the registered person to obtain the same before effecting the supply.
Rule 96A of the CGST / SGST Rules, 2017 specifies that LUT should be furnished
prior to export of services. In terms of Rule 96A, the LUT in Form GST RFD – 11
should be furnished to undertake to remit the applicable taxes along interest if the
consideration in convertible foreign exchange is not received within one year from the
date of issue of invoice. Accordingly, it can be discerned that LUT is not required to
be furnished where the consideration in convertible foreign exchange is received in
advance. Further, attention is drawn to Circular No. 37/11/2018 – GST dated
15.03.2018 wherein it is clarified that the substantial benefits of zero rating supplies

should not be denied if it is established that the goods or services have been
exported in terms of the relevant provisions.
3. Any variation in foreign currency subsequent to the date of time of supply in case of
imports and export transaction would not be relevant in the determination of value of
taxable supply under section 15. The age old CBEC Circular with the subject
"Whether rebate-sanctioning authority may re-determine the amount of rebate in
certain cases — Instructions regarding" dated 3.2.2000 also highlight this fact. The
C.B.E. & C. has then clarified in their Circular No. 510/06/2000-Cx, dated 3-2-2000
issued from F. No. 209/29/99-Cx-6 that the rebate sanctioning authority is not
required to reassess the value for the export and the value assessed by the range
officer on ARE-1 at the time of export has to be accepted. Further, this duty is also
not affected by the less realization of export proceeds owing to exchange rate
fluctuation and the duty and value has to be on the date, time and place of removal
and the exchange rate on that date alone would be applicable. In other words any
exchange gain or loss will remain outside the purview of GST law.
4. The Authority for Advance Rulings, Delhi, in an issue relating to taxability of the
supplies effected by duty-free shops located in the premises of an international airport
to the international out-bond passengers has held that such supplies will not qualify
as zero-rated supplies. The goods can be said to be exported only when the goods
cross the territorial waters of India and cannot be considered to be exported merely
on crossing the Customs Frontiers of India – Refer advance ruling in the case of M/s.
Rod Retail Private Limited reported in 2018 (4) TMI 938 – AAR New Delhi.
The concept of zero-rated supplies is there in the VAT laws with credit benefit and refund. As
far as Central Excise law is concerned there is a rebate mechanism in place. That apart the
accumulated unutilised credit is available as refund to the exporters of services/ goods under
rule 5 of the Cenvat Credit Rules, 2004.
16.7 Related Provisions of the Statute:
Statute Section / Description Remark
Sub-
Section
CGST 17(2) Apportionment of credit Restrictions on credit attributable to
and blocked credits exempt supplies.
IGST 2(23) Zero-rated supply Adopts the provisions of section 16 of
IGST Act
IGST Act 659

Chapter VIII
Apportionment of Tax and Settlement of
Funds
17. Apportionment of tax and settlement of funds
19. Tax wrongfully collected and paid to Central Government or State Government
17 Apportionment of tax and settlement of funds
(1) Out of the integrated tax paid to the Central Government, ––
(a) in respect of inter-State supply of goods or services or both to an unregistered of
person or to a registered person paying tax under section 10 of the Central
(b) in respect of inter-State supply of goods or services or both where the registered
person is not eligible for input tax credit;
(c) in respect of inter-State supply of goods or services or both made in a financial
year to a registered person, where he does not avail of the input tax credit within
the specified period and thus remains in the integrated tax account after expiry of
the due date for furnishing of annual return for such year in which the supply was
made;
(d) in respect of import of goods or services or both by an unregistered person or by
a registered person paying tax under section 10 of the Central Goods and
Services Tax Act;
(e) in respect of import of goods or services or both where the registered person is
not eligible for input tax credit;
(f) in respect of import of goods or services or both made in a financial year by a
registered person, where he does not avail of the said credit within the specified
period and thus remains in the integrated tax account after expiry of the due date
for furnishing of annual return for such year in which the supply was received,
the amount of tax calculated at the rate equivalent to the central tax on similar intra-
State supply shall be apportioned to the Central Government.
(2) The balance amount of integrated tax remaining in the integrated tax account in respect
of the supply for which an apportionment to the Central Government has been done
under sub-section (1) shall be apportioned to the, ––
Ch-VIII : Apportionment of Tax and Settlement of Funds Sec. 17-19
(a) State where such supply takes place; and

(b) Central Government where such supply takes place in a Union territory:
Provided that where the place of such supply made by any taxable person cannot be
determined separately, the said balance amount shall be apportioned to, ––
(a) each of the States; and
(b) Central Government in relation to Union territories,
in proportion to the total supplies made by such taxable person to each of such States
or Union territories, as the case may be, in a financial year:
Provided further that where the taxable person making such supplies is not identifiable,
the said balance amount shall be apportioned to all States and the Central Government
in proportion to the amount collected as State tax or, as the case may be, Union
territory tax, by the respective State or, as the case may be, by the Central Government
during the immediately preceding financial year.
(3) The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) relating to apportionment of integrated tax
shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the apportionment of interest, penalty and
compounding amount realized in connection with the tax so apportioned.
(4) Where an amount has been apportioned to the Central Government or a State
Government under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) or sub-section (3), the amount
collected as integrated tax shall stand reduced by an amount equal to the amount so
apportioned and the Central Government shall transfer to the central tax account or
Union territory tax account, an amount equal to the respective amounts apportioned to
the Central Government and shall transfer to the State tax account of the respective
States an amount equal to the amount apportioned to that State, in such manner and
within such time as may be prescribed.
(5) Any integrated tax apportioned to a State or, as the case may be, to the Central
Government on account of a Union territory, if subsequently found to be refundable to
any person and refunded to such person, shall be reduced from the amount to be
apportioned under this section, to such State, or Central Government on account of
such Union territory, in such manner and within such time as may be prescribed.
Notification No. G.S.R. 964(E), F. No. 31013/16/2017-ST-I-DoR, Dated, 27th July, 2017 - Goods
and services Tax Settlement of funds Rules, 2017
Notification No. G.S.R. 145(E), F. No. 31013/16/2017-ST-I-DoR Dated, 6th February, 2018 -
Goods and services Tax Settlement of funds (Amendment) Rules, 2017
17.1 Introduction
GST is a destination based consumption tax – this principle is evident in the place of supply
IGST Act 661

provisions. Therefore, GST is to be paid to the State where the destination or consumption
takes place. And registration of each tax payer in every destination-State is impossible to
comply or administer. It is for this reason that IGST is applicable on supplies whose
destination is outside the home-State. Therefore, IGST is not actually a tax but an equitable
tax revenue transfer mechanism from the State of origin of supply to the State of its
destination where revenue rightly belongs. With IGST having been collected as if it were a tax,
it now needs to be transferred to the destination-State. This is provided by section 17 and
discussed below.
17.2 Analysis
Inter-State Supply IGST Paid (on) Quantum of IGST Transfer (to)
(to)
Unregistered recipient Equivalent Central tax
applicable on said
Composition taxable Union
supplies in intra-State
person supply
Registered taxable IGST paid on inter- State, its respective
person not eligible to State supplies share of inward
input tax credit IGST paid on import supplies@
Registered taxable of goods or services Balance amount of
person eligible to input IGST Union, share of
tax credit but does not inward supplies to
avail it within period UTs@
specified
@ If this amount cannot be reliably allocated, then rule-of-proportion – total supplies of that
State/UT compared to total inter-State supplies during the financial year.

Please note the following further aspects:
 Above formula applies to interest, penalty and compounding amount collected in
respect of inter-State supplies
 Any apportioned IGST is found to be refundable, then the same will be recouped from
the subsequent transfers
 Time and manner of transfer to States/UTs will be prescribed
(1) On utilization of credit of integrated tax availed under this Act for payment of, ––
(a) central tax in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (5) of section 49 of
the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, the amount collected as integrated tax

shall stand reduced by an amount equal to the credit so utilized and the Central
Government shall transfer an amount equal to the amount so reduced from the
integrated tax account to the central tax account in such manner and within such
time as may be prescribed;
(b) Union territory tax in accordance with the provisions of section 9 of the Union
Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, the amount collected as integrated tax
shall stand reduced by an amount equal to the credit so utilized and the Central
Government shall transfer an amount equal to the amount so reduced from the
integrated tax account to the Union territory tax account in such manner and
within such time as may be prescribed;
(c) State tax in accordance with the provisions of the respective State Goods and
Services Tax Act, the amount collected as integrated tax shall stand reduced by
an amount equal to the credit so utilized and shall be apportioned to the
appropriate State Government and the Central Government shall transfer the
amount so apportioned to the account of the appropriate State Government in
such manner and within such time as may be prescribed.
Explanation ––For the purposes of this Chapter, “appropriate State” in relation to a
taxable person, means the State or Union territory where he is registered or is liable to
be registered under the provisions of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act.
Notification No. G.S.R. 964(E), F. No. 31013/16/2017-ST-I-DoR, Dated, 27th July, 2017 - Goods
and services Tax Settlement of funds Rules, 2017
Notification No. G.S.R. 145(E), F. No. 31013/16/2017-ST-I-DoR Dated, 6th February, 2018 -
Goods and services Tax Settlement of funds (Amendment) Rules, 2017
18.2 Introduction
After apportionment of IGST paid, it leaves credit of IGST availed to be accounted for on its
utilization. This section addresses the apportionment on utilization of IGST credit.
18.3 Analysis
IGST Appropriation Allocation (to)
Credit of IGST Utilized to pay CGST Union – Central tax account
paid availed Utilized to pay SGST State – State tax account@
Utilized to pay UTGST Union – UT tax account@
@ of respective State or UT
IGST Act 663

19. Tax wrongfully collected and paid to Central Government or State Government
(1) A registered person who has paid integrated tax on a supply considered by him to be an
inter-State supply, but which is subsequently held to be an intra-State supply, shall be
granted refund of the amount of integrated tax so paid in such manner and subject to
such conditions as may be prescribed.
(2) A registered person who has paid central tax and State tax or Union territory tax, as the
case may be, on a transaction considered by him to be an intra-State supply, but which
is subsequently held to be an inter-State supply, shall not be required to pay any
interest on the amount of integrated tax payable.
19.1 Introduction
Payment of tax based on erroneous determination of ‘nature of supply’ is not permitted to be
adjusted because of the above appropriation of payments. Remedy lies in refund.
19.2 Analysis
Taxable person who has paid tax in error is entitled to refund by first restoring the discharge of
the correct tax due so that the incorrect tax paid reflects on the Common Portal as ‘paid in
excess’ and:
 IGST paid in error will be refunded subject to conditions prescribed
 IGST payable due to payment of CGST/SGST/UTGST is exempted from payment of
interest on IGST due
Provisions of section 54 of CGST Act have not been extended to this refund although the
conditions to be prescribed would not be too far from the requirements in section 54.

Chapter IX
Miscellaneous
20. Application of provisions of Central Goods and Services Tax Act
21. Import of services made on or after the appointed day
22. Power to make rules
23. Power to make regulations
24. Laying of rules, regulations and notifications
25. Removal of difficulties
Statutory provision
20. Application of provisions of Central Goods and Services Tax Act
Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, the provisions of Central
Goods and Services Tax Act relating to,––
(i) scope of supply; (ii) composite supply and mixed supply; (iii) time and value of supply; (iv)
input tax credit; (v) registration; (vi) tax invoice, credit and debit notes; (vii) accounts and
records; (viii) returns, other than late fee; (ix) payment of tax; (x) tax deduction at source; (xi)
collection of tax at source; (xii) assessment; (xiii) refunds; (xiv) audit; (xv) inspection, search,
seizure and arrest; (xvi) demands and recovery; (xvii) liability to pay in certain cases; (xviii)
advance ruling; (xix) appeals and revision; (xx) presumption as to documents; (xxi) offences
and penalties; (xxii) job work; (xxiii) electronic commerce; (xxiv) transitional provisions; and
(xxv) miscellaneous provisions including the provisions relating to the imposition of interest
and penalty,
shall, mutatis mutandis, apply, so far as may be, in relation to integrated tax as they apply in
relation to central tax as if they are enacted under this Act:
Provided that in the case of tax deducted at source, the deductor shall deduct tax at the rate
of two per cent. from the payment made or credited to the supplier:
Provided further that in the case of tax collected at source, the operator shall collect tax at
such rate not exceeding two per cent, as may be notified on the recommendations of the
Council, of the net value of taxable supplies:
Provided also that for the purposes of this Act, the value of a supply shall include any taxes,
duties, cesses, fees and charges levied under any law for the time being in force other than
this Act, and the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, if charged separately
by the supplier:
Ch-IX : Miscellaneous Sec. 20-25
Provided also that in cases where the penalty is leviable under the Central Goods and
Services Tax Act and the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and
Services Tax Act, the penalty leviable under this Act shall be the sum total of the said
penalties.
20.1. Introduction
Certain provisions of CGST Act in relation to levy of tax would be applicable to IGST Act also.
20.2. Analysis
The following provisions of CGST Act shall apply to IGST Act:
 scope of supply;
 composite supply and mixed supply;
 time and value of supply;
 input tax credit;
 registration;
 tax invoice, credit and debit notes;
 accounts and records;
 returns, other than late fee;
 payment of tax;
 tax deduction at source;
 collection of tax at source;
 assessment;
 refunds;
 audit;
 inspection, search, seizure and arrest;
 demands and recovery;
 liability to pay in certain cases;
 advance ruling;
 appeals and revision;
 presumption as to documents;
 offences and penalties;
 job work;
 electronic commerce;
 transitional provisions; and

 miscellaneous provisions including the provisions relating to the imposition of interest

and penalty.
The following exceptions are provided:
(a) In case of TDS (tax deducted at source) the deductor shall deduct tax at the rate of two
per cent from the payment made or credited to the supplier.
(b) In case of TCS (tax collected at source), the operator shall collect tax at such rate not
exceeding two per cent, as may be notified on the recommendations of the Council, of
the net value of taxable supplies.
(c) The value of a supply shall include any taxes, duties, cesses, fees and charges levied
under any law for the time being in force other than this Act, and the Goods and
Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, if charged separately by the supplier.
(d) In cases where the penalty is leviable under the CGST Act and the SGST Act or the
UTGST Act, the penalty leviable under this Act shall be the sum total of the said
penalties.
Under IGST Act Corresponding Section under Comparison
erstwhile Central Sales Tax Act, 1956
Section 20 Section 9(2) of CST Act which provides Section 9(2) of CST Act
providing CGST that all provisions of General tax law of does not include aspects
Act provisions each State shall apply in respect of CST such as registration,
which would be to dealers registered in that state, except valuation, credit, etc.
applicable to IGST those provided in CST Act and Rules. which are included in
Act. These include procedural aspects such Section 20 of IGST
as returns, assessment, offences, etc.
20.4 FAQs
Q1. What are the provisions under CGST which would be applicable to IGST also?
Ans: The provisions relating to scope of supply, composite supply and mixed supply, time
and value of supply, input tax credit, registration, tax invoice, credit and debit notes,
accounts and records, returns, other than late fee, payment of tax, tax deduction at
source, collection of tax at source, assessment, refunds, audit, inspection, search,
seizure and arrest, demands and recovery, liability to pay in certain cases, advance
ruling, appeals and revision, presumption as to documents, offences and penalties, job
work, electronic commerce, transitional provisions and miscellaneous provisions
including the provisions relating to the imposition of interest and penalty, shall apply, in
relation to the Integrated Tax as they apply in relation to tax under the CGST Act, 2017.
Q2. What is the percentage of tax to be deducted or collected in case of tax deducted at
source and tax collected at source?
IGST Act 667

Ans: The percentage of tax to be deducted by the deductor from the payment made or credit
to the supplier is 2% in case of tax deduction at source.
In case of tax collection at source the operator should collect 2% tax on the value of net
supplies.
21. Import of services made on or after the appointed day
Import of services made on or after the appointed day shall be liable to tax under the
provisions of this Act regardless of whether the transactions for such import of services had
been initiated before the appointed day:
Provided that if the tax on such import of services had been paid in full under the existing law,
no tax shall be payable on such import under this Act:
Provided further that if the tax on such import of services had been paid in part under the
existing law, the balance amount of tax shall be payable on such import under this Act.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, a transaction shall be deemed to have been
initiated before the appointed day if either the invoice relating to such supply or payment,
either in full or in part, has been received or made before the appointed day.
21.1. Introduction
This provision deals with taxability of import of services made after the appointed day.
21.2. Analysis
(a) It provides that import of services made on or after the appointed day shall be liable to
tax under the provisions of IGST Act even if the transactions for such import of services
had been initiated before the appointed day.
(b) However if the tax on such import of services had been paid in full under the pre-GST
regime, no tax shall be payable on such import under the IGST Act.
(c) That apart if the tax on such import of services had been paid in part under the
erstwhile law, the balance amount of tax shall be payable on such import under this Act.
(d) As per the explanation appended to the section a transaction shall be deemed to have
been initiated before the appointed day if either the invoice or payment, either in full or
in part, has been received or made before the appointed day.
21.3. FAQs
Q1. Whether import of services made after appointed day is liable to tax under this Act?
Ans. Yes. Any import of services made after appointed day is liable to tax under this Act.
However, the taxability is subject to the provisos in section 21 of IGST Act.
Q2. What would be the status of import of services, where the tax on the said transaction is
paid in full under earlier laws?

Ans. Not liable to tax under this Act. As per the first proviso of section 21 of IGST Act, where
the tax on import of services is paid in full under earlier laws, no tax under this Act
would be made applicable though such import takes place after the appointed day.
Q3. What would be the status of import of services where the tax on the said transaction is
paid in part under earlier laws?
Ans. As per the second proviso to section 21 of IGST Act, where the tax is paid in part for
import of services under the earlier laws, only the balance amount of tax would be
payable under this Act.
Q4. When would the transaction be deemed to have been initiated before the appointed
day?
Ans. Under any of the following circumstances it would be deemed that the transaction is
initiated before the appointed day-
(i) Where invoice relating to such supply; or
(ii) Payment, either in full or in part;
has been received or made before the appointed day.
21.4 MCQs
Q1. Where the tax is fully paid under earlier laws, amount of tax payable for import of
services made after appointed day is?
(a) No tax payable under this Act
(b) Tax as per this Act, to be paid again
Ans: (a) No tax payable under this Act
Q2. Where the tax is paid in part under earlier laws, amount of tax payable for import of
services made after appointed day is?
(a) No tax payable under this Act
(b) Balance amount of tax payable on such import of services
Ans: (b) Balance amount of tax payable on such import of services
22. Power to make rules
(1) The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, make
rules for carrying out the provisions of this Act.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), the Government
may make rules for all or any of the matters which by this Act are required to be, or may
be, prescribed or in respect of which provisions are to be or may be made by rules.
IGST Act 669

(3) The power to make rules conferred by this section shall include the power to give
retrospective effect to the rules or any of them from a date not earlier than the date on
which the provisions of this Act come into force.
(4) Any rules made under sub-section (1) may provide that a contravention thereof shall be
liable to a penalty not exceeding ten thousand rupees.
22.1. Introduction
(i) It provides power to the Central Government to make Rules for the purposes of IGST
Act upon recommendations by the GST Council.
22.2 Analysis
(i) Power to make rules by the Central Government is discussed hereunder:
 The Central Government may make rules for carrying out the purposes of this
Act, by notification on the recommendations of the Council.
 The Government may make rules for all or any of the matters which by this Act
are required to be, or may be, prescribed or in respect of which provisions are to
be or may be made by rules.
 The power to make rules shall include the power to give retrospective effect to
the rules or any of them from a date not earlier than the appointed day.
 Any rules made may provide for penalty upto Rs.10,000 for contravention thereof.
 “Council” would mean the Goods and Services Tax Council established under
Article 279A of the Constitution.
Under IGST Act Corresponding Section under erstwhile Central Sales Tax
Act, 1956
Section 22 of IGST Act Section 13 authorizes Central Government to make rules.

which deals with powers of However, specific scenarios for making rules have been
Central Government to specified like manner of application for registration, form of
make rules declaration or certificate.
22.4 FAQs
Q1. Who is given the power to make rules under IGST Act?
Ans: The Central Government may, by notification, make rules for carrying out the purposes
of this Act on the recommendation of the Council.
22.5 MCQs
Q1. Under section 22, the Central Government has power to make rules on
recommendation of whom of the following?

(a) Ministry of Finance

(b) GST Council
(c) CBEC
Ans: (b) GST Council
23. Power to make regulations
The Board may, by notification, make regulations consistent with this Act and the rules made
thereunder to carry out the provisions of this Act.
23.1. Introduction
This provision refers to the Board’s power to make regulations.
23.2. Analysis
To carry out the provisions of the IGST Act, the Board is empowered to make regulations,
which would be notified. Such regulations should not be inconsistent with the provisions of the
IGST Act and the Rules made thereunder.
24. Laying of rules, regulations and notifications
Every rule made by the Government, every regulation made by the Board and every
notification issued by the Government under this Act, shall be laid, as soon as may be, after
it is made or issued, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total
period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive
sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the
successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or
regulation or in the notification, as the case may be, or both Houses agree that the rule or
regulation or the notification should not be made, the rule or regulation or notification, as the
case may be, shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as
the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without
prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule or regulation or
notification, as the case may be.
24.1. Introduction
This section lays down the general procedure of laying delegated legislations before the
Parliament for a prescribed duration.
Analysis
(a) The Act permits making of rules by Government, issuance of regulation by Board and
issuance of notification by the Government.
IGST Act 671

(b) Such rule, regulation and notification, which is a part of delegated legislation is placed
before the Parliament.
(c) It is laid before the Parliament, as soon as may be after it is made or issued, when the
Parliament is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one
session or in two or more successive sessions
(d) Before the expiry of the session or successive sessions both Houses may make
suitable modifications and would have effect in such modified form.
(e) However, any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity
of anything previously done under that rule or regulation or notification, as the case may
be.
Similar provisions were there in the erstwhile tax laws as well.
25 Removal of Difficulties
(1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to any provision of this Act, the Government may,
on the recommendations of the Council, by a general or a special order published in the
Official Gazette, make such provisions not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act or
the rules or regulations made thereunder, as may be necessary or expedient for the
purpose of removing the said difficulty:
Provided that no such order shall be made after the expiry of a period of three years
from the date of commencement of this Act.
(2) Every order made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be, after it is made,
before each House of Parliament.
25.1. Introduction
The responsibility to implement the legislatures’ will is of the appropriate Government. In doing
this, the Act empowers the appropriate Government with the necessary power to remove any
difficulty that may arise.
25.2. Analysis
(i) If the Government identifies that there is a difficulty in implementation of any provision
of the GST Legislation, it has powers to issue a general or special order, to carry out
anything to remove such difficulty.
(ii) Such activity of the Government must be consistent with the provisions of the Act and
should be necessary or expedient.

(iii) Maximum time limit for passing such order shall be 3 years from the date of effect of the
IGST Act.
25.3. Comparative review
The above provisions were present in all the tax legislations, to ensure that any practical
difficulties in implementation can be addressed.
25.4. Related provisions of the Statute:
This is an independent section and would be applicable for implementation of the GST law.
25.5. FAQs
Q1. Will the powers include the power to notify the effective date for implementation of
particular provisions?
Ans: Yes, all powers regarding implementation of any provision of the GST law is covered.
Q2. Will the powers include bringing changes in any provision of law?
Ans: No, the Government has power only to decide on the practical implementation of law.
But it cannot amend the Legislation through this section.
Q3. What is the maximum time limit for exercising the powers under Section 25?
Ans: The maximum time limit is 3 years from the date of effect of IGST Act.
Q4. Whether the reasons be mentioned in the order?
Ans: The order is issued only when there is a necessity or expediency for it. Specific reasons
may not be mentioned in the order.
25.6. MCQs
Q1. Whether prior approval of the Parliament is necessary?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Ans: (b) No
Q2. What is the maximum period for exercising this power?
(a) 4 years
(b) 3 years
(c) 2 years
(d) 1 year
Ans: (b) 3 years
IGST Act 673

THE UNION TERRITORY GOODS AND SERVICES TAX ACT,
2017
Statement of Objects and Reasons
The Union Territories (for brevity, “UT”) were earlier empowered to levy Sales Tax / VAT on
the sale of goods, whereas the Central Government was empowered to levy excise duty and
service tax on manufacture of goods and supply of services, respectively. This led to a
multiplicity of indirect taxes being levied by various authorities.
The difficulties faced in the erstwhile indirect tax system were:
(i) Rising hidden costs in trade and industry due to multiplicity of taxes at the Central and
Union Territory levels
(ii) Lack of uniformity of tax rates and tax structure, compliance procedures across Union
Territories
(iii) Cascading of taxes
(iv) Non-availability of cross-utilization of credits i.e., utilization of excise duty and service
tax credits against taxes levied by Union Territories and vice-versa.
(v) Credit of taxes levied by one Union Territory or State cannot be set off against taxes
levied by other Union Territories or States.
Under the GST regime, Union Territory tax along with related GST legislations replaced the
erstwhile taxes while empowering the Central Government to levy Union Territory tax on the
supply of goods or services or both taking place within a Union Territory not having a
Legislature. The GST legislation:
(i) Provides for levy of tax on all intra-State supplies of goods or services or both, except
alcoholic liquor for human consumption, at the rates recommended by the GST Council;
(ii) Empowers the Central Government to grant exemptions on the recommendation of the
GST Council;
(iii) Enables apportionment of tax and settlement of funds on account of transfer of input tax
credit between the Central Government, State Governments and Union Territories;
(iv) Empowers recovery of tax, interest or penalty payable by a person and remaining
unpaid;
(v) Empowers establishing of an Authority for Advance Ruling to enable the taxpayers to
seek binding clarity on taxation matters;
(vi) Provides for elaborate transitional provisions for smooth transition of taxpayers to GST
regime; and
(vii) Allows application of certain provisions of the CGST Act, 2017 to the extent relevant for
the purposes of this Act;
Chapter I
Preliminary
2. Definitions
Statutory provision
(1) This Act may be called the Union Territory Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017.
(2) It extends to the Union territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep,
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Chandigarh and other territory.
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central may, by notification in the Official
Gazette, appoint:
Title:
carry a long and a short title. The long title, set out at the head of a statute, gives a fair
Extent:
(29) States and seven (2 with legislation + 5 without legislation =7) Union Territories.
through an ‘Administrator’ appointed by him. However, the Union Territories of Delhi and
Puducherry have been provided with Legislatures with powers and functions as required for
their administration.
‘State’ under the GST law is defined to include a Union Territory with Legislature. Delhi and
Puducherry, though are Union Territories, have a Legislature of their own. Accordingly, for the
purpose of GST Laws, the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry will be regarded as a
State and will be governed by the respective SGST laws passed by them, instead of the
UTGST law which is passed by the Central Government.
Commencement:
The UTGST Act will to come into operation on the date appointed by the Central Government
by means of a notification in the Official Gazette (i.e. 1st July 2017). A provision has been
made to notify different dates for commencement of different provisions of the Act.
It is expected that a notification with a prospective date of commencement of the UTGST Act
i.e., a specific date succeeding the date of notification in the Official Gazette, would be issued.
A notification providing for a retrospective date for commencement of the UTGST Act cannot
be issued, since that would result in simultaneous operation of two laws governing the same
subject matter i.e., the erstwhile law(s) and the UTGST Act being in force during the period
starting from such retrospective date of commencement until the date of notification in the
Official Gazette.
2. Definitions
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires–
(1) ‘‘appointed day’’ means the date on which the provisions of this Act shall come into force.
The provisions of the UTGST Act are implemented with effect from 1st July 2017 with powers
vested to notify different dates for effective date of commencement of different provisions of
the Act.
(2) ‘‘Commissioner’’ means the Commissioner of Union territory tax appointed under section 3;
Every Union Territory is administered by the President through an Administrator appointed by
him. The Administrator, in turn, is empowered to appoint Commissioners and other officers for
carrying out the purposes of the Act who will be deemed to be ‘Proper Officers’ for
administering the Act.
The officers appointed under the erstwhile central and UT laws will continue to function as
officers under the UTGST Act as well.
(3) ‘‘designated authority’’ means such authority as may be notified by the Commissioner;
Currently, the term does not find a reference in the Act and will be notified by the
Commissioner from time to time.
(4) ‘‘exempt supply’’ means supply of any goods or services or both which attracts nil rate of
tax or which may be exempt from tax under section 8, or under section 6 of the Integrated
Goods and Services Tax Act, and includes non-taxable supply;
677 UGST Act

The meaning of exempt supply is similar to the meaning assigned to it under the CGST law
with the exception that supplies that are partly exempted from tax under this Act will also be
considered as ‘exempt supply’. On the contrary, partially exempted supplies under the CGST
law would not be considered as ‘exempt supplies’ under the CGST law. The word “wholly”
found in section 2(47) of the CGST law which is missing from section 2(4) under the UTGST
law in the definition of exempt supply.
Exempt supplies comprise the following 3 types of supplies:
(a) supplies taxable at a ‘NIL’ rate of tax;
(b) supplies that are wholly or partially exempted from UTGST or IGST, by way of a
notification; and
(c) supplies that are not taxable under the Act (petrol, high speed diesel, alcoholic liquor for
human consumption etc.)
(a) Zero-rated supplies such as exports would not be treated as supplies taxable at ‘NIL’
rate of tax;
(b) Input tax credit attributable to exempt supplies will not be available for utilisation/ set-
off.
(5) ‘‘existing law’’ means any law, notification, order, rule or regulation relating to levy and
collection of duty or tax on goods or services or both passed or made before the
commencement of this Act by Parliament or any Authority or person having the power to make
such law, notification, order, rule or regulation;
This covers all the erstwhile Central and State laws (along with the relevant notifications,
orders, and regulations), relating to levy of tax on goods or services like Service Tax law,
Central Excise law, State VAT laws, etc. Therefore, laws that do not levy tax or duty on goods
or services, such as The Indian Stamp Act, 1899, would not be covered here.
(6) ‘‘Government’’ means the Administrator or any authority or officer authorized to act as
Administrator by the Central Government;
Every Union Territory is administered by the President through an ‘Administrator’ appointed by
him. Even a Governor of a State can be appointed as the Administrator of an adjoining UT.
Such an Administrator will be regarded as ‘Government’ for the purposes of the UTGST law.
(7) ‘‘output tax’’ in relation to a taxable person, means the Union territory tax chargeable under
this Act on taxable supply of goods or services or both made by him or by his agent but
excludes tax payable by him on reverse charge basis;
The output tax chargeable on taxable supply of goods or services can be summarised as
under:

Type of Supply Output tax Reference

Supplies within a UT without UTGST + CGST Section 8(1) and 8(2) of the
Legislature (intra-State supply) IGST Act
Supplies between two UT without IGST Section 7(1) and 7(3) of the
Legislature (inter-State supply) IGST Act
Supplies between a UT without IGST Section 7(1) and 7(3) of the
Legislature and a State (including (inter-State supply) IGST Act
UT with Legislature)
(a) While input tax is in relation to a registered person, output tax is in relation to a taxable
person. Evidently, the law excludes persons who are not registered under the Statute
from being associated with any input tax. However, where there is a liability due to the
(b) The amount covered under this term is the tax ‘chargeable’ under law, and not what is
‘charged’. Therefore, some experts believe that in case a person wrongly charges an
amount as tax, or charges an excess rate of tax as compared to the applicable tax rate,
such excess would not qualify as output tax.
(c) Some experts are of the view that taxes payable on reverse charge basis would also be
out of the scope of ‘output tax’. Since credit of input tax can only be used to pay output
tax, the above will have to be discharged by way of cash only (i.e., through the
(d) The law makes a specific inclusion in respect of supplies made by an agent on behalf of
the supplier, to treat the UT tax payable on such supplies as output tax in the hands of
the supplier.
(8) ‘‘Union territory’’ means the territory of, —
(i) the Andaman and Nicobar Islands;
(ii) Lakshadweep;
(iii) Dadra and Nagar Haveli;
(iv) Daman and Diu;
(v) Chandigarh; or
(vi) other territory.
Explanation. —For the purposes of this Act, each of the territories specified in sub-clauses (i)
to (vi) shall be a separate Union territory;
679 UGST Act

Analysis
‘State’ under the GST law is defined under the CGST Act to include a Union Territory with
Legislature. Delhi and Puducherry, being UTs with Legislature, will be regarded as ‘States’ for
GST, and will be governed by their respective SGST laws, instead of the UTGST law.
By definition, the expression ‘other territory’ is inclusive of all territories that do not form part of
any State (including the UTs of Delhi and Puducherry), and excludes the five UTs without
Legislature listed under clauses (i) to (v) of the definition.
All territories that fall into the ambit of ‘other territory’ would also form part of the meaning of
the term ‘Union territory’. The purpose of this inclusion is to ensure that any Indian territory
that remains unclaimed by all the States and Union Territories can be brought into the scope
of GST. Although there is no specific indication that the extent of the term should be limited to
the territory of India, locations outside India cannot be said to fall into the scope of ‘other
territory’ defined above, as it would defeat the purpose of law.
(9) ‘‘Union territory tax’’ means the tax levied under this Act;
It refers to the tax charged under this Act on intra-State supply of goods or services or both, in
addition to the tax levied under the CGST law. The rate of UT tax is capped at 20% and will be
notified by the Central Government based on the recommendation of the GST Council.
(10) words and expressions used and not defined in this Act but defined in the Central Goods
and Services Tax Act, the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, the State Goods and
Services Tax Act, and the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, shall have
the same meaning as assigned to them in those Acts.
Certain words and expressions like person, supplier, recipient, intra-state supply, reverse
charge, cess, place of supply etc. defined in the CGST/ SGST/ IGST laws will have the same
meaning for UTGST law.

Chapter II
Administration
4. Authorisation of officers
6. Authorisation of officers of Central Tax as proper officer in certain
circumstances
Statutory provision
The Administrator may, by notification, appoint Commissioners and such other class of officers
as may be required for carrying out the purposes of this Act and such officers shall be deemed
to be proper officers for such purposes as may be specified therein:
Provided that the officers appointed under the existing law shall be deemed to be the officers
appointed under the provisions of this Act.
4. Authorisation of officers
The Administrator may, by order, authorise any officer to appoint officers of Union territory tax
below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Union territory tax for the administration of this
Act.
(1) Subject to such conditions and limitations as the Commissioner may impose, an officer
of the Union territory tax may exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred or
imposed on him under this Act.
(2) An officer of a Union territory tax may exercise the powers and discharge the duties
conferred or imposed under this Act on any other officer of a Union territory tax who is
subordinate to him.
(3) The Commissioner may, subject to such conditions and limitations as may be specified
in this behalf by him, delegate his powers to any other officer subordinate to him.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, an Appellate Authority shall not
exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred or imposed on any other officer
of Union territory tax.
6. Authorisation of officers of Central Tax as proper officer in certain circumstances
(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of this Act, the officers appointed under the Central
Goods and Services Tax Act are authorised to be the proper officers for the purposes of
this Act, subject to such conditions as the Government shall, on the recommendations
of the Council, by notification, specify.
Ch-II : Administration Sec. 3-6
(2) Subject to the conditions specified in the notification issued under sub-section (1), —
(a) where any proper officer issues an order under this Act, he shall also issue an
order under the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, as authorised by the said
Act under intimation to the jurisdictional officer of central tax;
(b) where a proper officer under the Central Goods and Services Tax Act has
initiated any proceedings on a subject matter, no proceedings shall be initiated by
the proper officer under this Act on the same subject matter.
(3) Any proceedings for rectification, appeal and revision, wherever applicable, of any order
passed by an officer appointed under this Act, shall not lie before an officer appointed
under the Central Goods and Services Tax Act.
Introduction
Union Territory without a legislature enjoys laws passed by Parliament. The UTGST Act is one
where the law is by the Parliament but it’s administration is left with the Administrator of the
Union Territory.
Analysis
Without being bound by the rigours and specificity of executive officers under the CGST act,
the UTGST Act empowers the Administrator to issue a notification appointing one or more
Commissioners and such other class of officers as required.
The Administrator is also empowered to appoint officers lower in rank than the Assistant
Commissioner as required. Commissioners appointed by the Administrator are empowered to
impose conditions and limitations necessary in the discharge of functions by the officers of UT
Tax. A superior officer is permitted to discharge the functions and exercise the authority
conferred on a subordinate officer. Interestingly, we do not find such flexibility in CGST Act
and IGST Act. Not only does this Act prescribed the Assuming of power by a superior officer
but also permits delegation of vested powers to be exercised by any other officer of UT Tax.
Appellate authorities under this act are denied the flexibility of such appropriation or
delegation of power vested in them.
Continuing with efficiency in tax administration, without causing any prejudice to the UT Tax
Act, officers under the CGST Act are authorised to be officers under this Act. This is permitted
only upon the recommendation of the Council and subject to any conditions that may be
imposed by the Administrator.
Where officers under this Act initiate any proceedings, said officers shall proceed to pass
orders not only in respect of UT Tax but also in respect of Central Tax. Where such conjoined
proceedings are underway, the said officers are expected to intimate officers of Central Tax.
Similarly, where proceedings initiated by officers in respect of Central tax, the underlying
transaction or the taxable base being the same, such officers under the CGST Act, are
required to pass orders addressing demands in respect of UT Tax arising from the common
underlying transactions. Whichever officer initiates any proceedings will determine the law and
forum for exercising lawful jurisdiction in respect of rectification, appeal and revision.

Chapter-III
7. Levy and collection
(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), there shall be levied a tax called the Union
territory tax on all intra-State supplies of goods or services or both, except on the supply
of alcoholic liquor for human consumption, on the value determined under section 15 of
the Central Goods and Services Tax Act and at such rates, not exceeding twenty per
cent., as may be notified by the Central Government on the recommendations of the
Council and collected in such manner as may be prescribed and shall be paid by the
taxable person.
(2) The Union territory tax on the supply of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit
(commonly known as petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel shall be levied with
effect from such date as may be notified by the Central Government on the
recommendations of the Council.
(3) The Central Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification,
specify categories of supply of goods or services or both, the tax on which shall be paid
on reverse charge basis by the recipient of such goods or services or both and all the
provisions of this Act shall apply to such recipient as if he is the person liable for paying
the tax in relation to the supply of such goods or services or both.
(4) The Union territory tax in respect of the supply of taxable goods or services or both by a
supplier, who is not registered, to a registered person shall be paid by such person on
reverse charge basis as the recipient and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to
such recipient as if he is the person liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of
such goods or services or both.
(5) The Central Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification,
specify categories of services the tax on intra-State supplies of which shall be paid by
the electronic commerce operator if such services are supplied through it, and all the
provisions of this Act shall apply to such electronic commerce operator as if he is the
supplier liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of such services.
Provided that where an electronic commerce operator does not have a physical presence in
the taxable territory, any person representing such electronic commerce operator for any
purpose in the taxable territory shall be liable to pay tax.
presence in the taxable territory and, he does not have a representative in the said territory,
such electronic commerce operator shall appoint a person in the taxable territory for paying
tax and such person shall be liable to pay tax.
7.1. Introduction
a) The Constitution mandates that no tax shall be levied or collected by a taxing Statute
except by authority of law. While no one can be taxed by implication, a person can be
subject to tax in terms of the charging section only.
b) Section 7 is the charging provision of the UTGST Act. It provides that all intra-State
supplies would be liable to UTGST subject to a ceiling rate of 20%. The levy is on all
goods or services or both except on the supply of alcoholic liquor for human
consumption. Besides, GST may be levied on the supply of petroleum crude, high
speed diesel, motor spirit (petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel with effect from
such date as may be notified by the Government after recommendation of the Council.
It also provides for the value on which tax shall be paid, the maximum rate of tax
applicable on such supplies, the manner of collection of tax by the Government and the
person who will be liable to pay such tax. The provision of this section is comparable to
the provisions of section 9 of the CGST Act.
c) Under the UTGST law, the levy of tax is as follows:
(a) In the hands of the supplier - on the supply of goods and / or services (referred to
as tax under forward charge mechanism);
(b) In the hands of the recipient – on receipt of goods and / or services (referred to
as tax under reverse charge mechanism)
(c) In the hands of electronic commerce operator-on services supplied by the
suppliers through such electronic commerce operator
In the normal course, the tax would be payable by the supplier of goods and/or
services. However, in specific cases (as may be notified), the onus of payment of tax is
shifted to the recipient of goods and/or services.
Normally, the supplier of goods or services or both will be liable to discharge tax on the
supplies effected. However, the Central Government is empowered to specify
categories of supplies in respect of which the recipient of goods or services or both will
be liable to discharge the tax.
Accordingly, all other provisions of this Act and CGST Act, as applicable, will apply to
the recipient of such goods or services or both, as if the recipient is the supplier of such
goods or services or both – viz., for the limited purpose of such transactions, the
recipient would be deemed to be the ‘supplier’.
d) When the goods/ services are supplied by a supplier, who is un-registered person to a
receiver, who is registered person, the liability to pay tax on such supplies will be on
recipient under reverse charge basis. Thus, a registered person would be required to
pay GST on all supplies received by it from un-registered persons.

e) Additionally, where any supply of services is effected through e-commerce operators,

the law provides that the Central Government may on recommendation of the Council
notify that the e-commerce operator will be liable to discharge the tax on such supplies
where the e-commerce operator:
(a) Does not have a physical presence then the person who represents the e-commerce
operator will be liable to pay tax.
(b) Does not have a physical presence or a representative, then the e-commerce operator
is mandatorily required to appoint a person who will be liable to pay tax.
f) In so far as e-commerce operators are concerned, care must be exercised to determine
the nature of business of such operators. Essentially, there are four models of e-
commerce business:
(a) Market-place – the question of supply by the e-commerce operator does not
arise. For this reason, they are liable for TCS under section 52.
(b) Fulfilment centre – here States have been contesting that this model is one
involving ‘buy-sell’ and accordingly liable to VAT. The test here is to establish the
fact that the supply is by supplier directly to the end customer and not ‘through’
the e-commerce operator.
(c) Hybrid (of above 2) – all though not widely prevalent, this is a case where both
buy-sell as well as market-place models are employed. It is important for such
business to clearly establish which side of the fence they are would prefer to fall
on so that the respective incidence of tax follows.
(d) Agency – this is employed by few businesses involving supply of industrial inputs.
The modus operandi is that the principal logs in to the portal and routes the
supplies to the end customer. The agreements are so framed that the e-
commerce operator becomes responsible for the delivery and collection of
payment. This renders the e-commerce Operator to constitute an agency. Such
arrangements need to be vetted to ensure the inference of agency that emerges
if it is not so desired, then the same may be redrafted suitably. Schedule I of the
CGST Act states that transactions between principal and agent are deemed to be
a supply and liable to tax. This consequence may be borne in mind even by e-
commerce businesses.
7.2 Analysis
The discussion of Levy under Section 9 of the CGST Act made in this book may be referred
for detailed analysis
Levy of tax: Every intra-State supply will be liable to tax, if:
(a) Supply should involve goods or services or both viz., wholly goods or wholly services or
both viz.,
Even where a supply involves both, goods and services, the law provides that such
685 UGST Act

supplies would be classifiable either as, wholly goods or wholly services. The reference
to be made to Schedule II of the CGST Act which provides for this classification.
(b) The supply is an intra-State supply – viz., ordinarily, the location of the supplier and the
place of supply is in same Union Territory. (Refer Section 8 of the IGST Act to
understand the meaning of intra-State supply);
(c) The tax shall be payable by a ‘taxable person’ as explained in definition Sec. 2(107) and
explained in Section 22 & 24 of CGST Act.
Tax shall be payable by a ‘taxable person’: The tax shall be payable by a ‘taxable person’
i.e. person/ separate establishments of persons registered or liable to be registered under
section 22 and 24 of the CGST Act...
Rate and value of tax: The rate of tax will be as specified in the notification that would be
issued in this regard, subject to a maximum of 20%. The rates would be determined based on
the recommendation of the Council and the rate of tax so notified will apply on the value of
supplies as determined under Section 15 of the CGST Act.
Supply:
Refer discussion under Chapter III of the CGST Act for a detailed understanding of the
expression ‘supply’. Additionally, the comments relating to ‘composite supply’ and ‘mixed
supply’ and ‘reverse charge’ will equally apply for supplies taxable under UTGST Act.
Under the erstwhile tax laws, Central Excise is on ‘manufacture of goods’, VAT/CST is on ‘sale
of goods’ and Service tax is on ‘provision of service’. Unlike different incidences, under the
GST law, it is ‘supply’ which would be the taxable event. Under the earlier law, e.g.: while
stock transfers are liable to Central Excise (if they are removed from the factory), it would not
be liable to VAT / CST. However, under the GST law, it would be taxable as a ‘supply.
Further, free supplies would be liable to excise duty, while under the GST laws, free supplies
would require reversal of input tax credit;
Under the erstwhile law, there are multiple transactions which apparently qualify as both ‘sale
of goods’ as well as ‘provision of services’. e.g. license of software, providing a right to use a
under Schedule II, Definition of composite supply and mixed supply in the CGST law.
the reverse charge mechanism in respect of say, import of services, sponsorship services etc.
are comparable to the ‘reverse charge mechanism’ prescribed herein. Further, the concept of
reverse charge only exists in relation to services. The GST law, however, permits the supply
of goods also to be subjected to reverse charge.


CGST Section 7 read with Schedule I, II and III Definition of ‘supply’
CGST Section 2(17) Definition of ‘business’
CGST Section 2(107) read with 22 and 24 Meaning of ‘taxable person’ and
distinct persons
CGST Section 2(31) Meaning of consideration
UTGST Section 7 Levy and collection of UTGST
7.5 FAQs
Q1. Is the reverse charge mechanism applicable only to services?
Ans. No. Reverse charge applies to supplies of goods or services or both.
Ans. The receiver of goods would be liable to pay tax under reverse charge.
7.6 MCQs
Q1. As per Section 7, which of the following would attract levy of UTGST?
(a) Inter-state supplies
(b) Intra-state supplies
(c) Any of the above
Ans. (b) Intra-state supplies
Q2. Who can notify a supply to be taxed under reverse charge basis?
(a) Board
(b) Central Government
(c) GST Council
Ans. (b) Central Government.
687 UGST Act

(1) Where the Central Government is satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest so
to do, it may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, exempt generally
either absolutely or subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, goods or
services or both of any specified description from the whole or any part of the tax
leviable thereon with effect from such date as may be specified in such notification.
(2) Where the Central Government is satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest so
to do, it may, on the recommendations of the Council, by special order in each case,
under circumstances of an exceptional nature to be stated in such order, exempt from
payment of tax any goods or services or both on which tax is leviable.
(3) The Central Government may, if it considers necessary or expedient so to do for the
purpose of clarifying the scope or applicability of any notification issued under sub-
section (1) or order issued under sub-section (2), insert an explanation in such
notification or order, as the case may be, by notification at any time within one year of
issue of the notification under sub-section (1) or order under sub-section (2), and every
such explanation shall have effect as if it had always been the part of the first such
notification or order, as the case may be.
(4) Any notification issued by the Central Government under sub-section (1) of section 11
or order issued under sub-section (2) of the said section of the Central Goods and
Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be a notification or an order issued under this Act.
Explanation. —For the purposes of this section, where an exemption in respect of any
granted absolutely, the registered person supplying such goods or services or both shall
not collect the tax, more than the effective rate, on such supply of goods or services or
both
8.1 Introduction
This provision of this section states that the Central Government may grant exemptions for
intra-State supply of goods and / or services within a Union Territory. Reference may also be
made to Section 11 of the CGST Act and Section 6 of the IGST Act for a detailed analysis.
8.2 Analysis
The Central Government will be empowered to grant exemptions from payment of UTGST on
intra-State supplies within Union Territory, subject to the following conditions:
(i) Exemption should be in public interest
(ii) By way of issue of notification
(iii) On recommendation from the Council
(iv) Absolute / conditional exemption may be for any goods and / or services

circumstances which are of exceptional nature.
 With specific reference to the fourth condition indicated above, it is important to
note that the exemption would only be in respect of goods and / or services, and
not specifically for classes of persons.
 It is to be noted that in cases where goods and/or services are exempt
absolutely, no input tax credit can be claimed.
 Mandatory nature of absolute exemptions has been litigated in the past and
where tax is paid even though exemption is available, credit becomes
admissible. For this reason, even inadvertence in not availing such absolute
exemptions are made inexcusable. As such, credit denial also becomes
absolute. No plea of equity or revenue neutrality becomes admissible.
 There is generally not much doubt about exemptions – whether absolute or
conditional – because the condition associated may be examined at one-time
or continuously to be satisfied. Conditional exemptions abate if the associated
condition is not complied. Care should be taken not to mistake conditional
exemption with absolute exemption having specific applicability.
 There is one school of thought wherein it is opined / understood that in case of
conditional exemptions, there is an option available to the taxable person to pay
the tax (by which way, there would be no requirement for input tax credit
reversals). However, an absolute exemption is required to be followed
mandatorily. The other view is that exemptions would never be optional and
would be mandatory automatically when the conditions relating to the exemption
are satisfied. This provision does not bring in any clarity on this issue.
 In terms of sub-Section (2), the Government may issue a special order on a case-
to-case basis. The circumstances of exceptional nature would also have to be
specified in the special order. While this provision is welcome, trade and industry
is apprehensive that this could be used without necessary superintendence.
 To provide more clarity to the exemption notification or the special order, it is
provided that the Government may issue an “Explanation” at any time within a
period of 1 year from the date of notification or special order. The effect of this
“Explanation” would be retrospective, viz., from the effective date of the relevant
notification or special order.
 The law makes it clear that when the exemption is absolute (i.e., if whole or part
of tax leviable is exempt) the registered person cannot collect taxes more than
the effective rate.
Exemption under section 11 of the CGST/SGST Act equally applicable
Any exemption notification or special order issued under Section 11 of the CGST Law will
apply equally for intra-State supplies, viz., any supply of goods or services or both which are
exempt under CGST Law will be exempt even under the UTGST Law.
689 UGST Act

Effective date of the notification or special order

in the notification or special order. However, if no date is mentioned therein, it would come into
force on the date of its issue by the Central Government for publication in the Official Gazette.
It follows that such notification/ order shall be made available on the official website of the
department of the Central Government.
The provisions relating to exemption are broadly like the exemption provisions under the
CGST Section 11 Exemption from payment of CGST / SGST
IGST Section 6 Exemption from payment of IGST
UTGST Section 8 Power to grant exemption from tax
Chapters of UTGST Act covered under CGST / IGST
Sl. Chapter No. / Heading – Sections No. Description
No. UTGST – UTGST
1 IV – Payment of tax 9 Payment of tax
10 Transfer of input tax credit
2 V – Inspection, Search, 11 Officers required to assist proper
Seizure and Arrest officers
3 VI – Demands and 12 Tax wrongfully collected and paid to
Recovery the Central Government or UT
Government
13 Recovery of tax
4 VII – Advance Ruling 14 Definitions
15 Constitution of Authority for Advance
Ruling
16 Constitution of Appellate Authority for
Advance Ruling
5 VIII – Transitional 17 Migration of existing tax payers
Provisions
18 Transitional arrangements for input tax
credit
19 Transitional provisions relating to job
work

20 Miscellaneous transition provisions

6 IX- Miscellaneous 21 Application of provisions of CGST Act
22 Power to make Rules
23 General power to make regulations
24 Laying of rules, regulations and
notifications
25 Power to issue instructions or
directions
26 Removal of difficulties
 The sections cited supra other than the provisions relating to Chapter IX -
Miscellaneous are discussed in the relevant sections of CGST / IGST laws wherever
deemed fit.
 The Chapter IX - Miscellaneous other than Section 21 of the UTGST Act are similar to
the provisions as discussed in the context of IGST Act. There is an additional provision
(section 25 under the UTGST Act), which deals with Commissioner’s power to issue
instructions or directions, which is similar to section 168 of the CGST Act. Readers are
requested to refer to the said provisions in this context.
The discussion on the following provisions have been provided in the CGST Act in the relevant
chapters/sections.
(i) scope of supply;
(ii) composition levy;
(iii) composite supply and mixed supply;
(iv) time and value of supply;
(v) input tax credit;
(vi) registration;
(vii) tax invoice, credit and debit notes;
(viii) accounts and records;
(ix) returns;
(x) payment of tax;
(xi) tax deduction at source;
(xii) collection of tax at source;
(xiii) assessment;
(xiv) refunds;
(xv) audit;
691 UGST Act

(xvi) inspection, search, seizure and arrest;

(xvii) demands and recovery;
(xviii) liability to pay in certain cases;
(xix) advance ruling;
(xx) appeals and revision;
(xxi) presumption as to documents;
(xxii) offences and penalties;
(xxiii) job work;
(xxiv) electronic commerce;
(xxv) settlement of funds;
(xxvi) transitional provisions; and
(xxvii) miscellaneous provisions including the provisions relating to the imposition of
interest and penalty,
It is important to note that the UTGST Act is legislated by the Central Government and
the corresponding rules would also be legislated under its authority.
Note: All Relevant UTGST notifications are provided in forthcoming pages of this
publication.
Following rules are common to all UT GST acts i.e Lakshwadeep, Andaman & Nicobar,
Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu and Chandigarh.
Rule1: Short title and Commencement.
(1) These rules may be called the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax (Andaman and
Nicobar Islands) Rules, 2017.
(2) They shall come into force with effect from the 1st day of July, 2017.
Rule2: Adaptation of Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017.
(1) The Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017, in respect of scope of supply,
composition levy, composite supply and mixed supply, time and value of supply, input tax
credit, registration, tax invoice, credit and debit notes, accounts and records, returns, payment
of tax, tax deduction at source, collection of tax at source, assessment, refunds, audit,
inspection, search, seizure and arrest, demands and recovery, liability to pay in certain cases,
advance ruling, appeals and revision, presumption as to documents, offences and penalties,
job work, electronic commerce, settlement of funds, transitional provisions, and miscellaneous
provisions including the provisions relating to the imposition of interest and penalty, shall,
mutatis mutandis, apply except the following rules:-

Rules Particulars
Rule 90 (4) of CGST Rules 2017 Acknowledgement
Rule 117 (1) – for Second proviso of CGST Tax or duty credit carried forward under any
Rules 2017 existing law or on goods held in stock on the
appointed.
Rule 119 of CGST Rules 2017 Declaration of stock held by a principal and
job-worker
(a) Analysis of the Amendment to the Rules: For Amendment of Rule 90(4) of the
CGST Rules 2017
In terms of Rule 90 (4) of the CGST Rules 2017 read as
“(4) Where deficiencies have been communicated in FORM GST RFD-03 under the
State Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017, the same shall also deemed to have been
communicated under this rule along with the deficiencies communicated under sub-rule
(3)”.
In terms of the amendment to the Rule to UTGST Rules, 2017 shall be read as
“(4) Where deficiencies have been communicated in FORM GST RFD-03 under the
Central Goods and Service Tax Rules, 2017, the same shall also deemed to have
been communicated under this rule along with the deficiencies communicated under
sub-rule (3).”;
The aforesaid rules have been amended to the extent of for the words State Goods
and Service Tax Rules, 2017 shall be read as Central Goods and Service Tax Rules,
2017 in line with the CGST Rules.
(b) For Amendment to the Rule 117 of CGST Rules 2017
(i) The Second proviso of the CGST Rules, 2017 provides obligation to file a details
of an Transitional claim in respect of Forms received and pending with regards to
Form C , Form I, Form H, Form F as specified in Rule 12 of the Central Sales Tax
(Registration and Turnover) Rules, 1957.
(ii) Further, in terms of the Rule 117(4) of CGST Rules 2017 a registered person who
was not registered under the existing law shall eligible to availment of Credit.
However, this provision is not made applicable under the provisions of UTGST
Rules.
(c) For Amendment to the Rule 119 of CGST Rules 2017 for the purpose of
application of UTGST Rules 2017
Rule 119 of UTGST Rules 2017 provides declaration of stock held by principal and
agent shall be within 90 days of the appointed day (w.e.f.01.07.2017) electronically in
693 UGST Act

Form GST TRAN-1. Section 142(14) is not traceable to the CGST Act, 2017, as a
corollary one may have to fall back on the SGST Legislation.
Other rules of UGST shall be same as of Central Goods of Services Tax Rule, 2017
Explanation:- For the purposes of these rules, it is hereby clarified that all references to
section 140 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017, shall be construed to refer to
section 18 of the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017.

GOODS AND SERVICE TAX (COMPENSATION TO STATES)
ACT, 2017
The Goods and Service Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017 provides for a mechanism to
compensate the States on account of loss of revenue which may arise due to implementation
of the Goods and Services Tax read together with the Constitutional (one Hundred and First
Amendment) Act, 2016, for a period of 5 years.
This Act, inter-alia provides:
(a) That the base year during the transition period shall be reckoned as the financial year
2015-16 for the purpose of calculating compensation amount payable to the States;
(b) That the revenue proposed to be compensated would consist of revenues from all taxes
that stands subsumed into the GST law, as audited by the CAG;
(c) For reckoning the growth rate of revenue subsumed for a State at 14% per annum;
(d) That the compensation will be released bi-monthly based on the provisional numbers
furnished by the Central Accounting Authorities and the final adjustment to be done
after the accounts are subjected to audit by CAG;
(e) That the revenue foregone on account of grant of exemption in the 11 special
categories State (Article 279A), be counted for the purpose of determining revenue for
the base year 2015-16;
(f) That the revenue of States directly devolved to Mandi / Municipalities would be
considered as revenue subsumed;
(g) Levy of a cess over and above the GST on certain notified goods to compensate States
for 5 years on account of revenue loss suffered by them;
(h) That the proceeds of the cess will be utilised to compensate States that warrant
payment of compensation;
(i) That 50% of the amount remaining unutilised in the fund at the end of the fifth year will
be transferred to the Centre and the balance 50% would be distributed amongst the
State and Union Territories in the ratio of total revenues from SGST / UTGST of the fifth
year;
Relevant Sections of the GST Compensation Act warranting attention are reproduced
below:
2. Definitions:
(c) “cess” means the goods and service tax compensation cess levied under section 8;
(g) “input tax” in relation to a taxable person, means:
(i) the cess charged on any supply of goods or services or both to him;
Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017
(ii) the cess charged on import of goods, and includes the cess payable on reverse
charge basis;
(p) “taxable supply’’ means a supply of goods or services or both which is chargeable to
the cess under this Act;
8. Levy and Collection of Cess
(1). There shall be levied a cess on such intra-State supplies of goods or services or both
as provided for in Section 9 of CGST Act and such inter-State supplies of goods or services
or both as provided for in Section 5 of IGST Act, 2017 and collected in such manner as may
be prescribed on the recommendations of the Council, for the purposes of providing
compensation to the States for loss of revenue arising on account of implementation of the
goods and services tax with effect from the date from which the Central Goods and Service
Tax Act is brought into force for a period of five years or for such period as may be
prescribed on the recommendations of the council.
Provided that no such cess shall be leviable on supplies made by a taxable person who has
decided to opt for composition levy under section 10 of the Central Goods and Service Tax
Act.
(2). The cess shall be levied on such supplies of goods and services as are specified in
column 2 of the Schedule, on the basis of value, quantity or on such basis at such rate not
exceeding the rate set-forth in the corresponding entry in column 4 of the Schedule, as the
Central Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification in the
Official Gazetted, specify.
Provided that where the cess is chargeable on any supply of goods or services or both with
reference to their value, for each such supply the value shall be determined under Section
15 of the Central Goods and Service Tax Act for intra-State and inter-State supplies of
goods or services or both.
Provided further that the cess on goods imported into India shall be levied and collected in
accordance with the provisions of Section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975(51 of 1975), at
the point when duties of customs are levied on the said goods under Section 12 of the
Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962), on a value determined under the Customs Tariff Act, 1975.
9. Returns, Payments and Refunds
(1) Every taxable person registered making a taxable supply of goods or services or both,
shall –
(a) Pay the amount of cess as payable under this Act in such manner;
(b) Furnish such returns in such forms, along with the returns to be filed under the
Central Goods and Services Tax Act; and
(c) Apply for refunds of such cess paid in such form, as may be prescribed.

(2) For all purposes of furnishing of returns and claiming refunds, except for the form to be
filed, the provisions of the Central Goods and Service Tax Act and the rules made
thereafter, shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to the levy and collection of the cess
leviable under section 8 on all taxable supplies of goods or services or both, as they apply in
relation to the levy and collection of Central Tax on such supplies under the said Act or the
rules made thereunder.
11. Other Provisions Relating to Cess
(1) The provisions of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act and the rules made
thereunder, including those relating to assessment, input tax credit, non-levy, short-levy,
interest, appeals, offences and penalties, shall, as far as may be, mutatis mutandis apply in
relation to the levy and collection of the cess leviable under Section 8 on the intrastate
supply of goods and services, as they apply in relation to the levy and collection of Central
Tax on such intra-state supplies under the said Act or the rules made thereunder.
(2) The provisions of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, and the rules made
thereunder, including those relating to assessment, input tax credit, non-levy, short-levy,
interest, appeals, offences and penalties, shall mutatis mutandis apply in relation to the levy
and collection of the cess leviable under Section 8 on the inter-state supply of goods and
services, as they apply in relation to the levy and collection of Integrated Goods Tax on such
inter-state supplies under the said Act or the rules made thereunder.
Provided that the input tax credit in respect of Cess on supply of goods and services
leviable under Section 8, shall be utilised only towards payment of said Cess on supply of
goods and services leviable under the said Section.
Note: The CGST Rules, 2017 would apply mutatis mutandis to the GST Compensation
Act, 2017 other than the rules relating to Composition (Rule 3 to 7) and Transitional
Provisions (Rule 117 to 121)

1. Notification No. 1/2017 dated 28.06.2017 - GST Cess Rate notifying the rates of cess on
goods (as amended from time to time)
2. Notification No. 2/2017 dated 28.06.2017 - GST Cess Rate notifying the rates of cess on
services (as amended from time to time)
3. Notification No. 4/2017 dated 20.07.2017 - GST Cess Rate regarding exemption to intra-
State supplies of second hand goods received by a registered person, dealing in buying and
selling of second hand goods
4. Notification No. 7/2017 dated 13.10.2017 - GST Cess Rate regarding reduced rate of cess
on the leasing of motor vehicles (purchased and supplied on lease before 01.07.2017)
5. Notification No. 1/2018 dated 25.01.2018 – GST Cess Rate regarding exemption from cess
on all old and used motor vehicles on which supplier has not availed any credits
GST Compensation Act 697

6. Circular No. 1/1/2017-Compensation Cess dated 26.07.2017 regarding applicability of

Section 16 of the IGST Act, 2017 (zero rated supply) for the purpose of Compensation Cess
on exports
Salient features of the GST Compensation Act:

I. Levy of cess:
 GST Compensation Cess (under Section 8 of the Act) will be levied on all intra-State
and inter-State supplies of goods or services or both, including import of goods.
 The following supplies will be liable at the rate specified below:
o Pan Masala ( 60% ad valorem)
o Tobacco and Tobacco products (Rs. 4,170 per 1,000 sticks or 290% ad valorem
or a combination thereof)
o Coal, briquettes and similar solid fuels (Rs. 400 per tonne)
o Aerated Water (12% ad valorem)
o Used and old Motor vehicles, Ambulance, Cars for physically handicapped
persons, Electrically operated vehicles, Three wheeled vehicles, Motor vehicles
of engine capacity not exceeding 1500cc and of length not exceeding 4000 mm
(NIL)
o Motor cars and passenger motor vehicles (15% ad valorem), SUVs (22% ad
valorem)
 The Cess would not be leviable on supplies made by a person who has opted for
composition levy.
 Those supplies that are liable to tax with reference to their value (i.e. all supplies except
coal, briquettes and similar solid fuels), are to be determined based on the Valuation
provisions under Section 15 of the CGST Act.
 The cess levied under this Act would be payable over and above the CGST,
SGST/UTGST and IGST tax leviable on. Cess would be levied on whole value exclusive
of GST i.e. for Transaction value as per Section 15 is Rs. 100 and GST Rate is 18%
then Cess would be levied on Rs. 100 Calculation would be Rs. 100+18% GST+ %
Compensation Cess (as specified).
 Dealer of second hand goods: The levy of Cess has been exempted on intra-State
procurement of second hand goods from an un-registered supplier when purchased by
a registered person dealing in buying and selling of second hand goods and who pays
the Cess on the margin basis of computation envisaged under rule 32(5) of the CGST
Rules, 2017.
 The Central Government reduced the rate of Cess at 65% of the Cess which is
otherwise payable on supply of motor vehicles which are purchased or leased before

July 1, 2017 subject to the condition that such supplier has not availed input tax credit
of Central Excise Duty or VAT or any other taxes paid thereon w.e.f. 13.10.2017.
 As a further relief measure, the Central Government has prescribed ‘NIL’ rate of Cess
on supply of all old and used motor vehicles on which supplier has not availed CENVAT
or VAT credit under the earlier regime or input tax credit in GST regime w.e.f.
25.01.2018.
 The scope and applicability of the notifications issued in respect of old and used motor
vehicles (MV), can be better understood by a comparative analysis as summarised
below:
Particulars Notification No. 7/2017– Notification No. 1/2018
Compensation Cess (Rate) Compensation Cess (Rate)
dated 13th October, 2017 dated 25th January, 2018
Scope a. MV purchased and leased All old and used MVs
prior to July 1, 2017 which Note:
are continued to be leased in 1. Not applicable on lease
GST regime transactions.
b. MV purchased prior to July 2. Can be purchased either
1, 2017 and supplied in GST before or after July 1, 2017
regime
Rate of Cess 65% of Cess payable NIL
Condition Input tax credit (ITC) of Central ITC not taken in GST regime or
Excise duty, VAT or any other CENVAT credit or VAT credit
taxes paid is not taken not availed in earlier regime
Refund of Cess upon Export:
 Exporter will be eligible to claim refund of Cess paid under the Act on export of goods
on the similar lines as refund of IGST paid on exports. Further, Cess will not be charged
on goods exported by an exporter under bond / LUT and refund of input tax credit of
Cess relating to goods exported will be available on similar lines as refund of input
taxes in relation to zero-rated supplies.
II. Determination of Base Year Revenue:
 The Compensation amount to be paid in any year during the transition period is to be
computed taking the base year as 2015-16 only.
 The provisions of Section 5(1) of the said Act lists the taxes imposed by State / Union
that stand subsumed into the GST while the proviso to Section 5(1) lists out the taxes
that shall not be included for calculation of base year revenue. The revenue collected by
the States on account of the said taxed detailed in Section 5(1) of the Act alone would
be considered for the determination of Base Year Revenue;
GST Compensation Act 699

 The revenue collected would always be reckoned as ‘net of refunds’;

 The transition period will be the period of 5 years from the date when the respective
SGST Acts commence.
III. Input Tax Credit and returns:
 Input Tax Credit on inward supplies liable to cess can be utilized only for payment of
cess on outward supplies liable to cess under the Act.
 A taxable person effecting supplies chargeable to cess is required to file returns along
with the returns prescribed under the CGST Act.
IV. General
 All provisions of CGST Act and IGST Act including input tax credit, assessment,
offences, penalties, interest, non-levy and short-levy will apply in relation to the levy and
collection of cess on intra-State and inter-State supply, respectively.
Note: The relevant notifications on Compensation Cess have been provided in
forthcoming pages of this publication

NOTE ON STATE GST LAWS & RULES
In the scheme of overall implementation of GST, the Parliament enacts Central GST Act,
Integrated GST Act, Union Territory GST Act (which is a single law enacted by the Parliament
in respect of all the 5 Union Territories without legislature) and when it comes to State GST
Acts, each of the State legislatures are to enact their respective State GST enactments and
frame Rules thereunder.
As discussed in this background material in detail, on intra-state supply of goods or services,
two levies would stand attracted, i.e. Central GST and State GST in case of States and Union
Territories with legislature (Delhi and Puducherry) ; Central GST and Union Territory GST in
case of Union Territories (5 Union Territories). When the same transaction attracts two taxes,
both the enactments should operate simultaneously in the absence of which compliance with
law arises. In that direction, the GST Council had provided to all the States, a version of State
GST law for enactment in the respective States. It is needless to say that all the States have
more or less followed the CGST Act, 2017 to enact their State level GST laws. In respect of
certain goods which still attract Value Added Taxes / Central Sales tax in respect of a
transaction of sale, some States have still retained certain powers through the “repeal and
savings provision” in the State Level GST enactments.
The GST shall have two components: one levied by the Centre (referred to as Central GST
or CGST), and the other levied by the States (referred to as State GST or SGST). Rates for
Central GST and State GST would be approved appropriately, reflecting revenue
considerations and acceptability.
The CGST and the SGST would be applicable to all transactions of goods and services made
for a consideration except the exempted goods and services.
Cross utilization of ITC both in case of Inputs and capital goods between the CGST and the
SGST would not be permitted except in the case of inter-State supply of goods and services
(i.e. IGST).
The Centre and the States would have concurrent jurisdiction for the entire value chain and for
all taxpayers on the basis of thresholds for goods and services prescribed for the States and
the Centre.
All the States have passed the State GST Acts including J&K whether through an ordinance or
through the respective legislatures. On a perusal of the same it can be seen that almost all
the provisions are identical with the provisions of Central GST Act, 2017 with suitable
modifications as to State GST.
In this background material:
The rules are considered and discussed at appropriate places / sections / chapters. These
rules are issued under the delegated legislation by the Central Government in so far as the
CGST, IGST and UTGST laws are concerned whereas it is issued by the respective State
Government when it comes to SGST law.
Note on State GST Laws & Rules
Special Category States under GST include:

1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Assam
3. Himachal Pradesh
4. Jammu and Kashmir
5. Manipur
6. Meghalaya
7. Mizoram
8. Nagaland
9. Sikkim
10. Tripura
11. Uttarakhand
Aggregate Turnover Limit for Registration as per CGST Act, 2017:
Section 22 of the CGST Act, 2017 provides that every supplier shall be liable to be registered
under this Act, in the State or Union territory, other than special category States, from where
he makes a taxable supply of goods or services or both, if his aggregate turnover (refer 2(6) of
the CGST Act, 2017) in a financial year exceeds twenty lakh rupees:
Provided that where such person makes taxable supplies of goods or services or both from
any of the special category States, he shall be liable to be registered if his aggregate turnover
in a financial year exceeds ten lakh rupees.
SGST Law for special category States without the proviso
Every supplier making a taxable supply of goods or services or both in the State, shall be
liable to be registered under this Act if his aggregate turnover in a financial year exceeds ten
lakh rupees.
It is important to note that in respect of the notifications issued under the CGST Act, 2017 the
presumption is that it would equally apply to the State / Union Territory GST law, as well. At
this juncture, it is noticed that several States have not issued the corresponding notifications
under the respective State Level GST laws. This, in the normal course must not affect the
taxability or otherwise, of such transactions. It would be a good practice that States follow this
requirement scrupulously to avoid any misunderstanding.
One can go with the assumption that in the normal course the State GST Laws would be pari-
materia with the CGST Laws / Rules framed thereunder.

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Background Material on

GST Acts and Rules

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Committee/Department : Indirect Taxes Committee

Website : www.icai.org; www.idtc.icai.org

Published by : The Publication Department on behalf of the Institute of

CA. Naveen ND Gupta

CA. Madhukar Narayan Hiregange CA. Sushil Kumar Goyal

V. NOTE ON STATE GST LAWS & RULES 701-702

I. THE CENTRAL GOODS AND SERVICES TAX ACT, 2017 703-1087

IMPORTANT NOTIFICATIONS 1089-1395

IMPORTANT CIRCULARS 1397-1521

IMPORTANT ORDERS 1523-1531

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Articles 268: Stamp duties are in Union list- collected by State.

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(15) “authorised representative” means the representative as referred to in section 116;

The following persons cannot act as authorized representatives:

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component cannot become a ‘business vertical’ merely based on geographical

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Examples of continuous supply of goods are:

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Examples of continuous supply of services:

(j) Imposition of additional taxes in times of calamities and disasters

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(a) Supplies taxable at a ‘NIL’ rate of tax;

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(a) Having a sufficient degree of permanence;

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(c) Make deposits in the Electronic Credit Ledger;

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(70) “location of the recipient of services” means, —

The determination of the location of the supplier of services is equally complicated, as is in

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Type of Supply Output tax Reference

The following aspects need to be noted:

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(85) “place of business” includes––

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Note the remarkable resemblance to the reference in parallel to paragraph 3, schedule I.

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(a) Schedule I: Activities to be treated as supply even if made without consideration

(ii) Government securities;

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(103) “State” includes a Union territory with Legislature;

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