Aung San Suu Kyi

Aung San Suu Kyi (/aʊŋˌsæn.suːˈtʃiː/; Burmese: ေအာင်ဆန်းစ ကည်; MLCTS:

Her Excellency
aung hcan: cu. krany Burmese pronunciation: [àʊɴ sʰ áɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June
Aung San Suu Kyi
1945) is a Burmese politician, diplomat, author, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
(1991). She is the leader of the National League for Democracy and the first ေအာင်ဆ န်း စ ကည်
and incumbent State Counsellor, a position akin to a prime minister.[4] She is
also the first woman to serve as Minister for Foreign Affairs, for the President's
Office, for Electric Power and Energy, and for Education. From 2012 to 2016
she was an MP for Kawhmu Township to the House of Representatives.

The youngest daughter of Aung San, Father of the Nation of modern-day

Myanmar, and Khin Kyi, Aung San Suu Kyi was born in Rangoon, British
Burma. After graduating from the University of Delhi in 1964 and the
University of Oxford in 1968, she worked at the United Nations for three years.
She married Michael Aris in 1972, with whom she had two children. Aung San
Suu Kyi rose to prominence in the 1988 Uprisings, and became the General
Secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD), which she had newly
formed with the help of several retired army officials who criticized the military
junta. In the 1990 elections, NLD won 81% of the seats in Parliament, but the
results were nullified, as the military refused to hand over power, resulting in an
international outcry. She had, however, already been detained under house
arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest for almost 15 of the
1st State Counsellor of Myanmar
21 years from 1989 to 2010, becoming one of the world's most prominent
Incumbent
political prisoners.
Assumed office
Her party boycotted the 2010 elections, resulting in a decisive victory for the 6 April 2016
military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Aung San Suu Kyi President Htin Kyaw
became a Pyithu Hluttaw MP while her party won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in Myint Swe (Acting)
the 2012 by-elections. In the 2015 elections, her party won a landslide victory, Win Myint
taking 86% of the seats in the Assembly of the Union – well more than the 67%
Preceded by Thein Sein (Prime
supermajority needed to ensure that its preferred candidates were elected
Minister, 2011)
President and Second Vice President in the Presidential Electoral College.
Although she was prohibited from becoming the President due to a clause in the Minister of Foreign Affairs
constitution – her late husband and children are foreign citizens – she assumed Incumbent
the newly created role of State Counsellor, a role akin to a Prime Minister or a Assumed office
head of government. Aung San Suu Kyi's honours include the Nobel Peace 30 March 2016
Prize, which she won in 1991. Time Magazine named her one of the "Children President Htin Kyaw
of Gandhi" and his spiritual heir to nonviolence.[5] Myint Swe (Acting)
Win Myint
Since ascending to the office of State Counsellor, Aung San Suu Kyi has drawn
criticism from several countries, organisations and figures over her alleged Deputy Kyaw Tin (2016–
inaction in response to the persecution of the Rohingya people in Rakhine State 2017)

Preceded by Wunna Maung Lwin

and refusal to accept that Myanmar's military has committed Minister of the President's Office
massacres.[6][7][8][9][10] Under her leadership, Myanmar has also drawn Incumbent
criticism for prosecutions of journalists.[11] Assumed office
30 March 2016
President Htin Kyaw
Contents Myint Swe (Acting)
Win Myint
Name
Personal life
Preceded by Aung Min
Hla Tun
Political career
Political beginning Soe Maung
1990 general election and Nobel Peace Prize Soe Thein
1996 attack Thein Nyunt
House arrest Minister of Education
United Nations involvement
In office
Periods under detention
30 March 2016 – 5 April 2016
2007 anti-government protests
2009 trespass incident President Htin Kyaw
Late 2000s: International support for release Preceded by Khin San Yi
2010 release
Succeeded by Myo Thein Gyi
2012 by-elections
2015 general election Minister of Electricity and Energy
Foreign Minister and State Counsellor (2016–present) In office
Response to violence against Rohingya Muslims and 30 March 2016 – 5 April 2016
refugees
Arrests and prosecution of journalists President Htin Kyaw

Political beliefs Preceded by Khin Maung Soe

Related organisations
Zeya Aung

In popular culture Succeeded by Pe Zin Tun

Health problems President of the National League
for Democracy
Books
Incumbent
Honours
Assumed office
See also
18 November 2011
References
Bibliography Preceded by Aung Shwe
Further reading Leader of the Opposition
External links In office
2 May 2012 – 29 January 2016
President Thein Sein
Name Preceded by Sai Hla Kyaw
Aung San Suu Kyi, like other Burmese names, includes no surname, but is only General Secretary of the National
a personal name, in her case derived from three relatives: "Aung San" from her League for Democracy
father, "Suu" from her paternal grandmother, and "Kyi" from her mother Khin In office
Kyi.[12] 27 September 1988 – 18 November
2011
The Burmese refer to her as Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Daw, literally meaning
Preceded by Position established
"aunt", is not part of her name but is an honorific for any older and revered
Succeeded by Position abolished
woman, akin to "Madam".[13] Burmese sometimes address her as Daw Suu or
Amay Suu ("Mother Suu").[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Member of the Burmese House of
Representatives
for Kawhmu
Personal life In office
Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in Rangoon (now Yangon),
2 May 2012 – 30 March 2016
British Burma. According to Peter Popham, she was born in a small village Preceded by Soe Tint
outside Rangoon called Hmway Saung.[22] Her father, Aung San, allied with Succeeded by Vacant
the Japanese during World War II. Aung San founded the modern Burmese
Majority 46,73 (71.38%)
army and negotiated Burma's independence from the United Kingdom in 1947;
Personal details
he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her mother,
Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Born 19 June 1945
Aung San Lin died at the age of eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake Rangoon, Burma
on the grounds of the house.[12] Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, (now Yangon,

California, becoming a United States citizen.[12] After Aung San Lin's death, Myanmar)

the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Aung San Suu Kyi met people Political party National League for
of various backgrounds, political views and religions.[23] She was educated in Democracy
Methodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1
Height 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
Dagon) for much of her childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a
Spouse(s) Michael Aris
talent for learning languages.[24] She speaks four languages: Burmese, English,
(m. 1972;
French and Japanese.[25] She is a Theravada Buddhist. died 1999)

Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political figure in the Children 2, including
newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador Alexander Aris
to India and Nepal in 1960, and Aung San Suu Kyi followed her there. She Parents Aung San (father)
studied in the Convent of Jesus and Mary School in New Delhi, and graduated Khin Kyi (mother)
from Lady Shri Ram College, a constituent college of the University of Delhi in
Residence 54 University
New Delhi, with a degree in politics in 1964.[26][27] Suu Kyi continued her
Avenue
education at St Hugh's College, Oxford, obtaining a B.A. degree in Philosophy,
Alma mater University of Delhi
Politics and Economics in 1967,[28] graduating with a third-class
St Hugh's College,
degree[29][30][31] and M.A. degree in politics in 1968. After graduating, she
Oxford
lived in New York City with family friend Ma Than E, who was once a popular
SOAS, University of
Burmese pop singer.[32] She worked at the United Nations for three years,
London (Ph.D.)[1][2]
primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr. Michael
Aris.[33] On 1 January 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi and Aris, a scholar of Tibetan Awards Rafto Prize
culture and literature, living abroad in Bhutan, were married.[26][34] The Sakharov Prize
following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London; their Nobel Peace Prize
second son, Kim, was born in 1977. Between 1985 and 1987, Aung San Suu Jawaharlal Nehru
Kyi was working toward an M.Phil. degree in Burmese literature as a research Award
student at SOAS, the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of International Simón
London.[35][36] She was elected as an Honorary Fellow of St Hugh's in Bolívar Prize
1990.[26] For two years, she was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Olof Palme Prize
Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked for the government of the Bhagwan Mahavir
Union of Burma. She received a doctor's degree at the School of Oriental and World Peace
African Studies, University of London in 1985.[2] Congressional Gold
Medal
In 1988, Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to tend for her ailing
Signature
mother but later to lead the pro-democracy movement. Aris' visit in Christmas
1995 turned out to be the last time that he and Aung San Suu Kyi met, as Aung Website Party website (http://
San Suu Kyi remained in Burma and the Burmese dictatorship denied him any eng.nldchairperson.
further entry visas.[26] Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1997 which org)
was later found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and
organizations, including the United States, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II,
the Burmese government would not grant Aris a visa, saying that they did not have the facilities to care
for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. She was at that time
temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to depart, fearing that she would be refused re-
entry if she left, as she did not trust the military junta's assurance that she could return.[37] A family portrait,
with Aung San
Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under Suu Kyi (in
white) as a
house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She was also
toddler, taken
separated from her children, who live in the United Kingdom, but starting in 2011, they have visited her
shortly before
in Burma.[38] her father's
assassination in
On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Aung San Suu Kyi's dilapidated lakeside bungalow 1947
lost its roof and electricity, while the cyclone also left entire villages in the Irrawaddy delta
submerged.[39] Plans to renovate and repair the house were announced in August 2009.[40] Suu Kyi was
released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[41]

Political career

Political beginning
Coincidentally, when Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma in 1988, the long-time military leader of A portrait of
Burma and head of the ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down. Mass demonstrations for Khin Kyi and her
family in 1948.
democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 (8–8–88, a day seen as auspicious), which were
Aung San Suu
violently suppressed in what came to be known as the 8888 Uprising. On 26 August 1988, she
Kyi is seated on
addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling the floor.
for a democratic government.[26] However, in September, a new military junta took power.

Influenced[42] by both Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence[43][44] and more specifically by

Buddhist concepts,[45] Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for democratization, helped found
the National League for Democracy on 27 September 1988,[46] but was put under house arrest on 20
July 1989. Offered freedom if she left the country, she refused. Despite her philosophy of non-violence,
a group of ex-military commanders and senior politicians who joined NLD during the crisis believed
that she was too confrontational and left NLD. However, she retained enormous popularity and support
among NLD youths with whom she spent most of her time.[47]

During her time under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi devoted herself to Buddhist meditation practices Aung San Suu
and to studying Buddhist thought. This deeper interest in Buddhism is reflected in her writings as more Kyi at the age of
emphasis is put on love and compassion.[48] There also emerged more discussion on the compatibility 6
of democracy and Buddhism and the ability of gaining freedom from an authoritarian government
through Buddhism.[49]

During the crisis, the previous democratically elected Prime Minister of Burma, U Nu, initiated to form an interim government
and invited opposition leaders to join him. Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had signaled his readiness to recognize the interim
government. However, Aung San Suu Kyi categorically rejected U Nu's plan by saying "the future of the opposition would be
decided by masses of the people". Ex-Brigadier General Aung Gyi, another influential politician at the time of the 8888 crisis and
the first chairman in the history of the NLD, followed the suit and rejected the plan after Aung San Suu Kyi's refusal.[50] Aung
Gyi later accused several NLD members of being communists and resigned from
the party.[47]

1990 general election and Nobel Peace Prize

In 1990, the military junta called a general election, in which the National
League for Democracy (NLD) received 59% of the votes, guaranteeing NLD
80% of the parliament seats. Some claim that Aung San Suu Kyi would have
assumed the office of Prime Minister;[51] in fact, however, as she was not
Aung San Suu Kyi arrives to give a
permitted, she did not stand as a candidate in the elections (although being a speech to the supporters during the
member of parliament is not a strict prerequisite for becoming prime minister in 2012 by-election campaign at her
most parliamentary systems). Instead, the results were nullified and the military constituency Kawhmu township,
refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. Aung San Suu Myanmar on 22 March 2012.
Kyi was placed under house arrest at her home on University Avenue
(16°49′32″N 96°9′1″E) in Rangoon, during which time she was awarded the
Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize the
year after. Her sons Alexander and Kim accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on her
behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi used the Nobel Peace Prize's US$1.3 million prize
money to establish a health and education trust for the Burmese people.[52]
Around this time, Aung San Suu Kyi chose non-violence as an expedient
political tactic, stating in 2007, "I do not hold to non-violence for moral reasons,
but for political and practical reasons."[53]
Suu Kyi meets with Edgardo
Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. The decision of Boeninger of the National
the Nobel Committee mentions:[54] Democratic Institute for International
Affairs in 1995.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the
Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar
(Burma) for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human
rights.

... Suu Kyi's struggle is one of the most extraordinary examples

of civil courage in Asia in recent decades. She has become an
important symbol in the struggle against oppression ...

... In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu
Kyi, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to honour this
woman for her unflagging efforts and to show its support for the
many people throughout the world who are striving to attain
democracy, human rights and ethnic conciliation by peaceful
means.

— Oslo, 14 October 1991

In 1995 Aung San Suu Kyi delivered the keynote address at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing.[55]

1996 attack
On 9 November 1996, the motorcade that Aung San Suu Kyi was traveling in with other National League for Democracy leaders
Tin Oo and Kyi Maung, was attacked in Yangon. About 200 men swooped down on the motorcade, wielding metal chains, metal
batons, stones and other weapons. The car that Aung San Suu Kyi was in had its rear window smashed, and the car with Tin Oo
and Kyi Maung had its rear window and two backdoor windows shattered. It is believed the offenders were members of the
Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) who were allegedly paid 500 kyats (@ USD $0.50) each to participate.
The NLD lodged an official complaint with the police, and according to reports the government launched an investigation, but no
action was taken. (Amnesty International 120297)[56]

House arrest
Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest for a total of 15 years over a 21-year period, on numerous occasions, since she
began her political career,[57] during which time she was prevented from meeting her party supporters and international visitors.
In an interview, she said that while under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her
husband had sent her.[58] She also passed the time playing the piano, and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats
as well as from her personal physician.[59]

Although under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi was granted permission to leave Burma under the condition that she never
return, which she refused: "As a mother, the greater sacrifice was giving up my sons, but I was always aware of the fact that
others had given up more than me. I never forget that my colleagues who are in prison suffer not only physically, but mentally for
their families who have no security outside- in the larger prison of Burma under authoritarian rule."[60]

The media were also prevented from visiting Aung San Suu Kyi, as occurred in 1998 when journalist Maurizio Giuliano, after
photographing her, was stopped by customs officials who then confiscated all his films, tapes and some notes.[61] In contrast,
Aung San Suu Kyi did have visits from government representatives, such as during her autumn 1994 house arrest when she met
the leader of Burma, General Than Shwe and General Khin Nyunt on 20 September in the first meeting since she had been placed
in detention.[26] On several occasions during her house arrest, she had periods of poor health and as a result was hospitalized.[62]

The Burmese government detained and kept Aung San Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her as someone "likely to
undermine the community peace and stability" of the country, and used both Article 10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection
Act (granting the government the power to imprison people for up to five years without a trial),[63] and Section 22 of the "Law to
Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts" as legal tools against her.[64] She
continuously appealed her detention,[65] and many nations and figures continued to call for her release and that of 2,100 other
political prisoners in the country.[66][67] On 12 November 2010, days after the junta-backed Union Solidarity and Development
Party (USDP) won elections conducted after a gap of 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign orders allowing SAung San uu
Kyi's release,[68] and Suu Kyi's house arrest term came to an end on 13 November 2010.

United Nations involvement

The United Nations (UN) has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Aung San Suu Kyi.[26] On 6 May 2002,
following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the government released her; a government spokesman said that
she was free to move "because we are confident that we can trust each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the
country". However, on 30 May 2003 in an incident similar to the 1996 attack on her, a government-sponsored mob attacked her
caravan in the northern village of Depayin, murdering and wounding many of her supporters.[69] Aung San Suu Kyi fled the
scene with the help of her driver, Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reaching Ye-U. The government imprisoned her at Insein
Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent a hysterectomy in September 2003,[70] the government again placed her under house
arrest in Rangoon.
The results from the UN facilitation have been mixed; Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma, met with Aung San Suu Kyi.
Ismail resigned from his post the following year, partly because he was denied re-entry to Burma on several occasions.[71]
Several years later in 2006, Ibrahim Gambari, UN Undersecretary-General (USG) of Department of Political Affairs, met with
Aung San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign official since 2004.[72] He also met with Suu Kyi later the same year.[73] On 2
October 2007 Gambari returned to talk to her again after seeing Than Shwe and other members of the senior leadership in
Naypyidaw.[74] State television broadcast Aung San Suu Kyi with Gambari, stating that they had met twice. This was Aung San
Suu Kyi's first appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention began.[75]

The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention published an Opinion that Aung San Suu Kyi's deprivation of liberty
was arbitrary and in contravention of Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, and requested that the
authorities in Burma set her free, but the authorities ignored the request at that time.[76] The U.N. report said that according to the
Burmese Government's reply, "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has not been arrested, but has only been taken into protective custody, for
her own safety", and while "it could have instituted legal action against her under the country's domestic legislation ... it has
preferred to adopt a magnanimous attitude, and is providing her with protection in her own interests".[76]

Such claims were rejected by Brig-General Khin Yi, Chief of Myanmar Police Force (MPF). On 18 January 2007, the state-run
paper New Light of Myanmar accused Suu Kyi of tax evasion for spending her Nobel Prize money outside the country. The
accusation followed the defeat of a US-sponsored United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to
international security; the resolution was defeated because of strong opposition from China, which has strong ties with the
military junta (China later voted against the resolution, along with Russia and South Africa).[77]

In November 2007, it was reported that Aung San Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National League for Democracy along
with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official announcement on state TV and radio just hours after UN special
envoy Ibrahim Gambari ended his second visit to Burma. The NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with
Suu Kyi.[78] However, the process delivered few concrete results.

On 3 July 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into releasing Aung San Suu Kyi and to
institute democratic reform. However, on departing from Burma, Ban Ki-moon said he was "disappointed" with the visit after
junta leader Than Shwe refused permission for him to visit Aung San Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was "deeply
disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity".[79]

Periods under detention

20 July 1989: Placed under house arrest in Rangoon under martial law that allows for detention without charge or
trial for three years.[26]
10 July 1995: Released from house arrest.[12]
23 September 2000: Placed under house arrest.[57]
6 May 2002: Released after 19 months.[57]
30 May 2003: Arrested following the Depayin massacre, she was held in secret detention for more than three
months before being returned to house arrest.[80]
25 May 2007: House arrest extended by one year despite a direct appeal from U.N. Secretary-General Kofi
Annan to General Than Shwe.[81]
24 October 2007: Reached 12 years under house arrest, solidarity protests held at 12 cities around the world.[82]
27 May 2008: House arrest extended for another year, which is illegal under both international law and Burma's
own law.[83]
11 August 2009: House arrest extended for 18 more months because of "violation" arising from the May 2009
trespass incident.
13 November 2010: Released from house arrest.[84]
2007 anti-government protests
Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases, and continued each day, despite
the threat of a crackdown by the military.[85]

On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of her
residence in Yangon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who were marching in support of human rights.[86] It was
reported that she had been moved the following day to Insein Prison (where she had been detained in 2003),[87][88][89][90] but
meetings with UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari near her Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October established that she remained
under house arrest.[91][92]

2009 trespass incident

On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified as John Yettaw, swam across Inya
Lake to her house uninvited and was arrested when he made his return trip three
days later.[93] He had attempted to make a similar trip two years earlier, but for
unknown reasons was turned away.[94] He later claimed at trial that he was
motivated by a divine vision requiring him to notify her of an impending
terrorist assassination attempt.[95] On 13 May, Aung San Suu Kyi was arrested
for violating the terms of her house arrest because the swimmer, who pleaded
exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days before he attempted
the swim back. Aung San Suu Kyi was later taken to Insein Prison, where she US Senator Jim Webb visiting Aung
could have faced up to five years confinement for the intrusion.[96] The trial of San Suu Kyi in 2009. Webb
Aung San Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of negotiated the release of John
protesters gathered outside.[97][98] Diplomats and journalists were barred from Yettaw, the man who trespassed in
attending the trial; however, on one occasion, several diplomats from Russia, Suu Kyi's home, resulting in her
arrest and conviction with three
Thailand and Singapore and journalists were allowed to meet Aung San Suu
years' hard labour.
Kyi.[99] The prosecution had originally planned to call 22 witnesses.[100] It also
accused John Yettaw of embarrassing the country.[101] During the ongoing
defence case, Aung San Suu Kyi said she was innocent. The defence was allowed to call only one witness (out of four), while the
prosecution was permitted to call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses, NLD members Tin Oo and Win Tin,
and permitted the defence to call only a legal expert.[102] According to one unconfirmed report, the junta was planning to, once
again, place her in detention, this time in a military base outside the city.[103] In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Suu Kyi's
house to warn her that her life was "in danger".[104] The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit"
in the case filed against Aung San Suu Kyi.[105] According to aides, Aung San Suu Kyi spent her 64th birthday in jail sharing
biryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.[106]

Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations
Security Council,[107] Western governments,[108] South Africa,[109] Japan[110] and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations,
of which Burma is a member.[111] The Burmese government strongly condemned the statement, as it created an "unsound
tradition"[112] and criticised Thailand for meddling in its internal affairs.[113] The Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win was
quoted in the state-run newspaper New Light of Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international
pressure on Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive changes in those
countries' policies toward Burma".[101] Ban responded to an international campaign[114] by flying to Burma to negotiate, but
Than Shwe rejected all of his requests.[115]

On 11 August 2009 the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour. This
sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of 18 months.[116] On 14 August, US Senator Jim Webb
visited Burma, visiting with junta leader Gen. Than Shwe and later with Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's
release and deportation from Burma.[117] Following the verdict of the trial, lawyers of Aung San Suu Kyi said they would appeal
against the 18-month sentence.[118] On 18 August, United States President Barack Obama asked the country's military leadership
to set free all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi.[119] In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued that the
conviction was unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese court on 2 October
2009. Although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under which she had been charged, was null and void,
it also said the provisions of the 1975 security law, under which she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The
verdict effectively meant that she would be unable to participate in the elections scheduled to take place in 2010 – the first in
Burma in two decades. Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new appeal within 60 days.[120]

Late 2000s: International support for release

Aung San Suu Kyi has received vocal support from Western nations in
Europe,[121] Australia[121] and North[122] and South America, as well as
India,[19] Israel,[123] Japan[124] the Philippines and South Korea.[125] In
December 2007, the US House of Representatives voted unanimously 400–0 to
award Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal; the Senate concurred
on 25 April 2008.[126] On 6 May 2008, President George W. Bush signed
legislation awarding Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal.[127] She
is the first recipient in American history to receive the prize while imprisoned.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at a
More recently, there has been growing criticism of her detention by Burma's conference in London, during 5
neighbours in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, particularly from countries tour of Europe, 2012
Indonesia,[128] Thailand,[129] the Philippines[130][131] and Singapore.[132] At
one point Malaysia warned Burma that it faced expulsion from ASEAN as a
result of the detention of Aung San Suu Kyi.[133] Other nations including South
Africa,[134] Bangladesh[135] and the Maldives[136] also called for her release.
The United Nations has urged the country to move towards inclusive national
reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for human
rights.[137] In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a
resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for Aung
San Suu Kyi's release—80 countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45
abstentions.[138] Other nations, such as China and Russia, are less critical of the The ceremony of the Sakharov Prize
regime and prefer to cooperate only on economic matters.[139] Indonesia has awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi by
urged China to push Burma for reforms.[140] However, Samak Sundaravej, Martin Schulz, inside the European
Parliament's Strasbourg hemicycle,
former Prime Minister of Thailand, criticised the amount of support for Aung
in 2013
San Suu Kyi, saying that "Europe uses Aung San Suu Kyi as a tool. If it's not
related to Aung San Suu Kyi, you can have deeper discussions with
Myanmar."[141]

Vietnam, however, did not support calls by other ASEAN member states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state media
reported Friday, 14 August 2009.[142] The state-run Việt Nam News said Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's decision 11
August 2009 to place Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest for the next 18 months, effectively barring her from elections
scheduled for 2010. "It is our view that the Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of Myanmar", Vietnamese government
spokesman Le Dung stated on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with other ASEAN member states, Dung
said Vietnam has always supported Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement the "roadmap to democracy" outlined by its
government.[143]
Nobel Peace Prize winners (Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Dalai Lama, Shirin
Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Mairead Corrigan, Rigoberta Menchú, Prof. Elie
Wiesel, US President Barack Obama, Betty Williams, Jody Williams and former
US President Jimmy Carter) called for the rulers of Burma to release Aung San
Suu Kyi in order to "create the necessary conditions for a genuine dialogue with
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all concerned parties and ethnic groups in order to
achieve an inclusive national reconciliation with the direct support of the United
Nations".[26] Some of the money she received as part of the award helps fund
London-based charity Prospect Burma, which provides higher education grants
to Burmese students.[144]

It was announced prior to the 2010 Burmese general election that Aung San Suu
Kyi may be released "so she can organize her party",[145] However, Aung San
Suu Kyi was not allowed to run.[146] On 1 October 2010 the government
announced that she would be released on 13 November 2010.[147]
May 2009 demonstration for Aung
US President Barack Obama personally advocated the release of all political San Suu Kyi in Rome, Italy
prisoners, especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of
2009.[148]

The US Government hoped that successful general elections would be an

optimistic indicator of the Burmese government's sincerity towards eventual
democracy.[149] The Hatoyama government which spent 2.82 billion yen in
2008, has promised more Japanese foreign aid to encourage Burma to release
Aung San Suu Kyi in time for the elections; and to continue moving towards
democracy and the rule of law.[149][150]

In a personal letter to Aung San Suu Kyi, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown
cautioned the Burmese government of the potential consequences of rigging The 2009 celebration of Aung San
elections as "condemning Burma to more years of diplomatic isolation and Suu Kyi's birthday in Dublin, Ireland

economic stagnation".[151]

Suu Kyi has met with many heads of state, and opened a dialog with the Minister
of Labor Aung Kyi (not to be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).[152] She was
allowed to meet with senior members of her NLD party at the State House,[153]
however these meetings took place under close supervision.

2010 release
On the evening of 13 November 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was released from Aung San Suu Kyi greeting
house arrest.[154] This was the date her detention had been set to expire supporters from Bago State in 2011
according to a court ruling in August 2009[155] and came six days after a widely
criticised general election. She appeared in front of a crowd of her supporters,
who rushed to her house in Rangoon when nearby barricades were removed by the security forces. Aung San Suu Kyi had been
detained for 15 of the past 21 years.[156] The government newspaper New Light of Myanmar reported the release positively,[157]
saying she had been granted a pardon after serving her sentence "in good conduct".[158] The New York Times suggested that the
military government may have released Suu Kyi because it felt it was in a confident position to control her supporters after the
election.[157] The role that Aung San Suu Kyi will play in the future of democracy in Burma remains a subject of much debate.
Her son Kim Aris was granted a visa in November 2010 to see his mother
shortly after her release, for the first time in 10 years.[159] He visited again on 5
July 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Bagan, her first trip outside Yangon
since 2003.[160] Her son visited again on 8 August 2011, to accompany her on a
trip to Pegu, her second trip.[161]

Discussions were held between Suu Kyi and the Burmese government during
2011, which led to a number of official gestures to meet her demands. In
October, around a tenth of Burma's political prisoners were freed in an amnesty Aung San Suu Kyi addresses crowds
and trade unions were legalised.[162][163] at the NLD headquarters shortly after
her release.
In November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD announced its
intention to re-register as a political party in order to contend 48 by-elections
necessitated by the promotion of parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[164]
Following the decision, Aung San Suu Kyi held a telephone conference with US
President Barack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's
ally China.[165] On 1 December 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi met with Hillary
Clinton at the residence of the top-ranking US diplomat in Yangon.[166]

On 21 December 2011, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra met Aung San
Aung San Suu Kyi meets with US
Suu Kyi in Yangoon, marking Aung San Suu Kyi's "first-ever meeting with the Secretary of State Hillary Rodham
leader of a foreign country".[167] Clinton in Yangon (1 December
2011)
On 5 January 2012, British Foreign Minister William Hague met Aung San Suu
Kyi and his Burmese counterpart. This represented a significant visit for Aung
San Suu Kyi and Burma. Aung San Suu Kyi studied in the UK and maintains many ties there, whilst Britain is Burma's largest
bilateral donor. During Aung San Suu Kyi's visit to Europe, she visited the Swiss parliament, collected her 1991 Nobel Prize in
Oslo and her honorary degree from Oxford University.[168] [169][170]

2012 by-elections
In December 2011, there was speculation that Aung San Suu Kyi would run in the 2012 national by-elections to fill vacant
seats.[171] On 18 January 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi formally registered to contest a Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in the
Kawhmu Township constituency in special parliamentary elections to be held on 1 April 2012.[172][173] The seat was previously
held by Soe Tint, who vacated it after being appointed Construction Deputy Minister, in the 2010 election.[174] She ran against
Union Solidarity and Development Party candidate Soe Min, a retired army physician and native of Twante Township.[175]

On 3 March 2012, at a large campaign rally in Mandalay, Aung San Suu Kyi unexpectedly left after 15 minutes, because of
exhaustion and airsickness.[176]

In an official campaign speech broadcast on Burmese state television's MRTV on 14 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi publicly
campaigned for reform of the 2008 Constitution, removal of restrictive laws, more adequate protections for people's democratic
rights, and establishment of an independent judiciary.[177] The speech was leaked online a day before it was broadcast.[178] A
paragraph in the speech, focusing on the Tatmadaw's repression by means of law, was censored by authorities.[179]

Suu Kyi has also called for international media to monitor the upcoming by-elections, while publicly pointing out irregularities in
official voter lists, which include deceased individuals and exclude other eligible voters in the contested constituencies.[180][181]
On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they
are increasing."[182]
When asked whether she would assume a ministerial post if given the
opportunity, she said the following:[183]

I can tell you one thing – that under the present constitution, if
you become a member of the government you have to vacate
your seat in the national assembly. And I am not working so hard
to get into parliament simply to vacate my seat.

Aung San Suu Kyi (Center) gives a

On 26 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi suspended her nationwide campaign tour speech to the supporters during the
early, after a campaign rally in Myeik (Mergui), a coastal town in the south, 2012 by-election campaign at her
citing health problems due to exhaustion and hot weather.[184] constituency Kawhmu township,
Myanmar on 22 March 2012.
On 1 April 2012, the NLD announced that Aung San Suu Kyi had won the vote
for a seat in Parliament.[185] A news broadcast on state-run MRTV, reading the
announcements of the Union Election Commission, confirmed her victory, as
well as her party's victory in 43 of the 45 contested seats, officially making Aung
San Suu Kyi the Leader of the Opposition in the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw.[186]

Although she and other MP-elects were expected to take office on 23 April when
the Hluttaws resumed session, National League for Democracy MP-elects,
including Aung San Suu Kyi, said they might not take their oaths because of its
wording; in its present form, parliamentarians must vow to "safeguard" the
US President Barack Obama and
constitution.[187][188] In an address on Radio Free Asia, she said "We don't mean Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with
we will not attend the parliament, we mean we will attend only after taking the Suu Kyi and her staff at her home in
oath ... Changing that wording in the oath is also in conformity with the Yangon, 2012
Constitution. I don't expect there will be any difficulty in doing it."[189]

On 2 May 2012, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, took their oaths and took office,
though the wording of the oath was not changed.[190] According to the Los Angeles Times, "Suu Kyi and her colleagues decided
they could do more by joining as lawmakers than maintaining their boycott on principle."[190] On 9 July 2012, she attended the
Parliament for the first time as a lawmaker.[191] [192]

2015 general election

On 16 June 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was finally able to deliver her Nobel acceptance speech (Nobel lecture) at Oslo's City Hall,
two decades after being awarded the peace prize.[193][194] In September 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi received in person the United
States Congressional Gold Medal, which is the highest Congressional award. Although she was awarded this medal in 2008, at
the time she was under house arrest, and was unable to receive the medal. Aung San Suu Kyi was greeted with bipartisan support
at Congress, as part of a coast-to-coast tour in the United States. In addition, Aung San Suu Kyi met President Barack Obama at
the White House. The experience was described by Aung San Suu Kyi as "one of the most moving days of my life."[195][196] In
2014, she was listed as the 61st most powerful woman in the world by Forbes.[197][198][199][200][201]

On 6 July 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi announced on the World Economic Forum's website that she wanted to run for the presidency
in Myanmar's 2015 elections.[202] The current Constitution, which came into effect in 2008, bars her from the presidency because
she is the widow and mother of foreigners – provisions that appeared to be written specifically to prevent her from being
eligible.[203]
The NLD won a sweeping victory in those elections, winning at least 255 seats
in the House of Representatives and 135 seats in the House of Nationalities. In
addition, Aung San Suu Kyi won re-election to the House of Representatives.
Under the 2008 constitution, the NLD needed to win at least a two-thirds
majority in both houses to ensure that its candidate would become president.
Before the elections, Aung San Suu Kyi announced that even though she is
constitutionally barred from the presidency, she would hold the real power in any
NLD-led government.[204] On 30 March 2016 she became Minister for the
Suu Kyi meeting Barack Obama at
President's Office, for Foreign Affairs, for Education and for Electric Power and
the White House in September 2012
Energy in President Htin Kyaw's government; later she relinquished the latter
two ministries and President Htin Kyaw appointed her State Counsellor, a
position akin to a Prime Minister created especially for her.[205][206][207]
[207][208] [209] [210] The position of State Counsellor was approved by the House
of Nationalities on 1 April 2016 and the House of Representatives on 5 April
2016. The next day, her role as State Counsellor was established.

Foreign Minister and State Counsellor (2016–

present)
Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson
As soon as she became foreign minister, she invited Chinese Foreign Minister meeting Aung San Suu Kyi in
Wang Yi, Canadian Foreign Minister Stephane Dion and Italian Foreign Minister London, 12 September 2016
Paolo Gentiloni in April and Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida in May
and discussed to have good diplomatic relationships with these countries.

Initially, upon accepting the State Counsellor position, she granted amnesty to
the students who were arrested for opposing the National Education Bill, and
announced a creation of the commission on Rakhine state, which had a long
record of persecution of the Muslim Rohingya minority. However, soon Aung
San Suu Kyi's government did not manage with the ethnic conflicts in Shan and
Kachin states, where thousands of refugees fled to China, and by 2017 the
persecution of the Rohingya by the government forces escalated to the point that
Aung San Suu Kyi with U.S.
it is not uncommonly called a genocide. Aung San Suu Kyi, when interviewed,
Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, 13
has denied the allegations of ethnic cleansing.[211][212] She has also refused to November 2017
grant citizenship to the Rohingya, instead taking steps to issue ID cards for
residency but no guarantees of citizenship.[213]

Her tenure as State Counsellor of Myanmar has drawn international criticism for her failure to address her country's economic
and ethnic problems, particularly the plight of the Rohingya following the 25 August 2017 ARSA attacks (described as "certainly
one of the biggest refugee crises and cases of ethnic cleansing since the second world war"), for the weakening of freedom of the
press and for her style of leadership, described as imperious and "distracted and out of touch".[214][215]

Response to violence against Rohingya Muslims and refugees

In 2017, critics have called for Aung San Suu Kyi's Nobel prize to be revoked, citing her silence over the persecution of
Rohingya people in Myanmar.[216][217] Some activists criticised Aung San Suu Kyi for her silence on the 2012 Rakhine State
riots[218] (later repeated during the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis), and her perceived indifference to the plight of the Rohingya,
Myanmar's persecuted Muslim minority.[219][220] In 2012, she told reporters she did not know if the Rohingya could be regarded
as Burmese citizens.[221] In a 2013 interview with the BBC's Mishal Husain, Aung San Suu Kyi did not condemn violence
against the Rohingya and denied that Muslims in Myanmar have been subject to
ethnic cleansing, insisting that the tensions were due to a "climate of fear"
caused by "a worldwide perception that global Muslim power is 'very great' ".
She did condemn "hate of any kind" in the interview.[222] According to Peter
Popham, in the aftermath of the interview, she expressed anger at being
interviewed by a Muslim.[223] Husain had challenged Suu Kyi that almost all of
the impact of violence was against the Rohingya, in response to Aung San Suu
Kyi's claim that violence was happening on both sides, and Peter Popham
described her position on the issue as one of purposeful ambiguity for political
gain.[224]

However, she said that she wanted to work towards reconciliation and she cannot
take sides as violence has been committed by both sides.[225] According to The
Economist, her "halo has even slipped among foreign human-rights lobbyists,
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi
disappointed at her failure to make a clear stand on behalf of the Rohingya
meeting Aung San Suu Kyi in New
minority". However, she has spoken out "against a ban on Rohingya families Delhi, 24 January 2018
near the Bangladeshi border having more than two children".[226]

In a 2015 BBC News article, reporter Jonah Fisher suggested that Aung San Suu
Kyi's silence over the Rohingya issue is due to a need to obtain support from the
majority Bamar ethnicity as she is in "the middle of a general election
campaign".[227] In May 2015, the Dalai Lama publicly called upon her to do
more to help the Rohingya in Myanmar, claiming that he had previously urged
her to address the plight of the Rohingya in private during two separate meetings
and that she had resisted his urging.[228] In May 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi asked
the newly appointed United States Ambassador to Myanmar, Scot Marciel, not
Aung San Suu Kyi with Philippine
to refer to the Rohingya by that name as they "are not recognized as among the
President Rodrigo Duterte and Thai
135 official ethnic groups" in Myanmar.[229] This followed Bamar protests at
Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha,
Marciel's use of the word "Rohingya".[230] 25 January 2018

In 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmar's
Rohingya Muslims during the 2016–17 persecution.[231] State crime experts from Queen Mary University of London warned that
Aung San Suu Kyi is "legitimising genocide" in Myanmar.[232] Despite continued persecution of the Rohingya well into 2017,
Aung San Suu Kyi was "not even admitting, let alone trying to stop, the army's well-documented campaign of rape, murder and
destruction against Rohingya villages".[233] On 4 September 2017, Yanghee Lee, the UN's special rapporteur on human rights in
Myanmar, criticised Suu Kyi's response to the "really grave" situation in Rakhine, saying: "The de facto leader needs to step in –
that is what we would expect from any government, to protect everybody within their own jurisdiction."[234] The BBC reported
that "Her comments came as the number of Rohingya fleeing to Bangladesh reached 87,000, according to UN estimates", adding
that "her sentiments were echoed by Nobel Peace laureate Malala Yousafzai, who said she was waiting to hear from Ms Suu
Kyi – who has not commented on the crisis since it erupted".[234] The next day George Monbiot, writing in The Guardian, called
on readers to sign a change.org petition to have the Nobel peace prize revoked, criticising her silence on the matter and asserting
"whether out of prejudice or out of fear, she denies to others the freedoms she rightly claimed for herself. Her regime excludes –
and in some cases seeks to silence – the very activists who helped to ensure her own rights were recognised."[235] The Nobel
Foundation replied that there existed no provision for revoking a Nobel Prize.[236] Archbishop Desmond Tutu, a fellow peace
prize holder, also criticised Suu Kyi's silence: in an open letter published on social media, he said: "If the political price of your
ascension to the highest office in Myanmar is your silence, the price is surely too steep ... It is incongruous for a symbol of
righteousness to lead such a country."[237] On 13 September it was revealed that Aung San Suu Kyi would not be attending a UN
General Assembly debate being held the following week to discuss the humanitarian crisis, with a Myanmar government
spokesman stating "perhaps she has more pressing matters to deal with".[238]

In October 2017, Oxford City Council announced that, following a unanimous cross-party vote,[239] the honour of Freedom of
the City, granted in 1997 in recognition of her "long struggle for democracy", was to be withdrawn following evidence emerging
from the United Nations which meant that she was "no longer worthy of the honour".[240] A few days later, Munsur Ali, a
councillor for City of London Corporation, tabled a motion to rescind the Freedom of the City of London: the motion was
supported by Catherine McGuinness, chair of the corporation's policy and resources committee, who expressed "distress ... at the
situation in Burma and the atrocities committed by the Burmese military".[239] On 13 November 2017, Bob Geldof returned his
Freedom of the City of Dublin award in protest over Aung San Suu Kyi also holding the accolade, stating that he does not "wish
to be associated in any way with an individual currently engaged in the mass ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people of north-
west Burma". Calling Aung San Suu Kyi a "handmaiden to genocide",[241] Geldof added that he would take pride in his award
being restored if it is first stripped from her.[242] The Dublin City Council voted 59–2 (with one abstention) to revoke Aung San
Suu Kyi's Freedom of the City award over Myanmar's treatment of the Rohingya people in December 2017, though Lord Mayor
of Dublin Mícheál Mac Donncha denied the decision was influenced by protests by Geldof and members of U2.[243][244] At the
same meeting, the Councillors voted 37–7 (with 5 abstentions) to remove Geldof's name from the Roll of Honorary
Freemen.[243][245]

In March 2018, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum revoked Suu Kyi's Elie Wiesel Award, awarded in 2012, citing
her failure "to condemn and stop the military's brutal campaign" against Rohingya Muslims.[246][247][248]

In May 2018, Aung San Suu Kyi was considered complicit in the crimes against Rohingyas in a report by Britain's International
Development Committee.[249]

In August 2018, it was revealed that Aung San Suu Kyi would be stripped of her Freedom of Edinburgh award over her refusal to
speak out against the crimes committed against the Rohingya. She had received the award in 2005 for promoting peace and
democracy in Burma.[250] This will be only the second time that anyone has ever been stripped of the award,[251][252] after
Charles Stewart Parnell lost it in 1890 due to a salacious affair.[252] Also in August, a UN report, while describing the violence as
genocide, added that Aung San Suu Kyi did as little as possible to prevent it.[253]

In early October 2018, both the Canadian Senate and its House of Commons voted unanimously to strip Aung San Suu Kyi of her
honorary citizenship. This decision was caused by the Government of Canada's determination that the treatment of the Rohingya
by Myanmar's government amounts to Genocide.[254]

On November 11, 2018, Amnesty International announced it was revoking her Ambassador of Conscience award.[255]

Arrests and prosecution of journalists

In December 2017, two Reuters journalists, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, were arrested while investigating the Inn Din massacre
of Rohingyas alleged to have been carried out by Myanmar's security forces.[256][257] Suu Kyi publicly commented in June 2018
that the journalists "weren't arrested for covering the Rakhine issue", but because they had broken Myanmar's Official Secrets
Act.[257][258] As the journalists were then on trial for violating the Official Secrets Act, Aung San Suu Kyi's presumption of their
guilt were criticized by rights groups for potentially influencing the verdict.[257][259] American diplomat Bill Richardson said that
he had privately discussed the arrest with Suu Kyi, and he alleged that Aung San Suu Kyi reacted angrily and labelled the
journalists "traitors".[260] A police officer testified that he was ordered by superiors to use entrapment to frame and arrest the
journalists; he was later jailed and his family evicted from their home in the police camp.[261] The judge found the journalists
guilty in September 2018 and to be jailed for seven years.[257] Aung San Suu Kyi reacted to widespread international criticism of
the verdict by stating: "I don't think anyone has bothered to read" the judgement as it had "nothing to do with freedom of
expression at all", but the Official Secrets Act. She also challenged critics to "point out where there has been a miscarriage of
justice", and told the two Reuters journalists that they could appeal their case to a higher court.[262]
In September 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report that since Aung San
Suu Kyi's party, the NLD, came to power, the arrests and criminal prosecutions of journalists in Myanmar by the government and
military, under laws which are too vague and broad, have "made it impossible for journalists to do their job without fear or
favour."[11]

Political beliefs
Asked what democratic models
It is not power that Myanmar could look to, she said: "We
corrupts, but fear. Fear of
have many, many lessons to learn from
losing power corrupts
those who wield it and various places, not just the Asian
fear of the scourge of countries like South Korea, Taiwan,
power corrupts those who Mongolia, and Indonesia." She also
are subject to it.
cited "the eastern European countries,
—Freedom From Fear[263] which made the transition from
communist autocracy to democracy in
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, President of
the 1980s and 1990s, and the Latin
Mongolia and Nobel Peace Laureate Aung
American countries, which made the transition from military governments.
San Suu Kyi
"And we cannot of course forget South Africa, because although it wasn't a
military regime, it was certainly an authoritarian regime." She added: "We
wish to learn from everybody who has achieved a transition to democracy, and also ... our great strong point is that, because we
are so far behind everybody else, we can also learn which mistakes we should avoid."[264]

In a nod to the deep US political divide between Republicans led by Mitt Romney and the Democrats of Obama—then battling to
win the 2012 Presidential election—she stressed, "Those of you who are familiar with American politics I'm sure understand the
need for negotiated compromise."[264]

Related organisations
Freedom Now, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organisation,
was retained in 2006 by a member of her family to help secure Aung
San Suu Kyi's release from house arrest. The organisation secured
several opinions from the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
that her detention was in violation of international law; engaged in
political advocacy such as spearheading a letter from 112 former
presidents and Prime Ministers to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-
moon urging him to go to Burma to seek her release, which he did
six weeks later; and published numerous opeds and spoke widely to
the media about her ongoing detention. Its representation of her
ended when she was released from house arrest on 13 November
2010.[265]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been an honorary board member of
International IDEA and ARTICLE 19 since her detention, and has Suu Kyi with French Ambassador for
received support from these organisations. Human Rights, Francois Zimeray
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the University of Louvain
(UCLouvain), both located in Belgium, granted her the title of Doctor
Honoris Causa.[266]
In 2003, the Freedom Forum recognised Suu Kyi's efforts to promote democracy peacefully with the Al Neuharth
Free Spirit of the Year Award, in which she was presented over satellite because she was under house arrest.
She was awarded one million dollars.[267]
In June of each year, the U.S. Campaign for Burma organises hundreds of "Arrest Yourself" house parties around
the world in support of Aung San Suu Kyi. At these parties, the organisers keep themselves under house arrest
for 24 hours, invite their friends, and learn more about Burma and Aung San Suu Kyi.[268]
The Freedom Campaign, a joint effort between the Human Rights Action Center and US Campaign for Burma,
looks to raise worldwide attention to the struggles of Aung San Suu Kyi and the people of Burma.
The Burma Campaign UK is a UK-based NGO (Non Governmental Organisation) that aims to raise awareness of
Burma's struggles and follow the guidelines established by the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi.
St. Hugh's College, Oxford, where she studied, had a Burmese theme for their annual ball in support of her in
2006.[269] The University later awarded her an honorary doctorate in civil law on 20 June 2012 during her
visitation on her alma mater.[270]
Aung San Suu Kyi is the official patron of The Rafto Human Rights House in Bergen, Norway. She received the
Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize in 1990.
She was made an honorary free person of the City of Dublin, Ireland in November 1999, although a space had
been left on the roll of signatures to symbolize her continued detention. This was subsequently revoked on
December 13, 2017.[271]
In November 2005 the human rights group Equality Now proposed Aung Sun Suu Kyi as a potential candidate,
among other qualifying women, for the position of U.N. Secretary General.[18] In the proposed list of qualified
women Suu Kyi is recognised by Equality Now as the Prime Minister-Elect of Burma.[18]
The UN' special envoy to Myanmar, Ibrahim Gambari, met Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 March 2008 before wrapping
up his trip to the military-ruled country.[272]
Aung San Suu Kyi was an honorary member of The Elders, a group of eminent global leaders brought together
by Nelson Mandela.[273] Her ongoing detention meant that she was unable to take an active role in the group, so
The Elders placed an empty chair for her at their meetings.[274] The Elders have consistently called for the
release of all political prisoners in Burma.[275] Upon her election to parliament, she stepped down from her
post.[276]
In 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was given an honorary doctorate from the University of Johannesburg.[277]
In 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi was named the Guest Director of the 45th Brighton Festival.[278]
She was part of the international jury of Human Rights Defenders and Personalities who helped to choose a
universal Logo for Human Rights in 2011.[279]
In June 2011, the BBC announced that Aung San Suu Kyi was to deliver the 2011 Reith Lectures. The BBC
covertly recorded two lectures with Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma, which were then smuggled out of the country
and brought back to London.[280] The lectures were broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service on
28 June 2011 and 5 July 2011.
In November 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi received Francois Zimeray, France's Ambassador for Human Rights.
8 March 2012, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird presented Aung San Suu Kyi a certificate of
honorary Canadian citizenship and an informal invitation to visit Canada. The honorary citizenship was revoked
in September 2018 due to the Rohingya conflict.[281]
In April 2012, British Prime Minister David Cameron became the first leader of a major world power to visit Aung
San Suu Kyi and the first British prime minister to visit Burma since the 1950s. In his visit, Cameron invited San
Suu Kyi to Britain where she would be able to visit her 'beloved' Oxford, an invitation which she later accepted.
She visited Britain on 19 June 2012.
In 2012 she received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from Oxford University.[282]
In May 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi received the inaugural Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent of the Human
Rights Foundation.[283]
29 May 2012 PM Manmohan Singh of India visited Aung San Suu Kyi. In his visit, PM invited Aung San Suu Kyi
to India as well. She started her 6-day visit to India on 16 November 2012 where among the places she visited
was her alma mater Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi.
In 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi set up the charity Daw Khin Kyi Foundation to improve health, education and living
standards in underdeveloped parts of Myanmar.[284] The charity was named after Aung San Suu Kyi's mother.
Htin Kyaw played a leadership role in the charity before his election as President of Myanmar.[285] The charity
runs a Hospitality and Catering Training Academy in Kawhmu Township, in Yangon Region,[286] and runs a
mobile library service which in 2014 had 8000 members.[287]
Seoul National University in South Korea conferred an honorary doctorate degree to Aung San Suu Kyi in
February 2013.[288]
University of Bologna, Italy conferred an honorary doctorate degree in philosophy to Aung San Suu Kyi in
October 2013.
Monash University, The Australian National University, University of Sydney and University of Technology,
Sydney conferred an honorary degree to Aung San Suu Kyi in November 2013.
In popular culture
The life of Aung San Suu Kyi and her husband Michael Aris is portrayed in Luc Besson's
2011 film The Lady, in which they are played by Michelle Yeoh and David Thewlis. Yeoh
visited Suu Kyi in 2011 before the film's release in November.[289] In the John Boorman's
1995 film Beyond Rangoon, Aung San Suu Kyi was played by Adelle Lutz.[290]

Since 2009,[291] Indian actress and Bharathanatyam dancer Rukmini Vijayakumar has
been portraying as Aung San Suu Kyi in a one-act play titled The Lady of Burma directed
by Prakash Belawadi,[292][293] which also happens to be an eponymous play written by
Richard Shannon.[294]

Irish songwriters Damien Rice and Lisa Hannigan released in 2005 the single "Unplayed
Piano", in support of the Free Aung San Suu Kyi 60th Birthday Campaign that was
happening at the time.[295] U2's Bono wrote the song "Walk On" in tribute to Aung San Suu Kyi on the cover of Ms.
Suu Kyi, and publicized her plight during the U2 360° Tour, 2009–2011. Saxophonist in 2012
Wayne Shorter composed a song titled "Aung San Suu Kyi". It appears on his albums 1+1
(with pianist Herbie Hancock) and Footprints Live!.[296]

Health problems
She had surgery for a gynecological condition in September 2003 at Asia Royal Hospital during her house arrest.[297] She
underwent minor foot surgery in December 2013 and eye surgery in April 2016.[298] Her doctor said that she had no serious
health problems but weighed only 48 kg, had low blood pressure and could become weak easily.[299]

Books
Freedom from Fear (1991)
Letters from Burma (1991)

Honours
Honours of Aung San Suu Kyi

See also
List of civil rights leaders
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Kyoto University
State Counsellor of Myanmar
List of foreign ministers in 2017
List of current foreign ministers

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Bibliography
Miller, J. E. (2001). Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing. Routledge.
Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-695-4.
Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: Fearless Voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-
8225-4931-4.

Further reading
Aung Zaw (2014). The Face of Resistance: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Fight for Freedom. Chiang Mai:
Mekong Press.
Aung San Suu Kyi (Modern Peacemakers) (2007) by Judy L. Hasday, ISBN 978-0-7910-9435-8
The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma's Prisoner (2002) by Barbara Victor, ISBN 978-0-571-
21177-7, or 1998 hardcover: ISBN 978-0-571-19944-0
The Lady and the Peacock: The Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2012) by Peter Popham, ISBN 978-1-61519-064-5
Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2007) by Justin Wintle, ISBN 978-0-09-179681-5
Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators (2006) by David Wallechinsky, ISBN 978-0-06-059004-8
Aung San Suu Kyi (Trailblazers of the Modern World) (2004) by William Thomas, ISBN 978-0-8368-5263-9
No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (2002) by Naomi Klein ISBN 978-0-312-42143-4
Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=bV3shLzx0B4C&printsec=frontcover) (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia
and Africa Monograph Series) (1999) by Gustaaf Houtman, ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6
Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World) (1998) by Bettina Ling
ISBN 978-1-55861-197-9
Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of Freedom Series)
(1994) by John Parenteau, ISBN 978-1-883846-05-3
Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991 (1992) by Charlotte Kerner, Nicole
Casanova, Gidske Anderson, ISBN 978-2-7210-0427-7
Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom (1998) by Chin Geok Ang ISBN 978-981-4024-30-3
Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy (1997) by Mikio Oishi ISBN 978-983-9861-06-8
Finding George Orwell in Burma (2004) by Emma Larkin ISBN 0-14-303711-0
 Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember
(2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random House ISBN 978-1-4000-6412-0
Silverstein, Josef (Summer 1996). "The Idea of Freedom in Burma and the Political Thought of Daw Aung San
Suu Kyi" (http://charlesesalazar.pbworks.com/f/The+idea+of+freedom+in+burma+and+the+pol+thought+of+aung
+sang+suu+kyi.pdf) (PDF). Pacific Affairs. 69 (2): 211–228. JSTOR 2760725 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/276072
5).
Under the Dragon: A Journey Through Burma (1998/2010) by Rory MacLean ISBN 978-1-84511-622-4
Richard, Shannon (8 January 2007). The Lady of Burma (https://books.google.com/books?id=WZpLPzsvIBUC).
London: OBERON Books Ltd. ISBN 9781849438919. Retrieved 5 October 2016.

External links
Aung San Suu Kyi (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Myanmar/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi/)
at Curlie
Aung San Suu Kyi's website (http://www.dassk.org/) (Site appears to be inactive. Last posting was in July 2014)
Nobel Peace Prize 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi (https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/) at
NobelPrize.org
Aung San Suu Kyi – Summary, biography, excerpts from books (http://gury.orgfree.com/suukyi1.htm)
Works by Aung San Suu Kyi (https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL106595A) at Open Library
"Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/aung-san-suu-kyi). The
Guardian.
"Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary" (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/
a/daw_aung_san_suu_kyi/index.html). The New York Times.
Peace Prize 2012 from India by Sarhad organisation PUNE City (https://web.archive.org/web/20120719183512/h
ttp://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=758222)
Awards Received by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (https://web.archive.org/web/20120902042506/http://www.thisismya
nmar.com/mb/assk.htm)
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?sanaung) on C-SPAN
The Laukathara And Its Influence On Myanmarism (http://www.eurasiareview.com/16092017-the-laukathara-and-
its-influence-on-myanmarism-oped/)
 Party political offices
General Secretary of the National
New office League for Democracy Position abolished
1988–2011
President of the National League
Preceded by
for Democracy Incumbent
Aung Shwe
2011–present

Assembly seats
Member of the House of
Preceded by Representatives
Vacant
Soe Tint for Kawhmu
2012–2016

Political offices
Preceded by Leader of the Opposition Succeeded by
Sai Hla Kyaw 2012–2016 Khin Aung Myint
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
Wunna Maung Lwin 2016–present
Preceded by
Aung Min
Hla Tun Minister of the President's Office
Soe Maung 2016–present
Soe Thein Incumbent
Thein Nyunt
Vacant
Title last held by
State Counsellor of Myanmar
Thein Sein
2016–present
as Prime Minister of
Myanmar

Awards and achievements

Preceded by Recipient of the Sakharov Prize Succeeded by
Alexander Dubček 1990 Adem Demaçi
Preceded by
Doina Cornea Recipient of the Thorolf Rafto
Succeeded by
Memorial Prize
Preceded by Yelena Bonner
1990
Péter Molnár
Preceded by Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Succeeded by
Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Rigoberta Menchú
Recipient of the Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by Succeeded by
Award
Maurice Strong Mahathir Mohamad
1993
Preceded by Recipient of the Gwangju Prize for
Succeeded by
Dandeniya Gamage Human Rights
Wardah Hafidz
Jayanthi 2004
Preceded by Recipient of the Wallenberg Medal Succeeded by
 Denis Mukwege 2011 Maria Gunnoe

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