In-Text Citations (Publication Manual, Pp. 174-179)

Some General Rules
In-Text Citations (Publication Manual, pp. 174-179)

What You Are Citing In-Text Citation
The entire work (Smith, 2004)
A specific page (Smith, 2004, p. 39)
If the author's name is included in the text of the Smith (2004, p. 39) claims that...
sentence where the citation takes place Use only the date or date and page number.
An online article with no page numbers. (Myers, 2000, para. 5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
Use abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph
number you are citing. When possible, specify a section
of the article.
Authors (Publication Manual, pp. 181-183)

One author
Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Courtois, C. A. (2004). (Courtois, 2004)
Two authors
Example: Example:
Kelley, P. C., & Chang, P. L. (2007). (Kelley & Chang, 2007)
Three to five authors
Example: Example:
Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. A. (2004). First citation:
(Hughes, Brestan, & Valle, 2004)
Subsequent citations:
(Hughes et al., 2004)
When a work has more than 2 authors, subsequent in-text
citations consist of the first author's name followed by "et al."
(Latin for "and others") and the date.
Six or seven authors

Example: Example:
Phelps, B. R., Lima, M., Gomez, J., MacArthur, R. First citation:
T., Gansu, L., & Nehru, M. (2004). (Phelps et al., 2004)
(Phelps et al., 2004)
When a work has 6-7 authors, in-text citations consist of the first
author's name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the
date.
Eight or more authors

Example: Example:
Carter, A., Dougherty, S., Addington, M., Stanley, R., First citation:
Stanley, C., Schuffler, G., . . . Smyrna, B. F. (2004). (Carter et al., 2004)
When there are eight or more authors, include the first Subsequent citations:
6 authors' names followed by an ellipsis (. . .) and the (Carter et al., 2004)
final author's name. When a work has 8 or more authors, in-text citations
consist of the first author's name followed by "et al." (Latin
for "and others") and the date.
Group author
Example: Example:
American Dietetic Association. (1999). First citation:
(American Dietetic Association [ADA], 1999)
(ADA, 1999)
No authors listed
Example: Example:
None to claim their bones: Relics of an old Brooklyn graveyard. (1888, April ("None to Claim Their Bones,"
12). New York Times, pp. 3-4. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/ 1888)
List the source by title in your reference list. Alphabetize reference list entries In cases where the title contains a
beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, colon, use only the text before the
and the). colon in your in-text citation.
Titles (Publication Manual, pp. 185-187)

Capitalization: For all sources other than periodicals (that is, newspapers, magazines, and scholarly
journals), capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns only. Do not capitalize the
rest (see example below).
All major words in periodical titles should be capitalized (for example, Psychology Today, Journal of
Health Care for the Poor and Underserved.)
Italics: Titles are italicized for the following items:
Books
E-Books
Periodicals
Dissertations/theses
Reports/technical papers
Works of art
Source Example
Journal article title Freud's Vienna revisited.
Book title Student cheating and plagiarism in the Internet era: A wake-up call.
Volume & Issue Numbers (Publication Manual, p. 186)

APA does not use "Volume", "Vol.", "v.", "Issue" or related terms. Use italics for the volume number.
Source Example
Magazine and journal volume and 12(4)
issue number formatting 12 is the volume number (in italics) and 4 is the issue number.
If each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in
parentheses immediately after the volume number, as above.
Page Numbers (Publication Manual, pp. 178, 200)
Issue What To Do
When to use "p." and "pp." Use "p." and "pp." to indicate page numbers when citing newspaper articles
and book chapters. Omit them when citing journal and magazine articles.
Follow the examples in this guide.
Online periodical where page National Geographic, 300(2).
numbers are not given 300 is the volume number. Follow the issue number of the magazine or journal
with a period.
Undated Sources (Publication Manual, p. 185)

Use "(n.d.)" (for "no date") in your citation.
Knowles, A. (n.d.). House of dust [Collage]. Retrieved from Oxford Art (Knowles, n.d.)
Online database.
Citing a Source within a Source (Publication Manual, p. 178)

Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article, by Frederick. You want to cite
Frederick's article, but you have not read Frederick's article itself.
Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our Frederick's study (as cited in Linhares & Brum, 2007)
understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do found that...
chunks play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007. Your in-text citation gives credit to Frederick and
https://doi.org/doi:10.1080/03640210701703725 shows the source in which you found Frederick's
Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by ideas.
Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain
a citation for Frederick's article.
Top
Articles
Academic Journals (Publication Manual, pp. 198-199; Style Guide, p. 12)
Source Reference List Citation
Library database with Dumais, S. A., Rizzuto, T. E., Cleary, J., & Dowden, L. (2013). Stressors and supports for adult
DOI online learners: Comparing first- and continuing-generation college students. American
Journal of Distance Education, 27(2), 100-110.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2013.783265
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier
(DOI) for individual articles. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an article. In the
database record for an article, you will see an element that looks like this, which you should
include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by "https://doi.org/":
This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information about the article.
However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still
acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example:
Amidzic, O., Riehle, H. J., & Elbert, T. (2006). Toward a psychophysiology of expertise: Focal
magnetic gamma bursts as a signature of memory chunks and the aptitude of chess
players. Journal of Psychophysiology, 20(4), 253-258. doi:10.1027/0269-8803.20.4.253
Library database Reitzes, D. C., & Mutran, E. J. (2004). The transition to retirement: Stages and factors that
without DOI influence retirement adjustment. International Journal of Aging and Human Development,
59(1), 63-84. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ahd
No DOI? Find the journal's homepage.
Do a Web search to find the address of the homepage of the journal that published the
article and include it in your citation. Please be aware, however, that the full text of articles
may not actually be available at the journal homepage.
Cannot find the journal's homepage?
In this case, do a Web search for the name of the database you are using (for example,
"JSTOR" or "Business Source Complete") and use the address of its homepage.
Free Web Giancola, P. R. (2004). Executive functioning and alcohol-related aggression. American
Psychologist, 59(2), 5-7. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/
In print Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. A. (2004). Problem-solving interactions between
mothers and children. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 1-16.
More info In-text citation examples
General Rules has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.
Magazines:
-Daily or Weekly Magazines (Publication Manual, p. 200; Style Guide, pp. 13-14)
Library database with Jackson, P. (2011, March 1). Navy Yard Hill and the founding of Washington City. Capitol Hill
DOI Historian, 2, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1068/20113
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Ultimate and PsycINFO, list a Digital
Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an
article. In the database record for an article, you will see an element that looks like this,
which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by "https://doi.org/":
Janney, K. (2006, May). Crow rookeries and urban toponyms in the United States. Corvid,
10(1), 2-6. doi:11.1111/0224-8900.21.4.260
Library database Borowitz, A. (2004, November 15). Pavlov's brother. New Yorker, 80(35), 63-66. Retrieved
without DOI from http://www.newyorker.com/
No DOI? Find the magazine's homepage.
Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) to find the address of the
homepage of the journal that published the article and include it in your citation (example).
Please be aware, however, that the full text of articles may not actually be available at the
journal homepage.
Cannot find the magazine's homepage?
In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) for the name
of the database you are using (for example, "JSTOR" or "Business Source Complete") and use
the address of its homepage.
Free Web Springen, K. (2005, January 17). Artful aging. Newsweek, 145(3), 25-27. Retrieved from
http://www.newsweek.com/
In print Borowitz, A. (2004, November 15). Pavlov's brother. New Yorker, 80(35), 63-66.
General Rules has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.
-Monthly Magazines (Publication Manual, p. 200; Style Guide, pp. 13-14)

Library database with Niu, J. (2012, March-April). An overview of web archiving. D-Lib, 18(3-4).
DOI https://doi.org/10.1045/march2012-niu1
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Ultimate and PsycINFO, list a Digital
Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an
article. In the database record for an article, you will see an element that looks like this,
which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by "https://doi.org/":
Rostok, M. (2011, August 1). Android malware on the rise. eWeek, 2(6), 11.
doi:11.3267/2553/8911.324.260
Library database Norman, A. D. (1988, March). Infuriating by design. Psychology Today, 22(3), 52-56.
without DOI Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/
No DOI? Find the magazine's homepage.
Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) to find the address of the
homepage of the journal that published the article and include it in your citation (example).
Please be aware, however, that the full text of articles may not actually be available at the
journal homepage.
Cannot find the magazine's homepage?
In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) for the name
of the database you are using (for example, "JSTOR" or "Business Source Complete") and use
the address of its homepage.
Free Web Gelb, N. (2003, May). Winter of discontent. Smithsonian, 34(2), 50-55. Retrieved from
http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/
In print Ives, F., & Lydon, J. (2005, January). Freud's Vienna revisited. Discover,
26(2), 16-17.
General Rules has more information about citing multiple authors, undated
sources, etc.
Tip:
When an issue of a magazine covers several months, the name of the first and last month in the range
should be given in the citation, separated by a dash, for example: "(1993, June-July)".
Newspapers (Publication Manual, pp. 200-201; Style Guide, p. 14)
Library database Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5). Tiffany glass and other tales from the
crypt. The New York Times, pp. 1, 5. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/
Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) for the
newspaper homepage and use the homepage URL after the words "Retrieved
from".
Free Web Foreman, J. (2003, August 12). Allston gothic. The Boston Globe. Retrieved
from http://www.boston.com/
In print Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5). Tiffany glass and other tales from the
crypt. The New York Times, pp. 1, 5.
The page number of a newspaper article is preceded by "p."in a reference
list citation. When an article appears on multiple pages, the page range is
preceded by "pp." (for example, "pp. 4-6"). When an article appears on
discontinuous pages, separate the page numbers with a comma (ex. "pp. 4,
8"). When a newspaper uses section letters in its page numbers, these should
be included in your citation (ex. "p. A1", "pp. B1, B6").
sources, etc.
Encyclopedia Articles (Publication Manual, p. 205; Style Guide, p. 18)
Library database Miura, A. (2012). Human behavior with blogs. In Y Zheng (Ed.), Encyclopedia
with DOI of cyber behavior. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0315-8
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Ultimate and PsycINFO, list
a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual e-books. A DOI is a unique
identifying number for an e-book. In the database record for an e-book, you
will see an element that looks like this, which you should include at the end of
your APA reference, preceded by "https://doi.org/":
This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information about the
e-book.
However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes
that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for
example:
Rostok, M. (2011). Android malware. In K. K. Frank (Ed.), Encyclopedia of
mobile security. doi:10.3218/7853/8922.666.261
Library database Smith, A. J. (2001). Child development. In B. Strickland (Ed.), The Gale
without DOI encyclopedia of psychology. Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com/
No DOI? Find the publisher's homepage.
Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) to find
the address of the homepage of the journal that published the article and
include it in your citation. Please be aware, however, that the full text of
encyclopedia may not actually be available at the publisher's homepage.
Cannot find the publisher's homepage?
In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or
Yahoo!) for the name of the database you are using (for example, "JSTOR" or
"Business Source Complete") and use the address of its homepage.
sources, etc.
Book, Film and Product Reviews (Publication Manual, pp. 208-209)
Library Grimes, W. (2006, December 13). Beyond Mandalay, the road to isolation and
database xenophobia [Review of the book The river of lost footsteps: Histories of Burma, by
T. Myint-U]. New York Times, pp. E8, E10. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/
An untitled book, film, or product review (for example, a review covering
multiple works):
Guha, M. (2006). [Review of the books Fleeting pleasures: A history of
intoxicants, by M. London and Dirty: A search for answers inside America's teenage
drug epidemic, by M. Maran]. Journal of Mental Health, 15, 713-716. Retrieved from
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713432595
Follow the correct formatting for the type of publication (e.g. a newspaper, a
scholarly journal) the review is taken from, including the DOI if one is available.
Free Web Cohen, P. (2007, May 9). Love, honor, cherish, and buy [Review of the book One
perfect day: The selling of the American wedding, by R. Mead]. New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/09/books/09bride.html
General Rules has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources,
etc.
Top
Books (Publication Manual, pp. 202-204)

Basic book Jans, N. (1993). The last light breaking: Life among Alaska's Inupiat Eskimos.
Anchorage, AK: Alaska Northwest Books.
Edited book Miller, J., & Smith, T. (Eds.). (1996). Cape Cod stories: Tales from Cape Cod,
Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
For a single editor, use "(Ed.)".
Books where the American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the
author and American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
publisher are the
same
Numbered Arking, R. (2006). The biology of aging: Observations and principles (3rd
edition other ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
than the first
Revised edition Culliney, J. L. (2006). Islands in a far sea: The fate of nature in Hawai'i (Rev.
ed.). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.
Multi-volume set Green, C. M. (1962-1963). Washington (Vols. 1-2). Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
If volumes in a work or set are published in different years, give the range of
years separated by a dash as above.
Chapter or Eliot, T. S. (2001). Tradition and the individual talent. In V. B. Leitch
article in an (Ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism(pp. 1092-1097). New
anthology York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1920)
Note that the page numbers of an article or chapter are preceded by "pp."
when citing it (for example, "pp. 25-50"). In cases where an article/chapter
occupies a single page, the page is preceded by "p." (ex. "p. 4").
If an article has been reprinted from a source published earlier, give the
original date of publication in the "original work" element of the citation as
shown above (when using this element, the final period in a citation is
omitted).
sources, etc.
Tips:
Cities, States and Countries: For U.S. cities, add the standard postal abbreviations for state (for
example, "Chatham, MA"). Foreign cities should be followed by the name of their country (ex. "Brisbane,
Australia").
Place of publication: Separate place of publication from publisher with a colon (for example "New
York, NY: Zone Books"). If more than one city is given, list only the first.
Publisher names: "Co.", "Inc." and related abbreviations should not be included in citations (for
example, "Ivan R. Dee, Inc." should be given as "Ivan R. Dee".)
Top
E-Books (Style Guide, pp. 15-18)

Library database Chaffe-Stengel, P., & Stengel, D. (2012). Working with sample data:
with DOI Exploration and inference. https://doi.org/10.4128/9781606492147
What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Ultimate and PsycINFO, list
a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual e-books. A DOI is a unique
identifying number for an e-book. In the database record for an e-book, you
will see an element that looks like this, which you should include at the end
of your APA reference, preceded by "https://doi.org/":
This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information about the
e-book. However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References notes that it is
still acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation (see page 5),
for example:
Conoloff, A. (2012). Salvaging the suburbs. doi:11.8870/6001/2122.442.261
Library e-book Miller, L. (2008). Careers for nature lovers & other outdoor types. Retrieved
database from http://www.ebscohost.com
without DOI No DOI? Use the URL for the database.
When a book has no DOI, write “Retrieved from” followed by the URL of the
database. Use these URLs for library e-book databases:
EBSCO eBooks Collection:
Retrieved from http://www.ebscohost.com
Safari Books Online:
Retrieved from http://www.safaribooksonline.com
Books 24x7:
Retrieved from http://library.books24x7.com
Book read on an Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX
e-book reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com
After the book title, put in brackets the name of the e-book reader, with the
word “version.” Follow that with the DOI. If the book has no DOI, write
“Retrieved from” followed by the URL of the site from which you downloaded
the e-book.
Free Web Seton, E. T. (1911). The Arctic prairies: A canoe-journey of 2,000 miles in
search of the caribou. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6818
Book chapter Quina, K., & Kanarian, M. A. (1988). Continuing education. In P. Bronstein &
from a library K. Quina (Eds.), Teaching a psychology of people: Resources for gender and
database sociocultural awareness(pp. 200-208). Retrieved from
(suggested http://www.ebscohost.com/academic/psycinfo
format) When using just a chapter from a book the same rules apply regarding DOI
or no DOI as listed above, depending on where the book was retrieved.
sources, etc.
Top
Web Sites (Style Guide, pp. 31-34)

A specific page Single author:
within a Web Freitas, N. (2015, January 6). People around the world are voluntarily
site submitting to China’s Great Firewall. Why? Retrieved from
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/01/06/
tencent_s_wechat_worldwide_internet_users_
are_voluntarily_submitting_to.html
Multiple authors:
Nafees, Q., Yilong, Y., Andras, N., Zhiming, L., & Janos, S. (2014, November
19). Anonymously analyzing clinical data sets. Retrieved from
http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.05916
Corporate author:
Sea Turtle Restoration Project. (2006). Threats to sea turtles. Retrieved from
http://www.seaturtleinc.org/rehabilitation/threats-to-sea-turtles/
In-text citations:
(Freitas, 2015)
(Nafees, Yilong, Andras, Zhiming, & Janos, 2014)
(Sea Turtle Restoration Project, 2006)
Entire Web site If you refer to an entire Web site, you do not need to include an entry for it
in your reference list, but must identify the source clearly in the text of your
paper. For example:
The Sea Turtle Restoration Project homepage presents a wealth of
compelling, well-researched information on the struggle to save the world's
sea turtles from extinction (http://www.seaturtles.org).
More info If you think that the content of a Web site will change over time,
you can include the date that you viewed the cited information in
your "retrieved from" line.
sources, etc.
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Online Classroom Materials

A document in a Whitford, D. (2006). Cross-curricular initiatives in NSCI170. Document posted
UMUC online in University of Maryland University College NSCI 170 6981 online classroom,
classroom archived at: http://campus.umuc.edu
No official APA format for citing online classroom materials exists -
this is merely a recommended format to use in citing such documents.
sources, etc.
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Conference Papers (Style Guide, p. 22)

Library database Levine, S., & Koltun, V. (2012, June-July). Continuous inverse optimal control
or free Web with locally optimal examples. Paper presented at the 29th International
Conference on Machine Learning, Edinburgh, Scotland. Retrieved from
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.4617v1.pdf
APA does not address what to do with conference papers found in
library databases. We suggest that, following the guidelines given for
periodical articles, that you use, "Retrieved from" followed by the URL of
either the conference itself or the sponsoring organization, located via
Google.
sources, etc.
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Technical and Research Reports (Publication Manual, pp. 205-206; Style Guide, pp. 19-21)
Free Web U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010). Information security:
Concerted effort needed to consolidate and secure Internet connections at
federal agencies (Publication No. GAO-10-237). Retrieved from
http://www.gao.gov/assets/310/301876.pdf
In print U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010). Information security:
Concerted effort needed to consolidate and secure Internet connections at
federal agencies (Publication No. GAO-10-237). Washington, DC: Author.
When the author is also the publisher, the publisher's name should be listed
as Author.
sources, etc.
Tip:
The element of the citation giving the publication or report number can be omitted if this information
is not available for the source you're citing.
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Legal Materials (Publication Manual, pp. 216-224)

Please see the following:
Court Decisions
Treaties and Other International Agreements
Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
Executive Orders
Patents
Charter of the United Nations
Federal Statutes (Also see Finding Federal Statutes)
See Introduction to APA Style Legal References for background information on citing legal materials.
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Dissertations and Theses (Publication Manual, pp. 207-208; Style Guide, pp. 22-23)
Dissertations
Dissertations Pecore, J. T. (2004). Sounding the spirit of Cambodia: The living tradition of
and Theses Khmer music and dance-drama in a Washington, DC community (Doctoral
database dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No.
3114720)
Note that a “Retrieved from” statement is used, giving the database name
followed by the word “database.” Also, APA calls for the citation to end with
a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “UMI No.” That
number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the
item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”
Free Web Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and
evolution of snake eyes (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi?acc_num=osu1111184984
In print Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and
evolution of snake eyes (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH.
sources, etc.
Master's Theses
Dissertations Harzbecker, J. J. (1999). Life and death in Washington DC: An analysis of
and Theses the Mortality Census data of 1850 (Master's thesis). Retrieved from
database Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1395513)
Note that a “Retrieved from” statement is used, giving the database name
followed by the word “database.” Also, APA calls for the citation to end with
a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “UMI No.” That
number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the
item record as “Publication Number.”
Free Web Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning (Master's thesis). Retrieved from
http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05282004-000943
In print Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning (Master's thesis). California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, CA.
sources, etc.
Top
Images (Style Guide, p. 27)

Titled Image
Library database Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Retrieved from
Oxford Art Online database.
Free Web Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Retrieved from
http://www.uwm.edu/~wash/rousseau.jpg
Image Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Henri Rousseau:
reproduced in a Jungles in Paris. By Claire Fresches et al. Washington, DC: National Gallery
printed source of Art. 232.
The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page
number on which the image is printed) should follow the name of the
publisher as shown.
sources, etc.
Untitled Image
Create a brief title for it and place it in brackets, unitalicized.
Library database Muybridge, E. (1887). [Photograph of a horse running]. Retrieved from
Academic Search Complete database.
Image Muybridge, E. (1887). [Photograph of a horse running]. River of shadows:
reproduced in a Eadweard Muybridge and the technological wild West. By Rebecca Solnit.
printed source New York, NY: Viking. 52.
The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page
number on which the image is printed) should follow the name of the
publisher as shown.
sources, etc.
Tips:
Medium: If known, the medium of the image should be placed in brackets as shown above, and the
collection which owns the image included in your citation along with its location.
Institution locations: For U.S. cities, add the standard postal abbreviations for state (for example,
"Chatham, MA"). Foreign cities should be followed by the name of their country (ex. "Brisbane,
Australia").
Streaming Videos (Style Guide, p. 26)

Source Example
Free Web Heffernan, M. (2015, May). Margaret Heffernan: Why it's time to forget the
pecking order at work [video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.ted.com/talks/margaret_heffernan_
why_it_s_time_to_forget_the_pecking_order_at_work
sources, etc.
Interviews, E-mail Messages, and Other Personal Communications (Publication Manual, p. 179)
Source Example
Personal APA does not require that you cite personal communications
communication (interviews you've conducted, e-mail messages, etc.) in your
reference list. Instead, give an in-text citation only using the following
model:
Joe Smith (personal communication, November 18, 2006) informed me
that the server had crashed several hours ago.
sources, etc.

In-Text Citations (Publication Manual, Pp. 174-179)

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Some General Rules

In-Text Citations (Publication Manual, pp. 174-179)

Authors (Publication Manual, pp. 181-183)

Six or seven authors

Eight or more authors

Titles (Publication Manual, pp. 185-187)

Volume & Issue Numbers (Publication Manual, p. 186)

Undated Sources (Publication Manual, p. 185)

Citing a Source within a Source (Publication Manual, p. 178)

-Monthly Magazines (Publication Manual, p. 200; Style Guide, pp. 13-14)

Books (Publication Manual, pp. 202-204)

E-Books (Style Guide, pp. 15-18)

Source Reference List Citation

Web Sites (Style Guide, pp. 31-34)

Online Classroom Materials

Conference Papers (Style Guide, p. 22)

Legal Materials (Publication Manual, pp. 216-224)

Images (Style Guide, p. 27)

Streaming Videos (Style Guide, p. 26)

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