Physics 1120: Work & Energy Solutions: NC Grav F Spring I 2
Physics 1120: Work & Energy Solutions: NC Grav F Spring I 2
Physics 1120: Work & Energy Solutions: NC Grav F Spring I 2
Questions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Physics 1120: Work & Energy Solutions
Energy
1. In the diagram below, the spring has a force constant of 5000 N/m, the block has a mass of 6.20 kg, and
the height h of the hill is 5.25 m. Determine the compression of the spring such that the block just makes it
to the top of the hill. Assume that there are no nonconservative forces involved.
Since the problem involves a change is height and has a spring, we make use of the Generalized Work
Energy Theorem. Since the initial and final speeds are zero,
WNC = ΔE = Ugrav f Uspring i = mgh ½Kx2 .
There are no nonconservative forces so WNC = 0. Getting x by itself yields
x = [2mgh / K]½ = 0.357 m .
2. A solid ball, a cylinder, and a hollow ball all have the same mass m and radius R. They are allowed to roll
down a hill of height H without slipping. How fast will each be moving on the level ground?
The only external force on the object, excluding gravity which is taken into account through gravitational
potential energy, is static friction. For objects which roll across a stationary surface, static friction does no
work, so here 0 = ΔE, where E is the observable or mechanical energy.
As the object drops down the hill, it loses gravitational potential energy while it gains both linear and
rotational kinetic energy. Thus we have
0 = mgH + ½mv 2 + ½Iω2
Now since the object rolls without slipping, the angular velocity ω is related to the linear velocity v by ω =
v/R. So our equation becomes
0 = mgH + ½mv 2 + ½I(v/R)2
To proceed further, we need to know the moment of inertia of each object about its CM. We consult a
table of moments of inertia and find
Shape ICM v
solid sphere 2/ MR2
5
solid cylinder ½MR2
hollow sphere 2/ MR2
3
3. A cylinder of mass M and radius R, on an incline of angle θ, is attached to a spring of constant K. The
spring is not stretched. Find the speed of the cylinder when it has rolled a distance L down the incline.
The only external force on the system, excluding gravity which is taken into account through gravitational
potential energy, is static friction. For objects which roll across a stationary surface, static friction does no
work, so here 0 = ΔE, where E is the observable or mechanical energy.
As the object rolls distance L down the incline, it loses gravitational potential energy while it gains both
linear and rotational kinetic energy. Moreover, the spring gains Spring Potential Energy. Thus we have
0 = mgH + ½mv 2 + ½Iω2 + ½KL2
The relationship between H and the L is H = Lsinθ. Since the object rolls without slipping, the angular
velocity ω is related to the linear velocity v by ω = v/R. Furthermore, consulting a table of values, the
moment of inertia of a cylinder about the perpendicular axis through the CM, is ½MR2. Our equation
becomes
0 = mgLsinθ + ½mv 2 + ½(½MR2)(v/R)2 + ½KL2
4. A block of mass m is connected by a string of negligible mass to a spring with spring constant K which is
in turn fixed to a wall. The spring is horizontal and the string is hung over a pulley such that the mass hangs
vertically. The pulley is a solid disk of mass M and radius R. As shown in the diagram below, the spring is
initially in its equilibrium position and the system is not moving.
(a) Use energy methods, to determine the speed v of the block after it has fallen a distance h. Express
your answer in terms of g, m, K, M, and h.
(b) The block will oscillate between its initial height and its lowest point. At its lowest point, it turns
around. Use your answer to part (a) to find where it turns around.
(c) Use your answer to part (a) and calculus to find the height at which the speed is a maximum.
(a) The problem involves a change in height and speed and has a spring, so we would apply the
generalized WorkEnergy Theorem even if not directed to do,
WNC = ΔE = (Kf Ki) + (Uf Ui) , (1)
where K is the sum of all the linear and rotational kinetic energies of each object, and U is the sum of the
spring and gravitational potential energies. Since there is no kinetic friction acting on the system, WNC = 0.
Examining the problem object by object we see that the spring stretches, so there is an increase in spring
potential energy. The pulley starts rotating, so there is an increase in its rotational kinetic energy. The block
drops, so there is a decrease in its gravitational potential energy. As well, as the block drop, it increases its
kinetic energy. Equation (1) for this problem is thus
0 = ½Kx2 + ½Iω 2 mgh + ½mv2 .
Since the spring is connected to the block, the spring stretches as much as the block drops, so x = h. We
are told that the pulley is a solid disk, so I = ½MR2. Since the rope does not slip the tangential speed of
the pulley is the same as the rope and thus ω = v/R. Substituting these relations back into our equation
yields,
0 = ½Kh2 + ¼Mv2 mgh + ½mv2 .
Collecting the terms with v, and solving for v yields
v = [(2mgh kh2) / (m + M/2)]½. (2)
(b) Recall from our discussions on kinematics that an object turns around when its velocity is zero. Setting
equation (2) to zero
[(2mgh kh2) / (m + M/2)]½ = 0 ,
we see that the numerator is zero when
2mgh kh2 = 0 .
Solving this for h reveals that the object turns around when h = 2mg/k.
(c) To find the maximum velocity, we need to find dv/dh = 0. Taking the derivative of equation (2) yields
dv/dh = ½{1/[(2mgh kh2) / (m + M/2)] ½}[2mg2kh]/[m+M/2] = 0 .
We see that the numerator to zero when
2mg2kh = 0 .
Solving this for h reveals that the object turns around when h = mg/k, halfway between the starting
position and the turnaround point.
5. A system of weights and pulleys is assembled as shown below. The pulleys are all fixed. The pulleys on
the sides are disks of mass md and radius Rd; the central pulley is a hoop of mass mh and radius Rh. A
massless ideal rope passes around the pulleys and joins two weights. The rope does not slip. The two
weights have masses m1 and m2 respectively. Use energy methods to find the velocity of the weights as a
function of displacement, x. The moment of inertia of a disk is Idisk = ½MR2 and of a hoop is Ihoop =
MR2.
The problem involves changes in height, speed, and rotation, so we would apply the generalized Work
Energy Theorem even if not directed to do,
WNC = ΔE = (Kf Ki) + (Uf Ui) , (1)
where K is the sum of all the linear and rotational kinetic energies of each object, and U is the sum of the
gravitational potential energies. Since there is no kinetic friction acting on the system, WNC = 0.
Let's assume block 2 moves down. Thus block 1 moves up an identical amount h. Since block 2 drops,
there is a decrease in its gravitational potential energy. Block 1 will increase its potential energy. As well,
as both blocks move, they increases its kinetic energy. The pulleys start rotating, so there is an increase in
the rotational kinetic energy of each. Equation (1) for this problem is thus
0 = m2gh + m1gh + ½m2v2 + ½m1v2 + 2×½ID (ωD)2 + ½IH(ωH) 2 .
We are told that Idisk = ½MD(RD)2 and Ihoop = MH(RH)2. Since the rope does not slip the tangential
speed of the pulleys is the same as the rope and thus ω = v/R. Substituting this relations back into our
equation yields,
0 = (m2 m1)gh + ½m2v2 + ½m1v2 + ½MD(RD)2(v/RD)2 + ½ MH(RH)2(v/RH)2 .
Collecting the terms with v, and solving for v yields
v = [2(m2 m1)gh / (m1 + m2 + MD + MH)]½.
6. In the diagram below, a moving skier on top of a circular hill of radius Rh = 62.0 m feels that his "weight"
is only (3/8)mg. What would be the skier's apparent weight (in multiples of mg) at the bottom of the
circular valley which has a radius Rv = 43.0 m? Neglect friction and air resistance.
The problem involves a change in height and speed, so we apply the generalized WorkEnergy Theorem.
WNC = ΔE = (Kf Ki) + (Uf Ui) = [½m(vv)2 2mgRv] [½m(vh)2 + 2mgRh] .
There is no friction or air resistance, WNC = 0. Our equation is thus
0 = [½m(vv)2 2mgRv] [½m(vh)2 + 2mgRh] . (1)
We told what the skier feels his weight to be. The sensation of weight is N, the normal acting on the
person. To find a force we need to draw a FBD and apply Newton's Second Law. We must do this both
at the top of the hill and at the bottom of the valley. Since both are circular paths, we are dealing with
centripetal acceleration.
hill valley
ΣFy = may ΣFy = may
Nh mg = m(vh)2/Rh Nv mg = m(vv)2/Rv
We are told that Nh = (3/8)mg, so the first force equation becomes (5/8)mg = m(vh)2/Rh. Solving for vh,
we find vh = [(5/8)gRh]½. This can be substituted into equation (1)
0 = [½(vv)2 2gRv] [½{(5/8)gRh} + 2gRh] .
Rearranging to isolate vv, we find
vv = [g{(37/8)Rh + Rv}] ½ = 67.08 m/s .
This result, along with the second force equation let's find the apparent weight in the valley,
Nv = mg + m(vv)2/Rv = mg[1+{(37/8)Rh+Rv}/Rv] = mg[2+(37/8)( Rh/Rv)] =(11.7)mg .
The skier feels 11.7 times heavier at bottom of valley which is not very likely!
7. At point A in the figure shown below, a spring (spring constant k = 1000 N/m) is compressed 50.0 cm by
a 2.00 kg block. When released the block travels over the frictionless track until it is launched into the air
at point B. It lands at point C. The inclined part of the track makes an angle of θ = 55.0° with the
horizontal and point B is a height h = 4.50 m above the ground. How far horizontally is point C from point
B?
The problem involves a change in height and speed and has a spring, so we apply the generalized Work
Energy Theorem., WNC = ΔE.
There is no friction or air resistance, so WNC = 0. The spring is compressed initially, so it loses spring
potential energy. The block increases kinetic energy and gains gravitational potential energy. Our equation
is thus
0 = ½kx2 + ½mv2 + mgh .
We can use this to find the speed of the block at launch
v = [kx2/m 2gh]½ = [(1000)(0.5)2/2 2(9.81)(4.5)]½ = 6.0589 m/s .
Now the block is a projectile. To solve a projectile problem we break the motion into its x and y
components and apply our kinematics equations.
i j
v0x = vcos(55º) = 3.47523 m/s v0y = vsin(55º) = 4.96314 m/s
Δx = ? Δy = 4.50 m
ax = 0 ay = 9.81 m/s2
t = ? t = ?
We have enough information in the y column to find t using Δy = v0yt + ½at2 ,
4.50 = 4.96314t 4.905t2 .
Using the quadratic equation, the solutions are t = 0.5773 s and t = 1.5892 s. We want the positive, or
forward in time, solution. Hence the horizontal distance traveled by the block is
Δx = v0xt = 3.47523 × 1.5892 = 5.52 m .
Point C is therefore 5.52 m from B.
8. A small solid sphere of radius r = 1.00 cm and mass m = 0.100 kg at point A is pressed against a spring
and is released from rest with the spring compressed 20.0 cm from its natural length. The spring has a
force constant k = 20.0 N/m. The sphere rolls without slipping along a horizontal surface to point B where
it smoothly continues onto a circular track of radius R = 2.00 m. The ball finally leaves the surface of the
track at point C. Find the angle θ where the ball leaves the track. Assume that friction does no work. Hint
find an expression for the speed of the sphere at point C. The moment of inertia of a sphere is I =
2/ mr2.
5
The problem involves a change in height and speed and has a spring, so we apply the generalized Work
Energy Theorem., WNC = ΔE.
We are told to assume WNC = 0. The spring is compressed initially, so it loses spring potential energy.
The ball increases both linear and rotational kinetic energy. The ball loses gravitational potential energy.
Our equation is thus
0 = ½kx2 + ½mv2 + ½Iω2 mgh . (1)
We are told the moment of inertia, I, and we are told that the ball does not slip so ω = v/r. Using some
trigonometry, the distance dropped is h = (R+r) (R+r)cosθ. Using these results with equation (1) yields
0 = ½kx2 + (7/10)mv2 mg(R+r)[1 cosθ] . (2)
We have two unknowns, v and θ. To proceed further we note that the ball loses contact with the surface.
Recall that losing contact implies that N = 0. The normal is a force and to find forces we draw a FBD and
apply Newton's Second Law. Since the ball moves in a circle, we are dealing with centripetal
acceleration.
j
ΣFy = may
N mgcosθ = mv2/(R+r)
Since N = 0, and after some rearranging, the force equation yields
v2 = (R+r)gcosθ .
Substituting this into equation(2), we get
0 = ½kx2 + (7/10)mg(R+r)cosθ mg(R+r)[1 cosθ] .
Collecting terms with cos on the lefthand side yields
(17/10)mg(R+r)cosθ = ½kx2 + mg(R+r) .
Solving for θ,
θ = cos1 {[½kx2 + mg(R+r)] / (17/10)mg(R+r)} = 44.9º .
The ball comes off the surface when the angle is 44.9º.
9. The potential energy of a system of particles in one dimension is given by:
where the potential energy is in Joules. What is the work done in moving a particle in this potential from x
= 1 m to x = 2 m? What is the force on a particle in this potential at x = 1 m and at x = 2 m? Where are
the points of stable and unstable equilibrium (peaks and troughs)?
Assuming the particle starts and ends at rest, the work done is
WNC = Uf Ui = [52+3(2)22(2)3] [51+3(1)22(1)3] = 2 J 5 J = 7 J .
Force is the negative derivative of the potential,
F = dU/dx = 1 6x 6x2 .
Thus the force at x = 1 m is
F = 1 6(1) 6(1)2 = 1 N ,
and at x = 2 m is
F = 1 6(2) 6(2)2 = 13 N .
The equilibrium points occur at the minima and maxima of U(x). We find them by setting dU/dx = 0, or
1 + 6x 6x2 = 0.
This equation has roots at x = 0.211 m and x = 0.789 m.
Looking at the second derivative,
d2U/d2x = 6 12x .
We see that when x = 0.211 m, d2U/d2x = 6 12(0.211) > 0, so x = 0.211 m is a minimum. We also see
that when x = 0.789 m, d2U/d2x = 6 12(0.789) < 0, so x = 0.789 m is a maximum.
10. The PE curve for a 2.5kg particle under the influence of a conservative force is shown below. (a) What
would be the total mechanical energy of the system, if one know that the particle has a speed of 7.5 m/s at
x = 1.5 m? (b) If Etot = 150 J, where would the particle have zero velocity? Where would the particle
have its maximum kinetic energy and what would be its speed there? (c) What is the minimum total energy
for which the particle escapes the influence of the force creating the potential (i.e. the particle escapes the
potential well)?
(a) The kinetic energy of the particle is
K = ½mv2 = ½(2.5 kg)(7.5 m/s)2 = 70.3 J.
Examining the graph, at x = 1.5 m, the potential energy approximately U = 75 J. So the total energy is
Etotal = K + U = 145 J.
(b) Zero velocity implies zero kinetic energy. Thus all the energy would have to be potential. Examining the
graph, we see that Etotal = 150 J intercepts the potential energy curve at x = 1.1 m and at x = 3.4 m.
The maximum kinetic energy would occur where the potential energy is a minimum. Examining the graph
the minimum potential is at x = 2.2 m, and is 40 J. The kinetic energy is K = Etotal U = 150 J 40 J =
110 J.
Since K = ½mv2
v = [2K/m]½ = [2(110 J)/2.5 kg)]½ = 9.4 m/s .
(c) Examining the graph, a particle with an energy of about 210 J could escape the potential well.
Work and Energy
11. In the diagram below, calculate the work done if:
(a) F = 15.0 N, θ = 15°, and Δx = 2.50 m,
(b) F = 25.0 N, θ = 75°, and Δx = 12.0 m,
(c) F = 10.0 N, θ = 135°, and Δx = 5.50 m,
For constant forces, work is defined by W = FΔxcos(θ).
(a) W = 36.2 J
(b) W = 77.6 J
(c) W = 38.9 J
12. In the diagram below, a rope with tension T = 150 N pulls a 15.0kg block 3.0 m up an incline (θ =
25.0°). The coefficient of kinetic friction is μk = 0.20. Find the work done by each force acting on the
block.
To find the work done by a force, we need to know the magnitude of the force and the angle it makes
with the displacement. To find forces, we draw a FBD and use Newton's Second Law.
i j
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may
T fk mgsinθ = ma N mgcosθ = 0
The second equation informs us that N = mgcosθ. We know fk = μkN = μkmgcosθ.
13. A winch lifts a 150 kg crate 3.0 m upwards with an acceleration of 0.50 m/s2. How much work is done
by the winch? How much work is done by gravity?
To find the work done by a force, we need to know the magnitude of the force and the angle it makes
with the displacement. To find forces, we draw a FBD and use Newton's Second Law.
ΣFy = may
T mg = ma
The work done by the winch is the work done by tension. The work done by gravity is the work done by
the objects weight. Since we know m and g, we find T = mg + ma = 1546.5 N. The work done by
tension is Wtension = TΔycos(0) = 4.64 × 103 J. The work done by gravity is Wgravity = mgΔy cos(π) =
4.41 × 103 J.
14. What work does a baseball bat do on a baseball of mass 0.325 kg which has a forward sped of 36 m/s
and a final speed of 27 m/s backwards. Assume motion is horizontal.
Since we are asked for the work done and have a change in speed, we make use of the generalized
WorkEnergy Theorem. Since the height of the ball does not change, there is only a change in kinetic
energy.
WNC = ΔE = Kf Ki = ½m[(vf)2 (v0)2] = ½(0.325kg)[(27 m/s)2 (36 m/s)2] = 92.1 J .
15. What is the work done by friction in slowing a 10.5kg block traveling at 5.85 m/s to a complete stop in a
distance of 9.65 m? What is the kinetic coefficient of friction?
Since we are asked for the work done and have a change in speed, we make use of the generalized
WorkEnergy Theorem. Since the height of the block does not change, there is only a change in kinetic
energy.
Wfriction = ΔE = Kf Ki = ½m[(vf)2 (v0)2] = ½(10.5kg)[(0)2 (5.85 m/s)2] = 179.67 J .
To find μ, we need to know the force and the angle it makes with the displacement. To find forces, we
draw a FBD and use Newton's Second Law.
i j
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may
fk = ma N mg = 0
The second equation gives N = mg and we know fk = μk N, so fk = μk mg. Therefore, the work done by
friction is Wfriction = fkΔx = μkmgΔx. Rearranging this yields
μk = Wfriction / mgΔx = 0.18 .
16. A 50.0N force is applied horizontally to a 12.0kg block which is initially at rest. After traveling 6.45 m,
the speed of the block is 5.90 m/s. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?
Since the problem involves a change is speed, we make use of the Generalized WorkEnergy Theorem
WNC = ΔE = Kf Ki = ½m[(vf)2 (v0)2] = ½m(vf)2 .
There are two nonconservative forces in this problem, friction and the applied force. The work done by
friction is given by Wfriction = fkΔx. The work done by the applied force is WF = FΔx.
FΔx fkΔx = ½m(vf)2 . (1)
To find out more about fk, we draw a FBD and use Newton's Second Law.
i j
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may
F fk = ma N mg = 0
The second equation gives N = mg and we know fk = μkN, so fk = μkmg. Thus Wfriction = μkmgΔx.
Combining this result with equation (1), we get
(F μkmg)Δx = ½m(vf)2 .
Rearranging yields an expression for μk
μk = [FΔx ½m(vf)2] / mgΔx .
Using the given values, we find μk = 0.15 .
17. A rope is wrapped abound a cylindrical drum as shown below. It is pulled with a constant tension of 100
N for six revolutions of the drum. The drum has a radius of 0.500 m. A brake is also applying a force to
the drum. The brake pushes inwards on the drum with a force of 200 N. The pressure point is 0.350 m
from the centre of the drum. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the brake and the drum is 0.50.
Determine the work done by each torque.
Work is defined by the formula W = τΔφ in rotational cases. Since the rope does not slip as it is pulled,
the object rotates 6 times clockwise or Δφ = 12π. We know fk = μkN. In this problem, N equals how
hard the brake is pressed. Note that the tension and the friction are tangential to the drum.
(a) WT = (RT)Δφ = (0.5m)(100 N)(12π) = 1.88 × 103 J.
(b) Wf = (rfk)Δφ = (0.35 m)(0.50 × 200 N)(12π) = 1.32 × 103 J.
18. Determine the work done by the following. Determine the angles between the forces and the
displacements. The forces are in Newtons and the displacements are in metres:
(a) F = (1, 2, 3) and Δr = (4, 5, 6)
(b) F = (1, 2, 3) and Δr = (4, 5, 6)
(c) F = (4, 2, 4) and Δr = (2, 8, 2)
In 3D, work is defined W = F · Δr, which means W = FxΔx + FyΔy + FzΔz. It is also defined by W =
FΔrcosθ, where F and R are the magnitudes of the vectors, F and Δr. Using the 3D version of
Pythagoras' Theorem, F = [(Fx)2 + (Fy)2 + (Fz)2]½ and Δr = [(Δx)2 + (Δy)2 + (Δz)2]½. If we find the
work using the first form, then θ can be found from the second by θ = cos1(W / FΔr).
(a) W = 1×4 + 2×5 + 3×6 = 32 J.
Since F = [(1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2]½ = 3.7417 N and Δr = [(4)2 + (5)2 + (6)2]½ = 8.7750 m, then θ = cos
1(W / FΔr) = 12.9º.
(b) W = 1×4 + 2×5 + 3×(6) = 4 J.
Since F = [(1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2]½ = 3.7417 N and Δr = [(4)2 + (5)2 + (6)2]½ = 8.7750 m, then θ = cos
1(W / FΔr) = 97.0º.
(c) W = 4×2 + 2×(8) + 4×2 = 0 J.
Since F = [(4)2 + (2)2 + (4)2]½ = 6.1644 N and Δr = [(2)2 + (8)2 + (2)2]½ = 8.4853 m, then θ = cos
1(W / FΔr) = 90º.
19. In the diagram below, a 5.00kg block slides from rest at a height of h1 = 1.75 m down to a horizontal
surface where it passes over a 2.00 m rough patch. The rough patch has a coefficient of kinetic friction μk
= 0.25. What height, h2, does the block reach on the θ = 30.0° incline?
Since the problem involves a change of height and speed, we make use of the Generalized WorkEnergy
Theorem. Since the block's initial and final speeds are zero, we have
WNC = ΔE = Uf Ui = mgh2 mgh1 . (1)
The nonconservative force in this problem is friction. To find the work done by friction, we need to know
the friction. To find friction, a force, we draw a FBD at the rough surface and use Newton's Second Law.
i j
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may
fk = ma N mg = 0
The second equation gives N = mg and we know fk = μkN, so fk = μkmg. Therefore, the work done by
friction is Wfriction = fkΔx = μkmgΔx. Putting this into equation (1) yields
μkmgΔx = mgh2 mgh1 .
Solving for h2, we find
h2 = h1 μkΔx = 1.25 m .
20. In the diagram below, a 5.00kg block slides from rest at a height of h1 = 1.75 m down to a smooth
horizontal surface until it encounters a rough incline. The incline has a coefficient of kinetic friction μk =
0.25. What height, h2, does the block reach on the θ = 30.0° incline?
Since the problem involves a change of height and speed, we make use of the Generalized WorkEnergy
Theorem. Since the block's initial and final speeds are zero, we have
WNC = ΔE = Uf Ui = mgh2 mgh1 . (1)
The nonconservative force in this problem is friction. To find the work done by friction, we need to know
the friction. To find friction, a force, we draw a FBD at the rough surface and use Newton's Second Law.
i j
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may
fk mgsinθ = ma N mgcosθ = 0
The second equation gives N = mgcosθ and we know fk = μkN, so fk = μk mgcosθ. Therefore, the work
done by friction is Wfriction = fkΔx = μkmg cosθΔx. Putting this into equation (1) yields
μkmgcosθΔx = mgh2 mgh1 .
A little trigonometry shows that Δx is related to h2 by Δx = h2 / sinθ. Putting this into the above equation
yields
μkcosθ [h2 / sinθ] = h2 h1 .
Solving for h2, we find
h2 = h1 / [1 + μk/tanθ] = 1.22 m .
21. A rope is wrapped exactly three times around a cylinder with a fixed axis of rotation at its centre. The
cylinder has a mass of 250 kg and a diameter of 34.0 cm. The rope is pulled with a constant tension of
12.6 N. The moment of inertia of a cylinder about its centre is I = ½MR2. (a) What is the work down by
the rope as it is pulled off the cylinder. Note that the rope does not slip. (b) If the cylinder was initially at
rest, what is its final angular velocity? Note that ropes are always tangential to the surfaces that they are
wrapped around. Note that the work done by the tension is nonconservative.
Since the problem involves a change is speed, we make use of the Generalized WorkEnergy Theorem.
Since there is only a change in rotational speed,
WNC = ΔE = Kf Ki = ½I[(ωf)2 (ω0)2] = ½I(ωf)2 .
The nonconservative force in this problem is tension, WNC = WT. So we have
WT = ½I(ωf)2 . (1)
(a) The definition of work in rotational situations is W = τΔφ. Tension is always tangential to cylinders so
τT = RT. Since the rope does not slip, the cylinder rotates clockwise three times so Δφ = 6π. We can
thus find the work done by the tension
WT = (RT)(6π) = (0.34 m)(12.6 N)6π = 40.4 J .
(b) Then we find the final velocity from equation (1),
ωf = [2WT/I]½ .
According to the table of Moments of Inertia, I = ½MR2 for a solid cylinder. So
ωf = [4WT/MR2]½ = 6.10 rad/s .
22. Suppose that there is friction in problem 12 and that the compression must in fact be 0.425 m for the
block to just reach the top of the hill. What work is done by the frictional force?
Friction is a nonconservative forces so WNC = Wfriction ¹ 0. Thus
Wfriction = mgh ½Kx2 = 132 J .
Friction does 132 Joules of work.
23. A large cylinder of mass M = 150 kg and radius R = 0.350 m. The axle on which the cylinder rotates is
NOT frictionless. A rope is wrapped around the cylinder exactly ten times. From rest, the rope is pulled
with a constant tension of 25.0 N. The rope does not slip and when the rope comes free, the cylinder has
a forward angular velocity f = 10.5 rad/s. The moment of inertia of a cylinder is I = ½MR2.
(a) What angle was the cylinder rotated through?
(b) What is the frictional torque of the axle?
(c) How long will it take the frictional torque to bring the cylinder to a stop?
(d) How many revolutions will it have turned?
(a) Since the rope does not slip, the cylinder rotates ten times so Δφ = 20π, where the rotation is
assumed to be clockwise.
(b) Since the problem involves forces and a change is rotational speed, we make use of the Generalized
WorkEnergy Theorem. Since there is only a change in rotational kinetic energy,
WNC = ΔE = Kf Ki = ½I[(ωf)2 (ω0)2] = ½I(ωf)2 .
The nonconservative forces in this problem are the tension and the axle friction, WNC = WT + Wf. So we
have
WT + Wf = ½I (ωf)2 . (1)
The definition of work in rotational situations is W = τΔφ. Tension is always tangential to cylinders so τT =
RT, again assuming the rope pulls the cylinder clockwise. Thus the work done by the tension is
WT = (RT)(20π) = (0.35 m)(25 N)(20) = 549.78 J .
Using this result and equation (1), we can find the work done by friction
Wf = ½I(ωf)2 WT = ¼M(Rf)2 WT = 506.46 J 549.78 J = 43.3178 J .
Since Wf = τf Δφ, we find the frictional torque to be
τf = Wf / Δφ = Wf / 20π = +0.6894 Nm ;
the sign indicating that it is counterclockwise.
(c) After the rope comes off the cylinder, the only force acting is friction so the generalized WorkEnergy
Theorem becomes
Wf = ΔE = Kf Ki = ½I[(ωf) 2 (ω0)2] = ½I(ω0)2 ,
where ω0 here is ωf from the first part of the problem and the new ωf = 0 since the drum comes to a stop.
Again Wf = τfΔφ, where τf is the result from part (b). Therefore
τfΔφ = ½I(ω0)2 = (506.46 J) / 0.6894 Nm = 734.6 rad = 117 rev clockwise.
(d) To find the time it takes to slow down, note that we have the initial and final angular velocities and the
angular displacement. Referring to our kinematics equations, we find
Δφ = ½(ωf + ω0)t.
Rearranging for t yields,
t = 2Δφ / (ωf + ω0) = 140 s .
24. A person with an axe to grind is using a whetstone. The whetstone is connected to a motor which keeps it
rotating at 85 rev/min. The whetstone is a solid cylinder of made of a special type of stone of mass 45 kg
and radius 20 cm. The heavy axeblade is being pressed onto the whetstone with a steady force of 25 N
directed into the centre of the whetstone. Suddenly, the power to the motor is cut but the person maintains
the force of the axe on the whetstone. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the axe and the stone is
0.60. The moment of inertia of a cylinder about it's centre of mass is I = ½MR2.
(a) Calculate the torque of the frictional force on the wheel.
(b) Calculate the total angle through which the wheel turns from the time the power goes off to the time the
whetstone stops rotating.
(c) How long does it take for the wheel to stop after the power outage?
(a) The frictional force is tangential to the surface of the whetstone. The friction torque is τf = Rfk. The
frictional force is given by fk = μN. According to Newton's Third Law, the normal is equal to the force
pressing the axe into the whetstone. Hence
τf = RF = (0.2 m)(0.6)(25 N) = 3.0 Nm .
(b) Since the object is rotating and we are given speeds, we apply the generalized WorkEnergy
Theorem. Note that we only have rotational kinetic energy, so
WNC = ΔE = Kf Ki = ½I[(ωf) 2 (ω0)2] = ½I(ω0)2 = ¼M(Rω0)2,
where WNC is the work done by friction in slowing the whetstone and we used the given I. The angular
velocity is given in rev/min but in SI units it is
ω0 = 85 rev/min × (2π rad)/rev × min/(60 s) = 8.9012 rad/s .
The definition of work is WNC = τf Δφ. If we use this relation, we find that
Δφ = ¼M(R0)2 / τf = ¼(45 kg)(0.20 × 8.9012 rad/s)2 / τf = 11.9 rad = 1.89 rev .
(c) To find the time it takes to slow down, note that we have the initial and final angular velocities and the
angular displacement. Referring to our kinematics equations, we find
Δφ = ½ (ωf + ω0)t .
Rearranging for t yields,
t = 2Δφ / ω0 = 2(11.88 rad)/(8.9012 rad/s) = 2.67 s .
25. In the figure below, a block of mass 5.0 kg starts at point A with a speed of 15.0 m/s on a flat frictionless
surface. At point B, it encounters an incline with coefficient of kinetic friction μk = 0.15. The block makes
it up the incline to a second flat frictionless surface. What is the work done by friction? What is the
velocity of the block at point C? The incline is 2.2 m long at an angle θ = 15°.
The problem involves a change in height and speed, so we apply the generalized WorkEnergy Theorem.
WNC = ΔE = (Kf Ki) + (Uf Ui) = ½m(vC)2 ½m(vA)2 + mgh . (1)
Here the nonconservative force is friction, so WNC = Wf. To find friction, a force, we draw a FBD and
use Newton's Second Law.
i j
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may
fk mgsinθ = ma N mgcosθ = 0
The second equation gives N = mgcosθ and we know fk = μkN, so fk = μkmgcos θ. Therefore, the work
done by friction is
Wf = fkΔx = μkmgcosθΔx = (.15)(5 kg)(9.81 m/s2)cos(15º)(2.2 m) = 15.635 J.
Note from the diagram, that the height h is related to the length of the incline by h = Δxsinθ. Putting both
results into equation (1) yields
Wf = ½m(vC)2 ½m(vA)2 + mg[Δxsinθ] .
Solving for vC yields
vC = [2Wf/m 2gΔx sinθ + (vA)2] ½ = 14.4 m/s .
26. In the diagram block M1 is connected to M2 by a very light string running over three identical pulleys. The
pulleys are disks with mass Mp and the rope does not slip. The coefficient of kinetic friction for the
horizontal surface that M1 is on is μk. Find an expression for the speed v of block M2 in terms of the
distance L that block M1 moves to the right. Your answer should be expressed in terms of L, M1, M2,
Mp, μk, and g only. Hint: work and energy methods provide the quickest solution.
The problem involves changes in height, speed, and rotation, so we would apply the generalized Work
Energy Theorem even if not directed to do so,
WNC = ΔE = (Kf Ki) + (Uf Ui) , (1)
where K is the sum of all the linear and rotational kinetic energies of each object, and U is the sum of the
gravitational potential energies. Since there is kinetic friction acting on the system, WNC = Wf. To find Wf,
we need to the frictional force. To find a force, we draw a FBD and use Newton's Second Law.
i j
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may
T fk = M1a N M1g = 0
The second equation gives N = M1g and we know fk = μk N, so fk = μkM1g. Therefore, the work done
by friction is Wf = fk Δx = μ kM1gΔx.
Next consider the change in energy of each object. M1 increases its linear kinetic energy. M2 also
increases its linear kinetic energy but loses gravitational potential energy. The three identical pulleys
increase their rotational kinetic energies. Thus equation (1) becomes
μkM1gΔx = ½M1v2 + ½M2v2 M2gh + 3×½Idisk ω2 .
Since M1 and M2 are connected by the same rope, they have the same speed and move the same
distance so that Δx = h. Consulting a table of Moments of Inertia, we find Idisk = ½MPR2. Since the rope
does not slip, the tangential speed of the pulleys is the same as the rope and thus ω = v/R. Substituting this
relations back into our equation yields,
μkM1gh = ½M1v2 + ½M2v2 M2gh + 3×½[½MPR2] (v/R)2 .
Collecting the terms with v yields
½[M1 + M2 + (3/2)MP] v2 = [M2 μ kM1]gh .
Solving for v yields,
v = [2(M2 μ kM1)gh / (M1 + M2 + (3/2)MP)]½ .
27. Tarzan, Lord of Apes, is swinging through the jungle. In the diagram below, Tarzan is standing at point A
on a tree branch h1 = 22.0 m above the floor of the jungle. Tarzan is holding one end of a vine which is
attached to a branch on a second tree. The vine is L = 21.0 m long. When Tarzan swings on the vine, his
path is in an arc of a circle. At the bottom of his swing he is at point B, 13.0 m above the ground . Ignore
Tarzan's height. Tarzan has a mass of 90.0 kg. The vine does not stretch and has negligible mass.
(a) Why does the tension in the vine do no work?
(b) What will be his speed at this point?
(c) What will be the tension in the rope?
The problem involves a change in height and speed, so we apply the generalized WorkEnergy Theorem.
WNC = ΔE = (Kf Ki) + (Uf Ui) = ½m(vB)2 mgh . (1)
(a) Here the only possible nonconservative force is friction, so WNC = WT. The definition of work is W =
FΔxcosθ, but in this problem the tension is along a radius and is thus always at 90º to the displacement.
As a result, WT = 0. Thus we have
0 = ½m(vB)2 mgh .
(b) To find the speed at point B, we need to know h, the distance Tarzan dropped. Examining the
question, we see that h = h1 h2 = 22.0 m 13.0 m = 9.0 m. Rearranging our equation, we find
vB = [2gh]½ = [2(9.81 m/s2)(9 m)]½ = 13.29 m/s .
(c) Tension is a force. To find a force we need to draw a FBD and apply Newton's Second Law. Since
Tarzan is swinging in a circle, we are dealing with centripetal acceleration.
ΣFy = may
T mg = mv2/L
Solving for T,
T = mg + mv2/L = (90.0 kg)[ 9.81 m/s2 + (13.288 m/s)2/(21.0 m)] = 1.64 × 103 N.
28. A block of mass M on a flat table is connected by a string of negligible mass to a vertical spring with
spring constant K which is fixed to the floor. The string goes over a pulley that is a solid disk of mass M
and radius R. As shown in the diagram below, the spring is initially in its equilibrium position and the
system is not moving. A person pulls the block with force F through a distance L. Determine the speed v
of the block after it has moved distance L.The tabletop is frictionless.
The problem involves changes in height, speed, and rotation, so we would apply the generalized Work
Energy Theorem even if not directed to do so,
Wext = ΔE, (1)
where E is the sum of all the mechanical energies of each object. If the system consists of the spring,
string, pulley, block and the earth, then F is an external force acting on the system and Wext = FL.
Next consider the change in energy of each object. The spring stretches as so increases its potential
energy. The pulley turns from rest so increases its rotational kinetic energy. The block moves from rest so
it increases its linear kinetic energy. Thus equation (1) becomes
FL = ½Kx2 + ½Idiskω2 + ½Mv2.
Since the block and spring are connected by the same string, the spring has stretched x = L. Consulting a
table of Moments of Inertia, we find Idisk = ½MR2. Since the string does not slip, the tangential speed of
the pulleys is the same as the rope and thus ω = v/R. Substituting this relations back
FL = ½KL2 + ½[½MR2](v/R)2 + ½Mv2 .
Collecting the terms with v yields
3/ Mv2 = FL – ½KL2 .
4
Solving for v yields,
v = [(4M – 2KL2) / 3M]½ .
29. What power is required to pull a 5.0 kg block at a steady speed of 1.25 m/s? The coefficient of friction is
0.30.
The power required to move the block at constant speed is P = Fv. We are given v, the speed of the
block. To get F, a force, we draw a FBD and apply Newton's Second Law,
i j
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may
F fk = 0 N mg = 0
The second equation gives N = mg and we know fk = μkN, so fk = μkmg. Therefore, the applied force is
F = μkmg. Thus the power is
P = μkmgv = (0.3)(5 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(1.25 m/s) = 18.4 Watts.
30. A 7500 W engine is propelling a boat at 12 km/h. What force is the engine exerting on the boat? What
force and how much power is water resistance exerting on the speedboat?
First we convert the velocity to SI units,
12 km/h × (1000 m)/km × (1 h)/(3600 s) = 3.333 m/s .
We know P = Fv, so
F = P/v = 7500 W / 3.333 m/s = 2250 N .
By Newton's Third Law, the water is exerting 2250 N in the reverse direction. It is also removing 7500
W of power which is going into increasing the kinetic energy of the water.
31. A 3.0 hp engine pulls a 245kg block at constant speed up a 12.0 m 30.0° incline. How long does this
take? Ignore friction.
First, 3.0 hp × 746 W / hp = 2238 W.
Next, the work done by the engine must equal the work done by the weight, from Newton's Third Law.
The work done by gravity is
Wgravity = mgh = mgLsinθ = 1.442 × 104 J .
Since power is defined as work over time, P = W/t, the time it takes is
t = W/P = (1.442 × 104 J) / (2238 W) = 6.44 s .
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