Overview of the Radiant Time

Series Method
Prof. Jeffrey D. Spitler
School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma
State University
Outline
Motivations – a brief history
Overview of the procedure
Example
A brief history (1)
1975 – Rudoy and
Duran develop
CLTD/CLF procedure,
using TFM as basis for
CLTDs and CLFs
1980 – ASHRAE
publishes Cooling and
Heating Load
Calculation Manual by
Rudoy and Cuba
A brief history (2)
1985 – Sowell and Chiles publish work
showing deficiencies in CLTD/CLF procedure.
1988 – Sowell publishes results of 200,000+
DOE-2 calculations of custom weighting
factors; McQuiston and Harris publish 83 sets
of CTF coefficients for walls and roofs.
(ASHRAE RP-472)
A brief history (3)
1992 – ASHRAE
publishes 2nd Edition of
Cooling and Heating
Load Calculation Manual
by McQuiston and
Spitler; CLTD/SCL/CLF
procedure is developed;
all methods (TFM,
TETD/ TA,
CLTD/SCL/CLF) are
presented and all use
data from ASHRAE RP-
472.
A brief history (4)
Mid 1990’s – Despite revisions to all of the
methods, ASHRAE Load Calculations TC
remains “dissatisfied” with existing methods.
„ TFM is difficult to use or understand; an
approximation to the heat balance method.
„ CLTD/SCL/CLF and TETD/TA are 2nd generation
approximations
„ TETD/TA requires substantial user judgment.
A brief history (5)
1996 – ASHRAE Load Calculations Technical
Committee funds RP-875; goal is to replace
existing methods with:
„ Heat Balance Method (most fundamental method)
„ Radiant Time Series Method (simplified method,
intended to be derived directly from HBM, but be
much easier to use; a “spreadsheet method”)
A brief history (6)
1998 – ASHRAE
publishes Cooling and
Heating Load
Calculation Principles
with HBM and RTSM
2001 – HBM and RTSM
are published in
ASHRAE Handbook of
Fundamentals
RTSM Algorithm

Solar Conduction Internal Infiltration

Gains Gains Gains Gains

Split all heat gains into radiant and convective portions

Apply RTS to Sum

Radiant Convective
HOURLY Gains
Gains
COOLING
LOAD
RTSM Solution Technique
Takes Advantage of Steady Periodic Nature of
the Cooling Load Calculation

Based on:
„ Radiant Time Series: Steady Periodic Zone
Response Factors
„ Steady Periodic Response Factors for Conduction
Advantage of Steady Periodic
Response Factors

Reduce Computation Time

Provide a Simplified (Spreadsheet Friendly)
Method for Estimating Cooling Loads
Provide Some Physical Insight Into the Nature
of the Calculation
The Radiant Time Series

Steady Periodic Zone Response Factors

(“Radiant Time Factors”)
Qθ = r0qθ + r1qθ −δ + r2qθ −2δ + r3qθ −3δ + ...+ r23qθ −23δ

Calculate the Contribution of Radiant

Heat Gains to Hourly Cooling Load
Steady Periodic Zone
Response Factors

Radiant Time Factors - MW Zone Radiant Time Factors - LW Zone

0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
Rj

Rj
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
j j
Steady Periodic Response
Factors for Conduction
23 23
qθ′′ = ∑YPjTe,θ − jδ − Trc ∑YPj
j =0 j =0

Re sponse Fa ctors - W a ll Type 20 Re sponse Fa ctors - W a ll Type 3

0.25
0.25

0.20
0.20

0.15 0.15

YP j
YP j

0.10 0.10

0.05 0.05

0.00 0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
j j
Characteristics of Steady
Periodic Response Factors

Operate on temperatures only (no flux

history terms)
Sum to the overall u-value of the wall
Provide a qualitative measure of the
time-lag associated with the surface
Can be determined from Conduction
Transfer Function Coefficients
 Calculate
Calculate solar Calculate transmitted
TSHGFsunlit
intensities for solar heat gain for each
TSHGFshade
each hour for window for each hour
each exterior ASHGFsunlit
surface ASHGFshade
Calculate absorbed solar
Ash, Ashade for each heat gain for each window

window for each hour for each hour

Split all heat gains into radiative and covective portions

Using PRF, calculate
Calculate sol-air
conduction heat gain for
temperature for each
each exterior surface for
exterior surface for Sum all convective
each hour
each hour portions for each hour

Calculate the conduction

heat gain for each window Hourly
for each hour
Σ cooling
load

Determine lighting,
occupant, and equipment
heat gains. Process all of the radiative
heat gains with the approprite
radiant time series. The result
is hourly cooling loads due to
Determine inflitration
the radiative heat gains.
heat gain
Example
N

4'
12' 30'

20'

30'

Only South wall and roof are exposed to the outside.

Example
Walls: Roof
„ Outside Surface „ Outside Surface
Resistance Resistance
„ 1 in. Stucco „ ½ in. Slag or stone
„ 5 in. Insulation „ 3/8 in. Felt and
„ ¾ in. Plaster or gypsum membrane
„ Inside surface resistance „ 2 in. Heavyweight
concrete
4” slab-on-grade floor „ Ceiling air space
„ 6 in. Insulation
Double pane window, „ Acoustic tile
SC=0.88
„ Inside surface resistance
Example
Outside Other heat gains
„ Montreal „ 10 occupants, 8-5
„ July 21 „ 1 W/ft2 equipment
heat gain from 8-5
„ 83 F DB, 17.6 Daily
„ 1.5 W/ft2 lighting
Range heat gain, 8-5
„ Ground Reflectivity = „ 0.2 W/ft2 equipment,
0.2 0.3 W/ft2 lights, 5-8
Inside „ Suspended
„ Air temp. = 72 F fluorescent lights.
Example – Solar Calculations
Calculate solar intensity on each
surface, using solar angles and ASHRAE
ABC sky model.
Calculate sol-air temperatures on each
surface.
Calculate solar heat gain for windows.
Could be done with a program or a
spreadsheet.
Total Incident Solar Radiation
Incident Solar Irradiation

350.0
300.0
Flux (Btu/hr-sqft)

250.0

200.0
150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
1 5 9 13 17 21
Time (hr)

S wall Incident Flux (Btu/hr-ft2) Roof Incident Flux (Btu/hr-ft2)

Sol-Air Temperatures
Air Temperature and Sol-Air Temperatures

160.0

140.0
Temperature (F)

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0
1 5 9 13 17 21
Hour

Air T (F) Sol-Air T (F) Sol-Air T (F)

Generate Periodic Response
Factors
Options
„ ASHRAE Load Calculation Principles Book
„ Software that comes with textbook
„ PRF/RTF Generator Software can be
downloaded from www.hvac.okstate.edu
„ Tabulated in paper
PRF/RTF Generator

Free from www.hvac.okstate.edu

PRFs
Periodic Response Factors

3.0E-02

2.5E-02

2.0E-02
S wall
PRF

1.5E-02
Roof
1.0E-02

5.0E-03

0.0E+00
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hour
Calculate conduction heat gain
Once PRFs and sol-air temperatures, are
known, conduction heat gains can be directly
calculated with a spreadsheet.
23 23
qθ′′ = ∑YPjTe,θ − jδ − Trc ∑YPj
j =0 j =0

Conduction heat flux = YP0*current hour sol-

air temperature + YP1* previous hour’s sol-
air temperature…
Conduction Heat Gains
Conduction Heat Gains

1800
1600
1400
Heat Gain (Btu/hr)

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200 1 5 9 13 17 21
-400
Hour

S wall Roof
Solar heat gains from window
Solar Heat Gain

In this spreadsheet, 12000.0

done with shading 10000.0

coefficients. 8000.0

SHG (Btu/hr)
Current ASHRAE 6000.0

method uses SHGC. 4000.0

2000.0

0.0

11

13

15

17

19

21

23
1

9
Hour

Transmitted SHG Absorbed

Split heat gains
Once all heat gains have been
determined, they can be split into
radiative and convective portions:
Heat Gain % radiative % convective
Wall, window conduction 63 37
Roof conduction 84 16
People 70 30
Lighting 67 33
Equipment 20 80
Transmitted solar heat gain 100 0
Absorbed solar heat gain 63 37
Infiltration 0 100
Determine RTS coefficients
It is now necessary to determine the
coefficients of the Radiant Time Series,
also known as Radiant Time Factors
Can be done with:
„ Software that comes with ASHRAE Load
Calculation Principles Book
„ Software that comes with a text book.
„ PRF/RTF Generator Software
Calculated RTF
0.35

0.3

LW RTF

0.25 Solar RTF

0.2
RTF

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour

Apply using periodic response factor equation:

Qθ = r0qθ + r1qθ −δ + r2qθ −2δ + r3qθ −3δ + ...+ r23qθ −23δ

Calculate Loads
Sum radiative loads (calculated from
radiative heat gains and RTFs) and
convective loads.
Total Cooling Loads
Zone Sensible Cooling Load

18000.0

16000.0

14000.0

12000.0
Load (Btu/hr)

10000.0
8000.0

6000.0

4000.0

2000.0
0.0
1 6 11 16 21
Time (hrs)
Component Loads
Cooling Loads

18000
16000 Wall(all) Btu/hr
14000
Roof Btu/hr
Load (Btu/hr)

12000
Lights Btu/hr
10000
People Btu/hr
8000
Equip. Btu/hr
6000
Infilt Btu/hr
4000
2000 Total Btu/hr
0
1 5 9 13 17 21
Hour
Conclusions
The RTS method replaces other
simplified methods. It has the following
features:
„ Accuracy similar to the Transfer Function
Method, with greatly simplified calculation
procedure.
„ Spreadsheet-friendly.
„ Intermediate results can be inspected and
understood.
Future Work
Incorporation of SHGC for Fenestration.
This spreadsheet and presentations will
be available at www.hvac.okstate.edu.
Commercial programs.
Bibliography
McQuiston, F.C., J.D. Parker, J.D. Spitler. 2000. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Analysis
and Design, Fifth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Rees, S.J., J.D. Spitler, M.G. Davies, P. Haves. 2000. Qualitative Comparison of North American and
U.K. Cooling Load Calculation Procedures. International Journal of HVAC&R Research. Vol. 6, No. 1,
January, pp. 75-99.
Spitler, J.D., D.E. Fisher. 1999. Development of Periodic Response Factors for Use with the Radiant
Time Series Method. ASHRAE Transactions. Vol. 105, No. 2, pp. 491-509.
Spitler, J.D., D.E. Fisher. 1999. On The Relationship between the Radiant Time Series and Transfer
Function Methods for Design Cooling Load Calculations. International Journal of HVAC&R Research.
Volume 5, Number 2. pp. 125-138.
Pedersen, C.O., D.E. Fisher, J.D. Spitler, R.J. Liesen 1998. Cooling and Heating Load Calculation
Principles, (Atlanta, Georgia: ASHRAE).
Rees, S.J., J.D.Spitler and P.Haves, 1998. Quantitative Comparison of North American and U.K. Cooling
Load Calculation Procedures – Results, ASHRAE Transactions. Vol. 104, No. 2. pp. 47-61.
Spitler, J.D., S.J. Rees, 1998. Quantitative Comparison of North American and U.K. Cooling Load
Calculation Procedures – Methodology, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 104, No. 2. pp. 36-46
Spitler, J.D., D.E. Fisher, C.O. Pedersen. 1997. The Radiant Time Series Cooling Load Calculation
Procedure, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 103, No. 2, pp. 503-515.