PHP 7 (1203)

PHP Variables Scope
In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.

The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be referenced/used.
PHP has three different variable scopes:
 local
 global
 static
Global and Local Scope

A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only be accessed outside a function:
Example:
<?php
$x = 5; // global scope
function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be accessed within that function:
Example:
<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
// using x outside the function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because local variables are only recognized by
the function in which they are declared.
PHP The global Keyword

The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function.
To do this, use the global keyword before the variables (inside the function):
Example:
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}
myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index holds the name of the variable. This
array is also accessible from within functions and can be used to update global variables directly.
The example above can be rewritten like this:
Example:
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
function myTest() {
$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP The static Keyword

Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are deleted. However, sometimes we want a local
variable NOT to be deleted. We need it for a further job.
To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable:
Example:
<?php
function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}
myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>
Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the information it contained from the last time the
function was called.
Note: The variable is still local to the function.

PHP 7 echo and print Statements
In PHP there are two basic ways to get output: echo and print.
In this tutorial we use echo (and print) in almost every example. So, this chapter contains a little more info about those
two output statements.
PHP echo and print Statements

echo and print are more or less the same. They are both used to output data to the screen.
The differences are small: echo has no return value while print has a return value of 1 so it can be used in expressions.
echo can take multiple parameters (although such usage is rare) while print can take one argument. echo is marginally faster than
print.
The PHP echo Statement

The echo statement can be used with or without parentheses: echo or echo().
Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the echo command (notice that the text can contain HTML markup):
Example:
<?php
echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
echo "Hello world!<br>";
echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";
echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters.";
?>
Display Variables
The following example shows how to output text and variables with the echo statement:
Example:
<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

echo "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";
echo $x + $y;
?>
The PHP print Statement

The print statement can be used with or without parentheses: print or print().
Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the print command (notice that the text can contain HTML markup):
Example:
<?php
print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
print "Hello world!<br>";
print "I'm about to learn PHP!";
?>
Display Variables
The following example shows how to output text and variables with the print statement:
Example:
<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

print "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";
print $x + $y;
?>
PHP Data Types
Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different things.
PHP supports the following data types:
 String
 Integer
 Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
 Boolean
 Array
 Object
 NULL
 Resource
PHP Object
An object is a data type which stores data and information on how to process that data.
In PHP, an object must be explicitly declared.
First we must declare a class of object. For this, we use the class keyword. A class is a structure that can contain properties
and methods:
Example:
<?php
class Car {
function Car() {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}
// create an object
$herbie = new Car();
// show object properties

echo $herbie->model;
?>
PHP NULL Value

Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it.
Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL.
Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:
Example:
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Resource
The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a reference to functions and resources external to
PHP.
A common example of using the resource data type is a database call.
We will not talk about the resource type here, since it is an advanced topic.
PHP Constants
A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The value cannot be changed during the script.
A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (no $ sign before the constant name).
Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically global across the entire script.
Create a PHP Constant

To create a constant, use the define() function.
Syntax:
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
Parameters:
name: Specifies the name of the constant
value: Specifies the value of the constant
case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name should be case-insensitive. Default is false
The example below creates a constant with a case-sensitive name:
Example:
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");
echo GREETING;
?>
The example below creates a constant with a case-insensitive name:
Example:
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!", true);
echo greeting;
?>
PHP7 Constant Arrays

In PHP7, you can create a Array constant using the define() function.
The example below creates an Array constant:
Example:
<?php
define("cars", [
"Alfa Romeo",
"BMW",
"Toyota"
]);
echo cars[0];
?>
Constants are Global
Constants are automatically global and can be used across the entire script.
The example below uses a constant inside a function, even if it is defined outside the function:
Example:
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");
function myTest() {
echo GREETING;
}
myTest();
?>
PHP Comparison Operators

The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):
Operator Name Example Result

== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they are of the same type
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are not of the same type
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
>= Greater than or equal to $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal to $y
<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to $y
<=> Spaceship $x <=> $y Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero, depending on if $x is
less than, equal to, or greater than $y. Introduced in PHP 7.
PHP Increment / Decrement Operators

The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value.
The PHP decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one
PHP Logical Operators

The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true
PHP String Operators
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.

. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of $txt1 and $txt2
.= Concatenation assignment $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1
PHP Array Operators

The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.

+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same key/value pairs
=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same key/value pairs in the same order and of the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y
PHP Conditional Assignment Operators

The PHP conditional assignment operators are used to set a value depending on conditions:

?: Ternary $x = expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 Returns the value of $x.
The value of $x is expr2 if expr1 = TRUE.
The value of $x is expr3 if expr1 = FALSE
?? Null coalescing $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of $x.
The value of $x is expr1 if expr1 exists, and is not NULL.
If expr1 does not exist, or is NULL, the value of $x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7
The real power of PHP comes from its functions; it has more than 1000 built-in functions.
PHP User Defined Functions
Besides the built-in PHP functions, we can create our own functions.
A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.
A function will not execute immediately when a page loads.
A function will be executed by a call to the function.
Create a User Defined Function in PHP

A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function:
Syntax:
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
Note: A function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number).
Tip: Give the function a name that reflects what the function does!
Function names are NOT case-sensitive.
In the example below, we create a function named "writeMsg()". The opening curly brace ( { ) indicates the beginning of
the function code, and the closing curly brace ( } ) indicates the end of the function. The function outputs "Hello world!". To call
the function, just write its name followed by brackets ():
Example:
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function

?>
PHP Function Arguments

Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just like a variable.
Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many arguments as you want,
just separate them with a comma.
The following example has a function with one argument ($fname). When the familyName() function is called, we also
pass along a name (e.g. Jani), and the name is used inside the function, which outputs several different first names, but an equal
last name:
Example:
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname Refsnes.<br>";
}
familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");
familyName("Borge");
?>
The following example has a function with two arguments ($fname and $year):
Example:
<?php
function familyName($fname, $year) {

echo "$fname Refsnes. Born in $year <br>";
}
familyName("Hege", "1975");
familyName("Stale", "1978");
familyName("Kai Jim", "1983");
?>
PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is.
PHP automatically associates a data type to the variable, depending on its value. Since the data types are not set in a
strict sense, you can do things like adding a string to an integer without causing and error.
In PHP 7, type declarations were added. This gives us an option to specify the data type expected when declaring a
function, and by enabling the strict requirement, it will throw a "Fatal Error" on a type mismatch.
In the following example we try to add a number and a string with without the strict requirement:
Example:
<?php
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {

return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");

// since strict is NOT enabled "5 days" is changed to int(5), and it will return 10
?>
In the following example we try to add a number and a string with with the strict requirement:
Example:
<?php
declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {

return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is enabled and "5 days" is not an integer, an error will be thrown
?>
To specify strict we need to set declare(strict_types=1);. This must be the on the very first line of the PHP file. Declaring
strict specifies that function calls made in that file must strictly adhere to the specified data types
The strict declaration can make code easier to read, and it forces things to be used in the intended way.
Going forward in this tutorial, we will use the strict requirement.
PHP Default Argument Value
The following example shows how to use a default parameter. If we call the function setHeight() without arguments it
takes the default value as argument:
Example:
<?php
function setHeight(int $minheight = 50) {

echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
}
setHeight(350);
setHeight(); // will use the default value of 50
setHeight(135);
setHeight(80);
?>
PHP Functions - Returning values

To let a function return a value, use the return statement:
Example:
<?php
function sum(int $x, int $y) {

$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5, 10) . "<br>";

echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7, 13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2, 4);
?>
PHP Return Type Declarations

PHP 7 also supports Type Declarations for the return statement. Like with the type declaration for function arguments,
by enabling the strict requirement, it will throw a "Fatal Error" on a type mismatch.
To declare a type for the function return, add a colon ( : ) and the type right before the opening curly ( { )bracket when
declaring the function.
In the following example we specify the return type for the function:
Example:
<?php
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : float {

return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>
PHP 7 Arrays
You can specify a different return type, than the argument types, but make sure the return is the correct type:
Example:
<?php
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : int {

return (int)($a + $b);
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>
An array stores multiple values in one single variable:
Example:
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
What is an Array?
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.
If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in single variables could look like this:
$cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";
However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?
The solution is to create an array!
An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the values by referring to an index number.
Create an Array in PHP

In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:
array();
In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
 Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

 Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
 Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays
PHP Indexed Arrays

There are two ways to create indexed arrays:
The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like this:
or the index can be assigned manually:
$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";
The following example creates an indexed array named $cars, assigns three elements to it, and then prints a text
containing the array values:
Example:
<?php
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
Get The Length of an Array - The count() Function

The count() function is used to return the length (the number of elements) of an array:
Example:
<?php
echo count($cars);
?>
Loop Through an Indexed Array

To loop through and print all the values of an indexed array, you could use a for loop, like this:
Example:
<?php
$arrlength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {

echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br>";
}
?>
PHP Associative Arrays

Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.
There are two ways to create an associative array:
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
or:
$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";
The named keys can then be used in a script:
Example:
<?php
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
Loop Through an Associative Array
To loop through and print all the values of an associative array, you could use a foreach loop, like this:
Example:
<?php
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {

echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
PHP 7 GLOBAL VARIABLES - SUPERGLOBALS
Superglobals were introduced in PHP 4.1.0, and are built-in variables that are always available in all scopes.
PHP Global Variables - Superglobals

Several predefined variables in PHP are "superglobals", which means that they are always accessible, regardless of scope
- and you can access them from any function, class or file without having to do anything special.
The PHP superglobal variables are:
 $GLOBALS
 $_SERVER
 $_REQUEST
 $_POST
 $_GET
 $_FILES
 $_ENV
 $_COOKIE
 $_SESSION
This chapter will explain some of the superglobals, and the rest will be explained in later chapters.
PHP $GLOBALS
$GLOBALS is a PHP super global variable which is used to access global variables from anywhere in the PHP script (also
from within functions or methods).
PHP stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index holds the name of the variable.
The example below shows how to use the super global variable $GLOBALS:
Example:
<?php
$x = 75;
$y = 25;
function addition() {
$GLOBALS['z'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
addition();
echo $z;
?>
In the example above, since z is a variable present within the $GLOBALS array, it is also accessible from outside the
function!
PHP $_SERVER
$_SERVER is a PHP super global variable which holds information about headers, paths, and script locations.
The example below shows how to use some of the elements in $_SERVER:
Example:
<?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
?>
The following table lists the most important elements that can go inside $_SERVER:
Element/Code Description
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] Returns the filename of the currently executing script
$_SERVER['GATEWAY_INTERFACE'] Returns the version of the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) the server is using
$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] Returns the IP address of the host server
$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] Returns the name of the host server (such as www.w3schools.com)
$_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] Returns the server identification string (such as Apache/2.2.24)
$_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL' ] Returns the name and revision of the information protocol (such as HTTP/1.1)
$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] Returns the request method used to access the page (such as POST)
$_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'] Returns the timestamp of the start of the request (such as 1377687496)
$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] Returns the query string if the page is accessed via a query string
$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] Returns the Accept header from the current request
$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET'] Returns the Accept_Charset header from the current request (such as utf-8,ISO-8859-1)
$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] Returns the Host header from the current request
$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] Returns the complete URL of the current page (not reliable because not all user-agents support it)
$_SERVER['HTTPS'] Is the script queried through a secure HTTP protocol
$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] Returns the IP address from where the user is viewing the current page
$_SERVER['REMOTE_HOST'] Returns the Host name from where the user is viewing the current page
$_SERVER['REMOTE_PORT'] Returns the port being used on the user's machine to communicate with the web server
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] Returns the absolute pathname of the currently executing script
$_SERVER['SERVER_ADMIN'] Returns the value given to the SERVER_ADMIN directive in the web server configuration file (if your script runs on
a virtual host, it will be the value defined for that virtual host) (such as [email protected])
$_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'] Returns the port on the server machine being used by the web server for communication (such as 80)
$_SERVER['SERVER_SIGNATURE'] Returns the server version and virtual host name which are added to server-generated pages
$_SERVER['PATH_TRANSLATED'] Returns the file system based path to the current script
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] Returns the path of the current script
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_URI'] Returns the URI of the current page
PHP $_REQUEST
PHP $_REQUEST is used to collect data after submitting an HTML form.
The example below shows a form with an input field and a submit button. When a user submits the data by clicking on
"Submit", the form data is sent to the file specified in the action attribute of the <form> tag. In this example, we point to this file
itself for processing form data. If you wish to use another PHP file to process form data, replace that with the filename of your
choice. Then, we can use the super global variable $_REQUEST to collect the value of the input field:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type="submit">
</form>
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = $_REQUEST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else {
echo $name;
}
}
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP $_POST
PHP $_POST is widely used to collect form data after submitting an HTML form with method="post". $_POST is also widely
used to pass variables.
The example below shows a form with an input field and a submit button. When a user submits the data by clicking on
"Submit", the form data is sent to the file specified in the action attribute of the <form> tag. In this example, we point to the file
itself for processing form data. If you wish to use another PHP file to process form data, replace that with the filename of your
choice. Then, we can use the super global variable $_POST to collect the value of the input field:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
</form>
<?php
// collect value of input field
$name = $_POST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else {
echo $name;
}
}
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP $_GET
PHP $_GET can also be used to collect form data after submitting an HTML form with method="get".
$_GET can also collect data sent in the URL.
Assume we have an HTML page that contains a hyperlink with parameters:
<html>
<body>
<a href="test_get.php?subject=PHP&web=W3schools.com">Test $GET</a>
</body>
</html>
When a user clicks on the link "Test $GET", the parameters "subject" and "web" are sent to "test_get.php", and you can
then access their values in "test_get.php" with $_GET.
The example below shows the code in "test_get.php":
Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Study " . $_GET['subject'] . " at " . $_GET['web'];
?>
</body>
</html
PHP 7 FORM HANDLING
Tip: You will learn more about $_POST and $_GET in the PHP Forms chapter.
The PHP superglobals $_GET and $_POST are used to collect form-data.
PHP - A Simple HTML Form

The example below displays a simple HTML form with two input fields and a submit button:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
E-mail: <input type="text" name="email"><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
When the user fills out the form above and clicks the submit button, the form data is sent for processing to a PHP file
named "welcome.php". The form data is sent with the HTTP POST method.
To display the submitted data you could simply echo all the variables. The "welcome.php" looks like this:
<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?><br>
Your email address is: <?php echo $_POST["email"]; ?>
</body>
</html>
The output could be something like this:
Welcome John
Your email address is [email protected]
The same result could also be achieved using the HTTP GET method:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome_get.php" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
E-mail: <input type="text" name="email"><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
and "welcome_get.php" looks like this:
<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?><br>
Your email address is: <?php echo $_GET["email"]; ?>
</body>
</html>
The code above is quite simple. However, the most important thing is missing. You need to validate form data to protect
your script from malicious code.
Think SECURITY when processing PHP forms!

This page does not contain any form validation, it just shows how you can send and retrieve form data.
However, the next pages will show how to process PHP forms with security in mind! Proper validation of form data is
important to protect your form from hackers and spammers!
GET vs. POST

Both GET and POST create an array (e.g. array( key1 => value1, key2 => value2, key3 => value3, ...)). This array holds
key/value pairs, where keys are the names of the form controls and values are the input data from the user.
Both GET and POST are treated as $_GET and $_POST. These are superglobals, which means that they are always
accessible, regardless of scope - and you can access them from any function, class or file without having to do anything special.
$_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the URL parameters.
$_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the HTTP POST method.
When to use GET?

Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to everyone (all variable names and values are displayed in
the URL). GET also has limits on the amount of information to send. The limitation is about 2000 characters. However, because
the variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark the page. This can be useful in some cases.
GET may be used for sending non-sensitive data.
Note: GET should NEVER be used for sending passwords or other sensitive information!
When to use POST?

Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others (all names/values are embedded within the
body of the HTTP request) and has no limits on the amount of information to send.
Moreover POST supports advanced functionality such as support for multi-part binary input while uploading files to
server.
However, because the variables are not displayed in the URL, it is not possible to bookmark the page.
Developers prefer POST for sending form data.
Next, lets see how we can process PHP forms the secure way!
This and the next chapters show how to use PHP to validate form data.
PHP Form Validation
Think SECURITY when processing PHP forms!
These pages will show how to process PHP forms with security in mind. Proper validation of form data is important to
protect your form from hackers and spammers!
The HTML form we will be working at in these chapters, contains various input fields: required and optional text fields,
radio buttons, and a submit button:
The validation rules for the form above are as follows:
Field Validation Rules

Name Required. + Must only contain letters and whitespace
E-mail Required. + Must contain a valid email address (with @ and .)
Website Optional. If present, it must contain a valid URL
Comment Optional. Multi-line input field (textarea)
Gender Required. Must select one
First we will look at the plain HTML code for the form:
Text Fields
The name, email, and website fields are text input elements, and the comment field is a textarea. The HTML code looks
like this:
Name: <input type="text" name="name">

E-mail: <input type="text" name="email">
Website: <input type="text" name="website">
Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"></textarea>
Radio Buttons
The gender fields are radio buttons and the HTML code looks like this:
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">Female
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male">Male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="other">Other
The Form Element

The HTML code of the form looks like this:
<form method="post" action="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]);?>">
When the form is submitted, the form data is sent with method="post".
What is the $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] variable?

The $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] is a super global variable that returns the filename of the currently executing script.
So, the $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] sends the submitted form data to the page itself, instead of jumping to a different page.
This way, the user will get error messages on the same page as the form.
What is the htmlspecialchars() function?

The htmlspecialchars() function converts special characters to HTML entities. This means that it will replace HTML
characters like < and > with < and >. This prevents attackers from exploiting the code by injecting HTML or Javascript code
(Cross-site Scripting attacks) in forms.
Big Note on PHP Form Security
The $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] variable can be used by hackers!
If PHP_SELF is used in your page then a user can enter a slash (/) and then some Cross Site Scripting (XSS) commands to
execute.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in Web applications. XSS enables
attackers to inject client-side script into Web pages viewed by other users.
Assume we have the following form in a page named "test_form.php":
<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"];?>">
Now, if a user enters the normal URL in the address bar like "http://www.example.com/test_form.php", the above code
will be translated to:
<form method="post" action="test_form.php">
So far, so good.
However, consider that a user enters the following URL in the address bar:
http://www.example.com/test_form.php/%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert('hacked')%3C/script%3E
In this case, the above code will be translated to:
<form method="post" action="test_form.php/"><script>alert('hacked')</script>
This code adds a script tag and an alert command. And when the page loads, the JavaScript code will be executed (the
user will see an alert box). This is just a simple and harmless example how the PHP_SELF variable can be exploited.
Be aware of that any JavaScript code can be added inside the <script> tag! A hacker can redirect the user to a file on
another server, and that file can hold malicious code that can alter the global variables or submit the form to another address to
save the user data, for example.
How To Avoid $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] Exploits?
$_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] exploits can be avoided by using the htmlspecialchars() function.
The form code should look like this:
The htmlspecialchars() function converts special characters to HTML entities. Now if the user tries to exploit the PHP_SELF
variable, it will result in the following output:
<form method="post" action="test_form.php/"><script>alert('hacked')</script>">
The exploit attempt fails, and no harm is done!

Validate Form Data With PHP
The first thing we will do is to pass all variables through PHP's htmlspecialchars() function.
When we use the htmlspecialchars() function; then if a user tries to submit the following in a text field:
<script>location.href('http://www.hacked.com')</script>
- this would not be executed, because it would be saved as HTML escaped code, like this:
<script>location.href('http://www.hacked.com')</script>
The code is now safe to be displayed on a page or inside an e-mail.

We will also do two more things when the user submits the form:
Strip unnecessary characters (extra space, tab, newline) from the user input data (with the PHP trim() function)
Remove backslashes (\) from the user input data (with the PHP stripslashes() function)
The next step is to create a function that will do all the checking for us (which is much more convenient than writing the same
code over and over again).
We will name the function test_input().
Now, we can check each $_POST variable with the test_input() function, and the script looks like this:
Example:
<?php
// define variables and set to empty values
$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";
$name = test_input($_POST["name"]);
$email = test_input($_POST["email"]);
$website = test_input($_POST["website"]);
$comment = test_input($_POST["comment"]);
$gender = test_input($_POST["gender"]);
}
function test_input($data) {
$data = trim($data);
$data = stripslashes($data);
$data = htmlspecialchars($data);
return $data;
}
?>
Notice that at the start of the script, we check whether the form has been submitted using
$_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"]. If the REQUEST_METHOD is POST, then the form has been submitted - and it should be
validated. If it has not been submitted, skip the validation and display a blank form.
However, in the example above, all input fields are optional. The script works fine even if the user does not enter any
data.
The next step is to make input fields required and create error messages if needed.
This chapter shows how to make input fields required and create error messages if needed.
PHP 7 FORMS - REQUIRED FIELDS
From the validation rules table on the previous page, we see that the "Name", "E-mail", and "Gender" fields are required.
These fields cannot be empty and must be filled out in the HTML form.
Field Validation Rules

Name Required. + Must only contain letters and whitespace
E-mail Required. + Must contain a valid email address (with @ and .)
Website Optional. If present, it must contain a valid URL
Comment Optional. Multi-line input field (textarea)
Gender Required. Must select one
In the previous chapter, all input fields were optional.

In the following code we have added some new variables: $nameErr, $emailErr, $genderErr, and $websiteErr. These error
variables will hold error messages for the required fields. We have also added an if else statement for each $_POST variable. This
checks if the $_POST variable is empty (with the PHP empty() function). If it is empty, an error message is stored in the different
error variables, and if it is not empty, it sends the user input data through the test_input() function:
<?php
$nameErr = $emailErr = $genderErr = $websiteErr = "";
if (empty($_POST["name"])) {
$nameErr = "Name is required";
} else {
}
if (empty($_POST["email"])) {
$emailErr = "Email is required";
} else {
}
if (empty($_POST["website"])) {
$website = "";
} else {
}
if (empty($_POST["comment"])) {
$comment = "";
} else {
}
if (empty($_POST["gender"])) {
$genderErr = "Gender is required";
} else {
}
}
?>
PHP - Display The Error Messages
Then in the HTML form, we add a little script after each required field, which generates the correct error message if
needed (that is if the user tries to submit the form without filling out the required fields):
Example:
Name: <input type="text" name="name">
<span class="error">* <?php echo $nameErr;?></span>
<br><br>
E-mail:
<input type="text" name="email">
<span class="error">* <?php echo $emailErr;?></span>
<br><br>
Website:
<input type="text" name="website">
<span class="error"><?php echo $websiteErr;?></span>
<br><br>
Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"></textarea>
<br><br>
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">Female
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male">Male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="other">Other
<span class="error">* <?php echo $genderErr;?></span>
<br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
The next step is to validate the input data, that is "Does the Name field contain only letters and whitespace?", and "Does
the E-mail field contain a valid e-mail address syntax?", and if filled out, "Does the Website field contain a valid URL?".
PHP 7 FORMS - VALIDATE E-MAIL AND URL

This chapter shows how to validate names, e-mails, and URLs.
PHP - Validate Name

The code below shows a simple way to check if the name field only contains letters and whitespace. If the value of the
name field is not valid, then store an error message:
if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z ]*$/",$name)) {
$nameErr = "Only letters and white space allowed";
}
The preg_match() function searches a string for pattern, returning true if the pattern exists, and false otherwise.
PHP - Validate E-mail

The easiest and safest way to check whether an email address is well-formed is to use PHP's filter_var() function.
In the code below, if the e-mail address is not well-formed, then store an error message:
if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
$emailErr = "Invalid email format";
}
PHP - Validate URL
The code below shows a way to check if a URL address syntax is valid (this regular expression also allows dashes in the
URL). If the URL address syntax is not valid, then store an error message:
if (!preg_match("/\b(?:(?:https?|ftp):\/\/|www\.)[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%=~_|]/i",$website)) {
$websiteErr = "Invalid URL";
}
PHP - Validate Name, E-mail, and URL

Now, the script looks like this:
Example:
<?php
$nameErr = $emailErr = $genderErr = $websiteErr = "";
if (empty($_POST["name"])) {
$nameErr = "Name is required";
} else {
// check if name only contains letters and whitespace
if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z ]*$/",$name)) {
$nameErr = "Only letters and white space allowed";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["email"])) {
$emailErr = "Email is required";
} else {
// check if e-mail address is well-formed
if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
$emailErr = "Invalid email format";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["website"])) {
$website = "";
} else {
// check if URL address syntax is valid (this regular expression also allows dashes in the URL)
if (!preg_match("/\b(?:(?:https?|ftp):\/\/|www\.)[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[-a-z0-
9+&@#\/%=~_|]/i",$website)) {
$websiteErr = "Invalid URL";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["comment"])) {
$comment = "";
} else {
}
if (empty($_POST["gender"])) {
$genderErr = "Gender is required";
} else {
}
}
?>
The next step is to show how to prevent the form from emptying all the input fields when the user submits the form.
PHP 7 - COMPLETE FORM EXAMPLE
This chapter shows how to keep the values in the input fields when the user hits the submit button.
PHP - Keep The Values in The Form

To show the values in the input fields after the user hits the submit button, we add a little PHP script inside the value
attribute of the following input fields: name, email, and website. In the comment textarea field, we put the script between the
<textarea> and </textarea> tags. The little script outputs the value of the $name, $email, $website, and $comment variables.
Then, we also need to show which radio button that was checked. For this, we must manipulate the checked attribute
(not the value attribute for radio buttons):
Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="<?php echo $name;?>">

E-mail: <input type="text" name="email" value="<?php echo $email;?>">
Website: <input type="text" name="website" value="<?php echo $website;?>">
Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"><?php echo $comment;?></textarea>
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="gender"
<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="female") echo "checked";?>
value="female">Female
<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="male") echo "checked";?>
value="male">Male
<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="other") echo "checked";?>
value="other">Other
PHP 7 - Multidimensional Arrays
Earlier in this tutorial, we have described arrays that are a single list of key/value pairs.
However, sometimes you want to store values with more than one key.
This can be stored in multidimensional arrays.
A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.
PHP understands multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five, or more levels deep. However, arrays more than
three levels deep are hard to manage for most people.
The dimension of an array indicates the number of indices you need to select an element.
For a two-dimensional array you need two indices to select an element
For a three-dimensional array you need three indices to select an element
PHP - Two-dimensional Arrays

A two-dimensional array is an array of arrays (a three-dimensional array is an array of arrays of arrays).
First, take a look at the following table:
Name Stock Sold

Volvo 22 18
BMW 15 13
Saab 5 2
Land Rover 17 15
We can store the data from the table above in a two-dimensional array, like this:
$cars = array
(
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
Now the two-dimensional $cars array contains four arrays, and it has two indices: row and column.
To get access to the elements of the $cars array we must point to the two indices (row and column):
Example:
<?php
echo $cars[0][0].": In stock: ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0][2].".<br>";
?>
We can also put a for loop inside another for loop to get the elements of the $cars array (we still have to point to the two
indices):
Example:
<?php
for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++) {
echo "<p><b>Row number $row</b></p>";
echo "<ul>";
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
echo "<li>".$cars[$row][$col]."</li>";
}
echo "</ul>";
}
?>
PHP 7 INCLUDE FILES
The include (or require) statement takes all the text/code/markup that exists in the specified file and copies it into the
file that uses the include statement.
Including files is very useful when you want to include the same PHP, HTML, or text on multiple pages of a website.
PHP include and require Statements

It is possible to insert the content of one PHP file into another PHP file (before the server executes it), with the include or
require statement.
The include and require statements are identical, except upon failure:
require will produce a fatal error (E_COMPILE_ERROR) and stop the script
include will only produce a warning (E_WARNING) and the script will continue
So, if you want the execution to go on and show users the output, even if the include file is missing, use the include
statement. Otherwise, in case of FrameWork, CMS, or a complex PHP application coding, always use the require statement to
include a key file to the flow of execution. This will help avoid compromising your application's security and integrity, just in-case
one key file is accidentally missing.
Including files saves a lot of work. This means that you can create a standard header, footer, or menu file for all your web
pages. Then, when the header needs to be updated, you can only update the header include file.
Syntax
include 'filename';
or
require 'filename';
PHP include Examples
Example 1
Assume we have a standard footer file called "footer.php", that looks like this:
<?php
echo "<p>Copyright © 1999-" . date("Y") . " W3Schools.com</p>";
?>
To include the footer file in a page, use the include statement:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
<p>Some text.</p>
<p>Some more text.</p>
<?php include 'footer.php';?>
</body>
</html>
Example 2
Assume we have a standard menu file called "menu.php":
<?php
echo '<a href="/default.asp">Home</a> -
<a href="/html/default.asp">HTML Tutorial</a> -
<a href="/css/default.asp">CSS Tutorial</a> -
<a href="/js/default.asp">JavaScript Tutorial</a> -
<a href="default.asp">PHP Tutorial</a>';
?>
All pages in the Web site should use this menu file. Here is how it can be done (we are using a <div> element so that the
menu easily can be styled with CSS later):
Example:
<html>
<body>
<div class="menu">
<?php include 'menu.php';?>
</div>
<p>Some text.</p>
<p>Some more text.</p>
</body>
</html
Example 3
Assume we have a file called "vars.php", with some variables defined:
<?php
$color='red';
$car='BMW';
?>
Then, if we include the "vars.php" file, the variables can be used in the calling file:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php include 'vars.php';
echo "I have a $color $car.";
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP include vs. require

The require statement is also used to include a file into the PHP code.
However, there is one big difference between include and require; when a file is included with the include statement and
PHP cannot find it, the script will continue to execute:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php include 'noFileExists.php';
?>
</body>
</html>
If we do the same example using the require statement, the echo statement will not be executed because the script
execution dies after the require statement returned a fatal error:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php require 'noFileExists.php';
?>
</body>
</html>
Use require when the file is required by the application.

Use include when the file is not required and application should continue when file is not found.
PHP 7 FILE HANDLING
File handling is an important part of any web application. You often need to open and process a file for different tasks.
PHP Manipulating Files

PHP has several functions for creating, reading, uploading, and editing files.
Be careful when manipulating files!
When you are manipulating files you must be very careful.
You can do a lot of damage if you do something wrong. Common errors are: editing the wrong file, filling a hard-drive
with garbage data, and deleting the content of a file by accident.
PHP readfile() Function

The readfile() function reads a file and writes it to the output buffer.
Assume we have a text file called "webdictionary.txt", stored on the server, that looks like this:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

CSS = Cascading Style Sheets
HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
SQL = Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics
XML = EXtensible Markup Language
The PHP code to read the file and write it to the output buffer is as follows (the readfile() function returns the number of
bytes read on success):
Example:
<?php
echo readfile("webdictionary.txt");
?>
The readfile() function is useful if all you want to do is open up a file and read its contents.
The next chapters will teach you more about file handling.
PHP 7 - FILE OPEN/READ/CLOSE

In this chapter we will teach you how to open, read, and close a file on the server.
PHP Open File - fopen()

A better method to open files is with the fopen() function. This function gives you more options than the readfile()
function.
We will use the text file, "webdictionary.txt", during the lessons:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

CSS = Cascading Style Sheets
HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
SQL = Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics
XML = EXtensible Markup Language
The first parameter of fopen() contains the name of the file to be opened and the second parameter specifies in which
mode the file should be opened. The following example also generates a message if the fopen() function is unable to open the
specified file:
Example:
<?php
$myfile = fopen("webdictionary.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");
echo fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
fclose($myfile);
?>
Tip: The fread() and the fclose() functions will be explained below.
The file may be opened in one of the following modes:
Modes Description
r Open a file for read only. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
w Open a file for write only. Erases the contents of the file or creates a new file if it doesn't exist. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
a Open a file for write only. The existing data in file is preserved. File pointer starts at the end of the file. Creates a new file if the file doesn't exist
x Creates a new file for write only. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
r+ Open a file for read/write. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
w+ Open a file for read/write. Erases the contents of the file or creates a new file if it doesn't exist. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
a+ Open a file for read/write. The existing data in file is preserved. File pointer starts at the end of the file. Creates a new file if the file doesn't exist
x+ Creates a new file for read/write. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
PHP Read File - fread()

The fread() function reads from an open file.
The first parameter of fread() contains the name of the file to read from and the second parameter specifies the maximum
number of bytes to read.
The following PHP code reads the "webdictionary.txt" file to the end:
fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
PHP Close File - fclose()

The fclose() function is used to close an open file.
It's a good programming practice to close all files after you have finished with them. You don't want an open file running
around on your server taking up resources!
The fclose() requires the name of the file (or a variable that holds the filename) we want to close:
<?php
$myfile = fopen("webdictionary.txt", "r");
// some code to be executed....
fclose($myfile);
?>
PHP Read Single Line - fgets()

The fgets() function is used to read a single line from a file.
The example below outputs the first line of the "webdictionary.txt" file:
Example:
<?php
echo fgets($myfile);
fclose($myfile);
?>
Note: After a call to the fgets() function, the file pointer has moved to the next line.
PHP Check End-Of-File - feof()
The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has been reached.
The feof() function is useful for looping through data of unknown length.
The example below reads the "webdictionary.txt" file line by line, until end-of-file is reached:
Example:
<?php
// Output one line until end-of-file
while(!feof($myfile)) {
echo fgets($myfile) . "<br>";
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
PHP Read Single Character - fgetc()

The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file.
The example below reads the "webdictionary.txt" file character by character, until end-of-file is reached:
Example:
<?php
// Output one character until end-of-file
while(!feof($myfile)) {
echo fgetc($myfile);
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
Note: After a call to the fgetc() function, the file pointer moves to the next character.
PHP 7 - FILE CREATE/WRITE

In this chapter we will teach you how to create and write to a file on the server.
PHP Create File - fopen()

The fopen() function is also used to create a file. Maybe a little confusing, but in PHP, a file is created using the same
function used to open files.
If you use fopen() on a file that does not exist, it will create it, given that the file is opened for writing (w) or appending
(a).
The example below creates a new file called "testfile.txt". The file will be created in the same directory where the PHP
code resides:
Example:
$myfile = fopen("testfile.txt", "w")
PHP File Permissions

If you are having errors when trying to get this code to run, check that you have granted your PHP file access to write
information to the hard drive.
PHP Write to File - fwrite()
The fwrite() function is used to write to a file.
The first parameter of fwrite() contains the name of the file to write to and the second parameter is the string to be
written.
The example below writes a couple of names into a new file called "newfile.txt":
Example:
<?php
$myfile = fopen("newfile.txt", "w") or die("Unable to open file!");
$txt = "John Doe\n";
fwrite($myfile, $txt);
$txt = "Jane Doe\n";
fclose($myfile);
?>
Notice that we wrote to the file "newfile.txt" twice. Each time we wrote to the file we sent the string $txt that first
contained "John Doe" and second contained "Jane Doe". After we finished writing, we closed the file using the fclose() function.
If we open the "newfile.txt" file it would look like this:
John Doe
Jane Doe
PHP Overwriting
Now that "newfile.txt" contains some data we can show what happens when we open an existing file for writing. All the
existing data will be ERASED and we start with an empty file.
In the example below we open our existing file "newfile.txt", and write some new data into it:
Example:
<?php
$myfile = fopen("newfile.txt", "w") or die("Unable to open file!");
$txt = "Mickey Mouse\n";
$txt = "Minnie Mouse\n";
fclose($myfile);
?>
If we now open the "newfile.txt" file, both John and Jane have vanished, and only the data we just wrote is present:
Mickey Mouse
Minnie Mouse
PHP 7 - FILE UPLOAD

With PHP, it is easy to upload files to the server.
However, with ease comes danger, so always be careful when allowing file uploads!
Configure The "php.ini" File
First, ensure that PHP is configured to allow file uploads.
In your "php.ini" file, search for the file_uploads directive, and set it to On:
file_uploads = On
Create The HTML Form
Next, create an HTML form that allow users to choose the image file they want to upload:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="upload.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
Select image to upload:
<input type="file" name="fileToUpload" id="fileToUpload">
<input type="submit" value="Upload Image" name="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Some rules to follow for the HTML form above:
Make sure that the form uses method="post"

The form also needs the following attribute: enctype="multipart/form-data". It specifies which content-type to use when
submitting the form
Without the requirements above, the file upload will not work.
Other things to notice:

The type="file" attribute of the <input> tag shows the input field as a file-select control, with a "Browse" button next to the input
control
The form above sends data to a file called "upload.php", which we will create next.
Create The Upload File PHP Script

The "upload.php" file contains the code for uploading a file:
<?php
$target_dir = "uploads/";
$target_file = $target_dir . basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]);
$uploadOk = 1;
$imageFileType = strtolower(pathinfo($target_file,PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
// Check if image file is a actual image or fake image
if(isset($_POST["submit"])) {
$check = getimagesize($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"]);
if($check !== false) {
echo "File is an image - " . $check["mime"] . ".";
$uploadOk = 1;
} else {
echo "File is not an image.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
}
?>
PHP script explained:
$target_dir = "uploads/" - specifies the directory where the file is going to be placed
$target_file specifies the path of the file to be uploaded
$uploadOk=1 is not used yet (will be used later)
$imageFileType holds the file extension of the file (in lower case)
Next, check if the image file is an actual image or a fake image
Note: You will need to create a new directory called "uploads" in the directory where "upload.php" file resides. The uploaded files
will be saved there.
Check if File Already Exists
Now we can add some restrictions.
First, we will check if the file already exists in the "uploads" folder. If it does, an error message is displayed, and $uploadOk
is set to 0:
// Check if file already exists

if (file_exists($target_file)) {
echo "Sorry, file already exists.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
Limit File Size

The file input field in our HTML form above is named "fileToUpload".
Now, we want to check the size of the file. If the file is larger than 500KB, an error message is displayed, and $uploadOk
is set to 0:
// Check file size

if ($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["size"] > 500000) {
echo "Sorry, your file is too large.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
Limit File Type

The code below only allows users to upload JPG, JPEG, PNG, and GIF files. All other file types gives an error message
before setting $uploadOk to 0:
// Allow certain file formats

if($imageFileType != "jpg" && $imageFileType != "png" && $imageFileType != "jpeg"
&& $imageFileType != "gif" ) {
echo "Sorry, only JPG, JPEG, PNG & GIF files are allowed.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
Complete Upload File PHP Script
The complete "upload.php" file now looks like this:
<?php
$target_dir = "uploads/";
$target_file = $target_dir . basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]);
$uploadOk = 1;
$imageFileType = strtolower(pathinfo($target_file,PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
// Check if image file is a actual image or fake image
if(isset($_POST["submit"])) {
$check = getimagesize($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"]);
if($check !== false) {
echo "File is an image - " . $check["mime"] . ".";
$uploadOk = 1;
} else {
echo "File is not an image.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
}
// Check if file already exists
if (file_exists($target_file)) {
echo "Sorry, file already exists.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
// Check file size
if ($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["size"] > 500000) {
echo "Sorry, your file is too large.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
// Allow certain file formats
if($imageFileType != "jpg" && $imageFileType != "png" && $imageFileType != "jpeg"
&& $imageFileType != "gif" ) {
echo "Sorry, only JPG, JPEG, PNG & GIF files are allowed.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
// Check if $uploadOk is set to 0 by an error
if ($uploadOk == 0) {
echo "Sorry, your file was not uploaded.";
// if everything is ok, try to upload file
} else {
if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"], $target_file)) {
echo "The file ". basename( $_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]). " has been uploaded.";
} else {
echo "Sorry, there was an error uploading your file.";
}
}
?>
PHP 7 - COOKIES
A cookie is often used to identify a user.
What is a Cookie?
A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file that the server embeds on the user's computer. Each time
the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With PHP, you can both create and retrieve cookie
values.
Create Cookies With PHP

A cookie is created with the setcookie() function.
Syntax
setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain, secure, httponly);
Only the name parameter is required. All other parameters are optional.
PHP Create/Retrieve a Cookie

The following example creates a cookie named "user" with the value "John Doe". The cookie will expire after 30 days
(86400 * 30). The "/" means that the cookie is available in entire website (otherwise, select the directory you prefer).
We then retrieve the value of the cookie "user" (using the global variable $_COOKIE). We also use the isset() function to
find out if the cookie is set:
Example:
<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "John Doe";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/"); // 86400 = 1 day
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {
echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name . "' is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name . "' is set!<br>";
echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Note: The setcookie() function must appear BEFORE the <html> tag.
Note: The value of the cookie is automatically URLencoded when sending the cookie, and automatically decoded when
received (to prevent URLencoding, use setrawcookie() instead).
Modify a Cookie Value
To modify a cookie, just set (again) the cookie using the setcookie() function:
Example:
<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "Alex Porter";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {
echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name . "' is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name . "' is set!<br>";
echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Delete a Cookie
To delete a cookie, use the setcookie() function with an expiration date in the past:
Example:
<?php
// set the expiration date to one hour ago
setcookie("user", "", time() - 3600);
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Cookie 'user' is deleted.";
?>
</body>
</html>
Check if Cookies are Enabled

The following example creates a small script that checks whether cookies are enabled. First, try to create a test cookie
with the setcookie() function, then count the $_COOKIE array variable:
Example
<?php
setcookie("test_cookie", "test", time() + 3600, '/');
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(count($_COOKIE) > 0) {
echo "Cookies are enabled.";
} else {
echo "Cookies are disabled.";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
A session is a way to store information (in variables) to be used across multiple pages.
Unlike a cookie, the information is not stored on the users computer.
PHP 7 - SESSIONS
What is a PHP Session?
When you work with an application, you open it, do some changes, and then you close it. This is much like a Session. The
computer knows who you are. It knows when you start the application and when you end. But on the internet there is one
problem: the web server does not know who you are or what you do, because the HTTP address doesn't maintain state.
Session variables solve this problem by storing user information to be used across multiple pages (e.g. username, favorite
color, etc). By default, session variables last until the user closes the browser.
So; Session variables hold information about one single user, and are available to all pages in one application.
Tip: If you need a permanent storage, you may want to store the data in a database.
Start a PHP Session

A session is started with the session_start() function.
Session variables are set with the PHP global variable: $_SESSION.
Now, let's create a new page called "demo_session1.php". In this page, we start a new PHP session and set some session
variables:
Example:
<?php
// Start the session
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Set session variables
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "green";
$_SESSION["favanimal"] = "cat";
echo "Session variables are set.";
?>
</body>
</html>
Note: The session_start() function must be the very first thing in your document. Before any HTML tags.
Get PHP Session Variable Values

Next, we create another page called "demo_session2.php". From this page, we will access the session information we set
on the first page ("demo_session1.php").
Notice that session variables are not passed individually to each new page, instead they are retrieved from the session
we open at the beginning of each page (session_start()).
Also notice that all session variable values are stored in the global $_SESSION variable:
Example:
<?php
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Echo session variables that were set on previous page
echo "Favorite color is " . $_SESSION["favcolor"] . ".<br>";
echo "Favorite animal is " . $_SESSION["favanimal"] . ".";
?>
</body>
</html>
Another way to show all the session variable values for a user session is to run the following code:
Example:
<?php
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
print_r($_SESSION);
?>
</body>
</html>
How does it work? How does it know it's me?

Most sessions set a user-key on the user's computer that looks something like this: 765487cf34ert8dede5a562e4f3a7e12.
Then, when a session is opened on another page, it scans the computer for a user-key. If there is a match, it accesses that session,
if not, it starts a new session.
Modify a PHP Session Variable

To change a session variable, just overwrite it:
Example:
<?php
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// to change a session variable, just overwrite it
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "yellow";
print_r($_SESSION);
?>
</body>
</html>
Destroy a PHP Session

To remove all global session variables and destroy the session, use session_unset() and session_destroy():
Example:
<?php
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// remove all session variables
session_unset();
// destroy the session
session_destroy();
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP 7 - FILTERS
Validating data = Determine if the data is in proper form.
Sanitizing data = Remove any illegal character from the data.
The PHP Filter Extension

PHP filters are used to validate and sanitize external input.
The PHP filter extension has many of the functions needed for checking user input, and is designed to make data validation
easier and quicker.
The filter_list() function can be used to list what the PHP filter extension offers:
Example:
<table>
<tr>
<td>Filter Name</td>
<td>Filter ID</td>
</tr>
<?php
foreach (filter_list() as $id =>$filter) {
echo '<tr><td>' . $filter . '</td><td>' . filter_id($filter) . '</td></tr>';
}
?>
</table>
Why Use Filters?

Many web applications receive external input. External input/data can be:
 User input from a form

 Cookies
 Web services data
 Server variables
 Database query results
You should always validate external data!

Invalid submitted data can lead to security problems and break your webpage!
By using PHP filters you can be sure your application gets the correct input!
PHP filter_var() Function

The filter_var() function both validate and sanitize data.
The filter_var() function filters a single variable with a specified filter. It takes two pieces of data:
 The variable you want to check

 The type of check to use
 Sanitize a String
The following example uses the filter_var() function to remove all HTML tags from a string:
Example:
<?php
$str = "<h1>Hello World!</h1>";
$newstr = filter_var($str, FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING);
echo $newstr;
?>
Validate an Integer
The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if the variable $int is an integer. If $int is an integer, the
output of the code below will be: "Integer is valid". If $int is not an integer, the output will be: "Integer is not valid":
Example
<?php
$int = 100;
if (!filter_var($int, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT) === false) {
echo("Integer is valid");
} else {
echo("Integer is not valid");
}
?>
Tip: filter_var() and Problem With 0

In the example above, if $int was set to 0, the function above will return "Integer is not valid". To solve this problem, use
the code below:
Example:
<?php
$int = 0;
if (filter_var($int, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT) === 0 || !filter_var($int, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT) === false) {
echo("Integer is valid");
} else {
echo("Integer is not valid");
}
?>
Validate an IP Address
The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if the variable $ip is a valid IP address:
Example:
<?php
$ip = "127.0.0.1";
if (!filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP) === false) {
echo("$ip is a valid IP address");
} else {
echo("$ip is not a valid IP address");
}
?>
Sanitize and Validate an Email Address

The following example uses the filter_var() function to first remove all illegal characters from the $email variable, then
check if it is a valid email address:
Example:
<?php
$email = "[email protected]";
// Remove all illegal characters from email

$email = filter_var($email, FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL);
// Validate e-mail
if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === false) {
echo("$email is a valid email address");
} else {
echo("$email is not a valid email address");
}
?>
Sanitize and Validate a URL
The following example uses the filter_var() function to first remove all illegal characters from a URL, then check if $url is
a valid URL:
Example:
<?php
$url = "https://www.w3schools.com";
// Remove all illegal characters from a url
$url = filter_var($url, FILTER_SANITIZE_URL);
// Validate url
if (!filter_var($url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) === false) {
echo("$url is a valid URL");
} else {
echo("$url is not a valid URL");
}
?>
PHP 7 - FILTERS ADVANCED
Validate an Integer Within a Range

The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if a variable is both of type INT, and between 1 and 200:
Example:
<?php
$int = 122;
$min = 1;
$max = 200;
if (filter_var($int, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT, array("options" => array("min_range"=>$min, "max_range"=>$max))) ===
false) {
echo("Variable value is not within the legal range");
} else {
echo("Variable value is within the legal range");
}
?>
Validate IPv6 Address

The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if the variable $ip is a valid IPv6 address:
Example:
<?php
$ip = "2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7334";
if (!filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV6) === false) {
echo("$ip is a valid IPv6 address");
} else {
echo("$ip is not a valid IPv6 address");
}
?>
Validate URL - Must Contain QueryString

The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if the variable $url is a URL with a querystring:
Example:
<?php
$url = "https://www.w3schools.com";
if (!filter_var($url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL, FILTER_FLAG_QUERY_REQUIRED) === false) {

echo("$url is a valid URL with a query string");
} else {
echo("$url is not a valid URL with a query string");
}
?>
Remove Characters With ASCII Value > 127
The following example uses the filter_var() function to sanitize a string. It will both remove all HTML tags, and all
characters with ASCII value > 127, from the string:
Example:
<?php
$str = "<h1>Hello WorldÆØÅ!</h1>";
$newstr = filter_var($str, FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING, FILTER_FLAG_STRIP_HIGH);
echo $newstr;
?>
PHP 7 - MYSQL DATABASE
With PHP, you can connect to and manipulate databases.
MySQL is the most popular database system used with PHP.
What is MySQL?
 MySQL is a database system used on the web

 MySQL is a database system that runs on a server
 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications
 MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use
 MySQL uses standard SQL
 MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
 MySQL is free to download and use
 MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation
 MySQL is named after co-founder Monty Widenius's daughter: My
The data in a MySQL database are stored in tables. A table is a collection of related data, and it consists of columns and
rows.
Databases are useful for storing information categorically. A company may have a database with the following tables:
 Employees
 Products
 Customers
 Orders
PHP + MySQL Database System

PHP combined with MySQL are cross-platform (you can develop in Windows and serve on a Unix platform)
Database Queries
A query is a question or a request.
We can query a database for specific information and have a recordset returned.
Look at the following query (using standard SQL):
SELECT LastName FROM Employees
The query above selects all the data in the "LastName" column from the "Employees" table.
To learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial.
Download MySQL Database

If you don't have a PHP server with a MySQL Database, you can download it for free here: http://www.mysql.com
Facts About MySQL Database

MySQL is the de-facto standard database system for web sites with HUGE volumes of both data and end-users (like
Facebook, Twitter, and Wikipedia).
Another great thing about MySQL is that it can be scaled down to support embedded database applications.
Look at http://www.mysql.com/customers/ for an overview of companies using MySQL.
PHP 7 - CONNECT TO MYSQL
PHP 5 and later can work with a MySQL database using:
 MySQLi extension (the "i" stands for improved)

 PDO (PHP Data Objects)
Earlier versions of PHP used the MySQL extension. However, this extension was deprecated in 2012.
Should I Use MySQLi or PDO?

If you need a short answer, it would be "Whatever you like".
Both MySQLi and PDO have their advantages:
PDO will work on 12 different database systems, whereas MySQLi will only work with MySQL databases.
So, if you have to switch your project to use another database, PDO makes the process easy. You only have to change the
connection string and a few queries. With MySQLi, you will need to rewrite the entire code - queries included.
Both are object-oriented, but MySQLi also offers a procedural API.
Both support Prepared Statements. Prepared Statements protect from SQL injection, and are very important for web
application security.
MySQL Examples in Both MySQLi and PDO Syntax

In this, and in the following chapters we demonstrate three ways of working with PHP and MySQL:
 MySQLi (object-oriented)
 MySQLi (procedural)
 PDO
 MySQLi Installation
For Linux and Windows: The MySQLi extension is automatically installed in most cases, when php5 mysql package is
installed.
For installation details, go to: http://php.net/manual/en/mysqli.installation.php
PDO Installation
For installation details, go to: http://php.net/manual/en/pdo.installation.php
Open a Connection to MySQL

Before we can access data in the MySQL database, we need to be able to connect to the server:
Example (MySQLi Object-Oriented):

<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>
Note on the object-oriented example above: $connect_error was broken until PHP 5.2.9 and 5.3.0. If you need to ensure
compatibility with PHP versions prior to 5.2.9 and 5.3.0, use the following code instead:
// Check connection
if (mysqli_connect_error()) {
die("Database connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
Example (MySQLi Procedural):

<?php
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
?>
Example (PDO):
<?php
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=myDB", $username, $password);
// set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
}
catch(PDOException $e)
{
echo "Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage();
}
?>
Note: In the PDO example above we have also specified a database (myDB). PDO require a valid database to connect to.
If no database is specified, an exception is thrown.
Tip: A great benefit of PDO is that it has an exception class to handle any problems that may occur in our database queries.
If an exception is thrown within the try{ } block, the script stops executing and flows directly to the first catch(){ } block.
Close the Connection

The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends. To close the connection before, use the following:
Example (MySQLi Object-Oriented):

$conn->close();

mysqli_close($conn);
Example (PDO):
$conn = null;
PHP 7 - CREATE A MYSQL DATABASE
A database consists of one or more tables.
You will need special CREATE privileges to create or to delete a MySQL database.
Create a MySQL Database Using MySQLi and PDO

The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database in MySQL.
The following examples create a database named "myDB":
Example (MySQLi Object-oriented):

<?php
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
}
// Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDB";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "Database created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . $conn->error;
}
$conn->close();
?>
Note: When you create a new database, you must only specify the first three arguments to the mysqli object (servername,
username and password).
Tip: If you have to use a specific port, add an empty string for the database-name argument, like this: new
mysqli("localhost", "username", "password", "", port)

<?php
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
// Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDB";
if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
echo "Database created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
Note: The following PDO example create a database named "myDBPDO":
Example (PDO):
<?php
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername", $username, $password);
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDBPDO";
// use exec() because no results are returned
$conn->exec($sql);
echo "Database created successfully<br>";
}
{
echo $sql . "<br>" . $e->getMessage();
}
$conn = null;
?>
Tip: A great benefit of PDO is that it has exception class to handle any problems that may occur in our database queries.
If an exception is thrown within the try{ } block, the script stops executing and flows directly to the first catch(){ } block. In the
catch block above we echo the SQL statement and the generated error message.
PHP 7 - CREATE MYSQL TABLES

A database table has its own unique name and consists of columns and rows.
Create a MySQL Table Using MySQLi and PDO

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in MySQL.
We will create a table named "MyGuests", with five columns: "id", "firstname", "lastname", "email" and "reg_date":
CREATE TABLE MyGuests (

id INT(6) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(50),
reg_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
)
Notes on the table above:

The data type specifies what type of data the column can hold. For a complete reference of all the available data types,
go to our Data Types reference.
After the data type, you can specify other optional attributes for each column:
 NOT NULL - Each row must contain a value for that column, null values are not allowed
 DEFAULT value - Set a default value that is added when no other value is passed
 UNSIGNED - Used for number types, limits the stored data to positive numbers and zero
 AUTO INCREMENT - MySQL automatically increases the value of the field by 1 each time a new record is added
 PRIMARY KEY - Used to uniquely identify the rows in a table. The column with PRIMARY KEY setting is often an ID
number, and is often used with AUTO_INCREMENT
Each table should have a primary key column (in this case: the "id" column). Its value must be unique for each record in
the table.
The following examples shows how to create the table in PHP:

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
// Check connection
}
// sql to create table
$sql = "CREATE TABLE MyGuests (
email VARCHAR(50),
)";

echo "Table MyGuests created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating table: " . $conn->error;
}
$conn->close();
?>

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
email VARCHAR(50),
)";
} else {
echo "Error creating table: " . mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
Example (PDO):
<?php
$dbname = "myDBPDO";
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=$dbname", $username, $password);
email VARCHAR(50),
)";
$conn->exec($sql);
}
{
}
$conn = null;
?>
PHP 7 - INSERT DATA INTO MYSQL

Insert Data Into MySQL Using MySQLi and PDO
After a database and a table have been created, we can start adding data in them.
Here are some syntax rules to follow:
 The SQL query must be quoted in PHP

 String values inside the SQL query must be quoted
 Numeric values must not be quoted
 The word NULL must not be quoted
 The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a MySQL table:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

In the previous chapter we created an empty table named "MyGuests" with five columns: "id", "firstname", "lastname",
"email" and "reg_date". Now, let us fill the table with data.
Note: If a column is AUTO_INCREMENT (like the "id" column) or TIMESTAMP with default update of current_timesamp
(like the "reg_date" column), it is no need to be specified in the SQL query; MySQL will automatically add the value.
The following examples add a new record to the "MyGuests" table:

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
}
$sql = "INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '[email protected]')";
echo "New record created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error;
}
$conn->close();
?>

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
} else {
echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
Example (PDO):
<?php
try {
$conn->exec($sql);
}
{
}
$conn = null;
?>
Get ID of The Last Inserted Record

If we perform an INSERT or UPDATE on a table with an AUTO_INCREMENT field, we can get the ID of the last
inserted/updated record immediately.
In the table "MyGuests", the "id" column is an AUTO_INCREMENT field:
CREATE TABLE MyGuests (

email VARCHAR(50),
)
The following examples are equal to the examples from the previous page (PHP Insert Data Into MySQL), except that we
have added one single line of code to retrieve the ID of the last inserted record. We also echo the last inserted ID:

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
}
$last_id = $conn->insert_id;
echo "New record created successfully. Last inserted ID is: " . $last_id;
} else {
}
$conn->close();
?>

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
$last_id = mysqli_insert_id($conn);
} else {
}
?>
Example (PDO):
<?php
try {
$conn->exec($sql);
$last_id = $conn->lastInsertId();
}
{
}
$conn = null;
?>
Insert Multiple Records Into MySQL Using MySQLi and PDO

Multiple SQL statements must be executed with the mysqli_multi_query() function.
The following examples add three new records to the "MyGuests" table:

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
}
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '[email protected]');";
$sql .= "INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES ('Mary', 'Moe', '[email protected]');";
VALUES ('Julie', 'Dooley', '[email protected]')";
if ($conn->multi_query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "New records created successfully";
} else {
}
$conn->close();
?>

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '[email protected]');";
VALUES ('Mary', 'Moe', '[email protected]');";
VALUES ('Julie', 'Dooley', '[email protected]')";
if (mysqli_multi_query($conn, $sql)) {
} else {
}
?>
The PDO way is a little bit different:
Example (PDO):
<?php
try {
// begin the transaction
$conn->beginTransaction();
// our SQL statements
$conn->exec("INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '[email protected]')");
VALUES ('Mary', 'Moe', '[email protected]')");
VALUES ('Julie', 'Dooley', '[email protected]')");
// commit the transaction
$conn->commit();
}
{
// roll back the transaction if something failed
$conn->rollback();
echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
}
$conn = null;
?>
PHP 7 - PREPARED STATEMENTS

Prepared statements are very useful against SQL injections.
Prepared Statements and Bound Parameters

A prepared statement is a feature used to execute the same (or similar) SQL statements repeatedly with high efficiency.
Prepared statements basically work like this:
Prepare: An SQL statement template is created and sent to the database. Certain values are left unspecified, called
parameters (labeled "?"). Example: INSERT INTO MyGuests VALUES(?, ?, ?)
The database parses, compiles, and performs query optimization on the SQL statement template, and stores the result
without executing it
Execute: At a later time, the application binds the values to the parameters, and the database executes the statement.
The application may execute the statement as many times as it wants with different values
Compared to executing SQL statements directly, prepared statements have three main advantages:
 Prepared statements reduce parsing time as the preparation on the query is done only once (although the statement is
executed multiple times)
 Bound parameters minimize bandwidth to the server as you need send only the parameters each time, and not the whole
query
 Prepared statements are very useful against SQL injections, because parameter values, which are transmitted later using
a different protocol, need not be correctly escaped. If the original statement template is not derived from external input,
 SQL injection cannot occur.
Prepared Statements in MySQLi
The following example uses prepared statements and bound parameters in MySQLi:
Example (MySQLi with Prepared Statements):

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
}
// prepare and bind
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (?, ?, ?)");
$stmt->bind_param("sss", $firstname, $lastname, $email);
// set parameters and execute
$firstname = "John";
$lastname = "Doe";
$stmt->execute();
$firstname = "Mary";
$lastname = "Moe";
$stmt->execute();
$firstname = "Julie";
$lastname = "Dooley";
$stmt->execute();
$stmt->close();
$conn->close();
?>
Code lines to explain from the example above:
"INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"

In our SQL, we insert a question mark (?) where we want to substitute in an integer, string, double or blob value.
Then, have a look at the bind_param() function:

$stmt->bind_param("sss", $firstname, $lastname, $email);
This function binds the parameters to the SQL query and tells the database what the parameters are. The "sss" argument
lists the types of data that the parameters are. The s character tells mysql that the parameter is a string.
The argument may be one of four types:
 i - integer
 d - double
 s - string
 b – BLOB
We must have one of these for each parameter.

By telling mysql what type of data to expect, we minimize the risk of SQL injections.
Note: If we want to insert any data from external sources (like user input), it is very important that the data is sanitized
and validated.
Prepared Statements in PDO
The following example uses prepared statements and bound parameters in PDO:
Example (PDO with Prepared Statements):

<?php
try {
// prepare sql and bind parameters
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES (:firstname, :lastname, :email)");
$stmt->bindParam(':firstname', $firstname);
$stmt->bindParam(':lastname', $lastname);
$stmt->bindParam(':email', $email);
// insert a row
$firstname = "John";
$lastname = "Doe";
$stmt->execute();
// insert another row
$firstname = "Mary";
$lastname = "Moe";
$stmt->execute();
// insert another row
$firstname = "Julie";
$lastname = "Dooley";
$stmt->execute();
}
{
}
$conn = null;
?>
Select Data From a MySQL Database

The SELECT statement is used to select data from one or more tables:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

or we can use the * character to select ALL columns from a table:
SELECT * FROM table_name

Select Data With MySQLi
The following example selects the id, firstname and lastname columns from the MyGuests table and displays it on the
page:

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
}
$sql = "SELECT id, firstname, lastname FROM MyGuests";
$result = $conn->query($sql);
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
// output data of each row
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "id: " . $row["id"]. " - Name: " . $row["firstname"]. " " . $row["lastname"]. "<br>";
}
} else {
echo "0 results";
}
$conn->close();
?>
Code lines to explain from the example above:
First, we set up an SQL query that selects the id, firstname and lastname columns from the MyGuests table. The next line
of code runs the query and puts the resulting data into a variable called $result.
Then, the function num_rows() checks if there are more than zero rows returned.
If there are more than zero rows returned, the function fetch_assoc() puts all the results into an associative array that we
can loop through. The while() loop loops through the result set and outputs the data from the id, firstname and lastname columns.
The following example shows the same as the example above, in the MySQLi procedural way:

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
$result = mysqli_query($conn, $sql);
if (mysqli_num_rows($result) > 0) {
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
echo "id: " . $row["id"]. " - Name: " . $row["firstname"]. " " . $row["lastname"]. "<br>";
}
} else {
echo "0 results";
}
?>
You can also put the result in an HTML table:

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
}
$result = $conn->query($sql);
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
echo "<table><tr><th>ID</th><th>Name</th></tr>";
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "<tr><td>".$row["id"]."</td><td>".$row["firstname"]." ".$row["lastname"]."</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
} else {
echo "0 results";
}
$conn->close();
?>
Select Data With PDO (+ Prepared Statements):

The following example uses prepared statements.
It selects the id, firstname and lastname columns from the MyGuests table and displays it in an HTML table:
Example (PDO):
<?php
echo "<table style='border: solid 1px black;'>";
echo "<tr><th>Id</th><th>Firstname</th><th>Lastname</th></tr>";
class TableRows extends RecursiveIteratorIterator {

function __construct($it) {
parent::__construct($it, self::LEAVES_ONLY);
}
function current() {
return "<td style='width:150px;border:1px solid black;'>" . parent::current(). "</td>";
}
function beginChildren() {
echo "<tr>";
}
function endChildren() {
echo "</tr>" . "\n";
}
}
try {
$stmt = $conn->prepare("SELECT id, firstname, lastname FROM MyGuests");
$stmt->execute();
// set the resulting array to associative

$result = $stmt->setFetchMode(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
foreach(new TableRows(new RecursiveArrayIterator($stmt->fetchAll())) as $k=>$v) {
echo $v;
}
}
catch(PDOException $e) {
}
$conn = null;
echo "</table>";
?>
Delete Data From a MySQL Table Using MySQLi and PDO

The DELETE statement is used to delete records from a table:
DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE some_column = some_value
Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax: The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be
deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!
Let's look at the "MyGuests" table:
id firstname lastname email reg_date

1 John Doe [email protected] 2014-10-22 14:26:15
2 Mary Moe [email protected] 2014-10-23 10:22:30
3 Julie Dooley [email protected] 2014-10-26 10:48:23
The following examples delete the record with id=3 in the "MyGuests" table:

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
}
// sql to delete a record
$sql = "DELETE FROM MyGuests WHERE id=3";
echo "Record deleted successfully";
} else {
echo "Error deleting record: " . $conn->error;
}
$conn->close();
?>

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
} else {
echo "Error deleting record: " . mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
Example (PDO):
<?php
try {
$conn->exec($sql);
}
{
}
$conn = null;
?>
After the record is deleted, the table will look like this:

Update Data In a MySQL Table Using MySQLi and PDO

The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value
Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax: The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be
updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!
Let's look at the "MyGuests" table:

The following examples update the record with id=2 in the "MyGuests" table:
<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
}
$sql = "UPDATE MyGuests SET lastname='Doe' WHERE id=2";
echo "Record updated successfully";
} else {
echo "Error updating record: " . $conn->error;
}
$conn->close();
?>

<?php
$dbname = "myDB";
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
echo "Record updated successfully";
} else {
echo "Error updating record: " . mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
Example (PDO):
<?php
try {
// Prepare statement
$stmt = $conn->prepare($sql);
// execute the query
$stmt->execute();
// echo a message to say the UPDATE succeeded
echo $stmt->rowCount() . " records UPDATED successfully";
}
{
}
$conn = null;
?>
After the record is updated, the table will look like this:
2 Mary Doe [email protected] 2014-10-23 10:22:30
PHP 7 - LIMIT DATA SELECTIONS FROM MYSQL

MySQL provides a LIMIT clause that is used to specify the number of records to return.
The LIMIT clause makes it easy to code multi page results or pagination with SQL, and is very useful on large tables.
Returning a large number of records can impact on performance.
Assume we wish to select all records from 1 - 30 (inclusive) from a table called "Orders". The SQL query would then look
like this:
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Orders LIMIT 30";

When the SQL query above is run, it will return the first 30 records.
What if we want to select records 16 - 25 (inclusive)?
Mysql also provides a way to handle this: by using OFFSET.
The SQL query below says "return only 10 records, start on record 16 (OFFSET 15)":
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Orders LIMIT 10 OFFSET 15";

You could also use a shorter syntax to achieve the same result:
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Orders LIMIT 15, 10";

Notice that the numbers are reversed when you use a comma.

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PHP Variables Scope

In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.

Global and Local Scope

PHP The global Keyword

PHP The static Keyword

Note: The variable is still local to the function.

PHP echo and print Statements

The PHP echo Statement

echo "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

The PHP print Statement

print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

// show object properties

PHP NULL Value

Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL.

Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:

Create a PHP Constant

The example below creates a constant with a case-sensitive name:

The example below creates a constant with a case-insensitive name:

PHP7 Constant Arrays

PHP Comparison Operators

Operator Name Example Result

PHP Increment / Decrement Operators

Operator Name Description

PHP Logical Operators

Operator Name Example Result

Operator Name Example Result

PHP Array Operators

Operator Name Example Result

PHP Conditional Assignment Operators

Operator Name Example Result

Create a User Defined Function in PHP

Function names are NOT case-sensitive.

writeMsg(); // call the function

PHP Function Arguments

function familyName($fname, $year) {

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {

echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");

function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {

function setHeight(int $minheight = 50) {

PHP Functions - Returning values

function sum(int $x, int $y) {

echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5, 10) . "<br>";

PHP Return Type Declarations

function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : float {

function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : int {

An array stores multiple values in one single variable:

Create an Array in PHP

In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

 Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

PHP Indexed Arrays

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

or the index can be assigned manually:

Get The Length of an Array - The count() Function

Loop Through an Indexed Array

for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {

PHP Associative Arrays

$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

<form method="post" action="test_form.php/"><script>alert('hacked')</script>">