See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/23162252

Prevalence of PPROM and its outcome

Article  in  Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC · October 2007

Source: PubMed

CITATIONS READS

30 2,243

4 authors, including:

Shehla Noor Ali Fawwad

Ayub Medical College Ayub Medical College
8 PUBLICATIONS   97 CITATIONS    5 PUBLICATIONS   70 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Ruqqia Sultana
Khyber Medical University
80 PUBLICATIONS   5,917 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

micropropagation View project

Generations of genetic resources View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Shehla Noor on 28 May 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad;19(4)

PREVALANCE OF PPROM AND ITS OUTCOME

Shehla Noor, Ali Fawwad Nazar*, Rubina Bashir, Ruqqia Sultana
Department of Gynaecology Unit ‘C’, *Department of Pathology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad

Background: Prematurity is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in developed
as well as in underdeveloped countries. In one third of the patients with preterm labour there is
associated premature rupture of membranes. This prospective observational study was carried out
in Ayub Teaching Hospital to determine the prevalence of preterm premature rupture of
membrane (PPROM) and its association with the demographic risk factors and its outcome.
Method: There were 889 deliveries in Gynaecology ‘C’ unit from September 2005 to March
2006. Out of these, 85 patients were confirmed to have PPROM. Detail history and examination
along with the demographic risk factors were recorded on a performa. Every patient was followed
till her delivery and the mode of delivery and maternal and foetal outcome was recorded.
Result: Prevalence of PPROM in this study was 16%. It was seen to be common among patients
who were young (15–25 years) 58.8%, with low socioeconomic status (68.2%), and with an
educational status of primary to middle (71.7%). Risk of PPROM was seen to be highest among
patients giving birth to their first child (42.2%), with gestational age between 30–35 weeks (43.5%
cases) and 35–37 weeks (35.2%). In 69.4% cases there was no previous history of preterm
deliveries while in 30.6% cases, there were one, two, or more previous preterm deliveries. Normal
vaginal delivery occurred in (65.86%), while instrumental delivery rate in PPROM was 20% and
caesarean section rate was 14%. Postnatally 16.47% patients developed infection while 24
(28.2%) babies developed infection and required antibiotics. Majority of babies born to patients
with PPROM were low birth weight (62.3%), and 30.5% babies required neonatal intensive care.
Perinatal mortality rate was 129.9/1000 (13%) of total births. Conclusion: PPROM is an
important cause of preterm birth, resulting in large number of babies with low birth weight,
requiring neonatal intensive care. It is associated with increased foetal morbidity and mortality.
Demographic variables can be applied to develop risk scoring so as to identify high-risk cases and
treating them in time to prevent ascending infection along with its complications.
Key words: Preterm premature rupture of membrane, PPROM, preterm birth
INTRODUCTION After taking consent, detailed history and examination
was performed. Demographic and obstetrical data was
Preterm premature rupture of membranes is one of
recorded on a performa. Preterm premature rupture of
the leading identifiable causes of prematurity.
membranes were confirmed if on sterile speculum
Rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of pregnancy
examination, there was amniotic fluid seen draining
can result in preterm birth in about 30% of cases. It
through the cervical os along with reduced amniotic
complicates about 3% of all pregnancies and occurs
fluid index on ultrasound. In equivocal cases nitrazine
in approximately 150,000 pregnancies yearly in the
test was performed for confirmation.
united states.1 Preterm birth occurs in 11% of all
Patients with congenital anomalies, multiple
pregnancies and is responsible for majority of
pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes
neonatal deaths and nearly one half of cases of
mellitus, polyhydramnios, intrauterine growth
congenital neurological disability, including cerebral
restriction, placental abruption along with those who
palsy.2 The direct costs of prematurity are immense.
presented with preterm premature rupture of
Lewit and colleagues estimated that the cost of
membranes at term were excluded.
health care, education, and child care for those born
All patients with PPROM were admitted in
at low birth weight is about 6 billion US $, (1988 $
the maternity ward. They were either put on
higher) than for those of normal weight up to 15
conservative management if no sign of infection was
years of age.3
present or active management was done if any sign of
MATERIAL AND METHODS infection was present. All patients with PPROM were
put on broad-spectrum oral antibiotics if not in labour
From September 2005 to March 2006 all patients who
and injectable antibiotics if in labour.
presented with preterm premature rupture of membranes
to out-patient department as well as to the labour room The criteria for maternal infection was
of Gynaecology ‘C’ unit were included. Preterm temperature >38 C with one or more of the
premature rupture of membranes was defined as rupture following signs, uterine tenderness, foetal or maternal
of membranes before 37 completed weeks of gestation. tachycardia or foul smelling amniotic fluid draining

14
 J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad;19(4)

pervaginum in the absence of any obvious reason for cases, 44.7%) and was least common among grand
elevated temperature. multigravadae (7 cases, 8.2%). Majority of patients
The criteria for foetal infection was foetal had no previous history of preterm deliveries (59,
temperature >38 C, on at least two occasions four 69.4%) while 8 cases (9.4%) had one or more
hours apart, requiring antibiotic therapy. previous preterm deliveries. Normal vaginal
Patients were followed till their delivery and delivery was the commonest mode of delivery (56
postnatally and data regarding mode of delivery, cases, 65.86%), while instrumental delivery rate was
foetal weight, APGAR score and neonatal outcome 20% (17 cases) and caesarean section rate was 14%
was recorded on the performa. (12 cases).
Main outcome measures were prevalence of
Table-2: Obstetrical profile of the patients along
preterm premature rupture of membranes before 37
with mode of delivery
weeks. Its association with maternal demographic Number %
and obstetrical variables along with mode of delivery, Obstetrical profile
low birth weight perinatal morbidity and mortality Primigravida 36 42.3
and maternal morbidity. Multigravida 28 32.9
Grand multigravida 7 8.2
RESULTS Previous pre-term deliveries.
A total of 889 deliveries occurred from September Nil 59 69.4
One 8 9.4
2005 to March 2006. Total number of patients with Two 10 11.76
PPROM were 85, leading to prevalence of 9.6%. More 8 9.4
Table-1 shows number of PPROM with Type of delivery
mothers’ age, gestational age, sociodemographic Vaginal delivery 56 65.86
and mothers’ educational status. Majority of patients Instrumental delivery 17 20.0
Caesarean section 12 14.0
were young with age less than 35 years. It was more
frequent in patients with gestational age between Table-3 shows the antenatal morbidity and
30–35 weeks (37 cases, 43.5%) and between 35 to association of pelvic examination with PPROM.
37 weeks (30 cases, 35.2%). PPROM was frequent Majority of patients presented at the time when they
among patients belonging to low socioeconomic were afebrile (47 cases, 55.2%), while 38 patients
class (58 cases, 68.2%), while it was infrequent (44.7%) presented with fever of 38 C or more.
among patients belonging to high socioeconomic Pelvic examination had been performed by some
class (2 cases, 2.35%). It was common among LHV or midwife in 20 patients (23.5%) before
patients who were educated up to primary and reporting to the hospital while in 65 (76.4%)
middle (61 cases, 71.7%) or were uneducated (19 patients no previous pelvic examination had been
cases, 22.3%). performed.
Table-1: Number of PPROM cases with mothers’ Table-3: Perinatal maternal morbidity
Number %
age, period of gestation, socio-economic and Presence of fever
educational status. (n=85) Fever present 38 44.7
Number % Fever absent 47 55.3
Age group Previous pelvic examination
15-25 years 50 58.8 Not performed 65 76.5
26-35 years 20 23.5 Performed 20 23.5
36-45 years 15 17.6
Gestational age in weeks Table-4 shows the neonatal and perinatal
.Up to 30 weeks 8 58.8 outcome of the babies. Total 53 (62.3%) babies born
Up to 35 weeks 37 43.5 to mothers with PPROM were low birth weight
Up to 37 weeks 30 35.2
Socioeconomic status
which include 10 (11.76%) babies of extremely low
Low 58 68.2 birth and 30 (35.29%) babies of very low birth
Middle 25 29.4 weight. Twenty-six (30.5%) babies were born with
High 2 2.35 low APGAR score and required neonatal intensive
Maternal education care. Five (5.88%) babies had intrapartum death
Nil 19 22.3
Primary/middle 61 71.7
while 11 (12.9%) babies had neonatal death,
High 5 5.88 resulting in perinatal mortality of 129.9/1000 births.
Table-5 shows the postnatal foetal and
Table-2 shows the relationship of maternal morbidity. Twenty-four (28.2%) babies
obstetrical profile of the patient with PPROM and developed fever and required injectable antibiotics
mode of delivery. PPROM was common among
patients who were pregnant for the first time (38

15
 J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad;19(4)

while 14 (16.47%) mothers required injectable triple In our study about 44.7% patients were
antibiotic regime. running fever of 38 C or more at the time of
admission. All patients were given broad spectrum
Table-4: Neonatal outcome and perinatal outcome
Number %
antibiotics. Intrapartum fever accompanied by two or
Birth weight more additional signs including foetal tachycardia,
1.0-1.5 kg 10 11.76 uterine tenderness, foul smelling vaginal discharge or
1.6-2 kg 30 35.29 maternal leukocytosis occurs in 1.0% to 3.8% of
2.1-2.5 kg 13 15.29 parturient and is associated with neonatal Group B
2.6-3 kg 30 35.29
3.1 & more 2 2.35
Streptococcal (GBS) attack rates from 6% to 20%
Delivery outcome cases.5 Reports of three meta analysis of randomised
Delivered dead 5 5.88 blind studies showed that initiating systemic
Alive 80 94.12 antibiotics after occurrence of PPROM had two
APGAR score major effects: first, increased latency (time until
Below normal 26 30.5
delivery) and second, reduced occurrence of neonatal
Normal 59 69.4
Perinatal outcome sepsis, interventricular haemorrhage and perinatal
Neonatal death 11 12.9 mortality and chorioamnionitis.13-15
Remained alive 74 87.05 Caesarean section rate in this study was 14%
which is similar to that reported in the study from
Table-5: Postnatal maternal and foetal morbidity
Number %
Punjab.7 It is very low as compared to the study by
Maternal infection present 14 16.47 Charles P J et al16 in which the incidence of caesarean
Maternal infection absent 71 83.5 section was 58.7%. In our study caesarean section was
Foetal infection present 24 28.2 mostly performed for foetal distress and
Foetal infection absent 61 71.7 malpresentation, while in the above-mentioned study
DISCUSSION caesarean section before labour was the most frequent
mode of delivery. This is because of cultural
The prevalence of PPROM in this study is 9.6% differences in this part of the world where large
which is higher than reported in England (1%),4 families and vaginal deliveries at home are preferable.
United States (1–2%),5 Canada (2–3%)6 and Punjab In our study, 30.6% cases had previous
(5.4%).7 Lack of education, poverty, living at high preterm deliveries. This incidence is higher than
altitude, poor nutritional status of women in this area, reported by Tahir et al7 (14.7%) and Charles P J et
and improper utilization of available health resources al16 (14.3%). Thus risk scoring strategies can be
may be the causes of this high prevalence. Nutritional developed on the basis of prior preterm birth.
deficiencies that predisposes women to abnormal However the use of the scoring systems has resulted
collagen structure have also been associated with an not in significant reductions in preterm births but
increased risk of preterm premature rupture of rather in an increased use of intervention with
membranes.4 In addition, no screening programme is unproved effectiveness.17
being carried out in the area to detect and treat The number of low birth weight babies in
women suffering from genitourinary tract infections this study was 62.3% which is very high as compared
during pregnancy. to United States (1991) and California (1992) birth
Recent controlled trials demonstrated that cohorts in which the prevalence of prematurity was
significant number of preterm births could be 10.3%.5 This large number of low birth weight babies
prevented in women considered to be at risk or puts great burden on the neonatal intensive care
normal risk for preterm birth by screening and facilities. Number of babies with low APGAR score
treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.8 Hiller et who required advanced resuscitation were also high
al9 reported that there was a 40% increase in low (30.5%). Perinatal mortality in this study was 13%
birth weight infants born to women with (129/1000 births), which is lower than reported by
asymptomatic, untreated bacterial vaginosis. Thus Tahir et al but higher than reported by Multer et al
Preterm birth along with its associated morbidity can (9.3%)18 and by Charles P J et al16 (3% at 28–31
be cost effectively reduced by screening and treating weeks and 0.41 % at 32–33 weeks).
common genitourinary tract infections and bacterial In this study 28.2% of babies and 16.47% of
vaginosis during pregnancy. mothers developed infection despite the
Demographic variables associated with administration of antibiotics. In the study by Ananth 15
PPROM were lower maternal age, null parity, low prophylactic antibiotic use was associated with
socioeconomic class and lack of maternal education reduced perinatal morbidity, neonatal sepsis,
which are similar to those reported in other studies.10-12 endometritis and chorioamnionitis. The largest study
to date, as well as meta analysis of studies has also

16
 J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad;19(4)

demonstrated that antibiotic treatment reduces the 1999;1(2):1999. available from http://www.medscap.com/
viewarticle/408867
risks of maternal chorioamnoinitis, neonatal
9. Hiller SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA, Krohn MA, Gibbs RS,
respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal sepsis.19-20 Martin DH, et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and
Foetal death does occur in approximately preterm delivery of a low birth weight infant. The vaginal
1% of patients with PPROM who have been infections and prematurity study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;
333:1737-42.
expectantly managed but again in our study this 10. Chen CP, Wang KG, Yang Yc, See LC. Risk factors for
incidence was quite high (5.88%). This is because of Preterm birth in an upper middle class chinese population.
lack of monitoring and one to one nursing facilities. Eur.J.Obstet Gynecol. Repor. Biol. 1996;70(1):53-9.
11. Obed Jy, Zarma A, Mamma L. Antenatal complications in
CONCLUSION adolescent mothers aged below 14 years. Afr J Med Sci 1997;
26(3-4):179-82.
PPROM is one of the important causes of preterm 12. Meis PJ, Michielutte R, Peter TJ, Wells HB, Sands E, Coles
birth that can result in high perinatal morbidity and EC, et al. Factors associated with preterm birth in Cardiff
mortality along with maternal morbidity. Looking Wales I. A univariable and multivariable analysis. Am J Obtet
after a premature infant puts immense burden on the Gynecol 1995;173:590-6.
13. Ohlsson A. Treatment of preterm premature rupture of the
economic and health care resources of the country; membranes. A metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;
therefore risk scoring strategies involving the 160:890-906.
demographic variables along with previous history of 14. Mercer BM, Arheart KL. Antimicrobial therapy in expectant
preterm deliveries should be developed to identify management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes.
Lancet 1995;346:1271-9.
high risk cases and treating them prior to rupture of 15. Ananth CV, Guise JM, Thorp JM Jr. Utility of antibiotic
membranes. therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes. A meta
analysis Obstet Gynecol Surv 1996;51:324-8.
REFERENCES 16. Charles PJ, Muriel R, Charles PJ, Rene E,Oliver C, Pascal G,
1. Jazayeri A, Jazayeri M, Burr K, Wilkes PT. Premature rupture et al. A prospective population based study of 598 cases of
PPROM between 24 and 34 weeks gestation: description,
of membranes. 2006. available at http://www.emedicine.com/
MED/topic3246.htm management and mortality (Dominos cohort). Eur J Obstet
2. Robert L Goldenberg, Dwight J Rouse. Prevention of premature Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005;121(2):164-70.
17. Alexander S, Keirse MJNC. Formal risk scoring during
birth. Review article. N Engl J Med 1998;339:313-20.
3. Lewit EM, Baker Ls, Corman H, Shiono PH. The direct cost pregnancy. In. Chalmers I, Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC eds.
Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. Vol-1. Oxford,
of low birth weight. Future child 1995;5:35-55.
England: Oxford University Press, 1989;345-65.
4. Parry S, Strauss JS 3rd. Premature rupture of foetal
18. Multer H, Briese V, Nagel H. Expectant management of
membranes. N Engl J Med 1998;338:663-70.
premature rupture of foetal membranes before 35 completed
5. Benitz WE, Gould JB, Druzin ML. Risk factors for early onset
weeks of pregnancy–A retrospective analysis of 44 cases.
Group B streptococcal Sepsis. Estimation of odds ratio. Critical
Zentralbe Gynakol 1994:116(8):479-83.
literature review. Pediatrics 1999;103(6): e77.
19. Mercer BM, Miodovinik M, Thurnau GR, Goldenberg RL,
6. Smith G, Rafuse C, Anand N, Brennan B, Connors G, Crane J,
Das AF, Ramsey RD, et al. Antibiotic therapy for reduction of
et al. Prevalence, management and outcome of preterm
infant morbidity after premature rupture of the membranes. A
prelabour rupture of the membranes of women in Canada. J
randomized controlled trial. National Institute of Child Health
Obstet Gynecol Can 2005;27(6):547-53.
and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units
7. Tahir S, Aleem M, Aziz R. Incidence And outcome of Preterm
Network. JAMA 1997; 278: 989-95.
premature rupture of membranes. Pak J Med Sci 2002;18(1): 26-32.
20. Mercer BM, Moretti ML, Prevost RR, Sibai BM.
8. McGregor J A, French J I. Preterm Birth. The role of Infection
Erythromycin therapy in preterm premature rupture of the
and Inflammation. Medscape General Medicine
membranes. A prospective Randomized Trial of 220 patients.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:794-802.

Address for Correspondence:

Dr. Shehla Noor, Assistant Professor, Department of Gynaecology, Unit ‘C’, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad-
22040, Pakistan. Tel: +92-3348959229
Email: [email protected]

17

View publication stats