21st Century Literature - Become popular in the form of memoirs and literary journalism

UNIT 1 articles.
Lesson 1: Nature and meaning of Literature COMMON FORMS OF LITERATURE
What is Literature? Drama – a created literature to be performed and witnessed by an
- Is our connection with our own human experience of life. audience.
- Describes, records and shares our experiences, hopes and desires - intended for theatre and is performed by actors donning costumes
to other people. and props against a constructed backdrop for setting
- Comes from the latin word “litteratura “ which means “writing - divided into acts and scenes
formed with letter” but it is not enclosed in that meaning, it is Novel – an extended story usually fictional.
anything and everything that reproduces life experiences. It - organized in chapters and sometimes volumes
collects, organizes and sums up the entirety of humanity, Short Story – a story narrated in brevity, in comparison with a novel
occasionally adding more color to it. - Lack specific and minute details
Lesson 2: Elements of Literature Poetry – is a form of literature that uses more expressive word,
One can say that a certain literature has created a connection with figures of speech, and creative structures in conveying its message.
reality when it has effectively shown to the reader its message through the Essay /e'-say/– a literary intended to be read, if not, addressed to a
format and style that it has chosen. specific audience.
Form - talks about the general structure of literary piece - mostly built upon facts and general knowledge.
- the first aspect of literature that attempts to connect with the reader - focuses on analyzing and critiquing issues
Theme - holds all other elements in place; the meaning of a literary Epic – on literary form that is slowly becoming extinct,if not, rare.
work - combines both styles of a drama and a narrative story.
-is the subject of which literature revolves around. Lesson 4: Contemporary Forms of Literature
-refers to the central message Hyperpoetry – sometimes called Cyberpoetry.
Characterization – could be products of the writer`s imagination, or - presents poems that includes verses or lines linked through hyperlinks.
they could be the very compelling point-of-view that the writer thinks - very visual, oftentimes uses graphics to further convey the meaning
in. Blog – from the words “web log”
Style – refers to the specific techniques and design that a literary - a website that contaiins and manage user-made articles or posts that are
writer employs to prolong his or her grip of the reader`s interest. updated regularly
Lesson 3: Types of Literature Text Tula – is a poem produced and shared through the use of a
Fiction Literature – talks about imaginary characters, settings and mobile phone`s message
stories. Love is a sound of wind blowing
Nonfiction Literature - talks about the reality of things, places and It may come and go in a day
people, building up on facts. But in your heart, it’ll always stay
Creative Nonfiction – combines these two main types(Fiction and Because it’s a lasting feeling
Nonfiction)into one ingenious literary masterpiece.
 Chick Lit – a genre fiction which which addresses issues of modern Lesson 6 :Figures of Speech
womanhood, often humorously and light-heartedly. Figures of Speech – is the use of more expressive language applying
Speculative Fiction – a fiction genre tthat dwells on issues of alternate varieties of words to provide creative and dramatic approach to the
imagined scenarios meaning being presented
- an umbrella term encompassing the more fantastical fiction genre, Simile – comparison that uses the expressios like or as...as
specifically science fiction, fanstasy, horror, weird fiction, supernatural Ex. My love is like a red red rose.
fiction, superhero fiction, etc.. She is as sweet as a candy.
Flash Fiction – a style of fictional literature or fiction of extreme Metaphor – a direct comparison between two unlike objects.
brevity. There is no widely accepted definition of the category. Ex. Life is a barren field.
Lesson 5: Literary Devices Personification – Giving life to inanimate or non-living objects.
Literary Devices – are common structures applied in any literary work Ex. The boat dances when hit by large waves.
that writers use to convey their message to the readers Onomatopoeia – the use of sound words.
- allows the readers to interpret, understand, and analyze the Ex.Tick-tick-tick denotes time or clock
examined work when the devices are effectively utilized. Metonymy – the use of a term connected with an object to represent
Rhythm – the recurrence of accented and unaccented syllables in it.
pattern Ex. The pen is mightier than the sword.
- classified into five (5) types: Synechdoche – use of a part of an object to represent the whole.
Foot Type Pattern Example Ex. His parents bought him a new set of wheels. (the wheels
Lamb Unstressed/stressed Compare represents the car)
Trochee Stressed/ unstressed Numbers Antonomasia – the use of a famous person`s name to represent
Spondee Stressed/Stressed Sunshine someone.
Dactyl Stressed/unstressed/unstressed Marvelous
Ex. The OFW`s are today`s new Jose Rizal of our country.
Anapest Unstressed/Unstressed/stressed Metaphor
Allusion – the use of indirect reference to people, place, thing or idea
Ex. Our new classmate is an Einstein during the examination.
Alliteration – the repetition of a consonant sound
Apostrophe – call to a person, thing or a personafied idea which is not
Ex. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
really present
Assonance – the repetition of lines of verse of the same vowel sound.
Ex. O captain my Captain! Our fearful trip is done.
Ex. On a proud round cloud in white high night
Hyperbole – expresses exaggeration
Rhyme – the occurence of the same soounds in words at the end of
Ex. Danica ate hundreds of banana yesterday.
lines
Euphemism - the use of neutral language to remark something that
Ex. Had we but world enough, and time,
maybe offensive to the reader
This coyness, lady, were no crime
Ex. We have to let you go. (You`re fired.)
 16. Drama – a created literature to be performed and witnessed by an
Activity 4: Sharades audience.
17. Hyperpoetry – sometimes called Cyberpoetry.
The students should study well for the activity to be accomplished. 18. Synechdoche – use of a part of an object to represent the whole.
19. Figures of Speech – is the use of more expressive language applying
The teacher provides paper strips containing words discussed from unit 1. The varieties of words to provide creative and dramatic approach to the
paper strips contain words and meaning. But you only need to guess the meaning being presented
meaning of the word. 20. Allusion – the use of indirect reference to people, place, thing or idea

1. Apostrophe – call to a person, thing or a personafied idea which is not

really present
2. Hyperbole – expresses exaggeration
3. Simile – comparison that uses the expressios like or as...as
4. Text Tula – is a poem produced and shared though the use of a mobile
phone`s message
5. Blog – from the words “web log”
6. Rhythm – the recurrence of accented and unaccented syllables in
pattern
7. Flash Fiction – a style of fictional literature or fiction of extreme
brevity.
8. Literature - Comes from the latin word “litteratura “ which means
“writing formed with letter”
9. Characterization – could be products of the writer`s imagination, or
they could be the very compelling point-of-view that the writer thinks
in.
10. Style – refers to the specific techniques and design that a literary
writer employs to prolong his or her grip of the reader`s interest.
11. Theme - holds all other elements in place; the meaning of a literary
work
12. Form - talks about the general structure of literary piece
13. Essay – a literary intended to be read, if not, addressed to a specific
audience.
14. Short Story – a story narrated in brevity, in comparison with a novel
15. Novel – an extended story usually fictional.
 UNIT 2
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
DISCOVERING LUZON AS A MELTING POT OF TRADITIONS AND
MODERNIZATIONS

*Luzon – the largest among three islands

- depicts a boundary between traditional and modern landscapes and
lifestyles
*Manila and Quezon city - main and most populous cities in the country
- embraces values of the past as seen in the conservation of Spanish
heritage sites: Intramorous in Manila, the Calle Crisologo in Ilocos, The old
Catholic Church in Bulacan, Batangas and Manila
*Makati - the business capital in the country

CHAPTER 1
Lesson 1
*Merlinda Bobis – a Filipino-Australian writer, performer, and educator who
was born and raised in Legaspi City, Albay
- took up Bachelor of Arts atAquinas University of Legaspi and MA in
Literature at Santo Thomas, Manila
- holds various awards in literature for her collection of short stories
White Turtle which won the Steele Rudd Award for the Best Collection of
Australian Short Strories and the Philippine National Book award both in 2000
Banana Heart Summer - one of her novel received the Golden Book Award iin
2006.
*Diaspora – defines as the dispersion or spread of any people from their
original homeland
○
秘 Filipinos have known to be dispersed in various parts of the world for -a well-known poet who has written three books which are collections
of poetry.
several reasons mainly employment. Most of them works as professionals,
- has won Carlos Palanca Awards for Poetry, and he is the first Asian
domestic, entertainers and etc..
who won the Bridport International Creative Writing for Poetry in 2006 for
○
秘 OFW – are considered as Bagong Bayani with their remittancces sustaining
his poem `The Same Old Figurative
their families and the Philippine economy as well as given their propagation of
○
秘 These works: Chiaroscuro, The Long Lost Startle, Ruins and
their talents and skills in different parts of the world.
Reconstructions have won innumerable literary awards in the country and
- Are promised a good life loutside the country as well as their
abroad.
families of a good future but become a problematic phase that can
disintegrate this basic unit of society which is FAMILY.

READING COMPREHENSION
Read page 13-17
The Sadness Collector

Activity #1
Answer the following:
1. What is the tale of the Sadness Collector?
2. What does it mean that Rica always tastes Salty?
3. Explain the line: `as we feed continually, we also acknowledge the
perennial nature of our hunger`
4. What kind of relationship and comparison do the Big Lady and Rica`s
father have?
5. What kind of sacrifices did the whole family experience when the
mother went abroad?
6. What other effects does Filipino migration bring to other Filipino
families and to the nation?
Answer page 18-19

Lesson 1
*Joel M. Toledo – a poet, a literary editor, and an educator from Silang, Cavite
- had two undergraduate diplomas:Creative Writing and Journalism
and Master`s Degree in English Studies from the UP Diliman, Quezon City.