Computer Graphics

Color Models

Represented By: Haitham Abdel-atty Abdullah

Donia Gamal El-din
Pre-Master 2014-2015

Supervised by: Prof. Taha El-Areef

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Properties of Light
Color Models
Standard primaries and the chromaticity diagram
The RGB color model
The YIQ and related color model
The HSV color model
The HSL Color model
The CMY and CMYK Color models
Color Models Applications
Dithering VS Half-toning 2
Properties of Light

FIGURE-1

Each frequency value within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum
corresponds to a distinct spectral color. 3
 Properties of Light
• When white light is incident on an opaque object , some
frequencies are reflected and some are absorbed.
• The combination of frequencies present in the reflected in the
reflected light determines the color of the object that we
see.(Dominant frequency or Hue)

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Properties of Light

Period (T)

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Characteristics of Color

1. Dominant Frequency (Hue)

The color we see (red, green,
purple).

2. Brightness
The total light energy, how bright is the color (How bright
are the lights illuminating the object?)

3. Purity (Saturation)
Purity describes how close a light appears to be to a pure
spectral color, such as pink is less saturated than red.

Chromaticity refers to the two properties (purity & hue)

together. 6
Color Model

•A color model is an abstract mathematical model

describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of
numbers, typically as three or four values or color
components. [Wikipedia]

•Any method for explaining the properties or behavior of

color within some particular context is called a Color
Model.[Hearn, Baker ,computer graphics with OpenGL]

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Color Model
Primary Colors
Sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of
colors

Color Gamut
Set of all colors that we can produce from the primary colors.

Complementary Colors
Pairs of colors which, when combined in the right proportions,
produce white.

Example, in the RGB model: red & cyan , green & magenta , blue
& yellow.

•No finite set of real primary colors can be combined to produce all possible visible
colors.

•However, given a set of three primary colors, we can characterize any fourth color
using color-mixing processes. 8
Color Model
Shades , Tints & Tones
• A shade is produced by “dimming ” a hue.[Adding black].
Dark Blue = pure blue + black

• A tint is produced by "lightening" a hue. [Adding white].

Pastel red = pure red + white

• Tone refers to the effects of reducing the "colorfulness" of a hue.

[adding gray] or [adding black & white].

Thus, shading takes a hue toward black, tinting takes a hue

towards white, and tones cover the range between. 9
Color Model

Additive color
Uses light to display color. Mixing begins with black and ends with white; as more
color is added, the result is lighter and tends to white. Used for computer displays
Example: The RGB colors are light primaries and colors are created with light.

A subtractive color
Uses ink to display color. Mixing means that one begins with white and ends with
black; as one adds color, the result gets darker and tends to black. Used for printed
material

It is called 'subtractive' because its wavelength is less than sum of the wavelengths
of its constituting colors.
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Example: The CMYK color system is the color system used for printing.
Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram

•This is an international standard for primary colors

established in 1931.

• It allows all other colors to be defined as weighted sum of the

three "primary" colors.

• There are no real three colors that can be combined to give

all possible colors. Therefore the Three standard primaries are
selected [imaginary numbers].

•They are defined mathematically with positive color-matching

functions that specify the amount of each primary needed to
describe any spectral color.
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Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram

Color-matching functions
A color in the
vicinity of
500nm can be
matched only
but subtracting
an amount of
red light from a
combination of
blue and green
lights.

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Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram

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Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram

To define a color in CIE model, provide weights for

the X, Y and Z primaries, just as you would for an
RGB display (e.g. color = xX + yY + zZ).

• X, Y and Z form a three dimensional color volume.

• We can ignore the dimension of luminance by

normalizing with total light intensity, x+y+z = 1.

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CIE chromaticity diagram.
Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram

Gamut Color
Complementary Color Dominant Wavelength
&
Purity

RGB Model 15
RGB Model
•The red, green, and blue (RGB) color space is
widely used throughout computer graphics.

•Additive Color Model.

•Unit Cube defined on R, G & B axes.

•The Origin (0,0,0) represents black and the

diagonally opposite vertex (1,1,1) is White.

•Vertices of the cube on the axes represent

primary colors, and the remaining vertices are
the complementary color points for each of the
primary colors.

•Shades of gray are represented along the

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main diagonal.
RGB Model

Each color point within the unit cube can be represented as

w weighted vector sum of the primary colors, using unit
vectors R,G and B.

C(λ) =(R,G,B) = RR +GG+ BB

Where R,G, and B are assigned values in the range from 0

to 1.0.

For example , the magenta vertex is obtained by adding the

maximum red and blue values to produce : (1,0,1)

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 YIQ model

•YIQ model is used for US TV broadcast.

•This model was designed to separate chrominance (I and

Q) from luminance (Y).

•This was a requirement in the early days of color television

when black-and-white sets still were expected to pick up
and display what were originally color pictures

•The Y-channel contains luminance information (sufficient

for black-and-white television sets) while the I and Q
channels carried the color information.

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YIQ model
•A color television set would take these three channels, Y, I, and Q, and map
the information back to R, G, and B levels for display on a screen.

•The advantage of this model is that more bandwidth can be assigned to the
Y-component (luminance) because the human visual system is more
sensitive to changes in luminance than to changes in hue or saturation

Convert From RGB To YIQ Convert From YIQ To RGB

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HSV Model

Every color is represented by three components Hue ( H ),

Saturation ( S ) and Value ( V )

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HSV Model

The Hue (H) of a color refers to which pure color it resembles.

All tints, tones and shades of red have the same hue. (simply
the color we see)

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HSV Model

The Saturation (S) of a color describes how white the color is.
Or the amount of white added to the color. A pure red is fully
saturated (S=1) means no white added

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HSV Model

The Value (V) of a color, also called its lightness, describes

how dark the color is. A value of 0 is black, with increasing
lightness moving away from black.

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HSL Model
• Double-cone Representation
Parameters are :
• Hue (H)
• Lightness (L)
• Saturation (S)

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HSL Model
• Vertical Axis is called Lightness(L).
• At L=0 we have black , and at L=1 we have white
• Grayscale values are along the L axis
• The pure colors lie at the axis where L=0.5 and S=1.0

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 CMY and CMYK Model

•Subtractive Color Model.

•Stands for cyan-magenta-yellow.

•Used for hardcopy devices (ex. Printers).

•A printed color that looks red absorbs

the other two components G and B and
reflects R.

•Thus the C-M-Y coordinates are just the

complements of the R-G-B coordinates.

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 CMY and CMYK Model
In additive color models such as RGB, white is the “additive”
combination of all primary colored lights, while black is the absence
of light.

In the CMYK model, it is the opposite: white is the natural color of the
paper or other background, while black results from a full
combination of colored inks.
RGB To CMY CMY To RGB

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CMY and CMYK Model
CMYK Color Model
Although cyan, magenta and yellow inks might be expected be sufficient for
color printing, most actual color printing uses black ink in addition.

This is partly because a mixture of the first three inks may not yield a black
that is neutral enough, or dark enough, but also because the use of black
spares the use of the more expensive colored inks, and also reduces the total
amount of ink used, thus speeding drying times.

K used instead of equal amounts of CMY

• called under color removal
• richer black
• less ink deposited on paper – dries more quickly
• First approximation – nonlinearities must be
accommodated:
K = min(C, M, Y)
C’ = C – K
M’ = M – K
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Y’ = Y – K
Color Models Applications
Color Model Application Area Color Model Application Area

- Computer graphics
- Image processing
RGB - Image Analysis
- Image Storage

CMY(K) Printing
- Human visual perception
- Computer graphics processing
- Computer Vision
- Image Analysis
- Design image
HSV, HSL - Human vision
- Image editing software
- Video editor

- TV broadcasting
YIQ - Video system
 Halftone
• A technique used in newspaper printing
Only two intensities are possible, blob of ink and no blob of
ink. But, the size of the blob can be varied

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 Dithering

The process of approximating colors you don't have by

mixing colors you do have.

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Halt-Toning Vs. Dithering
Half toning is the reproduction of grayscale images using dots
but with varying size.
Typical Application Laser printer.

If a monitor can't show a certain color, dithering approximates

the color by placing close together pixels in colors that the
computer can display.
Typical Application Web graphic designers often limit their
images to 256 colors and use dithering to imply other colors.

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 References
• Hearn, Baker and Carithers,
Computer Graphics with OpenGL
• https://www.siggraph.org/education/m
aterials/HyperGraph/color/colorcm.ht
m
• www.wikipedia.com

• http://www.cs.sun.ac.za/~lvzijl/courses
/rw778/grafika/OpenGLtuts/Big/graphi
csnotes008.html

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