ENGINEERS BOARD OF KENYA

GUIDELINES FOR THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

OF ENGINEERS

SEPTEMBER 2014

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Introduction

A professional engineer has been defined by the Engineering Societies of Western

Europe and the USA (EUSEC) as follows:

“A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his fundamental education and training

to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering
problems. He is able to assume personal responsibility for the development and
application of engineering science and knowledge, notably in research, designing,
construction, manufacturing superintending managing and in the education of the
engineer. His work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a routine mental or
physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgment and the
ability to supervise the technical and administrative of others. His education will have
been such as to make him capable of closely and continuously following progress in his
branch of engineering science by consulting newly published work on a worldwide basis.
Assimilating such information and applying it independently. He is thus placed in a
position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its
applications.

His education and training will have been such that he will have acquired a broad and
general appreciation of the engineering sciences as well as a thorough insight into the
special features of his own Branch. In due time he will be able to give authoritative technical
advice and to assume responsibility for the direction of important tasks in his branch."

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Contents
1.0 Background To Professional Training For Engineers ...................................................................................... 5
2 Training in General Management .................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 General management ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Financial management: .................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Marketing management: .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.4 Planning for human resources .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.5 Environment and Workplace Safety and Health .............................................................................................. 7
2.6 Professional Ethics ........................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Discipline Specific Training for Agricultural Engineers ................................................................................. 9
3.1 Introduction to Agricultural Engineering ......................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Training Content for Agricultural Engineers ................................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 Design, Research and Product Development ................................................................................................... 9
3.2.2 Farm and Field Operations and Maintenance ................................................................................................ 11
3.2.3 Workshop Practice and Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 11
3.3 Areas of engagement for Agricultural Engineers ........................................................................................... 13
4 Discipline Specific Training for Civil Engineers ........................................................................................... 14
4.1 Introduction to civil engineering .................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Training Content for Civil Engineers ............................................................................................................. 14
4.2.1 Design Office Practice ................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.2 Construction Site Practice .............................................................................................................................. 15
4.3 Areas of engagement for Civil Engineers ...................................................................................................... 16
5 Discipline Specific Training for Electrical Engineers .................................................................................... 17
5.1 Introduction to Electrical Engineering ........................................................................................................... 17
5.2.1 Common Proficiency Requirements for ALL Electrical Engineers ............................................................... 17
5.2.1.1 Design Office and Consultancy Practice ........................................................................................................ 17
5.2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance ......................................................................................................................... 18
5.2.1.2 Workshop Practice .......................................................................................................................................... 19
5.2.2 Proficiency Requirements Specific to sub specialties. ................................................................................... 20
5.3 Areas of Engagement for Electrical Engineers .............................................................................................. 24
6 Discipline Specific Training for Mechanical Engineers ................................................................................ 26
6. 1 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering ........................................................................................................ 26
6.2 Training Content ............................................................................................................................................ 26
6.2.1 Design Office Practice ................................................................................................................................... 26
6.2.2 Workshop Practice, Plant Engineering and Maintenance .............................................................................. 27
6.3 Areas of Engagement for Mechanical Engineers ........................................................................................... 29
7 Discipline Specific Training for Chemical and Process Engineering ............................................................ 30
7.1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering ........................................................................................................... 30
7.2 Training Content for Chemical Engineers ..................................................................................................... 30
7.2.1 Process and Equipment Design ..................................................................................................................... 30
7.2.2 Chemical Plant Operations and Control ........................................................................................................ 31

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List of Tables

Table 3. 1 Summary of Training for Agricultural Engineers 12

Table 4. 1 Summary of Training for Civil Engineers 16

Table 5. 1 Summary of Training for Electrical Engineers 24

Table 6. 1 Summary of Training for Mechanical Engineers 28

Table 7. 1 Summary of Training for Chemical & Process Engineers 33

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1.0 Background To Professional Training For Engineers

Practical training is to be directed towards providing opportunities for the graduate

engineer to achieve responsible experience. Usually there are two phases to the training
programme. The first of these is where the graduate engineer learns to bridge the gap
between theory and practice and the second phase where he acquires the ability and
demonstrates a willingness to accept and exercise responsibility. There is in fact hardly
any dividing line between training and experience, they are complimentary and continue
throughout the life of the professional engineer.

A graduate engineer given a systematic and disciplined introduction to his professional life
will learn more quickly to recognize his responsibilities as a professional engineer and to use
his knowledge in a realistic way, than one who is set to work without a proper introduction
and briefing.

Correct training will be achieved effectively and efficiently if the graduate is soon made to
appreciate his personal responsibility to his employer and his profession; understands that
success in modern engineering depends upon teamwork and good human relations; that
practical engineering problems rarely have a unique solution and that cost and time are
important factors in all engineering activities.

Having established a proper approach to training, each graduate will require a specific
course related to his own needs and those of the organization for which he is working.
The end product of a good training scheme is a fully proficient and competent
professional engineer.

The training programme is divided into two main components:

i. Training on general management: This is applicable to all interns and cuts across all
disciplines.
ii. Discipline specific topics: The specific disciplines are:
1) Agricultural Engineering
2) Chemical and Process Engineering
3) Civil Engineering
4) Electrical Engineering
5) Mechanical Engineering

Within each discipline major topics have been identified. Against each major topic and
indicative minimum number of months has been specified. The mentor is expected to
develop a programme such that the total number of months sums to a minimum of 36
months, the duration of the internship period.

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2 Training in General Management

Training on general management is generic across all disciplines and forms part of the
structural training for specific disciplines.

Acquisition of management skills is a life- long learning process that continues

throughout the internship programme and beyond. Management cuts across all
businesses and therefore any person working at supervisory level and above in a
business needs an understanding of basic management principles. The main purpose
of general management module therefore is to ensure trainees acquire relevant
knowledge, skills, attitudes and other characteristics to conduct relevant management
activities in their areas of work.

Proposed Approach: EBK will organize a one week non-residential seminar for the
providers of the training in General Management Skills to ensure the providers
appreciate the expected outputs of the training.

The ideal size for each session is deemed to be 25-30 trainees. The selected venues for
the seminars should be within the region of attachment.

Training Cost: The training will be subsidized by EBK under GEIP programme. The
candidate may however be required to pay some nominal fee. At the end of the training,
the trainees will have competencies in the following areas:

2.1 General management

This will include:

 Organizational structure, business planning, and administration

 Procurement, inventory management and stores management
 Production planning, scheduling, quality management and control
 Contract management and administration
 Supervision, directing, control, coordination and delegation

2.2 Financial management:

 Budgeting and budget controls

 Costing and estimation
 Basic book keeping and financial record keeping and interpretation of financial
records
 Controlling of receipts
 Inventory management and controls
 Controlling expenditure;

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2.3 Marketing management:

 Market research, planning, and segmentation

 Pricing and pricing strategies
 Advertising, Promotion, promotion strategies and publicity
 Distribution and distribution strategies
 Product (quality, branding, image, packaging and design, service warranties)
Human resources management

2.4 Planning for human resources

 Job analysis and job design for purpose of having a job description and a
specification
 Recruitment and selection processes including interviewing skills
 Training and development including providing on the job training, guidance,
coaching and mentoring
 Performance management and appraisal and linking appraisal to compensation
and training
 Compensation management including determining salaries, wages, benefits other
incentive and motivation
 Industrial/labour relations management including all the Kenyan labour laws,
discipline and disciplinary procedures, handling disputes and conflict at work
 Occupational health and safety management to meet the Occupation Health and
Safety Act (OSHA) 2007 Communication skills
 Effective listening
 Providing feedback
 Report writing and presentation skills
 Effective public speaking
 Cross cultural and gender sensitive communication
 Negotiation and conflict management skills

2.5 Environment and Workplace Safety and Health

 Environmental laws and regulations

 Environmental and social impact assessment and audit (ESIA and EA)
 Environmental management systems (EMS) Safety and health
 Health and safety committee rules
 Occupational accidents

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  Personal protective equipment (PPE)
 Safe work procedures
 Workplace inspection techniques
 Machinery safety
 Construction safety
 Plant safety
 Fire safety
 Electrical safety
 Chemical safety
 Workplace health hazards
 Occupational diseases
 First aid management
 HIV/AIDs awareness
 Alcohol and drug abuse
 Legislative framework and standards
 Safety and health management

2.6 Professional Ethics

 The application of Code of Ethics for Engineers in the Work place.

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3 Discipline Specific Training for Agricultural Engineers

3.1 Introduction to Agricultural Engineering

Agricultural engineering is that branch of professional engineering which requires such

education and experience as is necessary to understand and apply engineering principles to
the design, construction and use of specialized equipment, machines, structures and
materials relating to the agricultural industry and economy. Agricultural engineering is
applied in irrigation and water resources engineering, power and machinery engineering
and mechanization, process and food engineering and built environment engineering.

Key competencies associated with a trainee agricultural engineer include:

 Solid and structural mechanics,

 Materials science, production,
 Manufacturing,
 Machines and control,
 Thermodynamics,
 Heat transfer, fluid mechanics, hydraulics,
 Soil dynamics and plant-soil-water relationship.

The trainee will have integrated engineering science and design with applied biological,
environmental and agricultural sciences.

3.2 Training Content for Agricultural Engineers

The intern, under the supervision of a registered Professional Engineer and within the
period indicated should gain sufficient skill-based insights in the following:

i. Design ,Research and Product Development

ii. Farm and Field Operations and Maintenance
iii. Workshop Practice and Maintenance
iv. General Management

3.2.1 Design, Research and Product Development

3.2.1.1 Irrigation and Water resources

 Design and development of irrigation (drip, sprinkler, flood and mechanized )
and water supply systems in farms
 Design of drainage systems;
 Product development and Prototype testing. Mechanization
 Design modifications, evaluation, development and prototyping of machinery
with ergonomic considerations;
 Selection and design for controlled traffic farming.
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3.2.1.2 Post Harvest and Bio-processing
 Design, specification and standards for crop and animal product storage
structures,
 Selection, design modifications and development of bio-processing machinery
and equipment for post-harvest operations.
 Product development and Prototype testing. Built Environment
 Farm building and structures: design and modifications
 Familiarization with energy supplies to the farm: electricity, biogas, wind power,
solar power, water power and engine power;
 Design of farm waste disposal systems;
 Design, construction and maintenance of farm infrastructure;
 Design modifications, construction and operation of controlled environments.

3.2.1.3 Environmental Issues

 Environmental laws and regulations
 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and Audit (ESIA and EA)
 Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Consulting Services:
Consultancy and conditions of engagement:-

3.2.1.4 Consultancy
 Pre-feasibility and viability studies
 Preliminary designs and final designs,
 Systems designs and derivation of bills of quantities,
 Derivation of specifications and applicable standards,
 Preparation of tender documents and tendering processes (local and
international),
 Procurement laws and procurement process,
 Contract management,
 Final inspection and commissioning,
 Preparation of as-built drawings and final project report.
 Conditions of engagement: International Federation of Consulting Engineers
(FIDIC),

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3.2.2 Farm and Field Operations and Maintenance

3.2.2.1 Irrigations and Water resources

 Evaluation of land and water resources
 Remote sensing and GIS
 Integration, Operation, maintenance and management of irrigation, drainage
and soil conservation systems in agricultural activities
 Development and operation of smallholder irrigation and water use schemes
 Rain water harvesting technologies

3.2.2.2 Mechanization
 Time schedules and machinery management in all field operations;
 Optimal use of power within the three levels (manual, animal and engine
power) of mechanization. Post Harvest and Bio-Processing
 Bio-processing at farm and industrial levels e.g. milling, oil extraction, sugar
production, milking machines and dairy processing equipment
 Post harvest preservation techniques – dehydration, refrigeration, sealed-bin
storage and chemical treatment
 Technical support in small and medium scale agro processing and agro food
industry
 Quality assessment and assurance – cleaning, sorting, grading, palletizing and
packaging.
 Food safety and storage

3.2.2.3 Built Environment

 Electrification at farm level, bio-sensors and instrumentation
 Harnessing of bio-energy
 Construction and maintenance of agricultural structures including
farmhouses, greenhouses, abattoirs, market centers, etc.
 Agricultural waste management
 access road construction

3.2.3 Workshop Practice and Maintenance

 Material forming; including forging. Plate and pipe bending, sheet metal work and
press work.
 Material removal; includes the use of common hand tools and machine tools for
turning, shaping, milling, drilling, and grinding.
 Jointing and welding; includes riveting, bolting, welding, brazing and soldering

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  Casting processes; includes some experience of pattern making.
 Heat and surface treatment of materials; includes tempering, annealing, cleaning
and plating.
 Metrology and testing; including the use of gauges and measuring instruments in
marking out, inspection and other workshops processes.
 Familiarization with use of maintenance manuals, parts catalogues and
preventive plant and breakdown maintenance schedules
 Routine monitoring of plant performance, fault diagnosis and servicing
techniques
 Maintenance of log books, machinery repair and maintenance records
 Specification, selection, installation, testing and commissioning of machinery and
plant Procurement and stores & inventory management
 Computer application in manufacturing systems
 Parts inspection and site acceptance tests
 Process automation design
 Production planning, manufacture and control (ergonomics) of industrial
products, tools, jigs and fixtures, dies and patterns
 Familiarization with industrial engineering and interrelationships of technical,
production and service departments
 Assessment of plant infrastructure condition
 Material handling procedures

Table 3. 1 Summary of Training for Agricultural Engineers

Min Duration
General Requirements Sub- topics
(months)

Irrigation and water resources

Mechanization

Design and Research and Product Post harvest and bio-processing

9
Development Built environment

Environmental issues

Consulting services

Farm and Field operations and Irrigation and water resources

12
Maintenance Mechanization

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 Min Duration
General Requirements Sub- topics
(months)
Post-harvest and bio-processing

Built Environment

Material forming and removal

Maintenance
Workshop practice and
maintenance Specifications and commissioning of plant
9
Industrial engineering and plant
infrastructure

Material handling

Financial management

Marketing
M management

Human resource management

General management 6
Communication skills

Environment

Safety and health

3.3 Areas of engagement for Agricultural Engineers

The most common areas of engagement for agricultural engineers include: - research
and education, agro-industries, renewable energy industries, manufacture of
agricultural machinery, post-harvest food and by-products processing industry,
irrigation and water resources management industries, environmental and social
impact assessment and audit (ESIA and EA) agencies.

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4 Discipline Specific Training for Civil Engineers

4.1 Introduction to civil engineering

Civil engineering deals with planning, designing and construction of infrastructure, utilities,
buildings and their maintenance. The broad areas of civil engineering are:

 Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,

 Waste Water and Environmental Engineering,
 Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering,
 Highway and Transportation Engineering and
 Civil Engineering Construction.

The trainee must have academic competence in theory of structures and structural design,
geotechnical engineering and foundations, hydraulics, environmental and sanitation
engineering, highways and traffic, civil engineering materials, surveying and site
investigations, construction and contract management, costs, drawings and CAD,
experimenting.

4.2 Training Content for Civil Engineers

The training programme for civil engineers will cover the following major areas:

1) Design Office Practice

2) Site Experience
3) General Management

The intern, under the supervision of a licensed registered Professional Engineer(s) and
within the period indicated should gain sufficient skill-based insights in the following:

4.2.1 Design Office Practice

4.2.1.1 Induction to the Organization

The trainee will undergo an induction programme in the organization in the following
areas:

i. History and size of organization

ii. Management structure and functions
iii. Communication systems in the organization

4.2.1.2 Design Practice

The graduate engineer will have sufficient exposure to the following:

 Organization of the design office and associated offices.

 Project planning and programme of design work.
 Familiarization with standards, codes of practice, design manuals and other
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 relevant reference materials. Preliminary Site Information Review
 Review of existing site investigation records (design data assumptions, possible
alternative designs and associated costs).
 Site inspection and survey for design.
 Site investigation including knowledge of equipment and techniques.
 Testing of samples to obtain design data and proper use of testing equipment.
 Feasibility Studies including economic and environmental considerations
 Technical and economic evaluation,
 Social and environmental impact considerations. Engineering / Technical Design
 Design and specifications and preparation of drawings for temporary, permanent
and maintenance works using conventional methods and computer aided design
(CAD) methods, where available.
 Documentation for Contracts
 Preparation of bills of quantities according to standard methods of measurements
and estimating costs.
 Familiarization with the law of contract, statutory requirements, conditions of
contract and other contract documents.
 Familiarization with dispute resolution methods.
 Tender preparation and evaluation.
 Familiarization with local and International Tendering Procedures

4.2.2 Construction Site Practice

 Planning and programming of construction

 Resource planning, allocation and control
 Familiarization with methods of construction and their pertinent details.
 Familiarization with Setting out of works and surveying instruments.
 Familiarization with Mechanical plant and their application output, capacity
and associated costs.
 Knowledge of characteristics of materials, their cost, storage and handling.
 Quality control procedures.
 Measurement of works, assessment of variations and issuance of interim
payment certificates.
 Management of health, safety and risk on site.
 Environmental Monitoring and Audit
 Staff and labour relations; working conditions and welfare.
 Corporate and public communications.

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  Site administration including control and management of subcontracts.
 Maintenance of Site records and preparation of progress and other reports.

Table 4. 1 Summary of Training for Civil Engineers

General Requirements Duration Sub-topics

Induction

Preliminary site Information review

Design Office Practice 18 Feasibility studies

Engineering/technical design

Documentation for contracts

Construction planning and programming

Methods of construction

Quality control procedures

Construction Site Practice 12
Measurement and certification of works

Environment, health and safety on site

General site administration

Financial management

Marketing management

Human resource management

General management 6
Communication skills

Environment

Safety and health

4.3 Areas of engagement for Civil Engineers

The areas where civil engineering graduates will find employment include but not limited to
Public Utilities and Infrastructure departments for Roads, Water, Irrigation, etc; Building
Industry Consulting Firms and Contractors.

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5 Discipline Specific Training for Electrical Engineers

5.1 Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering deals with the study and application of the theories of
electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism, electrical engineers apply scientific
knowledge to solve technical problems and develop products and services that
benefit society. Electrical engineering encompasses electrical power generation &
distribution, electronics, wired & wireless communications, robotics, computers,
radar, ultrasonics, lasers, fiber optics, digital signal processing, analog and digital
control systems among others.
Expected academic competence areas include:
i. Electrical circuit theory
ii. Electrical power systems,
iii. Instrumentation and control
iv. Microwaves and antennas
v. Elements of mechanical engineering
vi. Electrical measurements,

4.2 Training Content for Electrical Engineers

The intern, under the supervision of a registered Professional Engineer and within the
period indicated should gain sufficient skill-based insights in the following:

5.2.1 Common Proficiency Requirements for ALL Electrical Engineers

i. Design Office and Consultancy Practice

ii. Operations and Maintenance
iii. Workshop Practice
iv. General Management

5.2.1.1 Design Office and Consultancy Practice

 Organization of a drawing office

 Understanding of electrical drawings and schematics

 Modification of drawings and its procedures.

 Preparation of shop drawings and accompanying documents

 Familiarization with laws and regulations covering electrical design

 Familiarization with the applicable design standards and codes of practice

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  Computer aided drawing office practice

 Generation of cost estimates

 Familiarization with project stages

 Design analysis and review

 Familiarization with different types of project implementation strategies

 Preparation of specifications and design documentation

 Preparation of bills of quantities, tender documents and evaluation of

tenders
 Familiarization with local and international tendering procedures

 site supervision of project works

 Product performance, reliability and maintenance

 Product interaction with the environment and impact on society

 Component selection and integration of components and sub-systems into

larger systems
5.2.1.1.2 Consultancy and conditions of engagement:-
 Pre-feasibility and viability studies,
 preliminary designs and final designs,
 Systems designs and derivation of bills of quantities,
 Derivation of specifications and applicable standards,
 Preparation of tender documents and tendering processes (local and
international), procurement laws and procurement process,
 Contract management,
 Final inspection and commissioning,
 Preparation of as-built drawings and final project report, among others.

 Conditions of engagement: FIDIC.

5.2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance

 Basic Electrical Circuits

 Principles of Electrical Grounding/ Earthing

 Understanding of maintenance purposes and types.

 Develop ability to read Electrical Drawings and Schematics

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  Electrical Power Distribution Systems

 Electrical Protective Devices

 Understanding of Static Electricity and its control methods

 Awareness of electrical safety requirements and Electrical Safety in

Troubleshooting

 Electrical Safety And Risk Assessment

 Understanding of methods of maintaining electrical machines and

equipment
 Diagnosis of faults in machines, equipment and installations using
non-destructive procedures
 UPS, Rectifiers, Inverters And Batteries: Fundamentals of
Maintenance ,Testing And Troubleshooting

 Understanding of Electrical Troubleshooting Techniques

 understanding of Condition Monitoring for Electrical Equipment

 Understanding of inspection and testing methods

 Maintenance Scheduling for Electrical Equipment

 Testing and Commissioning Procedures

 Systems and/or product improvements through modifications and

upgrading

 Planned and breakdown maintenance of electrical systems and equipment

 Plan, design and specify materials required for corrective and preventive
maintenance of plant/equipment/system, including preparation of
schedules for costs of materials and labour requirement
 Improvement of production methods, procedures and standards
through critical evaluation of production materials, systems and
problems
 providing technical assistance during commissioning of structures,
equipment, processes or systems

5.2.1.2 Workshop Practice

This will involve attachment to various workshops dealing with electrical repairs,

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fabrications and testing.
The experience should cover but not be limited to the following:-

 General Workshop Safety

 Electrical safety and regulations

 Earthing concepts

 Electric Shocks and Treatment

 Electrical Engineering measurement equipment and tools

 Maintenance, repair and charging of Batteries

 Dismantling and rewinding of electrical machines (Motors, Generators,

Transformers)
 Inspection of rewound electrical machines and equipment and
testing for continuity, insulation, and correct rotating voltage.

 Wiring regulations

 Types of cables and electric accessories including switches, plug, circuit

breakers, fuses

 symbols for electrical wiring schematics e.g. switches, lamps, sockets

 voltage, current and power measurement

 Soldering methods and skills

5.2.2 Proficiency Requirements Specific to sub specialties.

In addition to the common proficiency requirements, specific skills will be required by

the sub-specialties as follows.
5.2.2.1 Power Engineering
(1) Planning

 Load Planning

 Network Planning

 Inventory Management

(2) Design / Construction

 Generating Station

 External Plant

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  Generator Specification

 Substation Design

 Protection

 Transmission System Design

 Distribution System Design

 Customer Equipment and Service Requirements

(3) Operation / Maintenance

 Power Station

 External Plant

 Station Operation & Maintenance

 Regulations/Standards

 Efficiency Study of Power Systems

5.2.2.2 Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering
 Understanding and Troubleshooting of Ethernet and Automation Networks
 Troubleshooting, Designing and Installing Digital and Analog Closed
Circuit TV Systems

 Hands-on Data Communications, Networking and TCP/IP Troubleshooting

 Understanding and application of Fibre Optic Systems

 Data Communications, Networking and Protocols for Industry

 Practical Troubleshooting & Problem Solving of Industrial Data

Communications

 Practical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Modbus Protocols

 Practical Radio Telemetry Systems

 Practical Routers & Switches

 Fundamentals of Telecommunications and Wireless Communications

 Practical Fundamentals of Voice over IP (VoIP)

 Traffic Studies
 Switching philosophy, matrices, statistical multiplexes, digital switching,

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 digital signal standard bit rates and interface signal levels

 Network Planning

 International Regulations

 Application of ITU-T and the ITU-R Recommendations

 Project Coordination

 Construction Practice

 Project Administration

 Evaluation of system availability and reliability on the basis of MTBF and

MTTR
 Establishment of maintenance programmes taking into account the
Mean Time between Failures (MTBF) and the Mean Time To Restore
(MTTR) criteria.

 Customer Relations

 Compilation and analysis of maintenance reports and fault statistics

 Efficiency Study

 Asset Management
5.2.2.3 Manufacturing / Production Engineering
 Production Analysis

 Project Proposal

 Management Accounting

 Material Properties

 Asset Management

 Quality Control

 Maintenance Schedules
5.2.2.4 Instrumentation and Control Engineering
 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) for Automation and Process Control

 Analytical Instrumentation in On-Line Applications

 Alarm Systems Management

 Process Control

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 Boiler Control and Instrumentation

 Practical Building Automation Systems

 Installation, Calibration and Maintenance of Electronic Instruments

 Distributed Control Systems (DCS)

 Data Acquisition using Personal Computers and Standalone Systems

 Process, Electrical & Instrumentation Drawings and Documentation

 Troubleshooting of Data Acquisition & Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition (SCADA) Systems
 Selection, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of Fiscal Flow
and Metering Equipment

 Industrial Automation Functional Specifications for PLCs, DCSs and SCADA

systems

 Industrial Flow Measurements

 Understand the purpose of a Hazard and Operability( HAZOP) in the

development of a plant
 Define and use Process Flow diagrams, P&ID's, Instrument lists,
Specification forms, Logic diagrams, Location plans, Installation
details and Loop diagrams

 Understand process control devices and the symbols used to define them

 Be familiar with the use of specifications to control the design scope of a

project

 Instrument Schedules, Drawings & Diagrams

 Instrument specifications

 Ladder logic and Fail safe design

 Hazardous Area considerations

 Change Control

 Switches, Relays and Contacts

 Panel Layout and Schematics

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 Table 5. 1 Summary of Training for Electrical Engineers

General Requirements Duration Section

(months)

Design Office
Design Office Practice and Consultancy Practice
12
Consulting Services Consultancy
Conditions of engagement

Electrical Circuits;drawings,distribution systems

and devices
Electrical safety and risks assessments

Operations and Maintenance 6 Fundamentals of commissioning, maintenance

,Testing and Troubleshooting
Product improvements through modifications and
upgrading

General Workshop Safety, Electrical safety and

regulations

Electrical Engineering measurement

Workshop Practice 12
Handling electrical machines

Electrical wiring schematics

Financial management
Marketing management
Human resource management
General Management 6
Communication skills
Environment
Safety and health

5.3 Areas of Engagement for Electrical Engineers

The most common areas of engagement of electrical engineers include: - building

Electrical services, instrumentation and control engineering, academics/research,

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manufacturing/production engineering, electronic and telecommunications
engineering, and power engineering.

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6 Discipline Specific Training for Mechanical Engineers

6. 1 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering is that branch of professional engineering that deals with

engineering problems related to generation, transmission and utilization of energy in
the thermal or mechanical form and also with engineering problems relating to
production of tools, machinery and their products and to heating, ventilation,
refrigeration and plumbing. It is concerned with research, design, production,
operational, organizational and economic aspects of the above.

The expected academic competence areas include:

i. Solid and structural mechanics,

ii. Materials science,
iii. Production/manufacturing,
iv. Machines and control,
v. Thermodynamics/heat transfer and
vi. Fluid mechanics/hydraulics.

6.2 Training Content

The intern, under the supervision of a registered Professional Engineer and within
the period indicated should gain sufficient skill-based insights in the following:

i. Design Office Practice

ii. Workshop Practice, Plant Engineering and Maintenance
iii. General Management

6.2.1 Design Office Practice

 Materials in engineering practice

 Design and production processes

 Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacture

 Word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, project management software

 Specifications, standards, codes and practice in engineering design and

manufacture

 Jigs and fixtures drawings (detail and assembly), layout and engineering
drawings

 Estimation of production costs

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  Modification and adaptation design in maintenance

 Scheduling maintenance design and repairs

 Failure assessment and troubleshooting

 Product and process design and equipment

 Consultancy and conditions of engagement Consultancy: Pre-feasibility and

viability studies, preliminary designs and final designs,

 systems designs and derivation of bills of quantities,

 derivation of specifications and applicable standards,

 preparation of tender documents and tendering processes (local and

international),

 procurement laws and procurement process,

 contract management,

 final inspection and commissioning,

 preparation of as-built drawings and final project report,

 Conditions of engagement: FIDIC.

6.2.2 Workshop Practice, Plant Engineering and Maintenance

 Material forming; including forging plate and pipe bending, sheet metal
work and press work.

 Material removal; includes the use of common hand tools and machine
tools for turning, shaping, milling, drilling, and grinding.

 Jointing and welding; includes riveting, bolting, welding, brazing and

soldering

 Casting processes; includes some experience of pattern making.

 Heat and surface treatment of materials; includes tempering, annealing,

cleaning and plating.

 Metrology and testing; including the use of gauges and measuring

instruments in marking out, inspection and other workshops processes.

 Familiarization with use of maintenance manuals, parts catalogues and

preventive plant and breakdown maintenance schedules

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  Routine monitoring of plant performance, fault diagnosis and servicing
techniques

 Maintenance of log books, machinery repair and maintenance records

 Specification, selection, installation, testing and commissioning of

machinery and plant

 Procurement and stores & inventory management

 Computer application in manufacturing systems

 Parts inspection and site acceptance tests

 Process automation design

 Production planning, manufacture and control (ergonomics) of industrial

products, tools, jigs and fixtures, dies and patterns

 Familiarization with industrial engineering and interrelationships of

technical, production and service departments

 Assessment of plant infrastructure condition

 Material handling procedures

 Familiarization with Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

Table 6. 1 Summary of Training for Mechanical Engineers

Duration
General Requirements Sub-topics
(months)

Essential of the Design Office

Computer aided design (CAD)
Consultancy Practice
Specifications, standards and codes of practice
Design Office Practice 12 Preparation and documentation of tenders

Conditions of engagement

Contract Management

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 Duration
General Requirements Sub-topics
(months)

Workshop Practice, Plant 18 Material forming and removal

Engineering and
Maintenance
Maintenance
Specifications and commissioning of plant

Industrial engineering and plant infrastructure

Material handling

General management 6 Financial management

Marketing management

Human resource management

Communication skills

Environment, Safety and health

6.3 Areas of Engagement for Mechanical Engineers

The employment opportunities available for mechanical engineers are in

manufacturing industries, power generation, plant operation and maintenance,
equipment design, transport, building services, medical engineering, etc.

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7 Discipline Specific Training for Chemical and Process Engineering

7.1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering

“Chemical Engineering is that branch of professional engineering that embraces studies

or activities relating to the development and application of processes in which chemical
or physical changes of materials are involved. These processes are usually resolved into
a coordinated series of unit physical operations and unit chemical processes. Chemical
engineers devise ways to make products from raw materials using chemical processes in
a cost effective, efficient and environmentally sustainable way.”9

Key competencies associated with a trainee chemical engineer include: principles of

heat and mass transfer, chemical process and equipment design, chemical reaction
engineering, chemical thermodynamics, continuous and stage-wise separation
processes, process control and measurements, environmental control and quality
control.

The industries that are mostly associated with chemical engineeringinclude: - oil and gas, petroch

7.2 Training Content for Chemical Engineers

The intern, under the supervision of a registered Professional Engineer and within
the period indicated should gain sufficient skill-based insights in the following:

7.2.1 Process and Equipment Design

7.2.1.1 Process Drawings.

This shall entail ability to prepare, read and interpret engineering drawings which is
important in design and operations of chemical processes. The trainee shall be
expected to gain experience in the following areas of engineering drawings and flow-
charts.

 Ability to competently read and interpret process flow sheets, and Piping and
Instrumentation drawings.
 Experience in preparing and modifying engineering drawings and process flow
charts
 Ability to use computer aided techniques in simulation, drafting and design
of chemical equipment and process units.

7.2.1.1 Design of Equipment and Process Plants

It is expected that the trainee shall gain exposure in project development and
design to the stage of going to tender and shall cover the following areas:-

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  Developing project concept and scope
 Undertaking a project technical and economic feasibility study
 Determining applicable design standards, codes of practice and relevant governing
legal/regulatory framework for the proposed project.
 Preparing preliminary process plant design
 Undertaking development of detailed equipment and process design
 Developing process equipment specifications and equipment selection
 Fundamentals of project execution planning Tender Preparations and Project
Contracting. The trainee shall be exposed to the procurement process that involves
the following activities:-
 Detailing of project cost estimates for budgetary purposes
 Tender document preparation
 Tender evaluation and award
 Preparation of project contracts

7.2.2 Chemical Plant Operations and Control

7.2.2.1 Process Planning & Scheduling

Trainees shall familiarize themselves with the day to day planning of production
and optimization of processes to meet plant production targets. It will include the
following activities:-

 Using various tools and methods, to prepare optimum (monthly, weekly, and
daily) production schedules.
 Scheduling of process plant activities to achieve production targets.
 Programming of raw materials inputs
 Collection and interpretation of measured plant process data
 Preparation of daily process reports

7.2.2.2 Process Optimization;

The trainee will be involved in activities that establish process and equipment
efficiency, especially in areas of energy utilization and production optimization.

 Optimizing process operating conditions to achieve production targets.

 Preparation of plant mass and energy balances.
 Energy efficiency analysis and investigations to establish optimal energy
utilization.
 Seeking solutions for process operation and production upsets through
trouble shooting

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7.2.2.3 Process Control;
The trainee shall get exposure in areas of production regulation and monitoring
through use of process instrumentation, and will include the following activities:-

 Acquiring knowledge of underlying process instrumentation principles.

 Experience in the functions of various control devices and their maintenance.
 Achieve knowledge in monitoring and interpretation of controlled process
parameters;

7.2.2.4 Quality Management;

The trainee will gain experience in both raw materials and products quality
controls, and will engage in the following activities:-

 Understanding the principles that set final product specifications and standards.
 The process of formulating, implementing and monitoring of quality control
procedures.
 Knowledge of the relevant test standards and procedures ;
 Actual experience in laboratory practices in conducting tests on raw materials,
intermediate streams, and finished products.
 Experience in statistical analysis and design of experiments.

7.2.2.5 Plant Maintenance Planning

The trainee will be involved in planning for scheduled preventive maintenance and
coordination of breakdown maintenance with the relevant maintenance departments,
involving the following activities:-

 Inspection and evaluation of performance using performance records of

various plant equipment to identify need for maintenance
 Participation in programming for scheduled preventive maintenance.
 Trouble-shooting to identify and resolve operational problems of technical
nature. Environmental Management

7.2.2.6 Monitoring and control

A chemical process plant has identifiable features with potential for environmental
pollution. The trainee will familiarize with the sources of plant pollution and methods in
place for monitoring and control:-

 Understanding of relevant national laws and regulations related to

environmental management, knowledge of other relevant industry or

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 international environmental best practices in use in the plant.
 Gaining experience in specific pollution control measures in place in the
plant
 Working knowledge of plant wastes and management of such waste (solid,
liquid, gaseous) including hazardous waste management
 Participation in the environmental impact assessment and risk auditing

Table 7. 1 Summary of Training for Chemical & Process Engineers

General Requirements Duration Sub-topics

(months)

Process and equipment Design 12  Process Drawing

 Design of Equipment and Process
Plants
 Tender Preparations and Project
Contracting.

Chemical plant operations 18  Process and planning and scheduling

and control  Process Optimization
 Process control
 Quality management
 Plant maintenance planning
 Environmental management

General management 6  Financial management

 Marketing management
 Human resource management
 Communication skills
 Environment
 Safety and health

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