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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water, liquid petroleum, petroleum
products and similar liquids. The force analysis of the reservoirs or tanks is about the
same irrespective of the chemical nature of the product. All tanks are designed as crack
free structures to eliminate any leakage. Water or raw petroleum retaining slab and walls
can be of reinforced concrete with adequate cover to the reinforcement. Water and
petroleum and react with concrete and, therefore, no special treatment to the surface is
required. Industrial wastes can also be collected and processed in concrete tanks with few
exceptions. The petroleum product such as petrol, diesel oil, etc., are likely to leak
through the concrete walls, therefore such tanks need special membranes to prevent
leakage. Reservoir is a common term applied to liquid storage structure and it can be
below or above the ground level. Reservoirs below the ground level are normally built to
store large quantities of water whereas those of overhead type are built for direct
distribution by gravity flow and are usually of smaller capacity.

1.2 Objectives
1. To make a study about the analysis and design of water tanks.
2. To make a study about the guidelines for the design of liquid retaining structure
according to IS Code.
3. To know about the design philosophy for the safe and economical design of water
tank.
4. In the end, the program is validated with the results of manual calculation given in
“Concrete Structure” book

2.1 Source of Water Supply

The various sources of water can be classified into two categories:

Surface sources, such as

1. Ponds and lakes

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2. Streams and rivers

3. Storage reservoirs and

4. Oceans, generally not used for water supplies at present.

Sub-surface sources or underground sources, such as

1. Springs;

2. Infiltration wells and

3. Wells and Tube-wells.

3.1Water Quantity Estimation

The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme
has to be designed requires following data:

1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)
2. Population to be served.

​ Quantity= Per demand x Population

3.2 Water Consumption Rate

It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demanded by the public,
since there are many variable factors affecting water consumption. The various types
of water demands, which a city may have, may be broken into following class

Water Consumption for Various Purposes​:

Types of Consumption Normal Range Average %

(lit/capita/day)
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1 Domestic Consumption 65-300 160 35

2 Industrial and Commercial 45-450 135 30

Demand

3 Public including Fire Demand 20-90 45 10

Uses

4 Losses and Waste 45-150 62 25

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3.3 Fire Fighting Demand:

The per capita fire demand is very less on an average basis but the rate at which the
water is required is very large. The rate of fire demand is sometimes treated as a
function of population and is worked out from following empirical formulae:

Authority Formulae (P in thousand) Q for 1 lakh

Population)

1 American

Insurance Q (L/min)=4637 ÖP (1-0.01 ÖP) 41760

Association

2 Kuchling's

Formula Q (L/min)=3182 ÖP 31800

3 Freeman's

Formula Q (L/min)= 1136.5(P/5+10) 35050

4 Ministry of

Urban Q (kilo liters/d)=100 ÖP for P>50000

Development 31623

Manual Formula
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3.4 Factors affecting per capita demand:

• Size of the city​: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as
compared to​ ​that for smaller towns as big cities have sewered houses.

• Presence of industries.

• Climatic conditions.

• Habits of economic status.

• Quality of water: ​If water is aesthetically $ people and their

• medically safe, the consumption will increase as people will not resort to
private wells, etc.
• Pressure in the distribution system.

• Efficiency of water works administration: ​Leaks in water mains and

services; ​and un authorised use of water can be kept to a minimum by
surveys.

• Cost of water.

• Policy of metering and charging method: ​Water tax is charged in two different
ways: on the basis of meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.

3.5 Fluctuations in Rate of Demand:

Average Daily Per Capita Demand

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= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)

If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be sufficient to meet the
fluctuations.

• Seasonal variation​: The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs are
generally more in summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal variation.

• Daily variation ​depends on the activity. People draw out more water on Sundays
and Festival days, thus increasing demand on these days.
• Hourly variations ​are very important as they have a wide range. During active
household working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to eight in
the evening, the bulk of the daily requirement is taken. During other hours the
requirement is negligible. Moreover, if a fire breaks out, a huge quantity of water
is required to be supplied during short duration, necessitating the need for a
maximum rate of hourly supply.

So, an adequate quantity of water must be available to meet the peak demand. To meet all
the fluctuations, the supply pipes, service reservoirs and distribution pipes must be
properly proportioned. The water is supplied by pumping directly and the pumps and
distribution system must be designed to meet the peak demand. The effect of monthly
variation influences the design of storage reservoirs and the hourly variations influences
the design of pumps and service reservoirs. As the population decreases, the fluctuation
rate increases.

Maximum daily demand​ = 1.8 x average daily demand

Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand

= 1.5 x average hourly demand

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= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24

= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24

= 2.7 x average daily demand/24

= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand

4.1Design Periods & Population Forecast

This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of
the future. The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is
known as the design period.

Design period is estimated based on the following:

• Useful life of the component , considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.

• Expandability aspect.

• Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial

developments & migration-immigration.

• Available resources.

• Performance of the system during initial period.

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4.2Population Forecasting Methods

The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The
particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends
largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discrection
and intelligence of the designer.

1. Incremental Increase Method

2. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method

3. Simple Graphical Method

4. Comparative Graphical Method

5. Ratio Method

6. Logistic Curve Method

7. Arithmetic Increase Method

8. Geometric Increase Method.

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5.1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF WATER TANKS

Classification based on under three heads:

1. Tanks resting on ground

2. Elevated tanks supported on stagging

3. Underground tanks.

Classification based on shapes

1. Circular tanks

2. Rectangular tanks

3. Spherical tanks

4. Intze tanks

5. Circular tanks with conical bottom

REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE (I. S. I)

In water retaining structure a dense impermeable concrete is required

therefore,proportion of fine and course aggregates to cement should besuch as to give high
quality concrete. Concrete mix weaker than M20 is not used. The minimum quantity of
cement in the concrete mix shall be not less than 30 kN/m3.The design of the concrete mix
shall be such that the resultant concrete issu efficiently impervious. Efficient compaction
preferably by vibration is essential. The permeability of the thoroughly compacted concrete is
dependent on water cement ratio. Increase in water cement ratio increases permeability, while
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concrete with low water cement ratio is difficult to compact. Other causes of leakage in
concrete are defects such as segregation and honey combing. All joints should be made
water-tight as these are potential sources of leakage. Design of liquid retaining structure is
different from ordinary R.C.C,structures as it requires that concrete should not crack and
hence tensile stresses in concrete should be within permissible limits. A reinforced concrete
member of liquid retaining ​DESIGN ​structure is designed on the usual principles ignoring
tensile resistance of concrete in bending. Additionally it should be ensured that tensile stress
on the liquid retaining ace of the equivalent concrete section does not exceed the permissible
tensile strength of concrete as given in table 1. For calculation purposes the cover is also
taken into concrete area. Cracking may be caused due to restraint to shrinkage, expansion and
contraction of concrete due to temperature or shrinkage and swelling due to moisture effects.
Such restraint may be caused by

(i) The interaction between reinforcement and concrete during shrinkage due to drying.

(ii) The boundary conditions.

(iii) The differential conditions prevailing through the large thickness of massive concrete

Use of small size bars placed properly, leads to closer cracks but of smaller width. The risk
of cracking due to temperature and shrinkage effects may be minimized by limiting the changes
in moisture content and temperature to which the structure as a whole is subjected. The risk
ofcracking can also be minimized by reducing the restraint on the free expansion of the structure
with long walls or slab founded at or below ground level, restraint can be minimized by the
provision of a sliding layer. This can be provided by founding the structure on a flat layer of
concrete with interposition of some material to break the bond and facilitate movement.In case
length of structure is large it should be subdivided into suitable lengths separated by movement
joints, especially where sections are changed the movement joints should be provided.Where
structures have to store hot liquids, stresses caused by difference in temperature between inside
and outside of the reservoir should be taken into account.

The coefficient of expansion due to temperature change is taken as 11 x 10-6 /° C and

coefficient of shrinkage may be taken as 450 x 10-6 for initial shrinkage and 200 x 10-6 for
drying shrinkage
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6.JOINTS IN LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES

6.1 MOVEMENT JOINTS. ​There are three types of movement joints.

(i)​Contraction Joint​. ​It is a movement joint with deliberate discontinuity

without initial gap between the concrete on either side of the joint. The

purpose of this joint is to accommodate contraction of the concrete.

The joint is shown in Fig. (a)

 joint. A complete contraction joint is one in which both steel and concrete are

interrupted and a partial contraction joint is one in which only the concrete is

interrupted, the reinforcing steel running through as shown in Fig.(b). Figure

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(ii)​Expansion Joint.​ ​ It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and
concrete and it is to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure. A
typical expansion joint is shown in Fig.(c)

This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank designs.

6.2 CONTRACTION JOINTS

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 Thistype of joint is provided for convenience in construction. This type of joint requires
the provision of an initial gap between theadjoining parts of a structure which by closing
or opening accommodates the expansion or contraction of the structure.

Fig (d)

(iii) ​Sliding Joint.​ It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and
concrete and with special provision to facilitatemovement in plane of the joint. A typical
joint is shown in Fig. This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some
cylindrical tank designs.

Fig (e)
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6.3CONTRACTION JOINTS

This type of joint is provided for convenience in construction. Arrangement is made to

achieve subsequent continuity without relative movement. One application of these joints
is between successive lifts in a reservoir wall. A typical joint is shown in Fig(f)
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​Fig (f)

6.4 TEMPORARY JOINTS

A gap is sometimes left temporarily between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structure
which after a suitable interval and before the structure is put to use, is filled with mortar
or concrete completely as in Fig.3.5(a) or as shown in Fig.3.5 (b) and (c) with suitable
jointing materials. In the first case width of the gap should be sufficient to allow the sides
to be prepared before filling.Figure (g)
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Fig (g)

7 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (I.S.I)

7.1 Plain Concrete Structures. ​Plain concrete member of reinforced concrete liquid
retaining structure may be designed against structural failure by allowing tension in plain
concrete as per the permissible limits for tension in bending. This will automatically take
care of failure due to cracking. However, nominal reinforcement shall be provided, for
plain concrete structural members.

7.2. Permissible Stresses in Concrete.

(a) For resistance to cracking. ​For calculations relating to the resistance of members
to​ ​cracking, the permissible stresses in tension (direct and due to bending) and shear shall
confirm to the values specified in Table 1.The permissible tensile stresses due to bending
apply to the face of the member in contact with the liquid. In members less than 225mm.
thick and in contact with liquid on one side these permissible stresses in bending apply
also to the face remote from the liquid.

(b) For strength calculations. ​In strength calculations the permissible concrete
stresses​ ​shall be in accordance with Table 1. Where the calculated shear stress in
concrete alone exceeds the permissible value, reinforcement acting in conjunction with
diagonal compression in the concrete shall be provided to take the whole of the shear.

7.3Permissible Stresses in Steel

(a) For resistance to cracking. ​When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for
checking the tensile stress in concrete for avoidance of crack, the tensile stress in steel
will be limited by the requirement that the permissible tensile stress in the concrete is not
exceeded so the tensile stress in steel shall be equal to the product of modular ratio of
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steel and concrete, and the corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete.

(b) For strength calculations.

In strength calculations the permissible stress shall be as follows:

(i) Tensile stress in member in direct tension 1000 kg/cm2

(ii) Tensile stress in member in bending on

liquid retaining face of members or face away from

liquid for members less than 225mm thick 1000 kg/cm2

(iii)On face away from liquid for members 225mm or more

in thickness 1250 kg/cm2

(iv )Tensile stress in shear reinforcement,

For members less than 225mm thickness 1000 kg/cm2

For members 225mm or more in thickness 1250 kg/cm2

(v)Compressive stress in columns subjected to direct load 1250 kg/cm2

7.4 Stresses due to drying Shrinkage or Temperature Change.

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(i)Stresses due to drying shrinkage or temperature change may be ignored provided that .

(a) The permissible stresses specified above in (ii) and (iii) are not otherwise exceeded.

(b) Adequate precautions are taken to avoid cracking of concrete during the
construction period and until the reservoir is put into use.

(c) Recommendation regarding joints given in article 8.3 and for suitable sliding
layer beneath the reservoir are complied with, or the reservoir is to be used only for the
storage of water or aqueous liquids at or near ambient temperature and the circumstances
are such that the concrete will never dry out.

(ii)Shrinkage stresses may however be required to be calculated in special cases, when a

shrinkage co-efficient of 300 x 10-6may be assumed.

(ii) When the shrinkage stresses are allowed, the permissible stresses,tensile
stresses to concrete (direct and bending) as given in Table 1 may be increased
by 33.33 per cent.

7.5 Floors

(i)Provision of movement joints.

Movement joints should be provided as discussed in article 3.

(ii) Floors of tanks resting on ground.

(iii)

If the tank is resting directly over ground, floor may be constructed of concrete with
nominal percentage of reinforcement provided that it is certain that the ground will
carry the load without appreciable subsidence in any part and that the concrete floor
is cast in panels with sides not more than 4.5m. with contraction or expansion joints
between. In such cases a screed or concrete layer less than 75mm thick shall first be
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placed on the ground and covered with a sliding layer of bitumen paper or other
suitable material to destroy the bond between the screed and floor concrete. In
normal circumstances the screed layer shall be of grade not weaker than M 10,where
injurious soils or aggressive water are expected, the screed layer shall be of grade not
weaker than M 15 and if necessary a sulphate resisting or other special cement
should be used.

(iii) Floor of tanks resting on supports

If the tank is supported on walls or other similar supports the floor slab shall be
designed as floor in buildings for bending moments due to water load and self
weight.

(b)When the floor is rigidly connected to the walls (as is generally the case) the
bending moments at the junction between the walls and floors shall be taken into
account in the design of floor together with any direct forces transferred to the floor
from the walls or from the floor to the wall due to suspension of the floor from the
wall.If the walls are non-monolithic with the floor slab, such as in cases, where
movement joints have been provided between the floor slabs and walls, the floor
shall be designed only for the vertical loads on the floor.

(c) In continuous T-beams and L-beams with ribs on the side remote from the liquid,
the tension in concrete on the liquid side at the face of the supports shall not exceed
the permissible stresses for controlling cracks in concrete. The width of the slab
shall be determined in usual manner for calculation of the resistance to cracking of
T-beam, L-beam sections at supports.

(d)The floor slab may be suitably tied to the walls by rods properly embedded in both
the slab and the walls. In such cases no separate beam (curved or straight) is
necessary under the wall, provided the wall of the tank itself is designed to act as a
beam over the supports under it.

(e)Sometimes it may be economical to provide the floors of circular tanks,

in the shape of dome. In such cases the dome shall be designed for the vertical
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loads of the liquid over it and the ratio of its rise to its diameter shall be so
adjusted that the stresses in the dome are, as far as possible, wholly compressive.
The dome shall be supported at its bottom on the ring beam which shall be
designed for resultant circumferential tension in addition to vertical loads.

7.6 Walls

(i)Provision of joints

(a)Where it is desired to allow the walls to expand or contract separately from the
floor, or to prevent moments at the base of the wall owing to fixity to the floor, sliding
joints may be employed.

(b)The spacing of vertical movement joints should be as discussed in article 3.3 while the
majority of these joints may be of the partial or complete contraction type, sufficient
joints of the expansion type should be provided to satisfy the requirements given in
article

(ii)Pressure on Walls.

(a) In liquid retaining structures with fixed or floating covers the gas pressure
developed above liquid surface shall be added to the liquid pressure.

(b)When the wall of liquid retaining structure is built in ground, or has earth embanked
against it, the effect of earth pressure shall be taken into account.

(iii) Walls or Tanks Rectangular or Polygonal in Plan.

While designing the walls of rectangular or polygonal concrete tanks, the following
points should be borne in mind.
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(a) In plane walls, the liquid pressure is resisted by both vertical and horizontal bending
moments. An estimate should be made of the proportion of the pressure resisted by
bending moments in the vertical and horizontal planes. The direct horizontal tension
caused by the direct pull due to water pressure on the end walls, should be added to that
resulting from horizontal bending moments. On liquid retaining faces, the tensile stresses
due to the combination of direct horizontal tension and bending action shall satisfy the
following condition:

(t​./t )+​ ( ​ó​c t​ ​. /ó​c t​ ) ​≤ 1

t​.​ ​= calculated direct tensile stress in concrete

​ ​c t
​ permissible direct tensile stress in concrete (Table 1)​ ó
t=
= calculated tensile stress due to bending in concrete.​ ​ó​c t​ =
permissible tensile stress due to bending in concrete.

(d)At the vertical edges where the walls of a reservoir are rigidly joined, horizontal
reinforcement and haunch bars should be provided to resist the horizontal bending
moments even if the walls are designed to withstand the whole load as vertical beams or
cantilever without lateral supports.

(c) In the case of rectangular or polygonal tanks, the side walls act as twoway slabs,
whereby the wall is continued or restrained in the horizontal direction, fixed or hinged at
the bottom and hinged or free at the top. The walls thus act as thin plates subjected
triangular loading and with boundary conditions varying between full restraint and free
edge. The analysis of moment and forces may be made on the basis of any recognized
method.

(iv) Walls of Cylindrical Tanks.

While designing walls of cylindrical tanks the following points should be borne in mind:
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(a)Walls of cylindrical tanks are either cast monolithically with the base or are set in
grooves and key ways (movement joints). In either case deformation of wall under
influence of liquid pressure is restricted at and above the base. Consequently, only part of
the triangular hydrostatic load will be carried by ring tension and part of the load at
bottom will be supported by cantilever action.

(b)It is difficult to restrict rotation or settlement of the base slab and it is advisable to
provide vertical reinforcement as if the walls were fully fixed at the base, in addition to
the reinforcement required to resist horizontal ring tension for hinged at base, conditions
of walls, unless the appropriate amount of fixity at the base is established by analysis
with due consideration to the dimensions of the base slab the type of joint between the
wall and slab, and , where applicable, the type of soil supporting the base slab.

7.7 Roofs

(i) Provision of Movement joints.

To avoid the possibility of sympathetic cracking it is important to ensure that

movement joints in the roof correspond with those in the walls, if roof and walls are
monolithic. It, however, provision is made by means of a sliding joint for movement
between the roof and the wall correspondence of joints is not so important.

(ii)Loading

. Field covers of liquid retaining structures should be designed for gravity loads, such as
the weight of roof slab, earth cover if any, live loads and mechanical equipment. They
should also be designed for upward load if the liquid retaining structure is subjected to
internal gas pressure. A superficial load sufficient to ensure safety with the unequal
intensity of loading which occurs during the placing of the earth cover should be allowed
for in designing roofs. The engineer should specify a loading under these temporary
conditions which should not be exceeded. In designing the roof, allowance should be
made for the temporary condition of some spans loaded and other spans unloaded, even
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though in the final state the load may be small and evenly distributed.

(iii)Water tightness​. In case of tanks intended for the storage of water for domestic
purpose, the roof must be made water-tight. This may be achieved by limiting the stresses
as for the rest of the tank, or by the use of the covering of the waterproof membrane or by
providing slopes to ensure adequate drainage.

(iv) Protection against corrosion​. Protection measure shall be provided to the underside
of the roof to prevent it from corrosion due to condensation.

7.8 Minimum Reinforcement

(a)The minimum reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs in each of two directions at right
angles shall have an area of 0.3 per cent of the concrete section in that direction for sections
up to 100mm, thickness. For sections of thickness greater than 100mm, and less than
450mm the minimum reinforcement in each of the two directions shall be linearly reduced
from 0.3 percent for 100mm thick section to 0.2 percent for 450mm, thick

sections. For sections of thickness greater than 450mm, minimum reinforcement in each
of the two directions shall be kept at 0.2 per cent. In concrete sections of thickness
225mm or greater, two layers of reinforcement steel shall be placed one near each face
of the section to make up the minimum reinforcement.

(b)In special circumstances floor slabs may be constructed with percentage of

reinforcement less than specified above. In no case the percentage of reinforcement in
any member be less than 0.15% of gross sectional area of the member.

7.9 Minimum Cover to Reinforcement.

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(a)For liquid faces of parts of members either in contact with the liquid (such as inner
faces or roof slab) the minimum cover to all reinforcement should be 25mm or the
diameter of the main bar whichever is grater. In the presence of the sea water and soils
and water of corrosive characters the cover should be increased by 12mm but this
additional cover shall not be taken into account for design calculations.

(b)For faces away from liquid and for parts of the structure neither in contact with the
liquid on any face, nor enclosing the space above the liquid, the cover shall be as for
ordinary concrete member.

8.DOMES:

A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by the revolution of a regular curve
about one of its axes. The shape of the dome depends on the type of the curve and the
direction of the axis of revolution. In spherical and conoidal domes, surface is described
by revolving an arc of a circle. The centre of the circle may be on the axis of rotation
(spherical dome) or outside the axis (conoidal dome). Both types may or may not have a
symmetrical lantern opening through the top. The edge of the shell around its base is
usually provided with edge member cast integrally with the shell.

Domes are used in variety of structures, as in the roof of circular areas, in circular tanks,
in hangers, exhibition halls, auditoriums, planetorium and bottom of tanks, bins and
bunkers. Domes may be constructed of masonry, steel, timber and reinforced concrete.
However, reinforced domes are more common nowadays since they can be constructed
over large spans

Membrane theory for analysis of shells of revolution can be developed neglecting effect
of bending moment, twisting moment and shear and assuming that the loads are carried
wholly by axial stresses. This however applies at points of shell which are removed some
distance away from the discontinuous edge. At the edges, the results thus obtained may
be indicated but are not accurate.

The edge member and the adjacent hoop of the shell s must have very nearly the same
strain when they are cast integrally. The significance of this fact is usually ignored and
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the f orces thus co mputed are, therefore, s ubject to certain modifications.

Stresses in shells are usually kept fairly low, as effect of the edg e disturbanc e, as
mentioned above is usually n eglected. T he shell must be thick en ough to allo w space
an d protection for two layers of reinforcemen t. From this point of vie w 80 mm is
considered as th e minimum thickness of shell.

Design of Reinforce d Concret e Domes:

The requirem ents of thic kness of dom e and reinf orcement fro m the point of view of
induc ed stresses are usually very small. However, a minimum of 80 mm is provided so as to
ac commodate two layers o f steel with adequate cover. Similarly a minimum of steel
provided is 0.15 % of the sectional area i n each direct ion along th e meridians as well as

along the latitudes. This reinforcement will be in addition to the requirements for hoop
tensile stresses.

The reinforcement is provided in the middle of the thickness of the dome shell Near
the edges usually some ring beam is provided for taking the horizontal component of the
meridian stress. Some bending moment develops in the shell near the edges. As shown in
Fig. it is normal to thicken the shell near the edges and provide increased curvature.

Reinforcements near the top as well as near the bottom face of the shell are also provided.
The size of the ring beam is obtained on basis of the hoop tension developed in the ring
due to the horizontal component of the meridian stress. The concrete area is obtained so
that the resulting tensile stress when concrete alone is considered does not exceed 1.1
N/mm2 to 1.70 N/mm2 for direct tension and 1.5 N/mm2 to 2.40 N/mm2 for tension due
to bending in liquid resisting structure depending on the grade of concrete.

Reinforcement for the hoop stress is also provided with the allowable stress in steel
as 115 N/mm2 (or 150 N/mm2) in case of liquid retaining structures and 140 N/mm2 (or
190 N/ mm2) in other cases. The ring should be provided so that the central line of the
shell passes through the centroid of the ring beam. Renforcement has to be provided in
both the directions. If the reinforcement along the meridians is continued upto the crown,
there will be congestion of steel there. Hence, from practical considerations, the
reinforcement along the meridian is stopped below the crown and a separate mesh, as
shown in Fig(a), is provided. Alternatively, the arrangement of the bars may be made as
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shown in plan in Fig.(b)

In case of domes with lantern opening with concentrated load acting there, ring beam
has to be provided at the periphery of the opening. The edge beam there will, however, be
subjected to hoop compression in place of hoop tension.

Openings may be provided in the dome as required from other functional or

architectural requirements. However, reinforcement has to be provided all around the
opening as shown in Fig. (c). The meridian and hoop reinforcement reaching the opening
should be well anchored to such reinforcement.
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The allowa ble stresss s pecified in IS 3370 for such tanks are as follows:

e
-
Type of stresses: Permissible stress in N/mm 2​ .​ I
o
f
P I
l S
a 4
i 3
n 2
b -
a 1
r 9
s 6
c 6
o .
n I
f S
i 1
r 9
m 6
i 6
n .
g
t
o(/') Tensile stress in members u nder
G
r
a
No table of contents entries found.​d
d
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irect load. High yield strength deform ed bars as p er

1786-1966 or is 113 9-
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Direct tensile stress in c oncrete a ma y be taken as 1.1 N/mm 2​​ ,1.2. N/mm 2​​ ,1.3

N/m m​2​, 1.5 N/m m​2​, 1.6 N/mm​2​ and 1.7 N/mm​2​ for M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and
M40 respectively, the value in tension due to bending ​i.e., o​ being 1.5 N/mm​2​,1.7
N/mm​2​,1.8 N/m m​2​,2.0 N/mm​2​,2.2 N/mm 2​​ and 2.4 N/mm​2​.

When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for checking the tensile stres s
in c oncrete for a voidance o f cracks, the tensile stress in the ste el will be limited by the
requirements that the stress as mentio ned above should not b e exceeded. The tensile
stress in steel w ill be modu lar ratio multiplied by the corresponding allowable tensile
stress in concrete.

Stresses due to shrinkage or temperature chang e may be ign ored if these permissible
stresses in concrete and steel are not e xceeded and adequate precautions are taken to avoid
cracking o f concrete during construction period, until the reservoir i s put into use

and if it is assured that the concrete will never dry out. If it is required to calculate
shrinkage stresses, a shrinkage strain of 300 (10)​-6​ may be assumed.

When shrinkage stresses are considered, the permissible stresses may be increased
by 33-j% .

When shrinkage stresses are considered it is necessary to check the thickness for no
crack.

Minimum reinforcement of each of two directions at right angles shall have an area
of 0.3% for 100 mm thick concrete to 0.2% for 450 mm thick concrete wall. In floor
slabs, minimum reinforcement to be provided is 0.15%. The minimum reinforcement as
specified above may be decreased by 20%), if high strength deformed bars are used.
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Minimum cover to reinforcement on the liquid face is 25 mm or diameter of the bar,

whichever is larger and should be increased by 12 mm for tanks for sea water or liquid of
corrosive character.

.​Overhead Water Tanks And Towers

Overhead water tanks of various shapes can be used as service reservoirs, as a

balancing tank in water supply schemes and for replenishing the tanks for various purposes.
Reinforced concrete water towers have distinct advantages as they are not affected by
climatic changes, are leak proof, provide greater rigidity and are adoptable for all shapes.

Components of a water tower consists of-

​ ank portion with -

(a) T

(1) Roof and roof beams (if any) (2) sidewalls

​ loor or bottom slab

(3) F (4) floor beams,includingcircular girder

​ taging portion, consisting of-

(b) S

(5) Columns (6)Bracings and

(7)Foundations

Types of water Tanks may be –

(a) Square-open or with cover at top (b)Rectangular-open or with cover at top

(c) Circular-open or with cover at which may be flat or domed.

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Among these the circular types are proposed for large capacities. Such circular tanks
may have flat floors or domical floors and these are supported on circular girder.

The most common type of circular tank is the one which is called an Intze Tank. In
such cases, a domed cover is provided at top with a cylindrical and conical wall at
bottom. A ring beam will be required to support the domed roof. A ring beam is also
provided at the junction of the cylindrical and conical walls. The conical wall and the
tank floor are supported on a ring girder which is supported on a number of columns.

Usually a domed floor is shown in fig a result of which the ring girder supported on
the columns will be relieved from the horizontal thrusts as the horizonal thrusts of the
conical wall and the domed floor act in opposite direction.

Sometimes, a vertical hollow shaft may be provided which may be supported on the
domed floor.

The design of the tank will involve the following

. (1) The dome at top usually 100 mm to 150 mm thick with reinforcement along
the meridians and latitudes. The rise is usually l/5th of the span.

(2) Ring beam supporting the dome​. The ring beam is necessary to resist the
horizontal component of the thrust of the dome. The ring beam will be
designed for the hoop tension induced.
(3) Cylindrical walls : ​This has to be designed for hoop tension caused due to
horizontal water pressure.

(4) Ring beam at the junction of the cylindrical walls and the conical wall.

This ring beam is provided to resist the horizontal component of the reaction of
the conical wall on the cylindrical wall. The ring beam will be designed for the
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induced hoop tension.

(5) Conical slab​, This will be designed for hoop tension due to water
pressure. ​The slab will also be designed as a slab spanning between the ring
beam at top and the ring girder at bottom.

(6) Floor of the tank. ​The floor may be circular or domed. This slab is
supported​ ​on the ring girder.

 (7) ​The ring girder:​ This will be designed to support the tank and its
contents.The girder will be supported on columns and should be designed
for resulting bending moment and Torsion.

(8) ​Columns: These are to be designed for the total load transferred to them. The
columns will be braced at intervels and have to be designed for wind pressure or
seismic loads whichever govern.

(9) Foundations : ​A combined footing is usuals provided for all supporting

columns. ​When this is done it is usual to make the foundation consisting of
a ring girder and a circular slab.

Suitable proportions for the Intze.

for case(1) suggested by Reynolds. Total volume ~0.585D​3

for case (2), the proportion was suggested by Grey and Total Volume is given by

V1 = π(D)^2/4 * (H) = 0.3927 D^3 for H =D/2

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V2 = π.h/12(D^2+d^2+d) =0.10263 D^3

With h = D/5 and d =3/5D

V3 =( π h1)/6 ((3r)^2+(h1)^2) = 0.0179 D^3

With h1 = 3/25D and r =3/10D

Volume V =o.4693 D^3

With h1 = D/6 and r =3/10D

Volume V= 0.493 D​3

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14.DETAILS OF DESIGN:

Population calculation:

Year Population Increase Incremental Percentage Decrease in

per decade. increase. increase. percentage

increase.

1970 300 ------ ------ ------ ------

1980 500 200 ------ 66.67 ------

1990 700 200 0 40.00 26.67

2000 1000 300 100 42.87 -2.87

TOTAL 700 100 149.54 23.8

AVERAGE 233 50 49.84 11.9

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Population in 2010.

i. Arithmetical progression method

= 1000+233 = 1233.

ii. Geometrical progression method

= 1000 + (49.84/100) (1000)

= 1498.4

iii. Incremental increase method

= 1000 + 233 + 50

= 1283

iv. Changing increase rate method

= 1000 + (42.87 – 11.9) (1000) / 100

= 1529.7

Considering geometrical progression method = 1498.4 ≈ 1500 population.

PER CAPITA DEMAND:

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=1500 X 165 =2,50,000 liters.

Design of tank​:

Design of an intez tank for a capacity of 250,000lts

Assuming height of tank floor above G.L 12m

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 Safe bearing capacity of soil 100kn/m^2 Wind pressure as

per IS875 1200N/m^2 Assuming M20 concrete

For which σcbe = 7N/mm^2 , σcc = 5N/mm^2 Direct tension σt =

5N/mm^2

Tension in bending = 1.70 N/mm​2

Modular ratio ​m =​ 13 For Steel stress,

Tensile stress in direct tension =115 N/mm​2

Tensile stress in bending on liquid face =115 N/mm​2​ for ​t <​ 225 mm and 125

N/mm​2​ for / > 225 mm​.

Solution : ​Taking the volume as 0.585​ ​D​3​ ​for proportion given in Fig.​ ​D = 7.50 m. The

dimension of the Tank is shown in fig.

Design of Roof Dome:

Considering a rise of 1.50 m, radius of the roof dome is given from

1.50(2R-1.50) = (3.75)​2

R = 5.4375m.
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Cos φ = (5.4375 – 1.50)/5.4375

= 0.7241

and φ= 43.602 < 51.8˚

Hence no tension

Assuming t = 100mm. Self wt.=2400N/m^2

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Fig

Equi valent of wi nd load, accidental loadi ng and live load =2600 N/m​2​/5000N/m​2

Meridian stress at of edge of dome

Nφ = -w R/(1+cosφ)

= - 5000(5.4375)/(1+0.7241) =1576
9.10 N

And meridian stress = 15769.10/1000(100) = -0.157 7N/mm​2​(co mp)

Maximum hoop stress at cro wn = -wR/2t = -5000(5. 4375)/2(100)(1000) = -0.136

N/mm​2​(comp)

Use nominal reinforcement 0 .3% =300mm​2​ Use 8

mm bars @ 160 mm c /c. both ways.

Desi gn of ring beam at top:

Hori zontal component of Nφ = Nφcosφ

=15769.10(0.7241)
=11418.41 N
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Hoop tension in ring = 11418 .41(7.5/2) = 42819.10N

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 Steel required for hoop tension = 42819.10/115 =

372.33mm​2

Use 4 Nos.12 mm bars at corners.

Area of cross section of ring beam considering concrete only

= 42819.10/1.20

= 35682.58mm​2

Use a ring beam 225mmX160mm

Area provided = 36000mm​2​ > 35682.58mm​2

Use 6mm dia nominal stirrups @ 100mm c/c.

Shear stess along the edge = N​ϕ​ sin​ϕ​ =15769.10 (0.690) =10880.68N Shear

stress=10880.68/100(1000) = 0.1088N/mm​2​ –very low.

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