Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which of the following statements about members of the Kingdom Plantae is FALSE? 1)
A) They undergo photosynthesis.
B) They are multicellular.
C) They use organic carbon sources.
D) They are composed of eukaryotic cells.
E) They synthesize organic molecules.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

2) You discovered a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan. You suspect the 2)
organism is in the group
A) Animalia. B) Plantae. C) Fungi. D) Archaea. E) Bacteria.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

3) Which of the following is the best evidence for a three-domain system? 3)

A) There are three distinctly different types of nuclei.
B) Some bacteria live in extreme environments.
C) There are three distinctly different Gram reactions.
D) There are three distinctly different sets of metabolic reactions.
E) Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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 Figure 10.3
This figure shows the results of a gel electrophoresis separation of restriction
fragments of the DNA of different organisms.

4) In Figure 10.3, which two are most closely related? 4)

A) 3 and 5 B) 4 and 5 C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 2 and 5
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

5) A clone is 5)
A) a taxon composed of species.
B) genetically identical cells derived from a single cell.
C) a mound of cells on an agar medium.
D) a genetically engineered cell.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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6) The arrangement of organisms into taxa 6)
A) is based on evolution.
B) shows relationships to common ancestors.
C) shows degrees of relatedness between organisms.
D) is arbitrary.
E) was designed by Charles Darwin.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

7) What is the outstanding characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi? 7)

A) All members are photosynthetic.
B) Members absorb dissolved organic matter.
C) Members absorb dissolved inorganic matter.
D) All members are microscopic.
E) All members are macroscopic.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

8) Into which group would you place a photosynthetic cell that lacks a nucleus? 8)
A) Bacteria B) Fungi C) Plantae D) Protista E) Animalia
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Table 10.1

1. 9+2 flagella
2. Nucleus
3. Plasma membrane
4. Peptidoglycan
5. Mitochondrion
6. Fimbriae

9) In Table 10.1, which features are found in nearly all eukarya? 9)

A) 2, 3, 5 B) 1, 2, 5 C) 1, 4, 6 D) 3, 5 E) 2, 3
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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10) Into which group would you place a photosynthetic organism that lacks a nucleus and has a thin 10)
peptidoglycan wall surrounded by an outer membrane?
A) Fungi
B) Proteobacteria (gram-negative bacteria)
C) Animalia
D) Plantae
E) Firmicutes (gram-positive bacteria)
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Table 10.1

1. 9+2 flagella
2. Nucleus
3. Plasma membrane
4. Peptidoglycan
5. Mitochondrion
6. Fimbriae

11) In Table 10.1, which feature(s) is (are) found only in prokaryotes? 11)
A) 2 B) 1 C) 2, 4, 5 D) 4, 6 E) 1, 2, 3
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

12) Which of the following statements about archaea is FALSE? 12)

A) They evolved before bacteria.
B) They are prokaryotes.
C) They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
D) Some are thermoacidophiles; others are extreme halophiles.
E) Some produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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13) The phylogenetic classification of bacteria is based on 13)
A) diseases.
B) rRNA sequences.
C) cell morphology.
D) Gram reaction.
E) habitat.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Table 10.2
I. Gram-positive
A. Catalase+
1. Acid from glucose.................................... Staphylococcus
2. Glucose-..................................................... Micrococcus
B. Catalase-
1. Coccus......................................................... Streptococcus
2. Rod............................................................... Lactobacillus
II. Gram-negative
A. Oxidase-
1. Acid from lactose
a. Uses citric acid................................. Citrobacter
b. Citric acid-........................................ Escherichia
2. Lactose-
a. H2 S produced
(1) Urease positive.......................... Proteus
(2) Urease negative........................ Salmonella
B. Oxidase+
1. Rod.............................................................. Pseudomonas
2. Coccus......................................................... Neisseria

14) Use the dichotomous key in Table 10.2 to identify a gram-negative coccus. 14)
A) Staphylococcus
B) Streptococcus
C) Micrococcus
D) Pseudomonas
E) Neisseria
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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 Figure 10.1

15) In Figure 10.1, the closest ancestor for both species "a." and species "b." would be which of the 15)
following?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

16) Which of the following characterizes the Domain Bacteria? 16)

A) prokaryotic cells; ether linkages in phospholipids
B) complex cellular structures
C) eukaryotic cells; ester linkages in phospholipids
D) prokaryotic cells; ester linkages in phospholipids
E) multicellular
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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 Figure 10.4

17) In the cladogram shown in Figure 10.4, which two organisms are most closely related? 17)
A) Mycobacterium and Lactobacillus
B) Streptomyces and Lactobacillus
C) Streptomyces and Micrococcus
D) Micrococcus and Mycobacterium
E) Streptomyces and Mycobacterium
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

18) Nucleic acid hybridization is based on the fact that 18)

A) all cells have DNA.
B) pairing between complementary bases occurs.
C) a chromosome is composed of complementary strands.
D) the strands of DNA can be separated.
E) DNA is composed of genes.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

19) Which of the following is NOT based on nucleic-acid hybridization? 19)

A) Southern blotting
B) Western blotting
C) DNA chip
D) FISH
E) PCR
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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 Figure 10.1

20) In Figure 10.1, species "c." is most closely related to which of the following? 20)
A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

21) Which of the following statements is a reason for NOT classifying viruses in one of three 21)
domains rather than in a fourth domain?
A) Viruses are not composed of cells.
B) Viruses are obligate parasites.
C) Some viruses can incorporate their genome into a host's genome.
D) Viruses direct anabolic pathways of host cells.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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22) If two organisms have similar rRNA sequences, you can conclude that they 22)
A) mated with each other.
B) will have different G-C ratios.
C) will both ferment lactose.
D) evolved from a common ancestor.
E) live in the same place.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

23) Into which group would you place a unicellular organism that has 70S ribosomes and a 23)
peptidoglycan cell wall?
A) Protist B) Fungi C) Plantae D) Bacteria E) Animalia
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

24) Into which group would you place a multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives inside the 24)
human liver?
A) Fungi
B) Animalia
C) Firmicutes (gram-positive bacteria)
D) Proteobacteria (gram-negative bacteria)
E) Plantae
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

25) Which of the following provides taxonomic information that includes the others? 25)
A) amino acid sequencing
B) nucleic acid-base composition
C) nucleic acid hybridization
D) biochemical tests
E) cladogram
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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26) A bacterial species differs from a species of eukaryotic organisms in that a bacterial species 26)
A) breeds with its own species.
B) is a population of cells with similar characteristics.
C) does not breed with other species.
D) can be distinguished from other bacterial species.
E) has a limited geographical distribution.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

27) A genus can best be defined as 27)

A) the most specific taxon.
B) a taxon composed of one or more species and below family.
C) a taxon belonging to a species.
D) a taxon composed of families.
E) a taxon comprised of classes.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

28) Which of the following criteria is most useful in determining whether two organisms are related? 28)
A) Both ferment lactose.
B) Both are motile.
C) Both are gram-positive.
D) Both are aerobic.
E) Each answer is equally important.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

29) Organism A has 70 moles % G+C, and organism B has 40 moles % G+C. Which of the following can 29)
be concluded from these data?
A) The organisms make entirely different enzymes.
B) The two organisms are unrelated.
C) The two organisms are related.
D) Their nucleic acids will completely hybridize.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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30) Biochemical tests are used to determine 30)
A) nucleic acid-base composition.
B) amino acid sequences.
C) staining characteristics.
D) enzymatic activities.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

31) Data collected to date indicate that 31)

A) new species of bacteria may be discovered in wild animals.
B) marine mammals don't have an immune system.
C) marine mammals do not get infectious diseases.
D) humans and marine mammals cannot be infected by the same pathogens.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

32) All of the following statements are reasons why fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has become 32)
a valuable tool for environmental microbiologists EXCEPT
A) it allows one to obtain pure cultures of microbes.
B) it demonstrates the diversity of microbes in an environment.
C) it allows for detection of uncultured microbes.
D) it allows observation of microbes in their natural environment in association with other
microbes.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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33) Which of the following best defines a strain? 33)
A) a population of cells with similar characteristics
B) a group of organisms with a limited geographical distribution
C) same as a species
D) a pure culture that is not totally identical to other cultures of the same species
E) a group of cells derived from a single parent
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

34) Protists are a diverse group of organisms that are similar in 34)
A) rRNA sequences.
B) metabolic type.
C) ecology.
D) motility.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

35) Into which group would you place a multicellular heterotroph with chitin cell walls? 35)
A) Fungi B) Archaea C) Bacteria D) Plantae E) Animalia
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

36) Fossil evidence indicates that prokaryotic cells first existed on the Earth 36)
A) 350 years ago.
B) 3500 years ago.
C) 3500 years ago.
D) 3.5 billion years ago.
E) 3.5 × 1012 years ago.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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37) Which of the following characteristics indicates that two organisms are closely related? 37)
A) Both normally live in clams.
B) Both are cocci.
C) Both of their DNA can hybridize.
D) Both ferment lactose.
E) Both are motile.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

38) Serological testing is based on the fact that 38)

A) all bacteria have the same antigens.
B) the human body makes antibodies against bacteria.
C) antibodies cause the formation of antigens.
D) antibodies react specifically with an antigen.
E) bacteria clump together when mixed with any antibodies.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

39) Bacteria and Archaea are similar in which of the following? 39)
A) sensitivity to antibiotics
B) plasma membrane ester linkage
C) considered prokaryotic cells
D) peptidoglycan cell walls
E) methionine as the start signal for protein synthesis
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

13
 Figure 10.2
A nucleic acid hybridization experiment produced the following results.

40) In Figure 10.2, which figure shows the most closely related organisms? 40)
A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

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 Table 10.2
I. Gram-positive
A. Catalase+
1. Acid from glucose.................................... Staphylococcus
2. Glucose-..................................................... Micrococcus
B. Catalase-
1. Coccus......................................................... Streptococcus
2. Rod............................................................... Lactobacillus
II. Gram-negative
A. Oxidase-
1. Acid from lactose
a. Uses citric acid................................. Citrobacter
b. Citric acid-........................................ Escherichia
2. Lactose-
a. H2 S produced
(1) Urease positive.......................... Proteus
(2) Urease negative........................ Salmonella
B. Oxidase+
1. Rod.............................................................. Pseudomonas
2. Coccus......................................................... Neisseria

41) Use the dichotomous key in Table 10.2 to identify a gram-negative rod that ferments lactose and 41)
uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.
A) Escherichia
B) Citrobacter
C) Lactobacillus
D) Pseudomonas
E) Staphylococcus
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

42) In the scientific name Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter is the 42)

A) kingdom.
B) family.
C) order.
D) specific epithet.
E) genus.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

15
 43) One of the most popular taxonomic tools is DNA fingerprinting to develop profiles of organisms. 43)
These profiles provide direct information about
A) the presence of specific genes.
B) antigenic composition.
C) protein composition.
D) the similarities between nucleotide sequences.
E) enzymatic activities.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

44) Which of the following statements about the members of the Kingdom Animalia is FALSE? 44)
A) They are heterotrophs.
B) They ingest nutrients through a mouth.
C) They are multicellular.
D) They are composed of eukaryotic cells.
E) They undergo photosynthesis.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

45) Phage typing is based on the fact that 45)

A) bacteria are destroyed by viruses.
B) bacterial viruses attack only members of a specific species.
C) Staphylococcus causes infections.
D) viruses cause disease.
E) phages and bacteria are related.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

46) Chloroplasts possess circular DNA and reproduce by binary fission. 46)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

47) As molecular techniques improve, scientists are finding it necessary to reclassify some genera. 47)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

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48) When building a cladogram, the length of the horizontal branch is based on the calculated percent 48)
similarity between organisms.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

49) Pure cultures of the same species are not always identical in all ways. 49)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

50) Once a culture is purified, the next step in the process of identifying bacteria is biochemical testing. 50)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

51) Western blotting is an immunological test used to identify the antigens in an individual suspected 51)
of having Lyme disease.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

52) Serological testing is used for screening bacterial isolates for similarities. 52)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

53) At this point in time, scientists believe the vast majority of the domain Bacteria have been 53)
discovered.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

54) The highest level in the taxonomic hierarchy is "Kingdom." 54)

Answer: True False
Explanation:

55) The cell membranes of all three domains are composed of straight carbon chains attached to 55)
glycerol by ester linkage.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

17
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

Table 10.3

56) Use the information given in Table 10.3 to answer the following questions. Which organisms are most closely
related? On what did you base your answer? DNA from which organisms will probably hybridize?
Answer:

57) One of the advantages of some newly developed rapid identification tools is that pure cultures are not needed.
Why is a pure culture necessary for biochemical tests such as the Enterotube, but not for DNA probes?
Answer:

Figure 10.5

58) Choose one of the phylogenetic schemes in Figure 10.5 and explain why you feel it is preferable to the others.
Answer:

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Answer Key
Testname: C10

1) C
2) D
3) E
4) C
5) B
6) C
7) B
8) A
9) A
10) B
11) D
12) A
13) B
14) E
15) E
16) D
17) D
18) B
19) B
20) D
21) A
22) D
23) D
24) B
25) E
26) B
27) B
28) C
29) B
30) D
31) E
32) A
33) D
34) A
35) A
36) D
37) C
38) D
39) C
40) B
41) B
42) E
43) D
44) E
45) B
46) TRUE
47) TRUE
48) TRUE
49) TRUE
50) FALSE
19
Answer Key
Testname: C10

51) FALSE
52) TRUE
53) FALSE
54) FALSE
55) FALSE
56)
57)
58)

20