Module-3 Annotations & Java Beans 16MCA41

Module 3

Creating Packages, Interfaces, JAR files and Annotations. The core java API package, New java.Lang Sub
package, Built-in Annotations with examples. Working with Java Beans. Introspection, Customizers,
creating java bean, manifest file, Bean Jar file, new bean, adding controls, Bean properties, Simple
properties, Design Pattern events, creating bound properties, Bean Methods, Bean an Icon, Bean info class,
Persistence, Java Beans API.

3.1 Creating Packages

 Packages
o A java package is a collection of classes, interfaces, sub-packages, exceptions,
enums, etc.
o Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined
package.
 Advantages
o Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be
easily maintained.
o Java package provides access protection.
o Java package removes naming collision.
3.1.1 Types of Packages in java
 There are two types of packages in java
o Built-in package
o User-defined package
 Built-in package
o Existing Java package for example java.lang, java.util etc

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 User- defined package

o Java package created by user to categorize their project's classes and
Interface.
o Below are the steps to create user-defined package
 Creating a package
 Compiling a package
 Import a package
3.1.2 Creating a package
 Include a package command followed by name of the package as the first statement
in java source file.

package mypack;
public class employee
{
statement;
}

 The above statement will create a package with name mypack in the project directory.
 Java uses file system directories to store packages. For example, the .java file for any class
you define to be part of mypack package must be stored in a directory called mypack.
 A package is always defined as a separate folder having the same name as the package
name
 Store all the classes in that package folder.
 All classes of the package which we wish to access outside the package must be declared
public.
 All classes within the package must have the package statement as its first line
 All classes of the package must be compiled before use (So that they are error free)

 Example

//save as FirstProgram.java
package learnjava;
public class FirstProgram{
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Welcome to package");
}
}

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 Compiling java programs inside packages

o This is just like compiling a normal java program

Syntax: javac -d directory javafilename

Example: javac -d . FirstProgram.java

o The -d switch specifies the destination where to put the generated class file.
o If you want to keep the package within the same directory, you can use . (dot).

 Importing a package
o import keyword is used to import built-in and user-defined packages into your java
source file so that your class can refer to a class that is in another package by
directly using its name.
o The import keyword is used to make the classes and interface of another package
accessible to the current package.
o If you import packagename.classname then only the class with
name classname in the package with name packagename will be available for use.

//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A {
public void msg() {
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}

//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.A;
class B {
public static void main(String args[]) {
A obj = new A();
obj.msg();
}
}

o If you use packagename.*, then all the classes and interfaces of this package
will be accessible but the classes and interface inside the subpackages will not be
available for use.

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//save by First.java
package learnjava;
public class First{
public void msg() {
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}

//save by Second.java
import learnjava.*;
class Second {
public static void main(String args[]) {
First obj = new First();
obj.msg();
}
}

3.1.3 Creating Packages that have sub package

 A subpackage is just a package in a subdirectory of another package's directory. Java
uses dot as the package name separator
 Suppose we have a file called "HelloWorld.java". and want to store it in a
subpackage "subpackage", which stays inside package "package".
 The "HelloWorld" class should look something like this:

package package.subpackage;

public class HelloWorld {

public void show(){
System.out.println("Hello World”);
}

3.2 Interfaces

 Interface is a pure abstract class.They are syntactically similar to classes, but you cannot
create instance of an Interface and their methods are declared without any body.
 Interface is used to achieve complete abstraction in Java.
 When you create an interface it defines what a class can do without saying anything about
how the class will do it.

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 Syntax:
interface interface_name { }

 Example
interface Moveable
{
int AVERAGE-SPEED=40;
void move();
}

 Note
o Complier automatically converts methods of interface as public and abstract, and
the data member as public, static and final by default.
o Methods inside Interface must not be static, final.
o All variables declared inside interface are implicitly public static final
variables(constants).
o All methods declared inside Java Interfaces are implicitly public and abstract,
even if you don't use public or abstract keyword.
o Interface can extend one or more other interface.
o Interface cannot implement a class.
o Interface can be nested inside another interface.

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 Example of Interface implementation

interface Moveable
{
int AVG-SPEED = 40;
void move();
}

class Vehicle implements Moveable

{
public void move()
{
System .out. print in ("Average speed is"+AVG-SPEED");
}
public static void main (String[] arg)
{
Vehicle vc = new Vehicle();
vc.move();
}
}

Output:
Average speed is 40

 Interfaces supports Multiple inheritance

o Though classes in java doesn't support multiple inheritance, but a class can implement
more than one interface.
interface Moveable
{
boolean isMoveable();
}
interface Rollable
{
boolean isRollable
}
class Tyre implements Moveable, Rollable
{
int width;
boolean isMoveable()
{
return true;
}

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boolean isRollable()
{
return true;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Tyre tr=new Tyre();
System.out.println(tr.isMoveable());
System.out.println(tr.isRollable());
}
}

Output:
true
true

 Interface extends other Interface

o Classes implements interfaces, but an interface extends other interface.
interface NewsPaper
{
news();
}

interface Magazine extends NewsPaper

{
colorful();
}

 Difference between Abstract Class and Interface

Abstract Class Interface
Abstract class is a class which contain one or Interface is a Java Object containing method
more abstract methods, which has to be declaration but no implementation. The classes
implemented by its sub classes. which implement the Interfaces must provide the
method definition for all the methods
Abstract class is a Class prefix with an abstract Interface is a pure abstract class which starts with
keyword followed by Class definition. interface keyword.
Abstract class can also contain concrete Whereas, Interface contains all abstract methods
methods. and final variable declarations.
Abstract classes are useful in a situation that Interfaces are useful in a situation that all properties
Some general methods should be should be implemented
implemented and specialization behavior
should be implemented by child classes.

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3.3JAR files
 The Java Archive (JAR) file format enables you to bundle multiple files into a single
archive file.
 Typically a JAR file contains
o the class files
o auxiliary resources (applets, images, audio)
 An archive file is a file that is composed of one or more computer files along with
metadata.
 Archive files are used to collect multiple data files together into a single file for easier
portability and storage.
 It can be digitally sign the jar file to prove their origin.

3.3.1 Creating a jar file

 Basic command for creating a JAR file:

jar cf jar-file input-file(s)

 Options
 c: create a JAR file
 f: output jar file
 v: produce verbose output
 jar-file: the name of the resulting JAR file
o can use any filename for a JAR file
o by convention, JAR filenames are given a .jar extension
 input-file(s): a space-separated list of one or more files to be placed in the JAR file.
 can contain the wildcard * symbol
 can be directory names; directories are added recursively

3.3.2 Viewing a JAR file

 Basic command for viewing the contents of a JAR file:
jar tf jar-file

 Options

Options

 t : show table of contents

 f : jar file
 v : produce additional information like file sizes and dates
This command will display the table of contents of the JAR file to stdout

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3.3.3 Extracting Files from JAR File

 To extract the files from a .jar file

Syntax: Jar xf jarfile.jar

 Unpacking all the files in a JAR file will create directory structure

Example:
C:\jar xf pack.jar

This will create the following directories in C:\

META-INF
pack // in this directory , we can see class1.class and class2.class.

3.3.4 Updating a JAR File

 The Jar tool provides a ‘u’ option which you can use to update the contents of an existing JAR
file by modifying its manifest or by adding files. The basic command for adding files has this
format:
jar uf jar-file input-file(s)
More on JAR
Options for Creating JAR
Options Descriptions
-c creates new archive file
-v generates verbose output. It displays the included or extracted resource on
the standard output
-m includes manifest information from the given mf file.
-f specifies the archive file name
-x extracts files from the archive file
-t To view the contents of a JAR file

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To perform basic tasks with JAR files, you use the Java Archive Tool provided as part of the
Java Development Kit (JDK).
Operation Command
To create a JAR file jar cf jar-file input-file(s)
To view the contents of a JAR file jar tf jar-file
To extract the contents of a JAR file jar xf jar-file
To extract specific files from a JAR file jar xf jar-file archived-file(s)

To run an application packaged as a JAR file java -jar app.jar

(requires the Main-class manifest header)
To invoke an applet packaged as a JAR file <applet code=AppletClassName.class
archive="JarFileName.jar" width=width
height=height></applet>

3.4Annotations
 Java annotations is a tag that represents metadata.
 i.e. attached with class, interface, methods or fields to indicate some additional information
which can be used by java compiler and JVM.
 Java annotations were added to Java from Java 5.
 Annotations start with ‘@’

3.4.1 Categories of Annotation

 There are three categories of annotations
 Marker Annotation
o Marker Annotation are annotation without any methods.
o The purpose is to mark declaration
o @Override is an example of Marker Annotation.

 Single valued Annotation

o These annotations contain only one member specifying the value of the member.
o Only value has to specified, not required to specify name of the member
o Example: - @SuppressWarnings(value);

 Multivalued Annotation
o These annotations consist of multiple data members/ name, value, pairs.
o Example: - @WebServlet(attribute1 =value1, atrribute2=value2,
attribute3=value3)

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3.4.2 Predefined/ Standard Annotations/Built-in Annotations

 imported from java.lang.annotation
o
@Retention
o
@Documented
o
@Target
o
@Inherited.
 included in java.lang
o @Deprecated
o @Override
o @SuppressWarnings

 @Deprecated Annotation
o It is a marker annotation. It indicates that a declaration is obsolete and has been
replaced by a newer form.
o The Javadoc @deprecated tag should be used when an element has been
deprecated
o @deprecated tag is for documentation and @Deprecated annotation is for runtime
reflection.
o Example:

public class Test

{
@Deprecated
public void Display()
{
System.out.println("Deprecated test display()");
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
Test d = new Test();
d.Display();
}
}

Output:
Deprecatedtest display()

 @Override
o It is a marker annotation that can be used only on methods.
o A method annotated with @Override must override a method from a superclass.
o It is used to ensure that a superclass method is actually overridden, and not simply
overloaded.

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class Animal{
void eatSomething(){
System.out.println("eating something");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal{

@Override
void eatSomething(){
System.out.println("eating foods");
}
}

class TestAnnotation1 {
public static void main(String args[]){
Animal a=new Dog();
a.eatSomething();
}
}
Output:
eating foods

 @SuppressWarnings
o It is used to inform the compiler to suppress specified compiler warnings
o The warnings to suppress are specified by name, in string form. This type of
annotation can be applied to any type of declaration.
o Java groups warnings under two categories. They
are deprecation and unchecked.. Any unchecked warning is generated when a
legacy code interfaces with a code that use generics.

import java.util.*;
class TestAnnotation2{

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static void main(String args[]){
ArrayList list=new ArrayList();

list.add("anil");
list.add("vimal");
list.add("ratan");

for(Object obj:list)

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System.out.println(obj);
}}
Output:
anil
vimal
ratan

 @Retention Annotation
o It determines where and how long the annotation is retent.
o The 3 values that the @Retention annotation can have:
 SOURCE: Annotations will be retained at the source level and ignored by
the compiler.
 CLASS: Annotations will be retained at compile time and ignored by the
JVM.
 RUNTIME: These will be retained at runtime.
 @Documented
o It is a marker interface that tells a tool that an annotation is to be documented.
o It is designed to be used only as an annotation to an annotation declaration
 @Target
o It is designed to be used only as an annotation to another annotation.
o @Target takes one argument, which must be constant from
the ElementType enumeration.
o This argument specifies the type of declarations to which the annotation can be
applied.
o The constants are shown below along with the type of declaration to which they
correspond.
Target Constant Annotations Can be applied for
ANNOTATION_TYPE Another annotation
CONSTRUCTOR Constructor
FIELD Field
LOCAL_VARIABLE Local Variable
METHOD Method
PACKAGE Package
PARAMETER Parameter
TYPE Class, Interface, or enumeration

 @Inherited
o @Inherited is a marker annotation that can be used only on annotation declaration.
o It affects only annotations that will be used on class declarations.
o @Inherited causes the annotation for a superclass to be inherited by a subclass.
o Therefore, when a request for a specific annotation is made to the subclass, if that
annotation is not present in the subclass, then its superclass is checked. If that

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annotation is present in the superclass, and if it is annotated

with @Inherited, then that annotation will be returned.

User defined/ Custom Annotation

 User-defined annotations can be used to annotate program elements, i.e. variables,
constructors, methods, etc. These annotations can be applied just before declaration of an
element (constructor, method, classes, etc).
 Syntax of Declaration:

[Access Specifier]@interface<AnnotationName>
{
DataType <Method Name>() [default value];
}

 AnnotationName is an identifier.
 Parameter should not be associated with method declarations and throws clause should not
be used with method declaration.
 Parameters will not have a null value but can have a default value.
 default value is optional.
 Return type of method should be either primitive, enum, string, class name or array of
primitive, enum, string or class name type.

3.5The core java API package

 Java APl(Application Program Interface) provides a large numbers of classes grouped
into different packages according to functionality.
Package Description
java.lang Language support classes. They include classes for primitive types, string,
math functions, thread and exceptions.
java.util Language utility classes such as vectors, hash tables, random numbers, data,
etc.
java.io Input/output support classes. They provide facilities for the input and output
of data.
java.applet Classes for creating and implementing applets
java.net Classes for networking. They include classes for communicating with local
computers as well as with internet servers.
java.awt Set of classes for implementing graphical user interface. They include
classes for windows, buttons, lists, menus and so on

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3.6 Working with Java Beans

 Java Bean
o Beans are simply Java classes that are written in a standard format( javaBeans
API).
o Java bean component are known as beans.

 Characteristics
o It provides a default, no-argument constructor.
o It should be serializable and implement the java.io.Serializable interface.
o It may have a number of "getter" and "setter" methods for the properties.
o Class must not define any public instance variables.

Creating Java Bean

class MyBean implements Serializable {

private String name;
MyBean() //default constructor
{
}
public void setname(String name){
this.name=name;
}
public void getname(){
return name;
}
}

 Advantages
o A Bean obtains all the benefits of Java’s “write-once, run-anywhere” paradigm.
o The properties, events, and methods of a Bean that are exposed to another
application can be controlled.
o The configuration settings of a Bean can be saved in persistent storage and restored
at a later time.
o A Bean may register to receive events from other objects and can generate events
that are sent to other objects

 Key features of bean

o Introspection -discover’s a bean
o Properties - appearance and behavior characteristics of a bean
o Events- as a simple communication metaphor than can be used to connect up beans
o Persistence - enables beans to save and restore their state
o Customization - to allow the customization of the appearance and behavior of a
bean.

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Introspection
 Introspection can be defined as the technique of obtaining information about bean
properties, events and methods.
 Basically introspection means analysis of bean capabilities.
 Beans support introspection in two ways:
o By adhering to specific rules, known as design patterns, when naming bean
features.
o By explicitly providing property, method, and event information with a related bean
information class.
Properties
 A property is a subset of a Bean’s state.
 A bean property is a named attribute of a bean that can affect its behavior or appearance.
 Examples of bean properties include color, label, font, font size, and display size.
 Types of JavaBeans Properties
o Simple properties
o Indexed properties
o Bound properties
o Constraints properties
Simple properties
 A bean property refers to private variables with a single value whose changes are
independent of changes in any other property.
 Simple properties are retrieved and specified using get and set methods respectively.
 A read/write property has both of these methods to access its values.
 The get method used to read the value of the property. The set method that sets the value
of the property.
 The setXXX() and getXXX() methods are the heart of the java beans properties mechanism.
This is also called getters and setters.

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Syntax:

public return_type get()<PropertyName>()

public void set<PropertyName>(data_type value)

Example:

public double getDepth() {

return depth;
}

public void setDepth(double d) {

Depth=d;
}

Indexed Properties
 A bean property that supports a range of values instead of a single value.
 Indexed Properties are consists of multiple values.
 If a simple property can hold an array of value they are no longer called simple but instead
indexed properties.

Syntax:
public int[] get()
public property_datatype get(int index)

Example:
private double data[];
public double getData(int index)
{return data[index];}

public void setData(int index,double value) {

Data[index]=value; }

Bound Properties
 A bean property for which a change to the property results in a notification being sent to
some other bean.
 Bound Properties are the properties of a JavaBean that inform its listeners about changes
in its values.
 Bound Properties are implemented using the PropertyChangeSupport class and its
methods.

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Constraint Properties
 It generates an event when an attempt is made to change it value.
 Constrained Properties are implemented using the PropertyChangeEvent class.
 The event is sent to objects that previously registered an interest in receiving an such
notification.
 A bean property for which a change to the property results in validation by another bean.
The other bean may reject the change if it is not appropriate.

Design Pattern Events

 Enables Beans to communicate and connect together.
 Beans generate events and these events can be sent to other objects. Event means any
activity that interrupts the current ongoing activity.
 Example: mouse clicks, pressing key
 The event model that is used by the JavaBeans architecture is a delegation model. This
model is composed of three main parts: sources, events, and listeners
o Event Source: Generates the event and informs all the event listeners that are
registered with it.
o Event Listener: Receives the notification, when an event source generates an event.
o Event Object: Represents the various types of events that can be generated by the
event sources.

Persistence
 Persistence enables beans to save and restore their state through object serialization.
 Object serialization means converting an object into a data stream and writing it to storage.
 Persistence means an ability to save properties and events of our beans to non-volatile
storage and retrieve later.
 It has the ability to save a bean to storage and retrieve it at a later time configuration settings
are saved It is implemented by Java serialization.

Customizers
 Customization provides a means for modifying the appearance and behavior of a bean
within an application builder so it meets your specific needs.
 There are several levels of customization available for a bean developer to allow other
developers to get maximum benefit from a bean's potential functionality.
 A bean's appearance and behavior can be customized at design time within beans-
compliant builder tools. There are two ways to customize a bean:
o By using a property editor. Each bean property has its own property editor. The
NetBeans GUI Builder usually displays a bean's property editors in the Properties
window. The property editor that is associated with a particular property type edits
that property type.
o By using customizers. Customizers give you complete GUI control over bean
customization. Customizers are used where property editors are not practical or

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applicable. Unlike a property editor, which is associated with a property, a

customizer is associated with a bean.

Manifest file
 The manifest file for a JavaBean application contains a list of all the class files that make
up a JavaBean
 The entry in the manifest file enables the target application to recognize the JavaBean
classes for an application
 For example, the entry for the MyBean JavaBean in the manifest file is as shown:

Manifest-Version: 1.0
Name: MyBean.class
Java-Bean: true

Note: write that 2 lines code in the notepad and save that file as MyBean.mf

Bean jar file

 Syntax for creating jar file using manifest file

C:\Beans >jar cfm MyBean.jar MyBean.mf MyBean.class

 m indicates that the manifest file

Bean an Icon
 A bean implementor who wishes to provide explicit information about their bean may
provide a BeanInfo class that implements this BeanInfo interface and provides explicit
information about the methods, properties, events, etc, of their bean.

Bean info class

 The BeanInfo interface provides the methods that enable you to specify and retrieve the
information about a JavaBean.
 A BeanInfo class has to be derived from the SimpleBeanInfo class and its name has to
start with the name of the associated JavaBean.

Java Beans API

 The Java Beans functionality is provided by a set of classes and interfaces in the
java.beans package.
 lists the classes and interface in java.beans.

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Interface Summary
AppletInitializer This interface is designed to work in collusion with
java.beans.Beans.instantiate.
BeanInfo A bean implementor who wishes to provide explicit information
about their bean may provide a BeanInfo class that implements
this BeanInfo interface and provides explicit information about
the methods, properties, events, etc, of their bean.
Customizer A customizer class provides a complete custom GUI for
customizing a target Java Bean.
PropertyChangeListener A "PropertyChange" event gets fired whenever a bean changes a
"bound" property
PropertyEditor A PropertyEditor class provides support for GUIs that want to
allow users to edit a property value of a given type.
Class summary
BeanDescriptor A BeanDescriptor provides global information about a "bean",
including its Java class, its displayName, etc.
Beans This class provides some general purpose beans control methods

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