Yoga On Stone' Sculptural Representation of Yoga On
Yoga On Stone' Sculptural Representation of Yoga On
Yoga On Stone' Sculptural Representation of Yoga On
Introduction
Dabhoī (22° 08ʹ N., 73° 25ʹ E.) is situated 34 kilometers southeast of Vaḍodarā, has been
a medieval walled town of Gujarāt. Dabhoī, variously called Darbhavatī, Darbhāvatī,
Darbhavātīpura, Darbhikāgrāma etc. was founded earlier than the medieval time is
almost established. The four gates at Dabhoī, located in four directions, are known
respectively as the Hirā (East), Nāndodi (South), Vaḍodari (West) and Mahuḍī or
Champānerī (North) gates.
The Vāghelā came into existence under the parasol of Solankī dynasty. The entire
administration came under the control of Vāghelā dynasty when the Solankīs
(Chālukyās) declined in mid of the 13th century C.E. By 1243 C.E., the Vāghelās were
become a powerful ruling class in Gujarāt. They restored the political, social and
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economic stability of Gujarāt in the latter half of the 13th century C.E., and their kings
and officials were patrons of arts and temple‐buildings. There is a temple, close to the
Hira gate, called Kalikāmāta. The long eulogy (praśastī) by Someśwara is engraved on
two stone slabs built into the niches of Hirā gate. The praśastī bears the date of 1311 V.S.
(1255 C.E.). This gives support that gates and fortification of town were built or
repaired by Vāghelā King Visaldeva. He was of the Vāghelā dynasty ruling from
Anahilvāda‐Pātan and son of king Vīradhavala of Ḍholkā, under whom Vastupāla, the
patron of Someśwara, was working as the minister. The accounts given in the
Vastupālcharita which was written in saṃvat 1365 (1308 C.E.), as has been stated above,
would also corroborate it (Shastri, 1940: 04).
Figure 1: General View of the Mahuḍī Gate
There is a similar fortified town and gates like Dabhoī in Jhiṅjhuvādā (presently
located in Surendranagar district) located at the southern edge of the little Rann of
Kutch. Inscription bears on fortification of Mahānshrī Uḍdal, who is said to be the
minister of Siddharāj Jaysiṃha gives the date of the 12th century C.E. (Gazetteer of
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India, Surendranagar district, 1977: 729‐730). The architecture of these gateways bears a
close resemblance to Dabhoī gates (Gadre, 1947: 13).There is another inscription
written in Marāthī which is engraved on the white marble slabs and belongs to the
reign of Mahārāja Dāmājirāo Gāekwād a Marāthā ruler; the illustrious son of Mahārāja
Pilājīrāo Gāekwād dated 1734 C.E. (Shastri, 1940: 18). It throws light on magnificent art
and architectures of Dabhoī.
Figure 02: Interior of the Mahuḍī Gate
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However, all these gates are double with the inner ones being more elaborate in
sculptural embellishments. The sculptures at Dabhoī gates show a number of figures of
the deities of Śaiva‐Śākta pantheon.
Mahuḍī Gate
Mahuḍī or Champāner gate is situated at the north side of the town (Figure 1). This
was completed or repaired in the vikrama year 1344 (1286 C.E.) as mentioned in the
inscription on the wall, i.e., some thirty‐three years after the date of the Hirā gate
praśastī of Someśvara. This date belongs to the reign of Śaraṅgdeva (1274 to 1296 C.E.)
(Shastri, 1940: 27). This record gives the names of masons who were, apparently,
engaged in building or reconstructing the gate. We do not have inscriptional evidence
about the construction of gate before 1286 C.E. According to the Jinaharshaganī, these
gates, the rampart were built in the time of Vīrdhavala. But Someśwar eulogy seems to
be more trustworthy. The date of the fort would be the middle of the 13th century C.E.
(Shastri, 1940: 26‐27). Hence the gate repaired or constructed during the second half
period of the 13th century C.E.
The interior of the gate bears magnificent sculptures and other carvings. There are six
pilasters on each side of it. The brackets, the pilasters and the various figures connected
with the Hindu pantheon are beautiful chiseled out. Three of them supported the
corbelled brackets of the roof. The middle pair of these pilasters accommodated the
massive doors when flung open (Figure 2). The sculptures at Dabhoī revel that the site
has been a stronghold of the Śākta cult with tantric influence (Giri, 1986: 181‐191). The
most peculiar feature of the gate is the representation of the figures of Nātha‐
yogīs/Siddhās and their yoga practices with definite iconographic details.
Images of Nātha‐Siddhās
There are three rows of various sculptures have been depicted in interior part of the
both sides of the gate. Upper most rows represent Shaiva sculpture; middle represents
the Goddesses/yogīnīs (like Brahmanī, Chamunḍa, Saraswatī, Dakṣa) and lower one
represents the sculptures of Nātha‐Siddhas. U. P. Shah has thrown light on these
sculptures of Nātha‐Siddhas depicted on Mahuḍī gate. There are thirteen images of
Nātha‐yogīs in the third row. There are six images of Nātha yogīs starting from the
south to north corner of the western wall of the gate and seven images are on the
eastern wall. Out of thirteen images, Ādinātha, Matsyendranātha, Gorakṣanātha and
Chauraṅginātha are clearly identified by U. P. Shāh (Shah, 1957: 174‐202). Remaining
images are difficult to identify clearly because of the unknown iconography of Nātha
cult (Figure 3).
There are some names have been carved near the head of Nātha‐yogīs but they seem
names of masons who carved particular images. There are some images of yoga on
corbelled brackets of the roof supported by pilasters. These images are less studied by
scholars. Because of identification of some Nātha‐yogīs we are sure that others images
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carved here belong to the Nātha cult. Yoga practices are the major part of the Nātha
cult, hence this cult sometimes called as ‘Yoga cult’ too.
According to U. P. Shah, these sculptures have been carved between 1200 to 1250 C.E.,
but the inscription on Hira and Mahuḍī gates suggest that these sculptures should be
carved around 1255 to 1286 C.E.
Figure 3: Images of Matsyendranātha and Chauraṅginātha
Texts of the Nātha Cult on Yoga
Nātha ascetics are generally known as yogīs and they are famous for their Haṭha yoga
(enormous practices of yoga) even today. The word ‘Haṭha’ is used to denote a
particular school of yoga. There is a long tradition of Haṭha yoga practices in India and
an ample of traditional work on Haṭha yoga or yoga apart from the Nātha cult. Patañjali
yoga is one of the earliest texts on the yoga. Other earlier texts predate the
Haṭhapradīpikā are Amṛtasiddhi (11th century C.E.), Dattātreyayogashāstra (13th century
C.E.), Vasiṣṭha Saṃhitā, Yogayajnavālkya and other texts (rather than Nātha cult’s texts)
and the Vivekamārtaṇda, Gorakṣaśataka and Khecarīvidyā (texts of Nātha cult) are taught
only mudrās, bandhas, kuṇdalinī but none of these texts calls its techniques of Haṭha
yoga. The only other texts older than the Haṭhapradīpikā to teach Haṭha yoga mudrās are
the Śivasaṃhitā, Yogabīja, Amaraughaprabodha and Śarangdharpaddhati (1363 C.E),
Noteworthy among the latter are the Amanaskayoga, Vasiṣṭha Saṃhitā and
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Candrāvalokana. The Haṭhapradīpikā is the first text that explicitly sets out to teach Haṭha
yoga. The Haṭhapradīpikā became the root text of Haṭha yoga. All subsequent Sanskrit
Haṭha yoga anthologies and commentaries refer to it, and most take its definition of the
practices of Haṭha yoga to be authoritative. It teaches 15 āsanas. Eight are varieties of
sitting (or lying) positions suitable for meditation, and seven are non‐seated positions
(Mallinson, 2011: 772).
The curriculum of Haṭha consisting of āsana (posture), praṇāyāma (breath retention),
mudrā and nādānusaṅdhāna (concentration on the internal sound) has been clearly
mentioned in the Haṭhapradīpikā. These four types of practice are found in most
subsequent descriptions of Haṭha yoga. It is worth noting that Svātmārāma has
included nadānusandhāna in the Haṭha‐yogic curriculum. Āsanas denote bodily actions,
prāṇayāma and mudrās explain how to control the prānic activities, while by
nadānusandhāna a control over mental functions. Svātmārāma considers nadānusandhāna
as a very potential means for the attainment of samādhi state. There is a notion that the
use of the terms Haṭha yoga‐Rāja yoga is profusely seen in the literature of the Nātha
cult. This indicates clearly that Svātmārāma has included mental practices also in the
Haṭha yoga which projects its comprehensive nature of Haṭha yoga and stating Rāja
yoga or samādhi as its fruit; Svātmārāma has firmly established that Haṭha yoga and
Rāja yoga are not two different yogas. Control of mental processes and practices like
āsana‐prāṇāyama are complimentary and are together termed as Haṭha yoga by
Svātmārāma, and this shows proper tradition. Rāja yoga is indicative of samādhi and
not a separate kind of yoga (Gharote, Jha, Devnath & Sakhalkar, 2013: 1‐388).
Candrāvalokana, Yogaasanvishaya, Vivek‐martanḍa, Gorakṣaśataka, Khecarīvidyā, Jñāneśvarī,
Haṭhapradīpikā by Svātmārāma (15th century C.E.), Yogabīja, Amaraughaprabodha,
Amaraughśāsanam (1525 C.E.) are texts on yoga and they belong to the Nātha cult
(Mallinson, 2011: 772‐780).
Description of the Yoga Sculptures of Dabhoī
We can allocate the gate in‐between left side and right side. Description of the gate
from left to right sides from the inside of the town is as follows.
The Author gave numbers to projection like, projection no.1, 2, 3 etc. and āsanas are
explained as frontal to the back of the each arch. (We distribute the gate in this way,
because the depiction of Ādinātha is on the left side of the gate, so this will be the
correct sequence of explaining āsanas. there are depictions of Nātha‐Siddhās in‐
between the gap of two projections.
The sequence and explanation of āsanas will be from inside town to the outside of the
town) (Most of the postures of this article have been correlated with the book
‘Encyclopedia of Tradition Āsanas’ edited by Gharote, M.L., Jha, V.K., Devnath, P. &
Sakhalkar, S.B. (Gharote, Jha, Devnath & Sakhalkar, 2013: 1‐388). Seats of the yogīs are
same with Nātha‐Siddhās, which depicted on the third row of the gate (Figure 4).
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Figure 4: General Plan of the Mahuḍī Gate
Āsanas Depicted on the Left Side of the Gate (from Front to End)
There are three āsanas each front and back of the each projection. Some depictions are
in bad state of preservation. Āsanas are depicted on projected part of pilasters of the
gate. Two āsanas are in upper side of the arch while one is in below projected side.
Āsanas are projected bigger than other small depictions of the projections. There are
some beautiful depictions of vyālās also on each arch of the gate. This pattern followed
for all arches of the gate. Almost all yogīs have elongated ears, armlets, necklace, wrist
lets, waist band, leaves on back and yogapatta etc. (Figure 5 and 6).
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Figure 5: Sketches of Yoga Postures Depicted on Left Side of the Mahuḍī Gate
Figure 6: Sketches of the Yoga Postures Depicted on the Mahuḍī Gate
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Projection No. 1 (A and B)
First image depicted on projection is in standing position and is very crude. It is
definite that yogī depicted here is in some āsana, but because of eroded rock it is very
difficult to identify. Beside this there is an image of yogī in gomukhāsana having yogpatta
tied in his waist. He is in gyān mudrā (mudrā of Knowledge). Third yogī depicted below
the arch is in gomukhāsana and namaskāra/anjalī mudrā having cap, yogapatta, armlets
and looking in his right side. One leaf is depicted behind the yogī.
The back side of the projection first image is in relaxing position. This is similar with
maharāja‐līlāsana. It is also called ardha‐paryaṅkāsana, mālakī‐āsana and rājā‐līlāsana. Yogī
has śingī (whistle) in his right hand. His left hand is on left knee. He has necklace and
yogapatta. His left leg and waist is in under the yogapatta. Another yogī is seated on his
feet keeping both hands on keens. He is probably in mālāsana. Mālā means a garland.
He wears loin cloth and armlets. Two leaves are shown behind the head of the yogī.
Below, a yogī is seated on toes and rests the buttocks on heels. He has kept his hands on
his knees. This is similar with aṅguṣṭhāsana, utkaṭāsana and brahma‐jurāṅkuśa‐āsana. He
wore a necklace, armlets, loincloth, yajnopavita (sacred thread), and yogapatta.
Projection No. 2 (C and D)
First image of yogī shown in left side is identified as krauñcāsana. Krauñca means a
heron. In this sitting posture, one leg is bent back at the knee and the foot is placed
against the side of the hip joint, while the other leg is raised up vertically. His feet hold
by the hands. The raised leg resembles the outstretched neck and head of a heron, also
a precipice, hence, the name (Iyengar, 1992: 158). Beside this, an image is in nāvāsana.
Nāva is ship, a boat or vessel. This posture resembles the shape of a boat, hence the
name. This is similar with phodyāsana (Figure 7). Below these āsanas there is an image of
male and female. Yogī is shown with thunder bolt in his right hand and śingī (whistle)
in his left hand. He wore wristlets, necklace, armlets, waist let and loin cloth. He raises
his one hand and left leg, it seems that he wants to attack someone. One female is
watching him and shown with hands joining. She has heavy earring and other
ornaments. A tree is shown behind them. Back side of the projection first image is in
ūrdhva mukhapaścimottanāsana (Figure 08). ūrdhva (upwards) and mukha (face) when
used together mean having the face upwards. Paśchimottanāsana is the intense posterior
stretch. This is similar with phodyāsana.
In the second image a yogī is shown folding both legs and hands. This is similar with
aghora‐āsana, dhāmakāsana, mākaḍāsana. In these two images shown yogīs are turned on
their right side. Third yogī is seated and has raised his right leg vertically and left leg is
placed on the ground. He gives support to his buttock through his left hand. This is
similar with eka‐pāda śirāsana. He is shown with turban.
Projection No. 3 (E and F)
In this projection first two yogīs are shown in sitting āsanas and mudrās. One of them on
right side is in ardha‐padmāsana. This is same with ardhāsana, sahajāsana and ardha‐
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sīddhāsana. Beside this image a yogī is seated probably in sīddhāsana (?) and mudrā.
Below this a yogī is shown in sitting posture and vyākhyān mudrā. He has kept his right
hand below the left leg. He is seated in crossed legs. Back side of this arch first yogī is
seated with folded leg with the help of yogapatta and placed his hands on both side of
the legs on the ground. A leaf is clearly shown behind his head. He turned his left side.
Another yogī raises his legs in nāvāsana, but he catches his left leg with his right hand
and has kept his left hand on the ground and looking towards left side. Below this a
yogī is shown in sitting posture with crossed legs he has kept his left hand near the ears
and right hand is below the right thigh. Some unknown object like cloth is shown his
left hand.
Figure 7: Nāvāsana Figure 8: Ūrdhva Mukhapaścimottanāsana
Projection No. 4 (G and H)
There is an ample gap in‐between projection No.3 and No.4. In this projection a yogī is
depicted seated on top in a relaxed position with yogapatta. He is looking on his right.
He has placed his left hand on the knee of right leg and another hand has been placed
on ground. This is similar with bāla‐guna‐āsana. Seat has floral design. Another yogī is
seated and turned to his left. He has yogapatta. This āsana is same with lohapātra‐āsana,
carma‐gosvāmī‐āsana and dhāmaka‐āsana. Below, a yogī is seated on leg without touching
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his buttock on ground (maybe he took support of wall). He placed his hands on knees.
He holds a staff in‐between his left hand and chest. He turns on his right side. This
āsana is similar with utkaṭāsana. Two leaves are shown both sides of the head.
Back part of the projection has ardhāṅghri‐vṛkṣāsana. It is same with eka‐pāda‐vṛkṣāsana
and vṛkṣāsana. In this āsana a yogī stands on head with the support of two hands. He
folds his left leg and has kept his sole on the thigh of his right leg. He has folded his
right leg from knee (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Vṛkṣāsana Figure 10: Vajrāsana
Beside, this āsana a yogī is seated in crossed legs. He has kept his left hand on left knee.
He has kept the right hand near his chest with support of knee. This āsana is bāla‐gunā‐
āsana. This āsana has resembles with hālipāva‐āsana. Probably he is in gyān mudrā. Two
leaves are visible on back side of the head. A yogī on below seated simply with the
support of the yogapatta. His hands are in gyān mudrā. Two leaves are visible on back
side of the head.
Projection No. 5 (I and J)
Two seated yogīs are shown with yogapatta on the top of the projection. They have
turned on their left side. One of them on the left side of projection is in aghora āsana (?).
Below these yogīs, another seated yogī is shown with yogapatta. He has turned to his
right side and seated with folded legs. His body is carved differently. There are cut
marks on his body. Two leaves are shown back side of the head. On the back side of
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the top a yogī depicted on left side is shown with folded hands and two leaves are
shown back side of the head. On the right side yogī is depicted in vajrāsana. In this
sculpture, the yogī folds both his legs from knees and seated in‐between folded legs. He
has kept his hands on both knees. He is looking slightly to his left. This āsana is
identified as vajrāsana. This is same as bhagāsana and dhīrāsana (Figure 10).
This sitting posture is done by keeping the knees together, spreading the feet and
resting them by the side of the hips. The pose is good for meditation and prāṇāyāma.
Below these images a yogī shown in gyān mudrā. He has yogapatta and two leaves
behind the head.
Projection No. 6 (K and L)
On this Projection a seated yogī on right side shown with staff. He wore sacred thread.
Another yogī is on left shown in sitting position. He is in gyān mudrā and has yogapatta.
This āsana is similar with paryaṅkāsana. Below, a yogī is shown in sitting position. He
has kept his right hand on the left ear.
Figure 11: Dvi‐pāda śīrṣāsana and lolāsana /tolāsana
On back side a yogī is shown in dvi‐pāda śīrṣāsana. Dvi pāda (dvi+ two or both; pāda+ leg
or foot) means of both feet. In this āsana both legs are so placed behind the back, the
hands are folded in front of the chest and the body is balanced on a small section of the
seat near the tail‐bone. The pose is very similar to ardha‐garuḍa‐bheda, sthir‐gudā‐pāda‐
śirasāsana and āruḍha‐garuḍāsana. He is shown in namaskār mudrā. Two leaves are
shown both sides of the head. Another yogī is shown in lolāsana /tolāsana. Rest the
palms on the floor beside the hips. Exhale, raise the trunk and balance only on the
hands, stretching out the arms. Rest on the floor, uncross the legs, re‐cross them the
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other way and again balance on the hands (Iyengar, 1992: 134). This is same as
cañcalāsana. Yogī wore a sacred thread and two leaves are clearly depicted both side of
the head (Figure 11). Third yogī’s right hand is shown in gyān mudrā. He slightly raises
his leg and leaves are shown back side of the head. Apart from this Nātha‐Siddhās
shown this side is in various āsanas. Ādinātha shown in Ardhapadmāsana,
Chauraṅginātha in siddhāsana, Gorakṣanātha in gomukhāsana, another two Nātha‐
Siddhās are in unidentified āsanas.
Figure 12: Sketches of Yoga Postures Depicted on the Right Side of the Mahuḍī Gate
Āsanas Depicted on the Right Side of the Gate (from front to end) (Figures 12
and 13)
Projection No. 1 (A1 and B1)
In this projection started from inside the town a yogī is shown in uḍḍayan bandh kriyā/
mūlbandha / uṣṭrāsana. In this yogic posture the yogī is seated in vajrāsana and has kept
both hands on the thighs. He seems to be doing some pranayama. His stomach has gone
inside. Because of the bad state of preservation, it is difficult to identify the posture
properly. Beside this image, there is another yogī seated in ardha‐padmāsana. Probably
he took help of a crutch and kept both palms on it. Below these images, there are
depictions of male and female. They are in a costume. One tree is shown in‐between
them. Probably they are doing dance. On the back side, there is a yogī in ardha‐
padmāsana and mudrā. This āsana is similar with ardha‐siddhāsana. Probably he is doing
meditation. Two leaves are shown both sides of the head.
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Another yogī is standing on his left leg. He has kept his foot on the left thigh. This āsana
is identified with ardha‐pādāsana, ekpādāsana and vṛkṣāsana. He is blowing some musical
instrument. Another yogī is seated below in the depiction.
Figure 13: Sketches of the Yoga Postures Depicted on the Mahuḍī Gate
Projection No .2 (C1 and D1)
In this projection, the first image is showing adho‐muṇḍāsana. kapālāsana, kapālī‐āsana,
adhomukhāsana, narakāsana, śīrṣāsana are also similar with this āsana. This is the head
stand pose, one of the most important yogic āsanas. It is the basic posture. It has several
variations.
In this yogīc āsana, the yogī stands vertically in a straight position and then stood on the
head. He has kept his hands on both sides of the head. This yogic posture is a part of
śīrṣāsana. The Yogī has a necklace, armlets and loin cloth.
Besides śīrṣāsana, there is a depiction of eka pāda śīrṣāsana. Eka means one. Pāda means a
leg or a foot. Śīrṣa means the head. In this āsana yogī has bend his knee, lifted the left
foot and brought it near the trunk by holding his left ankle with both hands. This is
similar with ajarāsana also. In this depiction leaves have been shown with the
preposition of the tree. Yogī has loin cloths, armlets with a floral seat (Figure 14). Third
depiction of yogī is with folded hands and a tree is shown instead of his right leg. This
is same with dakṣiṇaghrī‐pavana‐muktāsana and dakṣiṇa‐pāda‐pavana‐muktāsana. Tree has
three branches.
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Figure 14: Śīrṣāsana and Eka Pāda Śīrṣāsana
On the back, the first yogī is shown in ūrdhva siddhāsana /padmāsana. Ūrdhva means
above or high. Siddhāsana is adept pose. In this variation, padmāsana has to done in the
head stand. Press the knees closer to each other and stretch the thighs up vertically
(Figure 15). Another yogī is seated in simple position with joined hands and yogapatta.
This is similar with sustaga‐kapāli‐āsana. Two leaves are shown behind the head. Third
yogī’s left hand is in gyān mudrā. He has kept his right hand on his right thigh. He has a
sacred thread. Two leaves are shown behind it.
Projection No. 3 (E1 and F1)
In this projection two yogīs and a yogīnī have been shown in unidentified postures. First
yogī is in meditation and gyān mudrā. Two leaves are shown behind it. Another yogī is
shown in different position. His posture is very different. It is similar with sūrya‐āsana
and girivara‐nātha‐āsana. The third depiction shows a yogīnī with double seat. Probably
she belongs to a royal family. She has armlets, ankle lets, and earrings, upper and
lower garments. She is in different kind of mudrā. She has kept her right hand on the
right knee. On back side, the first yogī’s right hand is depicted in gyān mudrā. Another
yogī is in joined legs with the help of yogapatta. Probably he has ghaṇṭā (bell) beside his
legs. This image can be of Siddha Ghaṇṭāpā. In the third depiction a yogīnī is depicted
with yogapatta. She is folded her hands and kept on right knee. She has worn upper and
lower garments (Figure 16).
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Figure 15: Ūrdhva Siddhāsana/ Figure 16: Depiction of Yogīnī or
Padmāsana Siddhinī (Female ascetic)
Projection No. 4 (G1 and H1)
In this projection a first yogī seated in gomukhāsana but has stretched his right leg
forward. He has kept his right hand on right leg and left hand on left thigh. Another
yogī probably is in milāpa‐āsana. He has kept his hands straight on both sides of the
knees. Below, the third yogī is seated on legs. He is shown with bag /mug? He holds the
staff on his shoulder. He has yogapatta tied with knees. His left hand is going straight
downwards.
On the back side a yogī shown with yogapatta and he has kept his right hand on his
head and another on left thigh. Another yogī holds staff in his right hand and shown
with pressing his left side of ears by left hand. Below, another yogī is in gomukhāsana.
He holds a staff in his left hand. His right hand is in aśirwād mudrā.
Projection No. 5 (I1 and J1)
In this projection a yogī is shown with folded legs. He has kept his right hand into the
thigh. A damarū (musical instrument) has been shown on his right side. Second
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depiction shows a Yogīnī/Siddhini with the staff which she holds below her chin. Her
open hair are seen on both sides of the head. It’s seems like her body and head is split
from each other. Probably these two depictions are of Krishnapad (Kanifnath) and his
female disciple Mekhala. Pictures of Krishnapad and Mekhala from Tibet House
Museum and Rahul Sankrityayan’s collection have shown them respectively with
damaru and broken head (Upadhyaya, 2009: xiv‐xvi). Below, a yogī holds his left leg
upward and turns from knee towards right shoulder. He is catching his right leg’s
fingers.
Figure 17: Siddha/Yogī in Gomukhāsana
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On the back first yogī is in gomukhāsana and his right hand is in gyān mudrā. He has kept
his left hand straight on the floor. Another yogī is also in some kind of mudrā. He has a
little bit big belly. A third yogī is also in some kind of mudrā. He has taken support of
sacred thread to do meditation. This is an important aspect that sacred thread is also
useful for meditation and yoga.
Projection No. 6 (K1 and L1)
In this projection a yogī is shown in gomukhāsana. Go means a cow. Mukha means face.
Gomukha means one whose face resembles a cow. It also means a kind of a musical
instrument, narrow at one end and broad at the other like the face of a cow. Yogī
stretches his chest and sees upwards towards his right. Another yogī is simply shown
in mudrā. Below the third yogī is shown standing on knees and leg. This is similar with
gaṇeśa‐āsana. Probably this depiction is of a yogīnī. On the back side first yogī is shown
in gomukhāsana with yogapatta. Shrīvatsa is on his chest. He holds both hands upwards.
His hands are in broken condition. Another yogī is depicted in some kind of posture.
He has stretched his left leg straight upward and has bent his right leg over the left leg.
He has kept his right hand on the floor. Something is written on both sides of his head.
Third yogī is also in gomukhāsana having yogapatta. He is in mudrā (?). Two leaves are
shown both sides of the head (Figure 17).
Apart from these āsanas Nātha‐Siddhās shown on right side are in gomukhāsana, mūl‐
bandhāsana and siddhāsana etc.
Discussion
According to upper description and explanation it seems that this site is very
important for Shaiva‐Shakti cults. Out of four gates it seems that Mahuḍī gate is totally
dedicated to Nātha‐Siddhas. This gate has depictions of popular Nātha‐yogīs.
Inscription on the gate gives a reliable evidence for periodization of this gate, which is
1286 C.E., although, it is said that these gates including Mahuḍī gate would have been
built much earlier than the assumed date. But according to the inscription carved on
Mahuḍī gate, it could be 1286 C.E. and there is a strong evidence for the date of the
gate. The date of Someśwar praśastī, which is 1255 C.E., may be reliable for Hira gate
and other constructions in the sense of construction or repairing. If we assume that the
gate may have been constructed in the above date, so there is the only possibility that
fortification work started in the time of Visaldeva, and could be completed in the time
of Śarangadeva (1274 to 1296 C.E.).
However, the foundation of the fort of Dabhoī is ascribed to King Siddharāj (1093 to
1142 C.E.) of Pātan. The style of architecture and sculptures of the fort, and the belief
that the temple of Rudramala at Siddhapūr, and fort of Jhinjhuvāda and the Dabhoī
fort were built during the same time (Gazetteer of India, Vadodara district, 1979: 800).
It is highly possible that the gates and fortification of Dabhoī were constructed by
Siddharāj Jayasiṃha. Traditions also say that he was fully devoted to Siddhas and yogīs
and strong supporter of Śaivas.
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In this period Nātha and Siddhas were very popular among the society. It had an
impact on political and social sectors. Chālukyā‐Vāghelā rulers built and repair
magnificent gate in the respect of the Nātha‐yogīs. Karvān and Pavāgaḍha are other
two important centers of Śaivism are much closer to Dabhoī. These are dedicated to
Pashupata cult of Lakulisha. Nātha cult has great influence of Pashupatas and claimed
to be presiders of the Pashupatas (White, 1996: 97). Another inscription belonging to
the Marātha period has given detailed account of the Dabhoī fort and town. In the 25th
line of the inscription it gives account of Gaibī Pīr. In Nātha cult Gaibī pīr is a name of
Gahinīnātha. That mean this place was important for Gahinīnātha too. He is equally
important amongst Hindus as well as Musalmāns, even today. Gahinīnātha was well‐
known Nātha‐yogī and disciple of Gorakṣanātha. Gaibī pīr a religious center is much
close to Mahuḍī gate. North Maharashtra was under the Vāghelā rulers for years in the
13th century C.E., Tryaṃbakeśwar, where Gahinīnāth was noticed for their initiation of
Marāthī saint and yogī Nivṛttinātha.
Yogic postures depicted on the gate defiantly belong to the Nātha tradition. It seems
that some āsanas depicted on gate are not similar with the modern tradition of yoga. It
might be due to the course of time some āsanas must have disappeared or forgotten by
people or they transferred their techniques into another āsanas.
Some yogic postures seem difficult to do, though they do not show any stress on the
faces of yogīs. Some postures are very difficult to carve on stone, because of their
critical poses. It is possible that some āsanas are very difficult to fix in particular
brackets; hence sculptors might have changed their original positions. Some postures
of them are mentioned in Haṭhapradīpikā, an important text on yoga practices. Some
āsanas did not match with modern days āsanas. Sculptors mentioned their own names
on some sculptures. There is possibility that these sculptors were only responsible to
carve other yogic postures depicted on the gate. Some of names of sculptors/masons
are Palhanā, Socandā, Vosavā, Śrī Ghamā, Vajā and Mahādev (Shastri, 1940:36). In
Nātha cult, combination of Śiva and Śaktī played a significance role to develop Natha
doctrine. Hence, sculptures carved on the gate are support to the doctrine of the Natha
cult.
The sculptures of yogīnīs on the gate show the participation of female and their
importance in the tradition of Nātha‐Siddhas. It is possible that Nātha‐Siddhas images
were carved for the purpose of protection of the town or fort from the invaders of the
northern side. Because there was belief that Nātha‐Siddhas have supernatural powers,
so they can protect the town. This reason supported by the Vastupālacharita is a work
written by Jinaharshaganī in the 1308 C.E. and the curse stone inscription would have
made because of this purpose only. There is highly possibility of Jaina influence on the
Iconography of some yogīs. This conjecture supports by two important Jaina ministers
Vastupāl and Tejpāl of Vāghelā rulers of same period who gave patronage to Jainism
also. There are other yogīs have been carved in the Sātmukhī Vāv (tank) or elsewhere in
Dabhoī are similar with iconography of Nātha‐Siddhas.
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There are 84 images of Nātha‐Siddhas have depicted on the Mahudi gate. These are
rare evidences of Iconography of Eighty four Siddhas elsewhere in India except
Panhāle‐Kājī in Maharashtra. So this site is useful to study of Iconography of Siddhas.
There are depictions of three lady Siddhās out of Eighty four Siddhas. These lady
Siddhas should be Kanakhala, Mekhalā or Bhadrā. These names are mentioned in list
of eighty four Siddhās of Varnaratnakar and Sahajyani Siddhās (Dwivedi, 1950: 27‐31).
Acknowledgement
I owe my sincere thanks to, Dr. Abhijit Dandekar, Durga Kale, Arjun Rao and Dr.
Shreekant Jadhav (Department of Archaeology, Deccan College, Post‐Graduate and
Research Institute, Pune, India), Mahadevi Gawali‐Sarde, Rajkumar Sarde, Ajay Pujari
and Kansara Ji (Dabhoi) for their support, valuable suggestions and encouragement
during the research work. I am also grateful to Prof. Gyanshankar Sahay (Assistant
Director of Research and I/C Head Philosophic literary Research Department,
Kaivalyadham Yoga Institute, Lonavla and Prof. R. S. Bhogal (Assistant Director of
Research, Scientific Research Department, Kaivalyadhama Yoga Institute, Lonavla,
India), Dr. Manmath Manohar Gharote (Director of the Lonavla Yoga Institute, India)
who provided us constant help during the research. I am also thankful to
Archaeological Survey of India to co‐operation during field work.
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