Iot Based Transformer Monitoring System: Savitribai Phule Pune University

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER MONITORING SYSTEM
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL
By
NAME
Mr. Vishal V Gaikwad

Mr. Vaibhav D Pawar
Mr. Kishor Choundkar
Department of Electrical Engineering
Shree Ramchandra Education Society’s
SHREE RAMCHANDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, LONIKAND, PUNE-412216
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT DETECTION WITH FAULT

DISTANCE INDICATOR PHASE
A Thesis
Submitted by
NAME
Mr. Vishal V Gaikwad
Mr. Vaibhav D Pawar
Mr. Kishor Choundkar
In fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL
Under the guidance of
Prof.: GUNAWARE SIR
Department of Electrical Engineering

Shree Ramchandra Education Society’s
SHREE RAMCHANDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, LONIKAND, PUNE-412216
2018-2019
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

DECLARATION
"I ----------------------------hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that,
to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published
or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of
any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute for higher learning,
except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.”
Place: Pune Signature:

Date: Name:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled: UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT

DETECTION WITH FAULT DISTANCE INDICATOR PHASE Submitted by
Sri/Smt/Ms……….. …………………………………to the Savitribai Phule Pune
University (Maharashtra) towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the Degree Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical is a bona fide record of
the work carried out by him/her under our supervision and guidance.
( Sign ) (Sign)
Project Guide Head of Department
( Sign ) (Sign)
External Examiner Principal
Place: (Office seal)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to thank my parents for their blessing and the trust
they have shown for pursuing my B.E. degree. I wish to express my pleasure of
acknowledging and thanks towards Mr.------------------------------, my Project
Supervisor for providing the technical guidelines and constructive suggestions
regarding the line of this work. He encourages me all the times for doing this
quality research work in tuned with the target puts before me. I have been very
fortunate to have his appreciable guidance during my stay at the department.
I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. -------------------
---------Head of Department of Electrical Engineering for his generous guidance,
help and useful suggestions to improve my work as well as while carefully
reviewing my thesis report.
I also wish to extend my sincere thanks our concerned teaching staff for their
insightful comments and suggestions to improve my performance during my
presentations at the department.
In addition, I would also like to thank Dr. -------------------------------, Principal of
SRE`S Shree Ramachandra College of Engineering for providing me necessary
resources and support granted throughout my master’s fellowship. I also thank to
my friends those have rendered their help during the course of this work.

ABSTRACT
Transformer is the key equipment in power system, to ensure its safe and stable
operation is important. Transformers either raise a voltage to decrease losses, or decreases
voltage to a safe level. "Monitoring" is here defined as on-line collection of data and includes
sensor development, measurement techniques for on-line applications. It is very difficult and
expensive to construct the communication wires to monitor and control each distribution
transformer station.
Transformers are basic design of electrical device which provide power transmission by
transforming induced current from one circuit to another circuit. The induced current can be
converted step up &step down of current or voltage. This application mainly concentrates on the
three phase transformer which are used in between electric poles & power transformers. The
real time controlling is done on the basic future like current, voltage, temperature maintained.
These features are essential for effective power transmission &long life of industrial
transformer.
The monitoring & control of the transformer is done by using Arduino Controller,
Sensor which check the current, voltage & maintain temperature by regular observation. There
are various transformer maintenance techniques, but this project gives real time monitoring
&controlling of transformer by using arduino uno Controller which replace the bulky computers
making it as embedded system. The design is to sense features of transformer & send the
information regularly to the processor, So this design make possible to attain real time control
&monitoring of current voltage exceeded & temperature range in the transformer.
All data will be updated over web server using IOT module on things speak.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Page No.
List of Abbreviations i
List of Tables ii
List of Figures iii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Project Objectives 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
1.1Existing Systems 5
2.2 Problem Statement 6
2.3 Proposed System (your approach to solve the problem) 7
3. METHODOLOGY 8
3.1 Hardware Design

3.1.1 Circuit diagram & operation of module. (Give design details 9
3.1.2 Hardware Flow 10
3.2 Software Design 11

3.2.1 Flow Chart (for each program code module 12
3.2.2 Algorithmic Steps (for each program code module) 13
4. PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION 14

4.1 Introduction to PCB 15

4.2 Material 16.
4.3 Laminates 17
4.4 Patterning 18
4.5 Lamination 20
4.6 Tools for PCB design 21
4.6.1PCB design flow 22
4.6.2PCB layouts (of each hardware module in your project) 23
5 SOFTWARE TOOLS
(Prepare table of name of SW package, version,
makeand purpose of that software) 24
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25

Includes snaps of outcome of hardware and software run
at every stage and discuss over every result.…
Discuss comparison with previous existing systems 26
7. CONCLUSION and FUTURE SCOPE 27
8. REFERENCES…………………………..….…………………………………
e.g.
[1] H.C.G. Leitao and J. Stolfi, “A Multiscale Method for the Reassembly of Two-
Dimensional Fragmented Objects,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,
vol. 24, no. 9, pp: 1239-1251, Sept. 2002.
ANNEXURE-I PAPER PUBLICATIONS i
ANNEXURE- II (e.g. important data sheets) ii
ANNEXURE- III (Program Code) iii

Et-cetera…
Annexures / Appendix or Appendices:

Supplementary illustrative material, original data, too lengthy for inclusion in the text or which is not immediately essential to an
understanding of the subject can be presented in Appendix or Appendices (as Appendix A , Appendix B, etc.)
Each appendix with its title should be listed separately in the table of contents. Likewise, tables and figures contained in the Appendicesq are to
be included in the lists of tables and figures, respectively.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SPP : - Single phasing preventer.

VFD : - Variable frequency drive.
PCB : - Printed Circuit board.
PWM: - Pulse Width Modulation

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1:

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 1.1

INTRODUCTION
Electricity is an extremely handy and useful form of energy. It plays an ever growing role in
our modern industrialized society. The electrical power systems are highly non-linear,
extremely huge and complex networks. Such electric power systems are unified for
economical benefits, increased reliability and operational advantages.
Distribution transformers have a long service life if they are operated under good and rated
conditions. However, their life is significantly reduced if they are overloaded, resulting in
unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of customers thus effecting system
reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of failure
in distribution transformers. Most power companies use Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) system for online monitoring of power transformers but extending the
SCADA system for online monitoring of distribution transformers is an expensive
proposition. Distribution transformers are currently monitored manually where a person
periodically visits a transformer site for maintenance and records parameter of importance.
This type of monitoring cannot provide information about occasional overloads and
overheating of transformer oil and windings. All these factors can significantly reduce
transformer life. Our system is designed based upon online monitoring of key Operational
parameters of distribution transformers can provide useful
Information about the health of transformers which will help the utilities to Optimally use
their transformers and keep the asset in operation for a longer Period. This system will help
us to identify problems before any catastrophic Failure, thus resulting in a long life service
for transformers. This system is based on embedded system as we are using microcontroller
as discussed before. Embedded systems are self-contained programs that are embedded
within a piece of hardware. embedded systems are usually set to a specific task Another way
to think of an embedded system is as a computer system that is created with optimal
efficiency, thereby allowing it to complete specific functions as quickly as possible. It is also
has the advantages of significant cost savings, power consumption and greater reliability.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES
 To improve quality of power Remote sensing
 To Maintain Continuity of supply
 Real time monitoring.
 It Can Able To Detect The Faults Due To Over Current, Over Voltage, Increased
Temperature At Real Time.
 Monitoring Multiple Transformers Sitting In An Office Is Possible.
 Prefault Condition Is Easily Detected And Cleared At Same Time To Avoid System
Failure. Fault Monitoring Requires Less Time Also Use Of Wifi Gives Most Accurate
,Fast Response.
 This Type Of Monitoring Protects Transformer And Overall System So System
Reliability And Stability Increases

LITERATURE REVIEW
1. TRANSFORMER MONITORING AND CONTROL USING IOT
AUTHOR:- Deepraj Duttachowdhury1 , Vivek Patil2 , Arya Parab3 , Raj Patel4 Karuna
Nikum
Distribution Transformers Is One Of The Most Important Element Of Electrical Power System.Transformer Is A
Device Which Is Continuously Working In Order To Improve The Efficiency Of The Transmission System.The
Present Paper Proposes Continuous Online Monitoring Of Distribution Transformer Using IOT(Internet Of
Things). The Internet Of Things Connects The Unconnected Things.Previously The Things That Weren’t
Accessible Have Been Made Accessible Because Of It.The Transformer Is Subjected To Various Faults Such
As Over-Voltage,Over-Current,Increase In Temperature,Oil-Level,Humidity Etc.All These Faults Are
Persistently Monitored Throughout By The Arduino Which Regularly Sends The Health Information Of The
Transformer Via The Wifi Module.This Data Can Be Accessed From Anywhere In The World By A Android
Application.So The Maintainence Of The Distribution Transformer Can Be Successfully Implemented By The
Use Of This Project Ideology.
2. IOT BASED DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER MONITORING SYSTEM
AUTHOR:- Mrs.S.Sivaranjani,M.E.1 , S.Lokesh2 , M.Vignesh3 , N.Vijayaragavan4 , S.Goutham5

Distribution transformers are one of the most important equipment in power network. Because of, the large
amount of transformers distributed over a wide area in power electric systems, the data acquisition and condition
monitoring is important issue. The main aim of this system is distribution transformer monitoring and
controlling through IOT. Also, it sends SMS to a central database via the GSM modem for further processing.
The idea of on-line monitoring system mixes a global service mobile (GSM) Modem, with chip micro controller
and different sensors. It is installed at the distribution transformer site and the above parameters are recorded
using the analog to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The obtained parameters are processed and
recorded in the system memory. If any deviation or an emergency situation occurs the system sends SMS (short
message service) messages to the mobile phones containing information about the deviation according to some
predefined instructions programmed in the micro controller

PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. Fault location should be precisely known to reduce the time of

repairing
2. Quick fault detection and repair can increases the production of
industries

METHODOLOGY
Block Diagram of the system

Block Diagram Description
Over Voltage Protection : Over Voltage Is Generated Using Pot, That Input Is Monitored By
Microcontroller And Regarding Operation Is Taken.
Over Current : Whenever The The Overcurrent Condition Is Observed The Relay Goes Off,
Overcurrent Is Detected Using Current Transformer.
Temperature Rise Fault Can Be Detected Using LM35 Same Can Be Sent To The
Microcontroller. Thus Can Be Determined Using The Microcontroller And it will updated
over iot.
IOT MODULE:- it is used to update data through wifi module in which we can represent
graphically in thinkspeak online web server.
BUZZER:- if any sensor detect then buzzer will beep.
LCD display:- all information will be displayed on LCD.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
1) POWER SUPPLY
The power supply circuit consists of step down transformer which is 230v step
down to 12v. In this circuit four diodes are used to form bridge rectifier which
delivers pulsating dc voltage and then fed to capacitor filter the output voltage
from rectifier is fed to filter to eliminate any a.c. components present even after
rectification. The filtered DC voltage is given to regulator to produce 12v
constant DC voltage.
Figure 2: - Regulated Power Supply
2) TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy

between two or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a
varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same
core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a
metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction
discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to
changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing the alternating
voltages in electric power applications, and for coupling the stages of
signal processing circuits.
Figure 3: - Step Down Transformer
3) 1N4007 DIODES
A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction.
That is the current should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The

cathode terminal can be identified by using a grey bar as shown in the picture
above.
For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand

peaks up to 30A. Hence it can be used in circuits that are designed for less
than 1A. The reverse current is 5uA which is negligible. The power
dissipation of this diode is 3W.
Figure 4: 1N4007 Diodes
Features:
 Average forward current is 1A

 Non-repetitive Peak current is 30A
 Reverse current is 5uA.
 Peak repetitive Reverse voltage is 1000V
 Power dissipation 3W
 Available in DO-41 Package
Pin Description:
Table 1: Pin Description of 1N4007 Diodes
Pin No. Pin Name Description

1 Anode Current always Enters through Anode
2 Cathode Current always Exits through Cathode

Usage:
It is used to convert AC mains supply voltage into DC voltage. It will be

finally provided to DC motor.
4) 47uF/25V CAPACITOR
Capacitor is a passive component which can store a charge (Q). This charge
(Q) will be a product of the value of capacitance (C) and the voltage (V)
applied to it. The value of the capacitance and Voltage of a capacitor will be
mentioned on its label.
Figure 5: 47uF/25V Capacitors
Features:
 Capacitor Type - Electrolytic

 Has a high range of capacitance value starting from 0.01uF to 10000uF
 Has a high range of voltage value starting from 16V to 450V
 Can withstand a maximum of 105°C temperature

Pin Diagram:
Figure 6: Pin diagram of 47uF/25V Capacitors
The Electrolytic Capacitors have polarity. Meaning they have a positive and
negative pin. The pin which is long is the positive pin and the pin which is
short is the negative pin. You can also identify the polarity using the
negative strip on the capacitor label. As shown in the picture above the
negative pin will be directly under the negative symbol.
Usage:
It is used to convert the pulsating DC voltage obtained from rectifier into pure
DC voltage. It acts as filter for DC voltage.
5) VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM7805
A LM7805 Voltage Regulator is a voltage regulator that outputs +5 volts.

7805 IC, a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to
maintain such fluctuations, is a popular voltage regulator integrated circuit
(IC).
Features:
 Input voltage range 7V- 35V

 Current rating = 1A
 Output voltage range VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V
Pin Diagram:
Figure 7: Pin diagram of Voltage Regulator LM7805
Table 2: Pin Description of Voltage Regulator LM7805
Pin No. Pin Function Description

In this pin of the IC positive
Input voltage
1 INPUT unregulated voltage is given in
(7V-35V)
regulation.
In this pin where the ground is
2 GROUND Ground (0V) given. This pin is neutral for
equally the input and output.
Regulated The output of the regulated 5V
3 OUTPUT output; 5V volt is taken out at this pin of the
(4.8V-5.2V) IC regulator.
Usage:
Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing

fixed voltage outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a
constant value.
6) ULN 2803 RELAY DRIVER

The ULN2803A device is a 50 V, 500 mA Darlington transistor array. The

device consists of eight NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage
outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads.
The collector-current rating of each Darlington pair is 500 mA. The
Darlington pairs may be connected in parallel for higher current capability.
Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display
drivers (LED and gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The
ULN2803A device has a 2.7-kΩ series base resistor for each Darlington pair
for operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.
Features:
• 500-mA-Rated Collector Current (Single Output)
• High-Voltage Outputs: 50 V
• Output Clamp Diodes
• Inputs Compatible with Various Types of Logic
Pin Description:
Pin diagram of ULN2803A is shown in figure 4.4 below and description of all
the pins is given in table 4.3 below.
Figure 8: Pin diagram of ULN2803A

Table 3: Pin Description of ULN2803A
Pin Number Description

BASE CONNECTIONS for DARLINGTON ARRAYs
1 1B-BASE of 1st TRANSISTOR
2 2B- BASE of 2nd TRANSISTOR
3 3B- BASE of 3rd TRANSISTOR
4 4B- BASE of 4th TRANSISTOR

SHARED TERMINALS
9 GND- EMITTER of all TRANSISTORs
10 COM- Common cathode (Negative) node for flyback diodes.

COLLECTOR CONNECTIONS for DARLINGTON ARRAYs
11 8C-COLLECTOR of 8th TRANSISTOR
16 3C-COLLECTOR of 3rd 6thTRANSISTOR
17 2C-COLLECTOR of 2nd TRANSISTOR
18 1C-COLLECTOR of 1st TRANSISTOR

Usage: - It is used to drive the relay.
ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-
to-serial converter.
MicrocontrollerATmega328
Operating Voltage5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader S
RAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from
an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted
in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an
external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The
power pins are as follows: • VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated

power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin. • 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the
microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an
on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply. • 3V3. A 3.3 volt
supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. • GND.
Ground pins.
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions: • Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip . • External Interrupts: 2 and
3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge,
or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. • PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and
11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. • SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI),
12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although provided by
the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. • LED: 13. There
is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on,
when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality: • I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support
I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the
board: • AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). •
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button
to shields which block the one on the board.
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required.. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted
via the USB-toserial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication
on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328
on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code
to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original
STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and
program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see
these instructions for details. The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The
ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the
solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader).

LCD DISPLAY
1. LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven segment
LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are
limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of
refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means that
they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They areused for writing different messages on a
miniature LCD.
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in practice. It
is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines with 16

characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical
symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its own. Automatic
shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer, backlight etc. are
considered as useful characteristics.
Pins Functions
There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the microcontroller.
There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light is built in). Their
function is described in the table below:
Function Pin Number Name Logic State Description
Ground 1 Vss - 0V
Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V
Contrast 3 Vee - 0 - Vdd
D0 – D7 are interpreted as
0
4 RS commands
1
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data
Write data (from controller to

0
Control of 5 R/W LCD)
1
operating Read data (from LCD to controller)
0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Normal operating
6 E
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred
0 to LCD
7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB
Data / commands 8 D1 0/1 Bit 1
9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3
11 D4 0/1 Bit 4
12 D5 0/1 Bit 5
13 D6 0/1 Bit 6
14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB
LCD screen:
LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot matrix.
Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in
one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer
potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have built in backlight
(blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used
(like with any LE diode).

LCD Basic Commands
All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data,
which depends on logic state on pin RS:
RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor

addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position is
determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of
previously transferred character is automatically incremented.
RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands which LCD
recognizes are given in the table below:
Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution Time
Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS
Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS
Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS
Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS
Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS
Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS
Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS
Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS
Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -
Write to CGRAM or DDRAM 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
Read from CGRAM or DDRAM 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) R/L 1 = Shift right

0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left
S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface
0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface
D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines
0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line
U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots
0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots
B 1 = Cursor blink on D/C 1 = Display shift
0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Cursor shift

LCD Initialization:
Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for
approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by default.
This means that:
1. Display is cleared
2. Mode
DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface
N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line
F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots
3. Display/Cursor on/off
D = 0 Display off
U = 0 Cursor off
B = 0 Cursor blink off
4. Character entry
ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1
S = 0 Display shift off
Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If for any reason
power supply voltage does not reach full value in thecourse of 10mS, display will start perform
completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit cannot meet this condition or if it is needed to
provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a new reset enabling display
to operate normally must be applied. Algorithm according to the initialization is being performed
depends on whether connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over
to be done after that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages.

Fig: Procedure on 8-bit initialization.

1. Battery:
 Product Name : 12v / 1.3 Ah Recharg

 Description
 Output Voltage: 12v.
 Current Output: 1.3ah.
 Application of 12v/1.3 Ah Rechargeable Battery
BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation
of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. The first electric buzzer was invented in 1831
by Joseph Henry. They were mainly used in early doorbells until they were phased out in the early
1930s in favor of musical chimes, which had a softer tone. Piezoelectric buzzers, or piezo buzzers, as
they are sometimes called, were invented by Japanese manufacturers and fitted into a wide array of
products during the 1970s to 1980s. This advancement mainly came about because of cooperative
efforts by Japanese manufacturing companies. In 1951, they established the Barium Titanate
Application Research Committee, which allowed the companies to be "competitively cooperative"
and bring about several piezoelectric innovations and inventions.
ESP 8266 WI-FI MODULE:

Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance, high integration
wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile platform designers. It provides
unsurpassed ability to embed WiFi capabilities within other systems, or to function as a standalone
application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement.
ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WiFi networking solution; it can be used to host the
application or to offload WiFi networking functions from another application processor.
When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has integrated
cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications.
Alternately, serving as a WiFi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro controller-
based design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface).
ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi chip in the industry; it integrates the antenna
switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power management
modules, it requires minimal external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end module,
is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.
ESP8266EX also integrates an enhanced version of Tensilica’s L106 Diamond series 32-bit processor,
with on-chip SRAM, besides the WiFi functionalities. ESP8266EX is often integrated with external
sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs; sample codes for such applications
are provided in the software development kit (SDK).
Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) demonstrates sophisticated system-level

features include fast sleep/wake context switching for energy-efficient VoIP, adaptive radio biasing
for low-power operation, advance signal processing, and spur cancellation and radio co-existence
features for common cellular, Bluetooth, DDR, LVDS, LCD interference mitigation.
Features
• 802.11 b/g/n

• Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
• Integrated 10-bit ADC
• Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
• Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
• Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
• Supports antenna diversity
• WiFi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2
• Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes
• Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices
• SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO
• STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
• A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval
• Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA
• Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
• Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
• +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode
• Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C
• FCC, CE, TELEC, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified
Important AT commands
 AT+CWLAP List all the access points
 AT+CWJAP?+CWJAP=“ssid”, ”password” Join Access Point
 AT+CIFSR Get IP Address
 AT+CWMODE?+CWMODE=3 Select the respective mode
Parameters:

Categories Items Values
Certificates FCC/CE/TELEC/SRRC
WiFiProtocles 802.11 b/g/n
Frequency Range 2.4G-2.5G (2400M-2483.5M)
802.11 b: +20 dBm
Tx Power 802.11 g: +17 dBm
802.11 n: +14 dBm
802.11 b: -91 dbm (11 Mbps)

WiFiParamters Rx Sensitivity 802.11 g: -75 dbm (54 Mbps)
802.11 n: -72 dbm (MCS7)
PCB Trace, External, IPEX Connector, Ceramic

Chip
Types of Antenna
UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Control
Peripheral Bus GPIO/PWM
Operating Voltage 3.0~3.6V
Operating Current Average value: 80mA
Operating Temperature Range -40°~125°
Hardware Paramaters Ambient Temperature Range Normal temperature
Package Size 5x5mm
External Interface N/A
WiFi mode station/softAP/SoftAP+station
Security WPA/WPA2
Encryption WEP/TKIP/AES
Firmware Upgrade UART Download / OTA (via network)
Supports Cloud Server Development / SDK for

custom firmware development
Software Parameters Ssoftware Development

Network Protocols IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP
User Configuration AT Instruction Set, Cloud Server, Android/ iOS

App
Major Applications
Major fields of ESP8266 applications to Internet-of-Things include:
• Home Appliances
• Home Automation
• Smart Plug and lights
• Mesh Network
• Industrial Wireless Control
• Baby Monitors
• IP Cameras
• Sensor Networks
• Wearable Electronics
• WiFi Location-aware Devices
• Security ID Tags
• WiFi Position System Beacons.
Fig: ESP8266

CURRENT SENSOR
Accurate sensor to measure AC/DC current up to 20A. The sensor can even measure high AC mains
current and is still isolated from the measuring part due to integrated hall sensor. The board
operates on 5V.
ACS712 current sensor operates from 5V and outputs analog voltage proportional to current
measured on the sensing terminals. You can simple use a microcontroller ADC to read the
values.
Sensing terminal can even measure current for loads operating at high voltages like 230V AC
mains while output sensed voltage is isolated from measuring part.

Features

100 mV/A output sensitivity
5.0 V, single supply operation
Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents
Factory-trimmed for accuracy
Extremely stable output offset voltage
Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis
Ratiometric output from supply voltage
Low-noise analog signal path
Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin
5 µs output rise time in response to step input current
80 kHz bandwidth
Total output error 1.5% at TA = 25°C
Small footprint, low-profile SOIC8 package
1.2 mΩ internal conductor resistance
2.1 kVRMS minimum isolation voltage from pins 1-4 to pins 5-8
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state
relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with

complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit
and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions
are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic Latching Relays Magnetic Latching relays require one pulse of coil power
to move their contacts in one direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back.
Repeated pulses from the same input have no effect. Magnetic Latching relays are useful in
applications where interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic Latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device,
the relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset
when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied to the
reset coil the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils
that employ steering diodes to differentiate between operate and reset commands.
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron
core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable
iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The
armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving
contacts.
It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap
in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured
is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts
depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature
to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the
armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is
soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that
activates the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or
breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts
was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and
breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil
is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the
magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity
is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current
application it reduces arcing.
SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT:
 ARDUINO
 PROTEUS
 ESP FIRMWARE FLASHER
ARDUINO
INSTALLING THE DRIVERS FOR THE ARDUINO UNO
 Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin it’s driver installation process
 After a few moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts
 Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel
 While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System
 Once the System window is up, open the Device Manager
 Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named “Arduino UNO
(COMxx)”. If there is no COM & LPT section, look under ‘Other Devices’ for
‘Unknown Device’
 Right click on the “Arduino UNO (COMxx)” or “Unknown Device” port and choose
the “Update Driver Software” option
 Next, choose the “Browse my computer for Driver software” option

 Finally, navigate to and select the Uno’s driver file, named “ArduinoUNO.inf”,
located in the “Drivers” folder of the Arduino Software download (not the “FTDI
USB Drivers” sub-directory). If you cannot see the .inf file, it is probably just hidden.
You can select the ‘drivers’ folder with the ‘search sub-folders’ option selected
instead.
 Windows will finish up the driver installation from there
Launch and Blink!
After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to test your
first program with your Arduino board!
 Launch the Arduino application

 If you disconnected your board, plug it back in
 Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1.Basics > Blink

 Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board type
 Select the serial/COM port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port > COMxx

 If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available
ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your
Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected, and the Blink sketch open, press the ‘Upload’
button
 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the
message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink sketch.

 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking!
You just programmed your first Arduino!
Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board type
 Select the serial port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port > xxxxxx (it’ll
probably look something like “/dev/tty.usbmodemfd131” or “/dev/tty.usbserial-131”
but probably with a different number)

 If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available
ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your
Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected and the Blink sketch open, press the ‘Upload’
button

 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the
message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink sketch.
 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking!
You just programmed your first Arduino!
PROTEUS STEPS TO CREATE NEW PROJECT
STEP 1: DOWNLOAD LIBRARY ZIP FOLDER FROM OUR WEBSITE

Download the Library Files Zip Folder from

websitehttps://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2015/12/arduino-library-proteus-
simulation.html, open it and paste these two files ArduinoTEP.LIB and ArduinoTEP.IDX
files in to Library folder path( C:\Program Files (x86)\Labcenter Electronics\Proteus 8
Professional\LIBRARY).
2) Double click on Proteus 8 professional shortcut generated on Desktop following window

will popup

3) click on new project
4) In the field of Name, write name of project and in the field of path browse path for project
like this

5) Now click on next


 Click the "Pick from library (P)" button as shown in the figure
 Now Search Arduino
 Select Arduino uno
 Click OK
 After selecting component, click anywhere in the design area to select it and then
click again to place it
1. CONNECTING COMPONENTS
 Place all the required components
 Connect the desired nodes by clicking at starting and ending points

2. LOAD HEX FILE

 To create hex file press simply verify in your Arduino ide software
 Double click the Arduino Uno to open its properties
 C:\Users\UserName\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_
 Browse for the HEX file as shown and select it
And don't worry, in PROTEUS, there is no need to provide the RESET circuit or crystal
oscillator to the microcontroller. It will work just fine even without it. The frequency can be
adjusted in the properties window as well.
3. SIMULATING THE CIRCUIT
 The controls at the left-bottom corner will help you simulate the circuit in real time

The above picture is the complete circuitry for testing an LED on P2.0 like toggling (ON /
OFF) through programming but we will get to that part later on. At this point, you will just
see the LED glow if you have programmed it to be always ON.
Like this developer done design on Proteus before starts working on Hardware.

FLOW CHART:-
Figure 10: Flowchart
ALGORITHM: -

Step 1: Initialize the ports, declare timer, ADC, LCD functions.

Step 2: here we are using current sensor, temp sensor for monitoring temp and
current of transformer.
Step 3: All information will be displayed on LCD.
Step 4: IOT will update all data over web server.
Step 5: based on thresholding if any sensor is detected then data will
update over thingspeak.
Step 6: if current or voltage increases then relay through load will OFF
automatically.
C LANGUAGE CODE: -

A. ADVANTAGES
Devices Can Be Operated From Anywhere In The World.
• Efficient And Low Cost Design.
• Low Power Consumption.
• Real Time Monitoring.
• Improve Transformer Reliability And Minimize Downtime
• Maximize Transformer Life With Maintenance Activity To Address Abnormal Operation
• Provides True Dynamic Loading Capability
B. LIMITATIONS
1. The Arduino and other component require 5V DC Supply.
2. Relay requires 12V dc.
3. Sometimes network Problems for rural areas may happen
C. CONCLUSION
This system would be eliminating the requirement of human power and thus providing
efficiency and accuracy.
The IOT based monitoring of distribution transformer is quite useful as compared to manual
monitoring and also it is reliable as it is not possible to monitor always the , ambient
temperature rise ,load current manually. After receiving of message of any abnormality we
can take action immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of distribution transformers.

D. FUTURE SCOPE
In future we can GPS MODULE. So we can trace the location
automatically.
APPENDIES:-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PARTS LIST AND COST:-
Part Quantity Cost Per Unit
Bridge Rectifier 1 300.00
470uF Aluminum Capacitor 400V/3A (p/n: 2 200.00
MAL210+216471E3)

Arduino Uno (ATMEGA 328p) 1 1200.00
16 by 2 LCD Display 1 125.00
ULN 2803 Relay Driver 1 25.00
Power Circuit PCB 1 79.90
Control Circuit PCB 1 650.00
Miscellaneous connectors and accessories - 1200.00
Step Down Transformer 1 120.00
Total 3899.90
Cost
Per
Unit

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IOT BASED TRANSFORMER MONITORING SYSTEM

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER MONITORING SYSTEM

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Mr. Vishal V Gaikwad

Department of Electrical Engineering

Shree Ramchandra Education Society’s

SHREE RAMCHANDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, LONIKAND, PUNE-412216

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT DETECTION WITH FAULT

In fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

Under the guidance of

Prof.: GUNAWARE SIR

Department of Electrical Engineering

SHREE RAMCHANDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, LONIKAND, PUNE-412216

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

Place: Pune Signature:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

This is to certify that the thesis entitled: UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT

Place: (Office seal)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

acknowledging and thanks towards Mr.------------------------------, my Project

Supervisor for providing the technical guidelines and constructive suggestions

fortunate to have his appreciable guidance during my stay at the department.

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. -------------------

---------Head of Department of Electrical Engineering for his generous guidance,

help and useful suggestions to improve my work as well as while carefully

reviewing my thesis report.

insightful comments and suggestions to improve my performance during my

presentations at the department.

In addition, I would also like to thank Dr. -------------------------------, Principal of

SRE`S Shree Ramachandra College of Engineering for providing me necessary

resources and support granted throughout my master’s fellowship. I also thank to

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

List of Figures iii

1.2 Project Objectives 2

3.1 Hardware Design

3.2 Software Design 11

4. PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION 14

4.1 Introduction to PCB 15

4.6.1PCB design flow 22

4.6.2PCB layouts (of each hardware module in your project) 23

6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25

ANNEXURE-I PAPER PUBLICATIONS i

ANNEXURE- II (e.g. important data sheets) ii

ANNEXURE- III (Program Code) iii

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

Annexures / Appendix or Appendices:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

SPP : - Single phasing preventer.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.

2. IOT BASED DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER MONITORING SYSTEM

AUTHOR:- Mrs.S.Sivaranjani,M.E.1 , S.Lokesh2 , M.Vignesh3 , N.Vijayaragavan4 , S.Goutham5

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SRCOE.