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Midlands Jap Car Club - Japan Crazy
HICAS and Attesa E-TS Systems

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Tuesday, 07 August 2007
Last Updated Tuesday, 07 August 2007
HICAS System
HICAS (High Capacity Actively Controlled Suspension) is Nissan's rear wheel steering system found on cars ranging
from the more recent Skyline and Z iterations to smaller models like the Nissan Cefiro (A31), 240SX/180SX and Nissan
Serena/Nissan Largo. It is also found on models from Nissan's Infiniti division, such as the Q45 and the M45/M35. Unlike
other four wheel steering systems, HICAS and Super HICAS is fitted to improve handling rather than as a parking aid.
Earlier HICAS versions used hydraulics to steer the rear wheels. The hydraulic system was powered by the power
steering pump and used speed sensors to determine how much and which direction to steer the rear wheels. Later
versions, called Super HICAS, moved to an electric actuator for the rear steering rack, making the system much lighter.
The Super HICAS system also used its own computer to control the system instead of speed sensors. HICAS and Super
HICAS rear wheel steering is limited to about 1 degree in either direction.
HICAS was introduced on the 1986 Skyline GTS coupes (GTS, GTS-R, and GTS-X). The system was later adapted to
work on many models in the Nissan range, beginning with the Passage GT.
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ATTESA System
ATTESA-ETS (Advanced Total Traction Engineering System for All - Electronic Torque Split) is the advanced electronic
version of Nissan's ATTESA four-wheel drive system. The newer version of ATTESA E-TS is called ATTESA E-TS Pro.
How it works
ATTESA E-TS is featured in the north-south layout vehicles, and was first used in August 1989 in the Nissan Skyline GT-
R and Nissan Skyline GTS4. It utilizes what is mostly a conventional RWD gearbox. Although the Skyline GT-R is
exclusively AWD, ATTESA E-TS is also used in Nissan models that are also available as RWD such as the A31 Nissan
Cefiro which was the second Nissan to feature the system exactly a year later in August 1990. Drive to the rear wheels is
constant via a tailshaft and rear differential, however drive to the front wheels is more complex by utilizing a transfer case
at the rear of the gearbox. The drive for the front wheels comes from a transfer case bolted on the end of an almost
traditional RWD transmission although the (bell housing is slightly different to allow the driveshaft for thr front wheels to
pass it, the main body is exactly the same as the RWD transmission, the tail-shaft is different to couple to the transfer
case). A short driveshaft for the front wheels exits the transfer case on the right side. Inside the transfer case a chain
drives a multi-plate wet clutch pack, torque is apportioned using a clutch pack center differential, similar to the type
employed in the Steyr-Daimler-Puch system in the Porsche 959. On the rear differential is a high pressure electric oil
pump, this pump pressurises Normal ATF oil (0-288psi) into the transfercase to engage the clutchpack. The higher the oil
pressure the transfer case is supplied with, the more the clutch pack engages, this is how the torque to the front wheels
is varied. The transfer case has its own dedicated ATF (nissan special ATF) oil to lubricate the chain/clutch pack. The
front driveshaft runs along the right side of the transmission, into a differential located on the right of the engine's oilpan.
The front right axle is shorter than the left, as the differential is closer to the right wheel. The front left axle runs through
the engine's sump to the left wheel.
The ATTESA E-TS layout is more advanced than the ATTESA system, and uses a 16bit microprocessor that monitors
the cars movements at 100 times per second to sense traction loss by measuring the speed of each wheel via the ABS
sensors. A three axis G-Sensor mounted underneath the center console feed lateral and longitudinal inputs into an ECU,
this ECU controls both the ATTESA E-TS 4wd system and the ABS system. The ECU can then direct up to and including
50% of the power to the front wheels. When slip is detected on one of the rear wheels (rear wheels turn 5% or more than
the front wheels), the system directs torque to the front wheels which run a viscous LSD. Rather than locking the AWD in
all the time or having a system that is "all or nothing", the ATTESA E-TS system can apportion different ratios of torque to
the front wheels as it sees fit. This provides the driver with an AWD vehicle that performs like a rear wheel drive vehicle
in perfect conditions and can recover control when conditions aren't as perfect. The advantage to a more traditional
ATTESA (Viscous LSD) system is response in hundredths of a second.
ATTESA-ETS Pro
In 1995, with the introduction of the R33 Skyline GT-R, Nissan introduced a new version of their ATTESA system. It was
named ATTESA-ETS Pro, as an upgrade from the earlier ATTESA ETS. It was standard equipment in the R33 Skyline
GT-R Vspec model, however it was offered as an option on the standard R33 Skyline GT-R, and called the "Active LSD
option". It was also standard equipment on all R34 Skyline GT-R models.
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Midlands Jap Car Club - Japan Crazy
ATTESA-E-TS Pro differs from the standard ATTESA-E-TS in a few ways. Where ATTESA-E-TS controls the front to
rear torque-split, the Pro is also capable of left-and-right torque split to the rear wheels. This is done via an active rear
limited-slip differential. Additionally, the ATTESA-E-TS Pro was marketed as controlling the four-wheel independent ABS
braking system. This is not part of the AWD system, but the ECU makes use of the same sensors to determine wheel
slip, and traction.
On ATTESA-E-TS Pro equipped vehicles, the front differential remains a standard limited slip differential, not being linked
to the ATTESA-E-TS Pro system.
Models
ATTESA E-TS system is used in the following models:
R32 and R33 (1989-1997) GTS4 Skyline

GT-R - 1989–2003
Nissan Stagea
A31 Cefiro
Infiniti G35x/Nissan Skyline (V35 & V36) ((sportwagon versions only))
Infiniti FX
Nissan Fuga (Known as Infiniti M in export markets]]
ATTESA E-TS Pro system is used in the following models:
ATTESA E-TS Pro system is used in the following models:
R33 (1995-1997) Nissan Skyline GT-R (offered as a factory option)

R33 Nissan Skyline GT-R V-spec
R34 (1998-2002) Nissan Skyline GT-R (all models)
Post edited by: Teenage Kicks, at: 2007/08/01 16:18
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Midlands Jap Car Club - Japan Crazy

HICAS and Attesa E-TS Systems

R32 and R33 (1989-1997) GTS4 Skyline

ATTESA E-TS Pro system is used in the following models:

R33 (1995-1997) Nissan Skyline GT-R (offered as a factory option)

Post edited by: Teenage Kicks, at: 2007/08/01 16:18

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