100%-Hand Break Release

AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE RELEASE
INDEX
SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
4. OBJECTIVES
5. SCOPE
6. METHODOLOGY
7. LITERATURE REVIEW
8. CONCEPT DESIGN
9. PROPOSED MODEL
10. SYSTEM DESIGN
11. TORQUE AND FORCE REQUIRED FOR BRAKING
12. RESULTS
13. COST ESTIMATION
14. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
15. CONCLUSION
16. REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
An automatic hand brake system for a vehicle consists of an electric motor, associated with
the motor for motion from the motor to a brake lever, which pushes the brake pads. This
project transmitting provides a new concept design of the EMPB (electro mechanical parking
brakes) system that has simple and low-cost characteristics. This project deals with designing
and fabrication of EMPB system. Electromechanical parking brake system also referred to as
brake by-wire, replace conventional parking braking systems with a completely electrical
component system. This occurs by replacing conventional linkages with electric motor-driven
units. The braking force is generated directly at each wheel by high performance electric
motors and auto control, which are controlled by an ECU. The electronic parking brake
replaces the conventional handbrake. It is operated by a switch in the center console. The
Electromechanical Parking Brake provides the following benefits over the conventional
handbrake: Ease of use-the parking brake can be applied fully regardless of the strength of
the driver. Safety- the electric parking brake applies automatically when the key is removed
from the ignition.
INTRODUCTION
We have pleasure in introducing our new project “AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE

RELEASE”, which is fully equipped by automatic system. It is a genuine project which is
fully equipped and designed for Automobile vehicles. This forms an integral part of best
quality. This product underwent strenuous test in our Automobile vehicles and it is good.
In cars, the parking brake, also called hand brake, emergency brake, or e-brake, is a latching
brake usually used to keep the vehicle stationary. It is sometimes also used to prevent a
vehicle from rolling when the operator needs both feet to operate the clutch and throttle
pedals. Automobile hand brakes usually consist of a cable directly connected to the brake
mechanism on one end and to a lever or foot pedal at the driver's position. The mechanism is
often a hand-operated lever, on the floor on either side of the driver, or a pull handle located
below and near the steering wheel column, or a (foot-operated) pedal located far apart from
the other pedals.
Although sometimes known as an emergency brake, using it in any emergency where the
footbrake is still operational is likely to badly upset the brake balance of the car and vastly
increase the likelihood of loss of control of the vehicle, for example by initiating a rear-wheel
skid. Additionally, the stopping force provided by using the handbrake is small and would not
significantly aid in stopping the vehicle. The parking brake operates mostly on the rear
wheels, which have reduced traction while braking but in some cases, parking brake operates
on front wheel, as done in most Citroens manufactured since the end of World War II. The
hand brake is instead intended for use in case of mechanical failure where the regular
footbrake is inoperable or compromised. Modern brake systems are typically very reliable
and equipped with dual-circuit hydraulics and low-brake-fluid sensor systems, meaning the
handbrake is rarely used to stop a moving vehicle.
Conventional parking brake actuation involves the human interference. Without pulling or
pushing the lever, the parking brake will not work. Also, sometimes due to negligence or in
emergency conditions, we humans often forget to apply parking brakes. This may lead to
rolling of vehicle in case of slopes and collision with other vehicles in parking area. Constant
enhancements in active safety and improvements with respect to the reliability and comfort of
operation mean that mechanical handbrakes are increasingly being replaced by
electromechanical systems.
This gave birth to ideas of electric parking brake techniques. The fundamental function of the
electric parking brake (EPB) is to activate and release the parking brake when the vehicle is
at a standstill. In first generation of electric parking brake fitted, a switch on the instrument
panel replaces the traditional handbrake lever used to operate the mechanical parking brake.
This switch utilizes an electronic control unit (ECU) to trigger electromechanical actuators
within the wheel brakes or central actuator that operates the rear wheel brake via a Bowden
cable.[1] Further, for reducing drivers effort and reminding for application of parking brake,
there was a demand for a completely automated parking brake system, which will be fulfilled
by the upcoming ideas of mechatronic. This paper is based on the development of one such
system, involving the concepts of automobile, mechanical and electronics, known as
Electromechanical parking brake.
Hence, there is great demand for an electronic applied mechanism, with automation for
actuation of the parking brake. It should also save space, reduce overall weight, complication
in linkages, less mechanical parts prone to wear and tear, good responsive technique, high
durability, very less or no involvement of human, easy to repair and economic. The EMPB
system helps to enhance driving safety and comfort and provides greater freedom in interior
design and packaging. EMPB eliminates the need for a parking brake lever or pedal and
improves vehicle styling, space management and crashworthiness.
The EMPB system is composed of one electro-mechanical actuator integrated into the disc
brake caliper and a controller with redundant connections to the power supply, which is
controlled inside the vehicle’s cabin by a simple rocker switch. EPB is electronically
controlled, and features can be designed easily through software giving an enhanced level of
freedom for driver comfort- and safety functionality.
In cars, the hand brake (also known as the emergency brake, e-brake, or parking brake) is a
latching brake usually used to keep the car stationary. Automobile e-brakes usually consist of
a cable (usually adjustable for length) directly connected to the brake mechanism on one end
and to some type of mechanism that can be actuated by the driver on the other end. The
mechanism is often a hand-operated lever (hence the hand brake name), on the floor on either
side of the driver, or a pull handle located below and near the steering wheel column, or a
(foot-operated) pedal located far apart from the other pedals.
Although sometimes known as an emergency brake, using it in any emergency where
the footbrake is still operational is likely to badly upset the brake balance of the car and
vastly increase the likelihood of loss of control of the vehicle, for example by initiating a
rear-wheel skid. Additionally, the stopping force provided by using the handbrake instead of
or in addition to the footbrake is usually small and would not significantly aid in stopping the
vehicle, again because it usually operates on the rear wheels; they suffer reduced traction
compared to the front wheels while braking. The emergency brake is instead intended for use
in case of mechanical failure where the regular footbrake is inoperable or compromised,
hopefully with opportunity to apply the brake in a controlled manner to bring the vehicle to a
safe, if gentle halt before seeking service assistance. Modern brake systems are typically very
reliable and engineered with fail safe (e.g. dual-circuit hydraulics) and failure-warning (e.g.
low brake fluid sensor) systems, meaning the handbrake is no longer often called on for its
original purpose.
The most common use for an automobile emergency brake is to keep the vehicle
motionless when it is parked, thus the alternative name, parking brake. Car emergency brakes
have a ratchet locking mechanism that will keep them engaged until a release button is
pressed. On vehicles with automatic transmissions, this is usually used in concern with a
parking pawl in the transmission. Automotive safety experts recommend the use of both
systems to immobilize a parked car, and the use of both systems is required by law in some
jurisdictions, yet many individuals use only the "Park" position on the automatic transmission
and not the parking brake. It is similar to manual transmission cars: These are recommended
always to be left with the handbrake engaged, in concert with their lowest gear (usually either
first or reverse). The use of both systems is also required by law in some jurisdictions.
However, when parking on level ground, many people either only engage the handbrake (gear
lever in neutral), or only select a gear (handbrake released).
Types of brakes:
Fig: The hand brake lever in a Saab 9-5 automobile
School buses which are equipped with a hydraulic brake system will have a hand brake lever
to the left of the driver (in left hand drive buses) near the floor. It is operated by pushing the
lever down with one's hand to apply the brake, and pulling it upwards to release it. However,
this has been known to cause severe back problems in drivers who do this regularly, [citation needed]
and many choose to push it up with their feet.
Some cars with automatic transmissions are fitted with automatically releasing parking
brakes. Later models require the foot brake to be depressed before the car's transmission can
be moved from park. When reverse or drive is selected, the parking brake automatically
releases. Earlier models would release the parking brake when the gear selector was placed in
a forward or reverse gear without requiring any input on the brake pedal at all. These earlier
automatic release systems were a safety hazard, since there would be no protection against
accidentally knocking the transmission into gear.
In cars with rear drum brakes, the parking brake cable usually actuates these drums
mechanically with much less force than is available through the hydraulic system.
In cars with rear disc brakes, the parking brake either actuates the disc calipers (again, with
much less force) or a small drum brake housed within the hub assembly (the inner
circumference of the disc is often used instead of a separate drum).
Hudson automobiles used an unusual hybrid hydraulic-mechanical dual-brake system which

operated the rear brakes through the otherwise conventional mechanical emergency-brake
system when a failure of the hydraulic system allowed the pedal to travel beyond its normal
limit.[2]
A number of production vehicles, light and medium duty trucks, and motor homes have been
made with a separate drum brake on the transmission output shaft; called a driveline parking
brake. This has an advantage of being completely independent of other braking systems. This
is effective as long as the drive train is intact — propeller shaft, differential, and axle shafts.
In many vehicles, this type of parking brake is operated by either a foot pedal or a hydraulic
cylinder controlled by the transmission gear selector, or by both.
The EMPB system is a semi automated system in which motor rotates as per the signals from
an ECU. Considering engine ignition is on and vehicle is at rest, as soon as the engine is
turned off, microcontroller senses this and sends actuating signal to motor relay. As the motor
starts to rotate
(Anticlockwise), the rotary speed of motor is reduced, hence torque is increased using gear
trains and its output is supplied to lead screw which rotates in a nut, in turn converts rotary
motion to linear motion, hence pushing the brake pad against the disc and parking brake is
hence applied.
In other hand, when engine is started, the microcontroller senses this and actuates the motor
to rotate in opposite direction(Clockwise), hence releasing the parking brake.
The design is made so that it can be applied to 350 kg vehicle. The EMPB system works
satisfactorily on ignition conditions. The HOLD and release functions also works in an
acceptable manner. It is seen that the average response time of the EMPB system is 600-700
ms.
IMPORTANCE:
electromechanical systems.
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
 Design and develop the prototype model of automatic hand brake release showing the
automation of hand brake while parking the vehicle on slopes.
 Also fabricate the model of the same showing exact working of automation of hand
brake / parking brake by using the ignition key of vehicle.
1.2OBJECTIVE
To Design and develop the prototype model of automatic hand brake release showing the
automation of hand brake while parking the vehicle on slopes:
1. To fabricate the model of the same showing exact working of automation of hand
brake / parking brake by using the ignition key of vehicle.
2. To test the vehicle under different conditions of slopes and speed.
3. To give and automation option for modern day cars for vehicle safety and safe parking
of vehicle on slope.
4. To study literature survey behind automatic hand brake release and design according
to it.
1.3 SCOPE
 In Four wheeler application for safe parking of cars on slopes, when driver
forgets or intentionally avoids the use of hand brake.
 To provide automation for manually operated hand brakes which will reduce
human efforts band provide comfort in driving.
 It can also implement in two wheeler.
The electromechanical parking brake help with automatic parking brake application based on
engine ignition condition. Safe braking is assured in slopes and hill starts with the help of
“HOLD” function .has complete automatic operation for easy drivability and safety. This
system also gets some advanced options like hold function in head to head traffic and inclined
roads, which would promise the drivers and vehicle owners with a safe pleasure drive and
stops.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
“AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE RELEASE” is nothing but one of the braking systems in
automobile at the time of vehicle switch off condition. In this braking system motorized
operated one.
In this project, the control unit is received the signal from the key switch. The key
switch is ‘ON’ at the time of vehicle start condition. The first time clutch is applied so that the
motor is rotating in forward direction for 2 sec to release the brake (Already wheel is on
braking condition). The key switch is ‘OFF’ the motor is rotating in reward direction for 2 sec
to applying the brake.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Novel design of the integrated Electric Parking Brake system

Yan-Sin Liao, Chien-Tai Huang, Chien-Tzu Chen, Shou-Yi Cheng, Bo-Ruei Chen and
Fu-Yen Huang
Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC).
A new design of integrated Electric Parking Brake system, called iEPB and integrated in the
brake caliper, is introduced in this paper. It consists of an electrically operated brake unit and
a hydraulically pressed unit independently, and uses a special self-locking mechanism instead
of a screw device to increase the efficiency and the working speed. With all conventional
EPB system’s advantages, it also provides a stronger brake performance and a faster reaction
time. In this paper, we describe the working principle of this new design at first, and then
introduce the arrangement of the testing system, followed by a discussion of experimental
data. The testing results prove the feasibility of this design. The conclusion paragraph
summarizes the key points about the design of the IEPB system.
The IEPB system is more convenient and safety than traditional parking systems. It’s
operated and released automatically. With integrated intelligent function, the iEPB system has
the following merits:
• Replace a hand lever by an operation button.
• Because of no hand lever, there is more space in the vehicle.
• Combining a control unit, the IEPB system can be automatically operated and released at
the right time, which makes the operation simpler and the driver to feel more comfortable and
safer.
• With high performance mechanism, the IEPB system has a faster reaction time. So we can
provide the Auto-Hold function by adopting the IEPB system.
There are two types of existing electric parking brake. One type is the cable puller, and the
other is the integrated caliper. This new design belongs to the integrated caliper type. Almost
100% integrated caliper type of market products use the screw device as its linear
mechanism. The screw device can provide a large reduction ratio in a small space and
transfer the rotation motion into linear motion with a non-reverse feature. But a low
mechanical efficiency due to the screw friction makes a great energy lose. In this paper, we
introduce a new design that is a type of screw free concept. Basing on the same power source,
the screw free design can reduce about three-quarter reaction time of the system.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:
For improving working speed, enhancing mechanism efficiency and providing a non-reverse
feature at the same time, the iEPB mechanism design is the key point. The important factors
that need to be considered include:
• Caliper pressing force.
• Working time of the actuator.
• Power consumption.
• Parking force that can be maintained when power off.
Fig. 2: The illustration of self-locking mechanism and its exploded view
System test construction –
System test construction is shown in Figure. The mechanism of the iEPB system, the caliper,
and brake disk were fixed on the rigid platform. The one side of the brake lining shoe was
connected to the load cell first, and then the load cell was connected to the brake disk.
Synthesis and characterization of magneto-rheological (MR) fluids for MR brake
application, Bhau K. Kumbhar a, Satyajit R. Patil b, Suresh M. Sawant b.
Magneto rheological (MR) fluid technology has been proven for many industrial applications
like shock absorbers, actuators, etc. MR fluid is a smart material whose rheological
characteristics change rapidly and can be controlled easily in presence of an applied magnetic
field. MR brake is a device to transmit torque by the shear stress of MR fluid. However, MR
fluids exhibit yield stress of 50e90 kPa. In this research, an effort has been made to
synthesize MR fluid sample/s which will typically meet the requirements of MR brake
applications. In this study, various electrolytic and carbonyl iron powder based MR fluids
have been synthesized by mixing grease as a stabilizer, oleic acid as an antifriction additive
and gaur gum powder as a surface coating to reduce agglomeration of the MR fluid. MR fluid
samples based on sunflower oil, which is bio-degradable, environmentally friendly and
abundantly available, have also been synthesized. These MR fluid samples are characterized
for determination of magnetic, morphological and rheological properties. This study helps
identify most suitable localized MR fluid meant for MR brake application. Copyright © 2015
the Authors. Production & hosting by Elsevier B.V. On behalf of Karabuk University. This is
an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
2.2 Design and testing of a new electric parking brake actuator

Chien-Tai. Huang, Chien-Tzu Chen, Shou-Yi Cheng, Bo-Ruei Chen and Ming-Hu
Huang
Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC)
Electric parking brake (EPB) system provides the roomy space for vehicles compared with
traditional handbrake system. Combining a control unit realizes the intelligent functions,
which make vehicles more convenient and secure, and avoid the vehicle damage and danger
caused by the negligence of drivers. This paper provides a new concept design of the EPB
system that has simple and low-cost characteristics. The testing results have proved the
feasibility of this design. First we describe the working principle of this new design, and then
introduce the arrangement of the testing system, followed by the discussion of experimental
data. The last is conclusion paragraph.
The intelligent function of EPB systems makes the parking brake be operated and released
automatically. That is more convenient to use than traditional systems, and has the following
merits:
1. Use an operation button to replace a hand lever.
2. Because of no hand lever, the vehicle has more spacious space.
3. Combining a control unit, EPB system can be automatically operated and released at the
right time, which makes the operation simpler and the driver feel more comfortable and safe.
There are two types of existing EPB. One is the cable puller, and the other is the caliper. This
new concept design belongs to the cable puller type. Many design concepts of the cable puller
type use the ways of two cables. Some perhaps use one cable to connect by way of the
balancer one divides into two brakes. Minorities also use the design concept of one cable
method, which has small curvature radius of cable that will reduce the cable life and
mechanical efficiency. The new concept design of this paper will also use one cable to
connect two sides of the parking brake, but still maintain the cable life and
Mechanical efficiency.
Benchmarking - In table 1, there are four products of cable type EPB comparing with the new
design concept. The important differences are shown as follows.
 No force sensor lets EPB be simpler and cost less.
 No balancer lets EPB be easily assembled on vehicle.
 No inner cable combine interface lets EPB reduce the production cost and assembly
processes.
 Self-balance feature is useful to reduce difference of two side cable-pulling force.
Therefore, this new design concept has benefits such as without inner cable interface, simple
structure, low cost, and easy assembly.
SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPT DESCRIPTION:

It is not difficult to control an EPB. The mechanism is the key point of EPB system. The
important factors that need be considered include:
 Cable-pulling force.
 Parking brake force can be maintained when the power source of electric motor is off.
 Working time of the actuator.
 The force for two sides of parking brake is near.
Actuator parts –
The schematic drawing of actuator prototype is shown in Figure 1a. It comprises a brush
motor, a pair of screw pole and six reduction gears, and uses one cable and two cable tubes to
connect to two sides of brake. The prototype picture is shown in Figure 1b. The length, width
and height of
this box are 15cm, 10.5cm and 7cm. The volume is approximately 40% smaller than market
products.
Working principle –
This actuator uses one cable only, and two sides of cable connect brakes separately. When the
electric motor rotates clockwise, it actuates the reduction gears (process 3 section reduction),
and then propels the inner screw pole to rotate. When the inner screw pole rotates, it will
actuate the outer screw pole and the guide tube, and then the right cable tube will move to
right side, (the outer screw pole, guide tube and right cable tube are fixed as a combination.)
Therefore, It will cause the cable tube to provide force to cable to pull the two sides of
brakes. Cable-pulling force achieves balance in pulling process, and then keeps the vehicle
motionless when it is parked. When the parking brake need be released, the motor reverses
and the cable-pulling force will disappear. The principle that can make the cable have large
curvature radius will maintain the cable life and mechanical efficiency. Besides, without a
cable balancer, it has fewer inner interfaces for the cable, which provides characteristics of
simple structure, low cost and easy assembly.
Force control method –

To control cable-pulling force to keep the vehicle motionless when it is parked is our target.
The control method of actuator belongs to close loop control. The controller uses feedback
from the current sensor to control the motor. When the feedback motor electric current reach
set value, the controller cuts off the power source. As the motor power source is off, the
screw pole set has self-locking effect, and then the cable-pulling force will be retained. Using
a current sensor instead of force sensor brings benefits of low cost and saving volume.
Fig. 3: The schematic drawing of actuator prototype
System testing construction –
This system testing construction is shown in Figure. The mechanism of EPB and two cable
tubes were fixed on rigid platform, and one end of the cable was connected to the load cell
first, and then the load cell was connected to the brake.
The control unit was connected to the power source. When pressed down the start button, the
motor started transmitting torque to the mechanism of the EPB, and the cable also started
generating pulling force. The cable-pulling force was measured by the load cell, and the
signal of load cell passed through amplifier and transmitted into the data recorder shown on
the notebook finally.
Fig. 4: System testing construction schematic
CONCLUSION OF THIS PAPER
This paper describes a new concept design of EPB and the testing for the EPB prototype. The
results reveal as follows:
1. This paper provides a new concept design of the EPB system that has simple and low-cost
characteristics.
2. The testing results prove the feasibility and excellence of this new concept.
3. This new concept is not only theoretical interest, but also can be applied into a practical
parking brake system.
2.3 Design and Fabrication of Electromechanical Parking Brake System

Sumant Ashok Nayak, Kiran G, Kushal P S, Madhu B V and Dr. Ravishankar M K†
An electromechanical parking brake system for a vehicle consists of an electric motor,
reduction gear train associated with the motor for transmitting motion from the motor to a
lead screw, which pushes the brake pads. This project provides a new concept design of the
EMPB system that has simple and low-cost characteristics. This paper deals with designing,
analysis and fabrication of EMPB system. Electromechanical parking brake system also
referred to as brake by-wire, replace conventional parking braking systems with a completely
electrical component system. This occurs by replacing conventional linkages with electric
motor-driven units. The braking force is generated directly at each wheel by high
performance electric motors and gear reduction, which are controlled by an ECU.
electromechanical systems. This gave birth to ideas of electric parking brake techniques. The
fundamental function of the electric parking brake (EPB) is to activate and release the
parking brake when the vehicle is at a standstill. In first generation of electric parking brake
fitted, a switch on the instrument panel replaces the traditional handbrake lever used to
operate the mechanical parking brake. This switch utilizes an electronic control unit (ECU) to
trigger electromechanical actuators within the wheel brakes or a central actuator that operates
the rear wheel brake via a Bowden cable.
Further, for reducing drivers effort and reminding for application of parking brake, there was
a demand for a completely automated parking brake system, which will be fulfilled by the
upcoming ideas of mechatronic. This paper is based on the development of one such system,
involving the concepts of automobile, mechanical and electronics, known as
Electromechanical parking brake. Hence, there is great demand for an electronic applied
mechanism, with automation for actuation of the parking brake. It should also save space,
reduce overall weight,
complication in linkages, less mechanical parts prone to wear and tear, good responsive
technique, high durability, very less or no involvement of human, easy to repair and
economic. The EMPB system helps to enhance driving safety and comfort and provides
greater freedom in interior design and packaging. EMPB eliminates the need for a parking
brake lever or pedal and improves vehicle styling, space management and crashworthiness.
The EMPB system is composed of one electro-mechanical actuator integrated into the disc
brake caliper and a controller with redundant connections to the power supply, which is
controlled inside the vehicle’s cabin by a simple rocker switch. EPB is electronically
controlled, and features can be designed easily through software giving an enhanced level of
freedom for driver comfort- and safety functionality.
Driver Assistance Systems with focus on Automatic Emergency Brake

Tomas Henriksson
This thesis work aims at performing a survey of those technologies generally called Driver
Assistance Systems (DAS). This thesis work focuses on gathering information in terms of
accident statistics, sensors and functions and analyzing this information and shall thru
accessible information match functions with accidents, functions with sensors etc. This
analysis, based on accidents in United States and Sweden during the period 1998 – 2002 and
two truck accident studies, shows that of all accidents with fatalities or sever injuries
involving a heavy truck almost half are the result of a frontal impact. About one fourth of the
accidents are caused by side impact, whereas single vehicle and rear impact collisions causes
around 14 % each. Of these, about one fourth is collision with unprotected (motorcycles,
mopeds, bicycles, and pedestrians) whereas around 60 % are collision with other vehicles.
More than 90 % of all accidents are partly the result of driver error and about 75 % are
directly the result of driver error. Hence there exist a great opportunity to reduce the number
of accidents by introducing DAS. In this work, an analysis of DAS shows that six of the
systems discussed today have the potential to prevent 40 –50 % of these accidents, whereas
20 – 40 % are estimated to actually having the chance to be prevented.
The Electronic Parking Brake Module:

Range Rover Sport and Land Rover Discovery
The Electronic Parking Brake Module, also known as the EPB actuator, is fitted to the Range
Rover Sport from 2005 onwards and the Land Rover Discovery 3 & 4. Whilst generally
reliable we wish to draw your attention to the following installation procedure. If the parking
brake will not release, or appears not to have released when moving off, a loud screeching
noise may be heard from the rear of the vehicle. This combined with a parking sensor
flashing on the dashboard could indicate the EPB module has failed. The parking brake can
be released manually: in the Discovery 3 and 4 by removing the small rectangular plastic
cover situated just behind the parking brake lever. On the Range Rover Sport the EPB lever
needs to be removed by unscrewing 2 screws. Inside the console there is a wire cable loop,
pulling this will release the parking brake.
TRW Automotive Develops and Tests Electric Parking Brake

TRW Auto motive’s electric parking brake (EPB) offers many advantages over traditional
parking brakes. By eliminating the need for a parking brake lever or pedal, the EPB provides
greater flexibility in the vehicle’s interior design. The EPB’s onboard computer can be
integrated with the vehicle’s stability control system.. For example, it can be configured to
release the brake when the vehicle accelerates, activate the brake when the driver’s door
opens, and prevent the vehicle from rolling backward when starting from a stop. Because the
EPB is a critical part of the
parking application, TRW had to test every operation and branch of the control software.
TRW used Math Works tools for Model-Based Design to model and simulate the control
system of the IEC 61508–certified EPB.
With Simulink Design Verifier™ TRW engineers automatically generated tests, an approach
that helped the group achieve 100 percent coverage of their Simulink and State of low
models. “Simulink Design Verifier enabled us to bring the formal testing of our software in-
house and verify our design in the first phases of development, when defects are easier and
less costly to fix,” notes Christoph Hellwig, team lead at TRW. The Challenge On previous
projects, an external vendor manually wrote and performed tests on TRW’s code. Using the
test results, TRW developers analyzed and debugged their code. The process was expensive
and prone
to miscommunication and delays. Further, manual testing left some portions of the designs
uncovered by tests. “We decided to bring this process in-house, not only to reduce costs, but
also to develop this type of software verification expertise within our organization,” says
Hellwig. TRW sought to improve its test process and provide meaningful and actionable
feedback to developers much earlier in the develop-ment cycle.
The Solution:
The software development group at TRW had used MATLAB® and Simulink to develop a
detailed software design specification, which enabled them to change their test process. TRW
engineers used Simulink Design Verifier to generate tests that enabled them to meet their
customer’s requirement for 100 percent coverage on the EPB control system model. Ling
Zhu, test engineer at TRW, used Simulink Design Verifier to automatically generate tests
from the same models that were used for development of code. The test engineers then ran
the generated test cases to review the test results. They also used Simulink Verification and
Validation™ to generate model coverage reports that highlighted untested elements of the
EPB design and provided developers with insight into areas of the model that were not being
exercised. Developers use these reports to shorten the time needed to resolve defects.
Fig 5.TRW auto motives Electronic parking brake control system.
The Results:
Test case development time reduced from days to hours. “Writing tests for complex models
using manual processes required several days of effort,” says Hellwig. “With Simulink
Design Verifier, we automatically generate the tests and get reliable, repeatable test results in
a few hours. For simpler models that previously required a full day of manual test writing, we
have results within a few minutes.”100 percent model coverage achieved. “We supplemented
the automatically generated test cases from Simulink Design Verifier with just a few
handwritten tests and attained 100 percent code coverage,” says Hellwig. “With the manual
process, we were
Unable to achieve this level of coverage.”Formal testing begun two months into the project.
“Given the expense of third-party testing, we used to wait until function freeze, or about one
year into the project, to begin formal testing,” says Hellwig. “Simulink Design Verifier
enables us to per-form this testing in-house, so we can provide meaningful feedback to
development starting with initial builds, often just two months after the project begins.”
Industries
• Automotive
Application Areas
• System design and simulation
• Verification, validation, and test
• Control design
Products Used
• MATLAB
• Simulink
• Simulink Design Verifier
• Simulink Verification and Validation
• State flow
Electronic parking brake tech:

Auto Service Professional Magazine:
Every day in every way, electronics are taking over mechanical tasks. Thanks to alleged
unintended acceleration, almost everyone now knows about throttle by wire. But parking
brakes by wire still seems like a secret for many, even professionals. Yet, the technology is
not so new. Electronic parking brakes have been around since the mid-2000s. The 2004 Audi
A8 had them. Since the 2009 model year, all Audi vehicles have electronic parking brakes. So
do some Volkswagens, Volvos, Cadillacs, Buicks, Jaguars, Lexuses and more.
There are two basic designs. The first, and simplest, still uses cables to actuate the parking
brakes in the traditional manner. Cables from the wheels attach to a motor that pulls and
releases similar to the way a manual lever pulls and releases. But an electrical switch replaces
the lever. Lexus, for example, uses this design.
Closing the circuit sends a signal to the parking brake module that, in turn, turns the
reversible motor to apply the brakes. Upon close examination, you may think that the motor
looks a lot like a window regulator motor, and you would be right. Of course the torque is
multiplied substantially by a transmission.
The second design has no cables. Instead, the actuators are attached directly to the rear
calipers. A signal to the controller relays power to the motors to clamp the brake pads against
the rotors. The distance the pads have to move is minimal, but must be maintained through
regular adjustment, which is done automatically. Volkswagen, for example, uses this design.
In most cases, a parking brake switch, either a pull on/push off or a push on/push off, actuates
the parking brakes. In some cases, the brakes are actuated when the transmission is shifted
into park. On systems with the caliper-mounted motors, the electronic parking brake can
double as a hill-hold for vehicles with a manual transmission. Of course, these command
circuits have been added to the vehicle CAN bus which has been on virtually all cars sold in
the U.S. since it was made mandatory with the 2008 model year.
Fig.6: Lexus system is typical of the single motor system that actuates traditional shoe-
in-hat parking brakes.
Single motor/cable system:

Let’s take a look at the 2009 Lexus LS 460 as an example of the single motor/cable system.
In the manual mode, the parking brakes are set by activating a switch while in the automatic
mode; the brakes are activated when the transmission is shifted into and out of park, while
pressing the brake pedal. As long as the car is not moving, pressing the switch runs the motor
to tighten the parking brake cable. The tension will be increased to a value depending on the
tilt of the vehicle (hills) based on input from the yaw rate and acceleration sensor. Once it
reaches the desired clamping force, the motor stops and maintains the tension.
When the switch is pulled up for release, the motor turns in the opposite direction until the
slack reaches a predetermined value. All values are orchestrated by the control module. If the
switch is pressed while the car is moving, the brakes will apply for as long as the switch is
held, then will release as Based on input from the yaw rate and deceleration sensor, the
electronic parking brakes are applied to provide hill-hold ability. soon as the switch is
released.
If the battery dies, the parking brake system won’t operate. To release the parking brakes
manually, a special tool is included along with the jack tools. Install the correct bit on the
tool, remove the plug from the spare tire well, insert the tool and turn counterclockwise to
release.
Fig.7: block diagram of Lexus system is typical of the single motor electric parking
brake system
If power was totally lost, or the control module or motor replaced, the electronic parking
brake system will have to be re-initialized. Of course, a scan tool is required. Incidentally, the
parking brake operates even if the CAN system quits. Servicing the brake pads, calipers and
parking brake shoes does not require any special techniques.
Caliper-mounted motors:
The Volkswagen Passat is an example of a car with caliper-mounted motors that actuate the
caliper pistons to move the brake pads to create clamping force. The components are
designed to hold the car securely, even if the onboard electric power supply fails. Indicator
lights in the instrument cluster and in the EPB button switch show whether the parking brake
has been activated. An operating noise from the EPB also indicates that the brake is being
applied.
A large button (to the left of the headlight switch) operates the electronic parking brake. The
dynamic automatic release makes manual release unnecessary. It releases the parking brakes
upon driving off. In the VW system, the control module is built into the caliper’s motor
assembly rather than separately. Care must be taken when servicing the brake pads on these
vehicles. It cannot be done without a scan tool.
Retracting the calipers:

Briefly, here is the technique to retract the calipers: Using the scan tool, cycle the brakes on
and off to erase any stored trouble codes. Then use the proper scan tool commands to retract
the calipers. If the caliper pistons do not retract, but the motor has run and tried to retract
them, the pistons then need to be pushed back manually. After replacing the brake pads, you
have to set the proper pad-to-rotor clearance. After cycling the parking brake switch on and
off three times, use your scan tool to set the basic pad setting. The calipers will grab and
release three times.
Driver Assistance Systems with focus on Automatic Emergency Brake

Tomas Henriksson
This thesis work aims at performing a survey of those technologies generally called Driver
Assistance Systems (DAS). This thesis work focuses on gathering information in terms of
accident statistics, sensors and functions and analyzing this information and shall thru
accessible information match functions with accidents, functions with sensors etc. This
analysis, based on accidents in United States and Sweden during the period 1998 – 2002 and
two truck accident studies, shows that of all accidents with fatalities or sever injuries
involving a heavy truck almost half are the result of a frontal impact. About one fourth of the
accidents are caused by side impact, whereas single vehicle and rear impact collisions causes
around 14 % each. Of these, about one fourth is collision with unprotected (motorcycles,
mopeds, bicycles, and pedestrians) whereas around 60 % are collision with other vehicles.
More than 90 % of all accidents are partly the result of driver error and about 75 % are
directly the result of driver error. Hence there exist a great opportunity to reduce the number
of accidents by introducing DAS. In this work, an analysis of DAS shows that six of the
systems discussed today have the potential to prevent 40 –50 % of these accidents, whereas
20 – 40 % are estimated to actually having the chance to be prevented.
2.4 International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 4,
April 2013 ISSN 2250-3153 www.ijsrp.org Review on Parking Brake Lateral Play in
Four Wheeler Prof: Wakchaure P.B , Prof: Borkar B.R.
A parking brake (PB) system is a type of mechanical brake-by-wire system that is the
conventional lever parking system by generating a clamping force for parking using lever
system. At the push of a button, a driver can easily apply or release the parking brake; this
enables elderly or disabled persons to easily apply a full braking load. The PB system
operates quickly and over a wide force range through the use of electrical components It is
sometimes also used to prevent a vehicle from rolling when the operator needs both feet to
operate the clutch and throttle pedals. Automobile hand brakes usually consist of a cable
directly connected to the brake mechanism on one end and to a lever or foot pedal at the
driver's position. The mechanism is often a hand-operated lever (hence the hand brake), on
the floor on either side of the driver or a pull handle located below and near the steering
wheel column, or a (foot-operated) pedal located far apart from the other pedals. Although
sometimes known as an emergency brake, using it in any emergency where the footbrake is
still operational is likely to badly upset the brake balance of the car and vastly increase the
likelihood of loss of control of the vehicle, for example by initiating a rear-wheel skid.
Additionally, the stopping force provided by using the handbrake is small and would not
significantly aid in stopping the vehicle. Index Terms By compensating for the inertia effect
through the novel on–off control method, our control logic can be implemented using a
simple control unit without a PWM driver. After whole study on parking brake system we
will work on lateral play in parking brake which is requirement of customer we are facing
problem in the parking brake system regarding the lateral plays requirements. Customer
desires the lateral play in parking brake (at 0th notch and at 11th notch of ratchet) should be
in the specified limits. For that they want to modify the existing assembly of parking brake.
The most common use for a parking brake is to keep the vehicle motionless when it is parked.
Parking brakes have a ratchet locking mechanism that will keep them engaged until a release
button is pressed. They are recommended always to be left with the handbrake engaged, in
concert with their lowest gear (usually either first or reverse). It is operated by pushing the
lever down with one's hand to apply the brake, and pulling it upwards to release it. However,
this has been known to cause severe back problems in drivers who do this regularly and many
choose to push it up with their feet. Some cars with automatic transmission are fitted with
automatically releasing parking brakes.
For Large vehicles are usually fitted with power operated or power assisted handbrakes.
Power assisted handbrakes are usually found on large vans as well as some older heavy
vehicles. These operate in the same way as a conventional handbrake, but pulling the lever
will operate a valve that allows air or hydraulic pressure or vacuum into a cylinder which
applies force to the brake shoes and makes applying the handbrake easier. A recent variation
is the electric parking brake. It is expected that these systems will incorporate other features
in the future. BMW, Renault, already have a system where the emergency brake initiates
when the car stops and then goes off as soon as the gas pedal is pressed preventing the car
from rolling.
The new feature is called a hill hold. The vehicle operator can easily turn off the
system. However, this method requires an additional electric circuit to drive a DC motor here
use an on–off control method for the force control logic to supply the maximum voltage until
the clamping force reaches the desired final force. Using this method, the DC motor
Continues to rotate after the power is cut-off due to its momentum, resulting in an excessive
clamping force. For functions that need fast or repeated apply-release operations such as anti-
lock brake systems (ABS) and drive-away release, the excessive clamping force may cause a
longer release time. Thus, the excessive force caused by the inertia effect should be
compensated for.
The one of the up growing industry in developing and producing brake systems
and body parts for their valuable customers. Company is facing problem in the parking brake
system regarding the lateral play requirements. They are unable to meet the following
requirements of the customer. A load of 4.5-5 N to be applied laterally from both left to right
and right to left sides at 40 mm grip point ‘G’ when the lever is at initial position and the
lateral play should be within 5 mm. i. A load of 222 N to be applied laterally from both left
and right sides at 40 mm grip point ‘G’ when the lever is at 75% full apply means 11th notch
(consider initial position as 0th notch) and the lateral play should be within 20 mm. (While
perform this test do not connect the rope to the lever) Now it is the time to articulate the
research work with ideas gathered in above steps by adopting any of below suitable
approaches: In this approach combine all your researched information in form of a journal or
research paper. In this researcher can take the reference of already accomplished work as a
starting building block of its paper. Jump Start This approach works the best in guidance of
fellow researchers.
In this the authors continuously receives or asks inputs from their fellows. It enriches the
information pool of your paper with expert comments or up gradations. And the researcher
feels confident about their work and takes a jump to start the paper writing. There are
numbers of software available which can mimic the process involved in your research work
and can produce the possible result. One of such type of software is Matlab. You can readily
find M files related to your research work on internet or in some cases these can require few
modifications. Once these M files are uploaded in software, you can get the simulated results
of your paper and it easies the process of paper writing. As by adopting the above practices
all major constructs of a research paper can be written and together compiled to form a
complete research ready for Peer review.
2.5 International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 4, Issue
1, January-February, 2016 ISSN 2091-2730 214 www.ijergs.org AUTOMATIC HAND
BRAKE SYSTEM S. THIVAGAR, C. NANTHA KUMAR.
Hand brake is one of the most important components in vehicles. In general the hand brake is
operated manually in our project, We are developing Automatic Hand Brake System for
safety purpose. The hand brake engagement and disengagement is done with the help of
proximity sensors and rack & pinion Keywords-sensors, motor, microcontroller, rack &
pinion, IR sensors, relays, hand brake.
In cars the hand brake is a latching brake usually used to keep the car stationary. automobiles
e-brakes usually consist of a cable directly connected to a brake mechanism on one end and
to some type of mechanism that can be actuated by the driver on the other end .the
mechanisms is often a hand –operated lever, on the floor on either side of the driver, a pull
handle located below and near the steering wheel column, or a pedal located far apart from
the other pedals.
Fig: Automatic hand break
Although sometimes known as an emergency brake, using it in any emergency where the
footbrake is still operational is likely to badly upset the brake balance of the car vat increase
the likelihood of loss of control of a vehicle for example by initiating the rear – wheel skid.
Additionally, the stopping force provided using the hand brake of or in addition to the
footbrake is usually small and would not significantly aid in stopping the vehicle, again
because it usually operates on rear wheel while braking .the emergency brake is instead
intended for use in case of mechanical failure where the regular footbrake is inoperable or
compromised, hopefully with opportunity to apply the brake in a controlled manner to bring
the vehicle to a safe. If gentle half before seeking service assistance The most common use
for an automobile emergency brake is to keep the vehicle motionless when it is parked, thus
the alternative name, parking brake .car emergency brake have a ratchet locking mechanism
that will keep them engaged until a release button is pressed . on vehicles with automatic
transmission, this is usually used in concert with parking pawl in the transmission
.automotive safety experts recommended the use of both system is required by laws in some
jurisdictions .yet many individuals use only the park position on the automatic transmission
and not the parking brake.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an infinitely large
radius of curvature. Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack with a pinion;
the pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight line. Such a mechanism is used in automobiles
to convert the rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of the tie
rod(s).Linear actuation is used to engage the hand brake lever and disengagement is done by
spring tension.
Line Diagram:
AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE:
The Hand brake lever is coupled with rack and pinion setup. A motor used to apply and
release the hand brake through Rack. Motor driven by the control unit (Micro controller)
using sensors. Sensors give a signal to control unit when the vehicles is in rest stage. One
sensor placed near gear lever to find lever in neutral position and another sensor placed near
any one wheel of vehicle to confirm the wheel is not running state the last sensors is used to
detect whether the ignition is ON or OFF. Control unit attach the Hand brake when vehicle is
in idle stage that is confirmed by the sensors. Also control unit will release the brake when
gear lever is changed from neutral.
FIG: 3D DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE

3. SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPT DESCRIPTION
The parking brakes or the hand brakes must be locked every time when the vehicle is parked.
While travelling in hilly areas, these brakes are highly useful. Hence our project incorporates
the feature of the automatic hand brake release system. That is every time, the key is inserted
in its slot for ignition, the control unit senses and sends signals to activate the motor, the
motor releases the hand brake through a cable. On the other hand, when the key is released
after parking, the motor is controlled by the control unit and is rotated in the reverse direction
such that the hand brakes are locked automatically.
Circuit design:
As shown is figure, microcontroller is always supplied with 5V DC and sends the actuating
signal of range 0V to 5V to relay based on the ignition condition of engine. Relay is supplied
with 12V DC and switches the motor to rotate either clockwise or anticlockwise. As the
motor rotates, it produces some electrical noises and high voltage. So to prevent
microcontroller components from damage due to this noise and high voltage, we are using
opto-coupler in between microcontroller and relay board.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING
“AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE RELEASE” is nothing but one of the braking systems in
automobile at the time of vehicle switches off condition. In this braking system motorized
operated one. In this project, the control unit is received the signal from the key switch. The
key switch is ‘ON’ at the time of vehicle start condition. The first time clutch is applied so
that the motor is rotating in forward direction for 2 sec to release the brake (Already wheel is
on braking condition). The key switch is ‘OFF’ the motor is rotating in reward direction for 2
sec to applying the brakes.
COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
The major components that are employed in the fabrication of the automatic hand brake
release system are as follows.
• Motor,
• Control unit,
• Wheel arrangement,
• Frame,
• Key inserting slot.
• Braking system.
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
1.FRAME:
Base frame design:

WE design a basic frame for a prototype by mild steel channel (L beam),
L Channel- MS Angles are L-shaped structural steel represented by dimension of sides &
thickness. For e.g. 25x25x3 means, both the sides of angles are 25 mm & thickness is of 3
mm. There are various sizes of angles which are as follows :-( there are also equal & unequal
angles). Equal angles: - They are angles having both the sides of equal dimensions. For e.g.
refer below given diagram, in which both the sides are of dimensions “a”.
Fig. L-angle bar dimensions
By standard available sizes we select the 25 mm so because that will be easily available and
have appropriate size for frame.
Fig. frame with dimensions in mm
2. LOCK SET:
A lock set is the hardware and the components that make up the locking or latching
mechanism that is usually found in doors or other hinged object but can also include sliding
doors and drivers. But we are using the lock for arrest the motion of rack at the one end. The
push button will be released at the end when the rack exceeds the marked position and
prevent the rack from sliding back. This button is directly coupled with gear lever so that
when the gear is changed, the push button will be released.
3. RELAYS:
Relays are the electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principals are also used such as solid state
relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by low power signal (with
complete electrical isolation between control unit and controlled circuits).We are using the
relays for switching the motor ON or OFF. For making automatic hand brake system more
efficient, these relays should be operated perfectly in all driving and climatic conditions.
4. MOTOR
Type – 12 volt geared DC motor:
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of
the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and
motion in a straight line.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct-
current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a
wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its
field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor
can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and
appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists,
or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of
DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
Gear motors are electric motors that utilize a type of gear system on the output of the motor.
This gearing arrangement is called a gear reducer or gearbox. The combination of an electric
motor and gearbox reduces design complexity and lowers cost, particularly for motors built
for high torque and low speed applications. In addition, gearboxes can be used as a means to
reorient the output shaft in a different direction.
Fig. 12 volt, 100 rpm geared DC motor
5. CONTROL UNIT:
In automotive electronics, Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is a generic term for any embedded
system that controls one or more of the electrical system or subsystems in a motor vehicle.
Types of ECU include Electronic/engine Control Module (ECM), Power train Control
Module (PCM), Transmission Control Module (TCM), Brake Control Module (BCM or
EBCM), Central Control Module (CCM), Central Timing Module (CTM), General Electronic
Module (GEM), Body Control Module (BCM), Suspension Control Module (SCM), control
unit, or control module. Taken together, these systems are sometimes referred to as the car's
computer. Technically there is no single computer but multiple ones. Sometimes one
assembly incorporates several of the individual control modules.
Some modern motor vehicles have up to 80 ECUs. Embedded software in ECUs continues to
increase in line count, complexity, and sophistication. Managing the increasing complexity
and number of ECUs in a vehicle has become a key challenge for original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs).
In our project we use the control unit for controlling the DC motor that activates/deactivates
the vehicle braking system. It is very simple in operation that, when the brake lock system is
activated from the remote, the control unit switches on the motor and when it is deactivated
from the remote, then the control unit reverses the motor direction.
Fig. Circuit diagram for electronic control unit
Switching mechanism:
The E48 DIN-Style Safety Key Interlock Limit Switch is designed to be used with movable
guards or covers which must be closed for operational safety. The key portion of the switch is
affixed to the movable door, cover or other such guard. The switch itself is mounted to a rigid
portion of the machine. When the guard is opened, the key is removed from the switch,
thereby positively brake ing the normally closed contacts. This interrupts the control circuit,
stopping machine operation.
Ambient Temperature: Operation and Storage: -30 to 70°C (-22 to 158°F) minimum
temperature is based upon absence of freezing water or moisture
Mechanical Life: 1 million operations minimum
Electrical Life: 150,000 operations minimum
Short Circuit Protection
Recommended: 10 A fuse (type gl or gG) (IEC 269)
Rated Insulation Voltage: 400 V (EN 60947-5-1)
Electric Shock Protection: Insulation Class II (IEC 536)
Operating Force (extraction): 14.7 N (3.30 lbƒ)
Release Force (insertion): 29.4 N (6.60 lbƒ)
Total Travel: 1.10" minimum (28 mm)
Power supply:
This is power supply for 8051 microcontroller.

5 volt DC, 500 mA.
Transformer:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying
magnetic field through the se
condary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF)
or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
Fig: Transformer Symbol
(or)
Transformer is a device that converts the one form energy to another form of energy like a
transducer.
Fig: Transformer
Basic Principle:
A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron core to
efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so that if the
voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.
Voltage Regulator:
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages. There are two types of regulator are they.
 Positive Voltage Series (78xx) and
 Negative Voltage Series (79xx)
78xx:
’78’ indicate the positive series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7805
produces the maximum 5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is 5V.
79xx:
’78’ indicate the negative series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7905
produces the maximum -5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is -5V.
These regulators consists the three pins there are
Pin1: It is used for input pin.
Pin2: This is ground pin for regulator
Pin3: It is used for output pin. Through this pin we get the output.
Figure: Regulator
LCD:
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs
(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which
are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task
of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying
the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means
that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different
messages on a miniature LCD.
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in
two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation
marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user
makes up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance
of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.
6. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:
The Intel MCS-51 (commonly termed 8051) is a Harvard architecture, complex instruction
set computing (CISC) instruction set, single chip microcontroller (µC) series developed by
Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems.[1] Intel's original versions were popular in the
1980s and early 1990s and enhanced binary compatible derivatives remain popular today.
Intel P8051 microcontroller.
Intel's original MCS-51 family was developed using N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor

(NMOS) technology, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name (e.g., 80C51)
used complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology and consume less
power than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable for battery-powered
devices.
Important features and application-

I8051 microarchitecture
 The 8051 architecture provides many functions (central processing unit (CPU),
random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), input/output (I/O),
interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in one package:
 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and accumulator, 8-bit registers (one 16-bit register
with special move instructions), 8-bit data bus and 2×16-bit address bus/program
counter/data pointer and related 8/11/16-bit operations; hence it is mainly an 8-bit
microcontroller
 Boolean processor with 17 instructions, 1-bit accumulator, 32 registers (4 bit-
addressable 8-bit) and up to 144 special 1 bit-addressable RAM variables (18 bit-
addressable 8-bit)[3] Multiply, divide and compare instructions
 4 fast switchable register banks with 8 registers each (memory mapped) Fast interrupt
with optional register bank switching Interrupts and threads with selectable priority[4]
 Dual 16-bit address bus – It can access 2 x 216 memory locations – 64 KB (65,536
locations) each of RAM and ROM 128 bytes of on-chip RAM (IRAM)
 4 KiB of on-chip ROM, with a 16-bit (64 KiB) address space (PMEM). Not included
on 803X variants Four 8-bit bi-directional input/output port
 UART (serial port)
 Two 16-bit Counter/timers
 Power saving mode (on some derivatives).
Motor driver L293d:
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver integrated circuit which is used to drive
direct current on either direction. It is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors
simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single
L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC). The L293D can drive small
and quite big motors as well.
Concept:
It works on the concept of H-bridge, a circuit which allows the high voltage to be flown in
either direction. In a single L293D IC there two H-bridge circuit inside the it which can rotate
two dc motor independently. Due to its size it is frequently used in robotic application for
controlling DC motors.
The H-bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity/direction of the motor, but
can also be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motor's
terminals are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively
disconnected from the circuit. The following table summarizes operation, with S1-S4
corresponding to the diagram above.
S1 S2 S3 S4 Result
1 0 0 1 Motor moves right
0 1 1 0 Motor moves left
0 0 0 0 Motor coasts
0 1 0 1 Motor brakes
1 0 1 0 Motor brakes
1 1 0 0 Short circuit
7. WHEEL ARRANGEMENT:
The simple wheel and braking arrangement is fixed to the frame stand. Near the brake drum,
the pneumatic cylinder piston is fixed. This wheel arrangement is setup for showing the
successful working of our project. But the real implementation can be done in the automobile
and the brakes can be applied to all the four wheels.
8. ELECTRONIC RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate

a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits,
repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were
used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
9. EMERGENCY SWITCH:
An emergency switch is provided to the circuit to meets the emergency condition.

Emergency switch is a common type one way switch and is used in the same circuit of limit
switch. If driver needs parking brake when he is on the driving seat this switch can be used.
Diagram illustrates an extremely simple circuit. (For the moment, ignore the dotted
line and the points A and B). The battery is represented by 4 lines (the longer line being
positive and the shorter one negative). Starting from the negative end of the battery, electrons
"circle" through one wire, pass through the light bulb, pass through the other wire and then
return to the battery thereby completing the circuit.
This is all well and good but there are 2 drawbacks to this circuit 1) the light always
stays on and 2) the power is constantly being used. How can we turn the light bulb 'off'? Well,
we could unscrew the bulb from the socket but in the real world this is very inconvenient.
(Light bulbs are inside fixtures, on ceilings and so on). Perhaps we could disconnect the
power at the source. This too is very inconvenient. You would have to go down to your
basement to shut the power off. Or - much more dangerous - you would have to disconnect
the electrical supply wire before it reaches the light socket.
This circuit is used as an emergency circuit in automatic parking brake
system. An emergency switching is provided through this circuit. when driver needs parking
brake , when he is on the driving seat, then this switch can act as similar to limit switch.
BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION:
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron
yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and
one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to
the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place
by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit.
In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other
set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function.
The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures
continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on
the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that
attracts the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes
or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of
contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts
and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open.
When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force,
approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force
is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most
relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in
a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil
to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Some
automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case. Alternatively, a contact protection
network consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series (snubber circuit) may absorb the
surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), a small copper
"shading ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-phase
current which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.
A solid-state relay uses a thyristor or other solid-state switching device, activated by
the control signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid. A light-emitting
diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor can be used to isolate control and controlled
circuits.
SPECIFICATION
1. FRAME:
L-angle- 35x35x3
Frame dimensions: 550x300x300
Material: Mild Steel
2. 12 V DC motor:
 Standard nominal voltage = 12 V
 No load speed = 100 rpm
 No load current = 2A
 Nominal speed = 100 rpm
 Nominal torque = 70 Nm.
 Nominal power = 8 watt
 Max power = 70 watt
 Max. efficiency = 80 %
3. 12V Lead acid battery:
Voltage: 12 Volt
Capacity: 2 Ah
Type: Sealed Lead Acid Battery
Length: 5.95"
Width: 2.56"
Height: 3.71"
4. Wheel:
Moped wheel (Honda Activa)

 Tyre size 90/100-10
 Rim size 10 inch
 Brake type & size Drum 130mm
5. Controller:
8051 microcontroller specifications:

 Dual 16-bit address bus – It can access 2 x 216 memory locations – 64 KB (65,536
locations) each of RAM and ROM 128 bytes of on-chip RAM (IRAM)
 4 KiB of on-chip ROM, with a 16-bit (64 KiB) address space (PMEM). Not included
on 803X variants Four 8-bit bi-directional input/output port
 UART (serial port)
 Two 16-bit Counter/timers
 Boolean processor with 17 instructions, 1-bit accumulator, 32 registers (4 bit-

addressable 8-bit) and up to 144 special 1 bit-addressable RAM variables (18 bit-
addressable 8-bit)[3] Multiply, divide and compare instructions
6. Shaft
Shaft diameter= 15mm

Number of shafts required =1
Length of shafts required = 1 foot = 300 mm
Material= EN8 Steel
CALCULATION
1.Design of Frame:
……………………s. (1)
Bending moment (M) =force *perpendicular distance
=40*600*
Bending moment (M) =235440Nmm
 I=
I=125052.08mm4
 Therefore above value use in equation no(1).

Therefore,
σb=32.9Nmm
32.9<105
Hence design is safe.
2.design of shaft:
…………………….(1)
 Bending moment=force*perpendicular distance
=5*9.81
Bending moment=22072.5Nmm
 For diameter 15mm,
I= *d4
= *154
=2483.78
Therefore ,
σb=8.86*7.5
=66.64
therefore, design is safe.
3.THEORETICAL BRAKE POWER CALCULATION:
Brake force:
When parking on an inclined road, the lower axle has a higher load than it does on the level
road.
As per our assumptions (above sketch),
h = height of center of gravity (CG) =
b = wheelbase =
l = distance of CG from rear axle =
Rf = load on front axle
Rr = load on rear axle
W = weight of the vehicle assumed =
Ҩ = angle of slope = 30o

Now,
&
Brake force required between road and tire is R
where,
μ = coefficient of friction between road and tire = 0.8
Tangential force (P) calculation: Tangential force required at circumference to
4.TORQUE REQUIRED BY MOTOR TO BRAKE THE WHEEL:
The torque required to tilt the solar panel with frame structure is as follows:
 Total mass of WHEEL = 4 kg (consider structural mild steel system)
 WHEEL OUTER DIAMETER = 400 mm = 0.4 m

 Angular velocity of tilting is 100 rpm = 100/60 rps
 Amount of Torque required to apply brakes is :
T=Mgr.sinθ + Iα
Where,
Mg=weight of the tilting mechanism.
I = Moment of Inertia I= mk2,
α = angular acceleration of the tilting mechanism
To calculate torque required for braking and force required for that we need to find above
values
1. Radius of gyration:
For rectangular object the radius of gyration can be obtained as,
k2= 1/3((D/2)2
Where D is diameter of wheel in m

D =400 mm = 0.4 m
So,
k2= 1/3((D/2)2 = 1/3((0.4/2)2
k2 = 0.0133 m.
k = 0.1154 m = 115 mm.
To calculate I (inertia of the tilting mechanism)
I= mk2
= 4*0.1152
= 0.0529 kg.m2
2. To calculate angular acceleration:
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity. In SI units, it is measured

in radians per second squared (rad/s2), and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha (α)
The angular acceleration can be defined as either:
where is the angular velocity and , (usually defined as the radius of the circular path of
which a point moving along), is the distance from the origin of the coordinate system that
defines and to the point of interest.
We need to find angular velocity.
Angular velocity:
The angular velocity is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement and is
a vector quantity (more precisely, a pseudo vector) which specifies the angular speed
(rotational speed) of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating. This speed can
be measured in the SI unit of angular velocity, radians per second, or in terms of degrees per
second, degrees per hour, etc. Angular velocity is usually represented by the
symbol omega (ω, rarely Ω).
The direction of the angular velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a
direction which is usually specified by the right-hand rule.
In two dimensions the angular velocity ω is given by
ω = 2πN
The angular acceleration is,
α = angular velocity / time
= ω/t
= 2πN / t
For one t= minute = 60 sec.
= 2*3.142*100 / 60*60
= 1.74 rad/sec2
On substituting the values in equation 1, we get,
T= Mg r sinθ + Iα
T= (4*9.81×0.2×sin90) + (0.0529 × 1.74) = 38.84 N-m
3. Amount of Force required for braking :

T= F r
38.84= F*0.2
F= 194.24 N
COST ESTIMATION
SR COMPONENT COST IN RS.
NO
1 BASE FRAME 400
2 WHEEL 600
3 BRAKING MECHANISM 800
4 KEY SLOT MECHANISM 400
5 DC GEARED MOTOR 700
ECU UNIT (TOTAL) 550
6 8051 MICROCONTROLLER 400
7 SWITCHING MECHANISM 600
8 L293D MOTOR DRIVER 350
9 FABRICATION 2000
10 ASSEMBLY 2000
11 other 1200
12 TOTAL 10,000/-
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:
1) Free from wear adjustment.

2) Reduce the manual work
3) Less skill technicians is sufficient to operate.
4) Installation is simplified very much.
5) Low cost
6) Improves parking experience in hills
7) Very compact.
8) Emergency stop and start is possible.
9) Sensing can be easily done using sensors.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Addition cost is required to install this system to four wheeler .

2. Cylinder stroke length is constant
APPLICATION
 Four wheeler application
 It is also implemented in two wheeler.
CONCLUSION
The automatic hand braking system i.e. electromechanical parking brake help with automatic
parking brake application based on engine ignition condition. This provides safe braking is
assured in slopes and hill starts with the help of “HOLD” function. This system has complete
automatic operation for easy drivability and safety. This system also gets some advanced
options like hold function in head to head traffic and inclined roads, which would promise the
drivers and vehicle owners with a safe pleasure drive and stops. The response time of hand
break release system is good. Hence, applies and releases the parking brake in very short time
period.
The EMPB system has greater relative advantages over the conventional parking system and
will find maximum application in the future because of its significance.
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our limited
knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing,
assembling and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the project work is a
good solution to bridge the gates between the institution and the industries.
PHOTOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
[1] Chien-Tai. Huang, Chien-Tzu Chen, Shou-Yi Cheng, Bo-Ruei Chen and Ming-Hu Huang,
Design and Testing of a New Electric Parking Brake Actuator, Paper #:2008-01-2555,
Published on 2008-10-12, SAE Int. J. Passenger Cars- Mechanical system in Automotive
Research & Testing Center (ARTC), Taiwan. Link- http://papers.sae.org/2008- 01-2555/
[2] Wolfsburg, The electro parking brake-Design and function, Volkswagen AG, Technical
status: 03.2005 Volkswagen AG Service Training VK-21. Link- www. volkspage. net/technik/
ssp/ ssp/ SSP_346.pdf
[3] Tatsuya Yamasaki, Masaaki Eguchi, Yusuke Makino, NTN technical review No.75(2007),
Need of an Electromechanical Brake, Link- www.ntn-snr.com/portal /fr/enen/
file.../NTN_TR75_en_P0531.pdf
[4] William H Crouse and Donald L Anglin, Automotive mechanics, SIE 10th edition 2008,
McGraw hill education(India) private limited, ISBN 978-0-07-063435-0
[5] Chih Feng Lee, A thesis on Brake force control and judder compensation of an automotive
brake by wire, 2013, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia, Link- dtl.unimelb.edu. au/ researchfile 304026.pdf
[6] Lee Y O, Wongoo Lee, Lee C W, Novel clamping force control for electric parking brake
systems, Published in Asian Control Conference, 2009. Linkhttp:// ieeexplore.ieee.org/
xpl/article Details.jsp? tp=&arnumber=527612 5& query Text%3 Delectric+parking+brake.

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AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE RELEASE

SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

10. SYSTEM DESIGN

11. TORQUE AND FORCE REQUIRED FOR BRAKING

13. COST ESTIMATION

14. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

We have pleasure in introducing our new project “AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE

Hudson automobiles used an unusual hybrid hydraulic-mechanical dual-brake system which

2.1 Novel design of the integrated Electric Parking Brake system

Fig. 2: The illustration of self-locking mechanism and its exploded view

System test construction –

2.2 Design and testing of a new electric parking brake actuator

SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPT DESCRIPTION:

Force control method –

Fig. 3: The schematic drawing of actuator prototype

System testing construction –

CONCLUSION OF THIS PAPER

2.3 Design and Fabrication of Electromechanical Parking Brake System

Driver Assistance Systems with focus on Automatic Emergency Brake

The Electronic Parking Brake Module:

TRW Automotive Develops and Tests Electric Parking Brake

Fig 5.TRW auto motives Electronic parking brake control system.

Electronic parking brake tech:

Single motor/cable system:

Retracting the calipers:

Driver Assistance Systems with focus on Automatic Emergency Brake

FIG: 3D DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC HAND BRAKE

Base frame design:

Fig. L-angle bar dimensions

Type – 12 volt geared DC motor:

Fig. 12 volt, 100 rpm geared DC motor

This is power supply for 8051 microcontroller.

Fig: Transformer Symbol

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant

These regulators consists the three pins there are

Pin1: It is used for input pin.

Pin2: This is ground pin for regulator

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

Intel's original MCS-51 family was developed using N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor

Important features and application-

Motor driver L293d:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate

An emergency switch is provided to the circuit to meets the emergency condition.

 Standard nominal voltage = 12 V

 No load speed = 100 rpm

 Nominal speed = 100 rpm

 Nominal torque = 70 Nm.

 Nominal power = 8 watt

 Max power = 70 watt

3. 12V Lead acid battery:

Moped wheel (Honda Activa)

8051 microcontroller specifications:

 UART (serial port)

 Two 16-bit Counter/timers

 Boolean processor with 17 instructions, 1-bit accumulator, 32 registers (4 bit-

Shaft diameter= 15mm

Bending moment (M) =force *perpendicular distance

Bending moment (M) =235440Nmm

 Therefore above value use in equation no(1).