The Harvard system of referencing

Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Citation styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Collecting and organising references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Dates and page numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2. Citations in the text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Secondary referencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Information found in more than one source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3. Reference List/Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 References – books (including electronic books) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 References – other sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Journal articles (including electronic journals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Newspapers (including electronic newspapers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Systematic reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Images and diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Conference proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Publications from a corporate body (including Government publications) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Legislation (including Acts of Parliament, Statutory Instruments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Market research reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
British Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Theses and dissertations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exhibition catalogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Music scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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3.3 References – live performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 References – electronic or audiovisual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Web pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Computer games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
E-mails from a public domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Weblogs (blogs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Wikis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo etc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Media (video, film or broadcast) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Online films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Podcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Online images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5 References – personal communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lecture notes on Blackboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6 References – reference works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Dictionaries/encyclopaedias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Classical works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4. Further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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The Harvard system of referencing
This is a guide to the Harvard system but you should always check your course handbook
and/or module outline for any further guidance, as your lecturers may prefer a different
style of referencing. It is always advisable to check which system you are expected to use
and to what extent it may vary from this guide.

1. Introduction
When writing a piece of work you should provide references to the sources used. A reference is the
detailed bibliographic description of the item from which you gained your information. In simple terms, this
means the details of the items that you have used, e.g. author, title, date of publication. References are
briefly cited within the text, and then given in full at the end of your work in a reference list. Any other
items read for background information but not referred to in the text should be given in full at the end of
your work in a bibliography.

References are used to:

• Enable the reader to locate the sources you have used;

• Help support your arguments and provide your work with credibility;

• Show the scope and breadth of your research;

• Acknowledge the source of an argument or idea. Failure to do so could result in a charge of plagiarism.

Plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined by De Montfort University Student Regulations as “The significant use by a student
of other people’s work and the submission of it as though it were his or her own”. For more information on
how to avoid plagiarism please see www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Howto/HowtoAvoidPlagiarism.pdf.

Citation styles
Various citation styles exist. They convey the same information, only the presentation of that information
differs. Most style guides fall into two commonly used systems:

• author-date system (e.g. Harvard);

• numeric system (e.g. Vancouver, MLA, IEEE).

Whichever system you use, it is important that you are consistent in its application.

This guide is intended to provide you with advice on how to use the Harvard (author-date) system
where you supply the author’s name and the date of publication of the document referred to within the
text. In order to find out more about the document a reader can simply look up the author’s name in the
reference list.

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Collecting and organising references
It is often not easy (or possible) to retrieve sources after you have written your text. For this reason it is
best to keep a good record of everything you use. Reference management software, such as RefWorks,
EndNote, Mendeley or Zotero, will help you organise your references according to different citation
systems and to add the citations to your text. Alternatively, you could store your references on index
cards. For further information about reference management and help in using RefWorks, please see our
reference management guide at: http://libguides.library.dmu.ac.uk/referencing.

A note about dates and page numbers

If no date can be established you can use n.d. e.g. Webb (n.d.)

If the date can be established but only approximately you should use c. e.g. Webb (c.2012)

Electronic books read via an e-reader such as the Kindle do not have traditional page numbers. In this
case, use the chapter numbers instead for indicating the location of a quoted section:

e.g. Jones (2011, chapter 6) states that…

If you wish to cite a web resource that does not include page numbers, you can include any of the
following in the text to cite the quotation:

• A paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you could count paragraphs down from the beginning of
the document:

e.g. British Medical Association (2012, para. 2) states that…

• An overarching heading plus a paragraph number within that section:

e.g. NHS (2012, Migraines, para. 3) states that…

• A short title in quotation marks, in cases in which the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full:

e.g. NHS (2012, Risks section, ‘Driving and mobile phones’) states that…

2. Citations in the text

All ideas taken from another source regardless of whether directly quoted or paraphrased must be
referenced in the text of your assignment. To link the information you use in your text to its source (book,
article, etc.), put the author’s name and the year of publication at the appropriate point in your text. If the
author’s name does not naturally occur in your writing, put the author’s surname and date in brackets.

So if the author’s name is James Robert Jones, you would use the surname Jones and the date to cite in
the text.

e.g. There is some evidence (Jones, 2012) that these figures are incorrect.

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If the author’s name is part of the statement, put only the year in brackets:

e.g. Jones (2012) has provided evidence that these figures are incorrect.

If there are two or three authors, give all:

e.g. It is claimed that government in the information age will “work better and cost less”
(Bellamy and Taylor, 1998, p.41).

Note: if you are giving a direct quotation then you need to include the page number.

If there are more than three authors, cite only the first followed by ‘et al.’ (which means ‘and others’):

e.g. …adoptive parents were coping better with the physical demands of parenthood and found
family life more enjoyable (Levy et al., 1991).

If an author has published more documents in the same year, distinguish between them by adding
lower-case letters:

e.g. In recent studies by Smith (2013a, 2013b, 2013c)…

Secondary referencing
When an author quotes or cites another author and you wish to cite the original author you should first try
to trace the original item. However, if this is not possible, you must acknowledge both sources in the text,
but only include the item you actually read in your reference list.

e.g. If Jones discusses the work of Smith you could use:

Smith (2012) as cited by Jones (2013)
or Smith’s 2012 study (cited in Jones, 2013) shows that…

Then cite Jones in full in your reference list.

Information found in more than one source

If you find information in more than one source, you may want to include all the references to strengthen
your argument. In this case, cite all sources in the same brackets, placing them in order of publication
date (earliest first). Separate the references using a semi-colon (;).

e.g. Several writers (Jones, 2011; Biggs, 2012; Smith, 2013) argue…

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3. Reference List/Bibliography
Full references of sources used should be listed as a reference list at the end of your work. This list of
references is arranged alphabetically usually by author. You may also be required by your tutor to include a
bibliography which should list not only all items used within the text but also any other sources you have
read as part of your research. Examples of these can be found at the end of journal articles or books (but
might not be in Harvard style).

Example of a Reference List

ASHTON, F. (1948) Cinderella. [Royal Opera House, London, 13th January 2004].

CHAN, T.M. (2011) Three problems about dynamic convex hulls. In: Proceedings of the 27th Annual
Symposium on Computational Geometry, Paris, June 2011. New York: ACM, pp. 27-37.

MAIMON, D. and BROWNING, C.R. (2012) Adolescents’ violent victimization in the neighbourhood:
situational and contextual determinants. British journal of criminology, 52 (4), pp. 808-833.

MALTZMAN, R. and SHIRLEY, D. (c.2011) Green project management. London: CRC Press.

Whenever possible, elements of a bibliographical reference should be taken from the title page of the
publication or from the library catalogue. Each reference should give the elements and punctuation as
found below. Authors should always be in capitals, followed by the date in brackets. In the following
examples, the source (e.g. title) has been italicised; you can also emphasise the source by underlining or
typing in bold. It does not usually matter which you use, so long as you are consistent throughout your
reference list.

If the author is James Robert Jones this will become JONES, J.R.

Abdul-Rahman Al-Haddad would be AL-HADDAD, A.

If there is no author use ANONYMOUS.

3.1 References – Books

Books
AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title. Edition – if not the 1st. Place of publication: Publisher.

e.g. CLARKE, S. (2011) Textile design. London: Laurence King.

e.g. SEIDMAN, S. (2012) Contested knowledge. 5th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.

Books with two or three authors

e.g. LIGHT, G., COX, R. and CALKIN, S. (2009) Learning and teaching in higher education:
the reflective professional. 2nd ed. London: Sage.

Books with more than three authors – give the name of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’ (and others).

e.g. SHAW, R. et al. (2011) Management essentials for doctors. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

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Books with one or more editor(s) – Include the abbreviation (ed./eds.) after their surname.
EDITOR(S) (ed./eds.) (Year) Title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.

e.g. FURSE, A. (ed.) (2011) Theatre in pieces: politics, poetics and interdisciplinary collaboration:
an anthology of play texts 1966-2010. London: Methuen Drama.

Chapters in books
AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title of chapter. In: AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S), (ed./eds.) Book title. Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher, Pages, use p. or pp.

e.g. TUCKMAN, A. (1999) Labour, skills and training. In: LEVITT, R. et al. (eds.) The reorganised
National Health Service. 6th ed. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes, pp. 135-155.

Note: Electronic books should be cited exactly the same as print, following the rules above.

3.2 References – other sources

Journal articles
AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title of article. Title of journal, Vol. no. (Part no./Issue/Month), Pages, use p. or pp.

e.g. MAIMON, D. and BROWNING, C.R. (2012) Adolescents’ violent victimization in the
neighbourhood: situational and contextual determinants. British journal of criminology,
52 (4), pp. 808-833.

Note: Journal articles taken from the Internet or a database should be cited as print using the rules above.
Only include the web address or database name if there are no page numbers and just use the main web
address, not the unique address of the individual article.

e.g. STAMM, M.C. et al. (2013) Information forensics: an overview of the first decade.
IEEE Access, 1. Available from http://www.ieee.org/IEEEAccess.

Newspaper articles
AUTHOR(S) (Year) Article title. Newspaper title, Day and Month (abbreviated). Pages, use p. or pp.

e.g. ALDRICK, P. (2014) It’s not just academic: universities could make a difference to Britain’s
exports. The Times, 9th Jan. p. 45.

Where there is no page number e.g. for an online newspaper use the source, and add the date accessed.

e.g. GOODLEY, S. (2012) Bank of England cuts UK growth forecasts. Guardian, 8th Aug.
Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk [Accessed 20/10/13].

Newspaper articles taken from the Internet or a database should be cited as print using the rules above.
Only include the web address or database name if there are no page numbers and just use the main
web address, not the unique address of the individual article. e.g. http://www.guardian.co.uk not
http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/aug/08/bank-of-england-cuts-uk-growth-forecasts.

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Systematic reviews (for example, from the Cochrane Library)
AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title of review. [Systematic Review] Title of source, Issue. [Accessed date].

e.g. GRANT, N.H. et al. (2013) Elective preterm birth for fetal gastroschisis. [Systematic Review]
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 6. [Accessed 17/07/13].

Image(s) or Diagram(s) within a book

Where the image or diagram cited from a book is the work of the author use the citation for the book and
add the page number as you would for a direct quote.

Where the image or diagram cited from a book is not the work of the author, additional reference to the
work should be made, as follows:

Image:
ARTIST (Year) Title of the work. [Material type]. At or In: (where found, for example in a book or museum).
AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S) of book (Year) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Page number.

e.g. MASOLINO, T. (1427) The Temptation of Adam and Eve. [Painting] In: BRUCE-MITFORD, M.
(1996) The illustrated book of signs and symbols. London: Dorling Kindersley, p. 63.

or

Diagram:

e.g. MINTZBERG, H. (1979) The basic parts of organisations – Mintzberg’s model. [Diagram].
In: COLE, G.A. (2004) Management theory and practice. 6th ed. London: Thomson, p. 186.

Papers in conference proceedings

AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title. In: Title of conference proceedings. Place and date of conference (unless
included in title). Place of publication: Publisher, Pages, use p. or pp.

e.g. CHAN, T.M. (2011) Three problems about dynamic convex hulls. In: Proceedings of the 27th
Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry, Paris, June 2011. New York: ACM, pp. 27-37.

Publications from a corporate body (e.g. Government publications)

NAME OF ISSUING BODY (Year) Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Report no. (where relevant).

Note that where the author is a government body, the country becomes the author. If an official report has
individual authors these should not be used; instead use the name of the official body.

e.g. GREAT BRITAIN. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SECURITY (1988) Report of
the enquiry into child abuse in Cleveland. London: HMSO, Cm 413.

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For reports known by their title rather than their author/s, include a see reference in your reference list,
in addition to the main entry.

e.g. The Cleveland Enquiry – see GREAT BRITAIN. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL
SECURITY (1988).

For reports known by the name of the chairman or person responsible for the inquiry, include a see
reference in your reference list, in addition to the main entry.

e.g. Cadbury report – see COMMITTEE ON THE FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF CORPORATE

GOVERNANCE (1992).
COMMITTEE ON THE FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (1992)
Report of the committee on the financial aspects of corporate governance (Cadbury Report).
London: Gee.

Legislation
Legislation includes Acts of Parliament (also known as Statutes) and Statutory Instruments (also known
as Rules, Orders and Regulations).

Legislation does not have an author.

Acts of Parliament
Title of the Act and year (chapter number of the act; abbreviated to ‘c.’). Place of publication: Publisher.

e.g. Environment Act 2005 (c. 25). London: The Stationery Office.

Statutory Instruments
Title of the Statutory Instrument and year (SI year/number). Place of publication: Publisher.

e.g. Insolvency Rules 1986 (SI 1986/925). London: HMSO.

Market research reports

NAME OF ISSUING BODY (Year) Title, date (if available). Edition (if available). Place of publication:
Publisher, Report no. (if relevant)

e.g. MINTEL (2012) Coffee: Mintel marketing report, April 2012. London: Mintel International.
or KEY NOTE (2012) Footwear: Key Note market report plus. Hampton: Key Note.

British Standards
These rules can be applied to all standards.

NAME OF AUTHORISING ORGANISATION (Year of publication) Number and title of standard.

Place of publication: Publisher.

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 e.g. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTE (2008) BS ISO 8178-2: Reciprocating internal
combustion engines – exhaust emission measurement. London: British Standards Institute.

Theses and dissertations

AUTHOR (Year) Title. Designation (Level, e.g. MSc, PhD.), Institution.

e.g. FENG, W. (2010) Remote service provision for connected homes. Unpublished thesis (PhD.),
De Montfort University.

Exhibition catalogues
ARTIST (Year) Title of exhibition. [Exhibition catalogue including place and date] Place of publication:
Publisher.

e.g. HARRIS, W. (1983) William Harris as designer. [Catalogue of an exhibition held at the
Whitworth Art Gallery, 3 May – 4 June 1983] London: Arts Council.

Music scores
COMPOSER (Year) Title. [Music score] Place of publication: Publisher.

e.g. BACH, J.S. (1970) Organ music. [Music score] New York: Dover Publications.

3.3 References – Live Performance

Dance
COMPOSER or CHOREOGRAPHER (Year of premiere) Title. Company (optional). [Location, Date seen].

e.g. ASHTON, F. (1948) Cinderella. [Royal Opera House, London, 13th January 2004].

Plays
Title by Author. (Year of performance) Directed by add DIRECTOR’S NAME. Company (optional).
[Location, Date seen].

e.g. An inspector calls by J.B. Priestley. (2009) Directed by STEPHEN DALDRY.

[Arts Theatre, Cambridge, 11th May 2009].

3.4 References – Electronic or audiovisual

Electronic books and electronic journals should be cited in the same way as print, using the guidelines in
sections 3.1 and 3.2 respectively.

The principles for citing electronic resources are the same as for other formats; use the author and date of
publication in the text, then follow the convention as detailed below. The nature of web resources means
that author names are often not available and dates can be very vague. You will therefore need to decide
who is responsible for producing the web page and use them as the author; often this will be an
organisation rather than a personal name. You should be able to find this information by following ‘about
us’ or ‘contact us’ links.

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If there is no author or organisation you can use the title of the web page. If there is no title use a
truncated web address (you should consider whether this resource is suitable for academic work).

Web pages
Electronic references should contain the following elements:

AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title of document. [Type of resource] Organisation responsible (optional).

Available from: web address [Accessed date].

e.g. NHS (2012) Mobile phone safety. [Online] NHS. Available from: http://www.nhs.co.uk/
conditions/Mobile-phone-safety/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 08/08/12].

If you are referencing an electronic journal article, newspaper article or book, use the standard
referencing format for that item. Guidelines can be found above.

Note: Dates are not always available for web pages. If this is the case use (n.d.) where n.d. represents no
date so that the reader knows you have omitted this element.

e.g. PATIENT.CO.UK (n.d.) Hypothyroidism – underactive thyroid [Online] Patient.co.uk.

Available from: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Hypothyroidism-Underactive-Thyroid.htm
[Accessed 08/08/12].

Computer games
AUTHOR(S) or ORIGINATOR(S) (Year) Title of game. [Medium of item, i.e. DVD, CD or Online] Platform
(Xbox, PC etc). Place of Publication: Publisher.

e.g. ELECTRONIC ARTS (2003) The Sims. [CD] PlayStation 2. London: Electronic Arts Inc.

Software
Individual authors are rarely acknowledged. If you cannot find a named author of an electronic source then
use the organisation or title in place of the author.

AUTHOR(S) or ORIGINATOR(S) (Year) Title. [Software] Version/series etc. Place of publication: Publisher.

e.g. SPSS (2004) SPSS for Windows. [Software] Version 12.0.1. Chicago: SPSS.

E-mail messages from a public domain e.g. discussion boards or conferences.

AUTHOR (of message) (Year) Subject of the message. [Online] Electronic conference or bulletin board,
Day/month of posting. Available from: email address [Accessed date].

e.g. BROWN, F. (2007) How to promote online reading. [Online] Library and information
professionals discussion list, 12th May. Available from: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/LIS-
profession.html [Accessed 08/07/14].

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Weblogs (Blogs)
AUTHOR (Year) Title of the posting (if applicable). [Weblog] Title of the site. Day/month of posting.
Available from: web address [Accessed date].

e.g. TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION (2008) Behaviour detection officers

lead to arrest in Orlando. [Weblog] Evolution of security. 2nd April. Available from:
http://www.tsa.gov/blog/ [Accessed 03/04/08].

Wikis
WIKI NAME (Year) Title of article. [Online] Available from: web address [Accessed date].

e.g. INFOTEACH (2007) Learning_outcomes. [Online] Available from:

http://infoteach.org/wiki/doku.php/learning_outcomes [Accessed 18/04/13].

Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo etc)

These are web pages so should be referenced as such.

AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title of page. [Title of web site] Day/month of posted message. Available from: web
address [Accessed date].

e.g. JONES, S. (2009) Referencing Group. [Facebook] 5th May. Available from:
www.facebook.com [Accessed 09/05/09].
or GUARDIAN (2012) Homeless teenager forced to live in tent after councils neglect his needs
http://chttp://gu.com/p/39t49/tf. [Twitter] 8th August. Available from:
https://twitter.com/guardian/status/232976814790807552 [Accessed 08/08/12].

Media (video, film, or broadcast)

Title. (Year) [Type of media] ORIGINATOR (e.g. director). Place of production: Production company.

e.g. Rebel without a cause. (1983) [Film] Directed by NICHOLAS RAY. USA: Warner Bros.

A television or radio broadcast should also include the date and time of broadcast and the episode
number, if applicable.

Title. (Year) Episode number and name if applicable. [Type of media] ORIGINATOR (e.g. channel).
Exact date and time of broadcast.

e.g. The culture show. (2013) [TV] BBC2. 13th March, 2200 hrs.
or Doctor Who. (2013) Episode 8, Cold war. [TV] BBC1. 13th April, 1800 hrs.
or Book of the week. (2008) The Atlantic Ocean. [Radio] BBC RADIO 4. 21st July, 0945 hrs.

Individual contributors or interviewees should be cited as follows:

e.g. BROWN, G. (2008) Interview. In: Today Programme. [Radio] BBC RADIO 4.
15th May, 0810 hrs.

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Online films
Examples include Youtube films.

ORIGINATOR (Year) Title of film. [Type of resource] Available from: web address [Accessed date].

e.g. PROQUESTREFWORKS (2012) 1.2 Adding references to Refworks using direct export.
[Online film] Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CzBU5rTzGY [Accessed
17/07/13].

Podcasts
BROADCASTER (if available) (Year) Name of podcast. [Type of resource i.e. Podcast]
Organisation/publisher responsible (optional). Day of podcast (day, month). Available from:
web address [Accessed date].

e.g. HOPKIN, K. (2008) The mythical daily water requirement. [Podcast] Scientific American.
2nd April. Available from: http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=0BD1CF72-E411-
2EE5-A4CDEE3447E81C93 [Accessed 19/06/13].

Online images
ORIGINATOR (Year) Description or title of image. [Online image] Available from: web address
[Accessed date].

e.g. JSCREATIONZS (2012) Gears concept. [Online image] Available from:

www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/search.php?searc [Accessed 19/06/13].

3.5 References – personal communication

A personal communication can be a letter, memo, email, fax, interview, informal conversation, telephone
call or lecture presentation. (Some faculties do not permit lecture notes to be included as references.)
They should be included within the text but not in the reference list as the reference is not traceable.

When referencing a personal communication you should:

• Ask permission of the person before quoting them;

• Provide the communicator’s initials and surname and the type of communication in the text;

• Provide the exact date of the communication.

e.g. In an email on 23rd July 2014 J. Brown stated that…

or In a conversation on 25th March 2013 B. Jones confirmed that…
or In a lecture on 8th January 2014 V. Rolfe outlined…

Lecture notes on Blackboard

NAME (Year of presentation) Lecture title, from MODULE CODE Title of module. Teaching organisation,
location and date of presentation. Available from: Blackboard [Accessed date].

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 e.g. HALL, S.M. (2012) Critical analysis – meta-analysis & systematic reviews, from PHAR3504
Practitioner and patient. De Montfort University, Hawthorn Building on 22nd November.
Available from Blackboard [Accessed 17/07/13].

3.6 References – reference works

Dictionaries/encyclopaedias
If an encyclopaedia entry has a named author the format for a chapter in a book should be used with the
addition of the encyclopaedia volume number.

AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title of chapter. In: AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S) (ed./eds.) Title, Volume (if applicable).
Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Pages. (use p. or pp.)

e.g. KESNER, R.P. (2002) Memory neurobiology. In: RAMACHANDRAN, V.S. (ed.)
Encyclopedia of the human brain, Vol. 2. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 783-796.

If there is no author then the title (e.g. Oxford English dictionary) should be used both within the text and
in the reference list.

Title. (Year) Volume (if applicable). Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

e.g. Shorter Oxford English dictionary. (2007) Vol. 2. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Note: If you are referencing from an online source use the standard referencing format for reference
works as detailed above.

Classical works
Principal classical works such as the Bible and Koran/Qur’an should only be included in the text and not
in the reference list. Appropriate details should be included but not the year.

e.g. ‘Remain in me, and I will remain in you. No branch can bear fruit by itself’
(John 15:4, New International Version).

4. Further information
If you need further help please contact your subject librarian or email [email protected].

Remember, it is always advisable to consult the person for whom you are writing, whether a tutor
or an editor, as to which style of referencing they want you to use.

A guide to referencing and using RefWorks is available at:

http://libguides.library.dmu.ac.uk/referencing

This guide is available online at: www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf

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© DMU Library & Learning Services. All rights reserved. Publication No. 23056 Issued: 07/14 PC1989

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