CAE101: Computer Organization and

Architecture

Chapter 1 : Introduction
Computer Organization and Architecture ?
Computer architecture is like a blue print
– it will have all the components mentioned and it also
how they are connected
Computer architecture is the architectural attributes like
physical address memory, CPU and how they should be
made and made to coordinate with each other keeping
the future demands and goals in mind.
Computer organization is an implementation of
that blue print.
 Computer organization is how operational attributes are linked
together and contribute to realize the architectural specifications.
 Computer architecture comes before computer organization.
 It’s like building the design and architecture of house takes
maximum time and then organization is building house by bricks
or by latest technology keeping the basic layout and architecture
of house in mind.

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Why Study Computer Organization and
Architecture?
 You may ask

 Why a computer science student must learn about

computer hardware?
 Isn’t that for computer engineers?
 Why do I care what the inside of a computer looks like?

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Why Study Computer Organization and
Architecture?
 As computer users
we can certainly write high-level language program without
understanding how these programs execute.
We can use various application packages without understanding
how they really work.
 But what happens
When the program we have written needs to be faster and more
efficient
Application we are using does not do precisely what we want
 As computer scientists
We need a basic understanding of the computer system itself
in order to rectify these problems .

Further Reading: Chapter 0, Stallings

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Why Study Computer Organization and
Architecture?
 Study of computer organization – encompasses all physical
aspects of computer systems.
Become familiar with how various circuits and components
fit together to create working computer systems.
Answer: How does a computer work?
 Study of computer architecture-focuses on the structure
and behavior of the computer system and refers to the
logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the
programmer.
Architecture of a system directly affects the logical
execution of programs.
Answer: How do I design a computer?

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Computer Organization and Architecture
i. Computer Architecture - refers to those attributes visible to
the programmer or those attributes that have a direct impact
on the logical execution of a program. Logical aspects of
system as seen by the programmer.
Examples of architectural attributes include the instruction set, the number of bits
used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O
mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory.
E.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
ii. Computer Organization- refers to the operational units and
their interconnections that realize the architectural
specifications.
◦ Physical aspects of computer systems.
◦ Organization is how features are implemented.
◦ Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
◦ E.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
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Computer Organization and Architecture
 Historically, and still today, the distinction between
architecture and organization has been an important
one.
◦ Many computer manufacturer offer a family of
computer models, all with the same architecture but
with differences in organization.
◦ Consequently, the different models in the family
have different price and performance characteristics
.
 A particular architecture may span many years and
encompass a number of different computer models, its
organization changing with changing technology.
◦ Organization differs between different versions.
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Computer Organization and Architecture
 Example of Computer Organization and Architecture:
◦ All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
◦ A prominent example of both these phenomena is the
IBM System/370 architecture.
 The architecture was first introduced in 1970 and
included a number of models.
 Over the years, IBM has introduced many new
models offering customers greater speed, lower
cost, or both.
 Newer models retained the same architecture so that
the customers investment is protected.

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Computer Organization and Architecture
 Example of Computer Organization and Architecture:
◦ IBM System/370 architecture.

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Computer Organization and Architecture
 Example of Computer Organization and Architecture:

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Structure and Function of computer
 Computer is a complex system-contemporary
computers contain millions of elementary electronic
components.
 For analysis, understanding and design - identify the
hierarchical nature of most complex system.
◦ Hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems,
each of the latter, in turn, hierarchical in structure until
some lowest level of elementary subsystem.
◦ Hierarchical nature of complex system is essential to
both their design and their description.
◦ The designer need only deal with a particular level of the
system at a time.
 At each level, the system consists of a set of
components and their interrelationship.
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Structure and Function of computer
 At each level, the designer is concerned with
structure and functions:
i. Structure: the way in which the components are interrelated
ii. Function: The operation of each individual components as
part of the structure
 In terms of description, there are 2 choices: bottom-
up or top-down description.
i. Bottom-up description-starting at the bottom and building
up to a complete description.
ii. Top-down description-begin at the top view and
decomposing the system into its subparts.
 Evidence suggest that the top-down approach is
clearest and most effective.

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Structure and Function of computer
 The approach taken in this book follows the top down
description.
◦ Begin with the major components of a computer,
describing their structure and function, and proceed to
successively lower layers of the hierarchy.

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Function of computer
 Both the structure and functioning of a computer are,
in essence simple.
 Basic functions of a computer are:
i. Data Processing
ii. Data Storage
iii. Data movement
iv. Control

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Function of computer
1. Data Processing: Computer must be able to
process data. The data may take a wide variety of
forms and the range of processing requirements is
broad.
◦ Example of data- text data, numeric data, audio data,
image data, etc.
2. Data Storage- it is essential that a computer store
data.
◦ Even if the computer is processing data on the fly(i.e.,
data come in and get processed, and the results go out
immediately), the computer must temporarily store at
least those pieces of data that are being worked on at
any given moment.
◦ Computer also performs a long-term data storage
function. Files of data are stored on the computer for
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subsequent retrieval and update.
Function of computer
3. Data movement: Computer must be able to move
data between itself and the outside world.
◦ Computer’s operating environment consists of devices that
serve as either sources or destination of data. When data
are received from or delivered to a device that is directly
connected to the computer, the process is known as input-
output. The device is known as peripheral.
◦ Data communications- when the data is moved over
longer distances, to or from a remote device, the process
is known as data communications.
4. Control: There must be a control mechanism of data
processing, data storage, and data movement.
◦ Control is exercised by the individual(s) who provides the
computer with instructions.

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Function of computer
4. Control: There must be a control mechanism of data
processing, data storage, and data movement.
◦ Within the computer, a control unit manages the
computer’s resources .
◦ It also controls the performance of its functional parts
in response to the instructions.

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Operations 1: Data movement
 Computer can function as data movement device- transfer data
from one peripheral or communication line to another.
 Example: Camera attached to a PC, sending the frames to a
window on the screen of the same PC.

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Operations 2: Storage
 Computer can function as data storage device with data
transferred from external environment to computer
storage(read) and vice versa(write).
 Example: Playing an mp3 file stored in memory to earphones
attached to the same PC.

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Operations 3: Processing from/to storage
 The diagram show operations involving data processing of data
on the storage device
 Example: Any number-crunching application that takes data
from memory and stores the result back in memory.

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Operations 4: Processing from storage to
I/O
 The diagram show operations involving data processing of data
on the storage device and external environment.
 Example: Receiving packets over a network interface, verifying
their CRC, then storing them in memory.

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Structure of computer
 Computer interacts in some fashion with its external
environment.
 In general, all of its linkages to the external
environment can be classified as peripheral devices or
communications lines.
 Figure 1.3 is the simples possible depiction of a computer.

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Structure of computer
 Internal structure of a computer- there are four main
structural components.
i. Central Processing Unit(CPU): controls the operation of the
computer and performs its data processing functions; often
simply referred to as processor.
ii. Main memory: Main memory is where programs and data
are kept when the processor is actively using them.
 main memory of the computer is also known as RAM,
standing for Random Access Memory
iii. I/O: Moves the data between the computer and its external
environment.
iv. System interconnection: some mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O.
 Common example of system interconnection is by means
of a system bus, consisting of a number of conducting
wires to which all the other components are attached.
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Structure of computer
 System bus: is a pathway composed of cables and
connectors used to carry data between a computer
microprocessor and the main memory.
◦ Bus provides a communication path for the data and control
signals moving between the major components of the
computer system.
◦ System bus works by combining the functions of the three
main buses: namely, the data, address and control buses.
◦ Each of the three buses has its separate characteristics and
responsibilities.

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Structure of computer- Top-level structure

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Structure of computer- Top-level structure

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Structure of computer- Top-level structure

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Structure of computer- Top-level structure
 Central processing unit(CPU)-most complex
component of a computer system is CPU.
 Major structural component of CPU are:
i. Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer
ii. Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU): Performs the
computer’s data processing functions
iii. Registers: provides storage internal to the CPU. A
processor register (CPU register) is one of a small set
of data holding places that are part of the computer
processor.
iv. CPU interconnections: some mechanism that
provides for communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers.
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Central Processing Unit(CPU) based CO

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 Difference between Computer Architecture and
Organization

Computer Architecture Computer Organization

 It includes emphasis on  It includes emphasis on the system
components, circuit design, logical
logical design and the
design, structure of instructions,
system design. computer arithmetic, processor
 It is concerned with the control, assembly language
programming and methods of
structure and behavior of performance enhancement.
computer as seen by the
 It is concerned with the way
user. hardware components operate and
 Computer architecture is the way they are connected together
to form the computer system.
the abstract model.
 Computer organization expresses
 Architecture describes the realization of the architecture.
what the computer does.  organization describes how it does
it.

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Thank you!

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